SAUC - Journal V4 - N1 Changing times: Tactics

Sustainable Grafti Management Solutions for Public Areas

David Huntington M.A. Public Policy and Administration, Ryerson University M.Sc. Resource Efciency in Architecture and Planning, HafenCity Universität [email protected]

Abstract

Towards advancing sustainable grafti management solutions for public areas, this article investigates the efcacy and socio- ecological efects of a range of contemporary grafti management tactics. In addition to fnding that reactive management tactics (e.g. over grafti, chemical-based grafti removal, and anti-grafti coatings) are largely inefective at deterring grafti vandalism in public areas, it is shown that reactive management eforts also entail both short- and long-term environmental risks. Moreover, a comparison of reactive and proactive management tactics (e.g. landscaping techniques, green walls, community , legal grafti spaces, and workshops) indicates that the cumulative environmental efects of reactive tactics are signifcantly more detrimental to human health and local ecosystems. Accordingly, it is recommended that local authorities focus on proactive grafti management tactics for public areas. Finally, several best practice case studies of sustainable grafti management are highlighted.

Keywords: Grafti Management, Grafti Countermeasures, Public Areas, Sustainable Urban Planning, Resource Efciency

1. Introduction know no borders. Yet, despite a substantial and growing prevalence, the majority of grafti created over the past As I write, grafti are more universal and omnipresent than half century has been purged from the public view. Indeed, ever before. Observable in human settlements of all locations, the grafti we see today are merely “the latest layer in an shapes and sizes – along highway corridors and railways, ongoing urban palimpsest of spray and whitewash that covering trains and restrooms, within abandoned sites and hides away its own history.” (Ferrell, 2016, p. xxxiii) war zones, deep underground and atop skyscrapers – grafti

Fig.1 - Left: ‘Corporate Slingshot’ by Os Gemeos & ‘Crown of Greed’ by Blu. Lisbon, Portugal. 2014. Photo by M. Aagaard. Right: Grafti on a tram. Lisbon, Portugal. 2015. Photo by N. Nguyen. 46 SAUC - Journal V4 - N1 Changing times: Tactics

Grafti management involves a wide range of public, private, that people tend to dislike the most.” (Shobe & Banis, 2014, and third sector actors who collectively expend signifcant p. 586) resources towards deterring, mitigating, and removing grafti. Alas, contemporary grafti management is not merely costly Many cities have introduced so-called ‘zero-tolerance’ and inefective; it is also an often-overlooked environmental policies that obligate the removal of any unauthorized grafti threat. Indeed, some of today’s most widely used and in the public view, believing that “rapid removal of grafti is promoted reactive management tactics, such as grafti the most efective method to prevent future vandalism … removal using pressure washer systems equipped with because it nullifes the notoriety or ‘fame’ sought by taggers chemical paint removers or the application of anti-grafti and shows taggers that the site is being watched.” (Teng et coatings on buildings, entail both short- and long-term al., 2016, p. 363) For example, the ofcial website of the City adverse impacts on human health and local ecosystems, of claims “delays in removal tend to encourage including water resources and air quality. grafti vandals to expand the grafti to adjacent properties. In this way, grafti can act as a magnet and attract more Towards uncovering more sustainable grafti management grafti to the area.” (City of Vancouver, 2016) solutions for public areas, this article considers the efcacy and socio-ecological efects of contemporary Opponents of zero-tolerance policies note, however, that grafti management tactics. It reveals that many reactive such tough-on-grafti approaches generally fail to deter management tactics are signifcantly worse for health or reduce grafti over the long-term “because they fail to and ecosystems than a variety of proactive tactics, such address, and in fact often purposefully ignore, the reasons as preventative landscaping techniques, green walls, behind grafti.” (Gomez, 1993, p. 657) Rather, zero-tolerance community murals, legal spaces for grafti, and public art policies and reactive grafti management tactics may well workshops. Accordingly, it is argued that local authorities have helped establish today’s thriving grafti scene and anti- should focus on proactive grafti management tactics grafti industry. Furthermore, several studies indicate rapid for public areas. Several best practice cast studies of grafti removal eforts can have unintended consequences, sustainable grafti management are considered. such as “the proliferation of tags and other forms of grafti

Fig. 2 - Left: Chemical-based grafti management eforts on 5 September 2016. Right: New grafti tags appear on 17 September 2016. Hamburg, . Photos by D. Huntington. 47 SAUC - Journal V4 - N1 Changing times: Tactics

2. Reactive Grafti Management in urban areas prone to grafti. Alas, chemical paint removal products may penetrate and cause irreversible damage Efective grafti removal poses several challenges. First, to a substrate. Likewise, the use of pressure washers in the wide range of chemical and material ingredients in combination with water, a chemical solution, or abrasive aerosol inhibits standardization of removal methods. materials (e.g. sand, ground rubber, carbon fint) may Moreover, the reality that grafti difers by size, color, compromise the structural integrity of some substrates, and location infuences factors such as ease of removal particularly in the case of historic buildings or monuments. and degree of damage to the substrate. While removing Without proper care, even the seemingly straightforward grafti from plastic, ceramic, and metal surfaces may be painting over of grafti can have precarious results. More unproblematic, efective removal from porous (e.g. concrete) traditional methods, such as scalpel by hand, may be surfaces is often difcult, as aerosol paints easily infltrate appropriate for removing grafti under highly controlled any pores. Additionally, some pigments cause darker staining conditions or from delicate surfaces; however, this process than others, making it more difcult to clean certain colors, may be very time-consuming for larger grafti and is thus such as black, red, and silver, which just so happen to be a generally neither efcient or economic. Novel methods, few of the most popular colors among writers. (Sanmartín et such as dry ice blasting or laser removal have demonstrated al., 2015) some potential environmental benefts over traditional Aside from simply painting over grafti, other common methods; however, these tools are still in development and reactive management tactics include chemical paint removal not without drawbacks. Notably, they may “alter the color of products and mechanical pressure washers. Alternatively, the substrate (e.g. inducing yellowing), remove some grains anti-grafti coatings, which form a protective layer on the and produce craters, and they can also transform, melt and/ substrate and expedite any subsequent grafti removal or fracture the minerals.” (Sanmartín et al., 2015, p. 295) eforts, are increasingly used on public and private property

Fig.3 - Left: “Please No Tags! …Honestly!”, Dresden, Germany. 2016. Photo by D. Huntington. Right: Hamburg, Germany. 2016. Photo by D. Huntington.

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Most importantly, reactive management tactics are generally color often fall short, resulting in a telltale patchwork efect inefective at preventing recurring acts of grafti. Indeed, the that may, in fact, attract more grafti. Furthermore, repeated efects of reactive management are generally temporary and painting over can result in heavy paint buildup, which may have unintended consequences, such as encouraging may inhibit the breathability or integrity of the substrate. “quick and dirty forms of grafti over more complex design (Sanmartín et al., 2014) works.” (Haworth et al., 2013, p. 53) Notwithstanding the drawbacks of painting over grafti, 2.1. Painting Over Grafti many local authorities rely on this approach regardless of the type of underlying substrate, particularly in cities with Painting over grafti is relatively simple and inexpensive zero-tolerance policies that demand rapid removal. The compared to most other management tactics; however, inefectiveness of this approach is perhaps best illustrated this method is generally only efective when restoring the in The Subconscious Art of Grafti Removal, a 2001 appearance of a previously painted surface. Alternatively, documentary flm that satirically argues the municipal grafti painting over may be suitable for some smooth substrates, removal eforts of Portland, Oregon represent a distinctive but only where color-matching is possible. Otherwise, movement in modern art rooted in the repressed artistic painting over grafti may have unintended consequences. desires of its grafti removal workers. For example, attempts to match the substrate’s existing

Fig. 4 - Left: An example of the ‘patchwork efect’. Boston, Massachusetts. 2016. Photo by D. Huntington. Right: A new grafti piece appears over paint over grafti. Hamburg, Germany. 2016. Photo by D. Huntington.

Fig.5 - Left: Grafti appears at a railway platform in February 2016. Hamburg, Germany. Photo by D. Huntington. Right: The grafti is painted over in July 2016. Hamburg, Germany. Photo by D. Huntington.

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Fig.6 - Most grafti on public transport is removed by hand using chemical solvents. Germany. 2013. Photos by Die Welt.

While the immediate environmental impacts of painting over • ethylene glycol ethers: can damage sperm, cause grafti are relatively minor compared to most other chemical birth defects, and harm the blood-forming system. It or mechanical grafti management tactics, persistent use is easily absorbed through the skin and may cause of paint to cover grafti may have signifcant cumulative nose or throat irritation environmental efects. This reality is refected in previous • limonene: can cause eye, nose, and throat irritation. research, which estimated the use of paint to cover grafti May lead to skin allergies and dermatitis. within the United States resulted in 1,936,839 kg of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in 2008, a magnitude nearly • methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): can cause eye, nose, and four times greater than VOC emissions from chemical grafti throat irritation, headache, loss of balance, and other removal products and ten times greater than VOC emissions brain efects. from anti-grafti coatings. (Leskys, 2010) • methylene chloride: a known carcinogen, which may 2.2. Chemical Paint Removers cause eye, nose, throat, and skin irritation, headache, loss of balance, and other brain efects. Exposure at Chemical-based paint removal products are generally higher levels may lead to liver and kidney damage or intended for use in conjunction with other physical or changes in the blood’s ability to carry oxygen. mechanical means of grafti removal (e.g. hand scrubbing, scalpel, pressure washer). Alternatively, some manufacturers • n-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP): a known carcinogen, sell larger quantities of chemical paint remover formulations which is also suspected of causing reproductive and to be applied using physical (e.g. paint rollers) or mechanical developmental problems. Skin contact is known to methods (e.g. pressure sprayer systems). cause swelling, blistering, and burning.

The chemical substances found in most grafti removal • toluene: can cause eye, nose, and throat irritation, skin products belong to two groups: alkalis and solvents. irritation and dermatitis, headache, loss of balance, Common alkalis include sodium hydroxide, better known and other brain efects. as caustic soda, and potassium hydroxide. Solvents are Improper use of chemical grafti removers may result in generally alcohol or hydrocarbon based VOCs, such as hazardous residual substances from either the chemical n-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP). (Craver et al., 2011) Previously, remover itself or the paint being transported into watercourses Leskys (2010) found chemical grafti removal products or storm water systems. Accordingly, precaution should be released 537,053 kg of VOCs in the United States in 2008. It taken to ensure all liquids are properly contained throughout has also been estimated that, within the State of California, grafti removal and disposed of safely. Protecting any storm the use of consumer grafti removal products release 171 basins, drains, or water inlets with cloth, sandbags, or kg of VOCs per day, or more than 62,000 kg annually circa tarpaulin is advised. Additionally, any wastewater generated 2005. (Wolf, 2014) due to cleaning of equipment or tools (e.g. brushes, rollers, Notable health risks associated with the use of chemical respirators, tarpaulin) should be contained and disposed of grafti removers include: safely. (Weaver, 1995)

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Fig. 7 - Chemical-based grafti removal in a public area. Hamburg, Germany. 2016. Photos by D. Huntington.

The main drawback of many chemical removal products is acrylates, biopolymers and waxes, form a clear, temporary a high potential for inefective results. Incorrect application barrier that is easily removed by chemicals or pressurized or use on incompatible substrates may cause permanent water (i.e. along with any grafti removal eforts). The ease of discoloring or staining. At times, poor results can make any removing sacrifcial coatings is seen as a beneft in northern remaining grafti more challenging, or even impossible, to climates, where during spring and fall, “walls need to be completely remove. (Weaver, 1995) able to breathe throughout the repeated cycle of frost and thaw.” (European Cleaning Journal, 2012) Semi-permanent 2.3. Protective Anti-Grafti Coatings coatings and permanent coatings, on the other hand, are Protective anti-grafti coating products are designed designed to withstand repeated cleanings. Today’s most to keep grafti from penetrating a substrate, including popular semi-permanent and permanent coatings are porous surfaces. Such coatings have become favored made of polysaccharides, polyurethanes, silicon resins, or by governments, schools, businesses, and many other fuorinated polymers. actors for their unique ability to expatiate grafti removal Alas, many conservation experts do not recommend the on buildings, infrastructure, monuments, trains, busses, use of semi-permanent or permanent coatings on culturally signage, and other common targets of grafti. (Teng et al., signifcant buildings or monuments as they may “cause 2012) chromatic variations on the treated stones, unacceptably Broadly speaking, protective coatings may be divided altering the aesthetic appearance.” (Sanmartín et al., 2015, into sacrifcial, semi-permanent, and permanent systems. p. 306) Rather, semi- and permanent protective coatings Sacrifcial coatings, often made from polymers such as should be reserved for substrates with low porosity, such 51 SAUC - Journal V4 - N1 Changing times: Tactics

Fig. 8 - Regardless of the substrate, chemical-based grafti removal often produces poor results. Hamburg, Germany. 2016. Photos by D. Huntington.

as concrete or metals. Caution has also been advised with cases and especially with regard to large structures (e.g. the use of coatings to protect public murals or artwork. For bridges, underpasses, sound walls), coatings are generally example, one evaluation of the appearance (color, clarity, not economical compared to alternative grafti management sheen), performance (ease of application, ease and efciency methods. (Teng et al., 2016) of grafti removal, durability), and stability (color change and Anti-grafti coatings are frequently made with nanomaterials ageing) of eleven diferent anti-grafti coatings (including due to their novel characteristics, such as increased strength sacrifcial, semi-permanent, and permanent varieties) on or conductivity, compared to the same materials at a non- two public murals in concluded none of the nano scale. (European Commission, 2016) Notwithstanding coatings exhibited all of the desired characteristics or their unique ability to protect against future grafti, however, necessary requirements for preservation. (Macdonald- the increasing use of permanent nanomaterial-based anti- Korth et al., 2015) It also seems, while anti-grafti coatings grafti coatings in public areas may pose latent environmental may be efective in the case of some frequently targeted efects to ecosystems as well as chronic health risks to buildings, transport, or small sized infrastructure, in most regularly exposed individuals. (Baalousha et al., 2016) 52 SAUC - Journal V4 - N1 Changing times: Tactics

Nanomaterials may negatively afect the health of individuals 2.4. Pressure Washer and Water-Jet Systems and larger populations, and the structure and function A pressure (or power) washer is a mechanical tool capable of ecosystems. Unfortunately, there is little research into of spraying liquids at low to high pressure. Pressure washers the environmental fate (uptake, localization, or toxicity) may be used to remove paint, mold, grime, dust, mud, and of nanomaterials in air, soils, waters, vegetation, and life dirt from a variety of surfaces, such as brick, concrete, and forms. There is also very little understanding of the efects vehicles. Alternatively, high-pressure water-jet systems of nanomaterials at low doses over the long term. Moreover, have also been demonstrated to remove grafti from marble the efects of any potential reactions with other materials surfaces under specifc operational conditions. (Careddua & and contaminants, such as metals and organics, are not Akkoyunb, 2016) well-known. (International Union for Conservation of Nature, 2016) Pressure washer and water-jet systems, which are typically classifed according to the type of fuel/energy they consume While few studies on the health efects of nanomaterials (e.g. electric, diesel, and petrol gas), can be resource- exist, there is good evidence of potential pathogenic or intensive and generate large volumes of residual waste infammatory efects on the lung. It has also been shown during grafti removal operations. Variables that afect the that some nanomaterials may enter the brain via the central resource demands and residual waste of these systems nervous system following inhalation. (Khan, 2013) include pressure rate (usually between 500 and 3000 psi), fow rate, nozzle design, water temperature, spray angle, and distance from target. (Craver et al., 2011)

Fig.9 - The City of Chicago ofers free grafti removal on public and private property using pressure washer systems. Chicago, Illinois. 2013. Photo by A. Podgorski.

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Moreover, while some high-pressure systems are capable of Recently, some local authorities have experimented removing freshly made grafti with hot water or steam alone, blasting recycled crushed glass in the form of heated wet efective removal of most aerosol paints with a pressure slurry to remove grafti. According to one study, crushed washer usually requires the addition of a chemical solvent to glass is capable of removing many types of grafti that achieve desirable results. Thus many pressure washers are cannot be removed using sodium bicarbonate. (Wolf, 2014) equipped with a chemical injector mechanism. Alternatively, the blasting of dry ice (i.e. solid CO ) seeks to 2 avoid the waste-generation drawbacks of pressure washers Pressure washer or water-jet systems may produce a and abrasive media blasting, as pellets of dry ice will instantly contaminated efuent comprised of the chemical solvent sublimate (transform directly from a solid to gas) on contact as well as suspended paint particles. In order to prevent with the targeted surface. Therefore, dry ice blasting causes this efuent from harming nearby natural environments, it minimal abrasion to the substrate and creates no additional is important to consider a mitigation strategy prior to any chemical residue. (Craver et al., 2011) pressure washing. This is particularly true of grafti located near aquatic environments or busy public areas, which are In a sign that some anti-grafti stakeholders are considering considered the most sensitive to contamination. (Craver et the environmental impact of grafti removal, the Omnipole al., 2011) Tornado ACS, advertised as a “revolutionary 100% environmentally friendly grafti removal solution” (Omnipole, 2.5. Blasting Systems 2016), is a dual mobile-jet and vacuum device capable of Grafti may be removed using a pressure blasting system high-pressure spraying of abrasive media (e.g. ground walnut (e.g. air compressor, mechanical sprayer) combined with or macadamia shells) as well as capturing and fltering any an abrasive blasting media, such as sand, pulverized coal, resulting waste in its closed-loop system. sodium bicarbonate, ground rubber, carbon fint, or corn Unfortunately, grafti removal with the Tornado ACS is cobs; however, these systems are usually best left for hard relatively time consuming and it may not be possible to surfaces, as abrasive media easily causes damage to softer remove grafti from hard-to-reach places due to the device’s materials, including most types of masonry. (Sanmartín et limited suction hose (4.5 m), bulky size (126 x 69 x 63 cm), al., 2014) and weight (41 kg). (Omnipole, 2016)

Fig.10 - Tornado ACS demonstration. Hamburg, Germany. 2016. Photo by L. Hansen

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Most blasting systems generate wastes that risk more difcult to remove with laser systems than black, blue, contaminating surrounding ecosystems. (Wolf, 2014) or red paints due to diferences in their chemical composition. Furthermore, blasting systems may be inherently time- Regarding the substrate, it has been demonstrated that CO 2 , resource-, and energy-intensive. The Tornado ACS, for laser removal systems perform better on materials with example, requires 10 minutes to assemble and disassemble, lower thermal conductivity. Thus, removing paint from brick as well as approximately 30 minutes to remove one square or concrete is easier and faster than removing paint from meter of grafti. (Hansen, 2016) steel or aluminum. (Sanmartín et al., 2014)

Blasting systems may cause excessive noise pollution. For The level of expertise required for laser removal systems example, the Tornado ACS, rated at 75 decibels, produces is another barrier to their use. Lasers require appropriate noise levels equivalent to a power lawn mower or heavy selection of various parameters for efective grafti removal, urban trafc. (Omnipole, 2016) This is a cause for concern, as imprecise settings may cause damage to the substrates, especially when removing grafti in public areas, given the such as discoloration or melting of softer materials. Lastly, well-documented negative efects of noise on auditory and it should be noted that laser grafti removal eforts could be non-auditory health (e.g. sleeping problems, hypertension resource-intensive depending on the type of equipment, as and cardiovascular disease, and impaired cognitive well as the location and magnitude of grafti. Beyond energy performance). (Basner et al., 2014) demands, laser removal may also necessitate signifcant water demands, as water is often applied to the substrate in 2.6. Laser Systems order to increase the treatment’s efectiveness. (Sanmartín Laser systems were introduced in the 1990s as an efective et al., 2014) means of grafti removal, especially when applied to historic 2.7. Bioremediation buildings or porous structures. Since then, several types of lasers (e.g. CO , Nd:YAG, Nd:YVO , excimer, exciplex, and Given the numerous drawbacks and environmental 2 4 high-power diode) have been used to remove grafti from impacts of traditional physical, chemical, and mechanical diferent substrates (e.g. mortar, glass, polymers, metals, and approaches to grafti removal, there is a compelling need wood) with varying results. While the use of laser systems to develop new, efective and ecologically safer methods. to remove grafti is rare compared to traditional methods, Using bioremediation for grafti removal, although still in studies of laser-based techniques in the literature are development, is one promising possibility. Bioremediation abundant. Some benefts of laser removal systems include involves use of microorganisms, such as culturable bacteria their noncontact nature, control of application, selectivity, and fungi, to remove grafti without afecting the substrate. and repeatability of treatment. (Sanmartín et al., 2014) To date, several microorganisms have demonstrated good potential to degrade acrylic-based aerosol paints; Laser grafti removal is typically costly and time-consuming. however, further investigation into other microorganisms Indeed, total costs may be upwards of 20 times more and nitrocellulose degradation is needed in order to develop expensive than conventional methods and complete more efective bioremediation techniques. (Sanmartín et al., removal of one square meter of paint may take anywhere 2015) between ten minutes to several hours depending on the type of paint and substrate. At the extreme end, use of a Nd:YAG 2.8. Criminal Law, Security and Surveillance laser to remove black paint from the Avebury Stone Circle Generally speaking, unauthorized grafti are illegal and in Wiltshire, required several weeks to complete. punishable by fne or imprisonment in the eyes of the law just While the laser managed to remove most grafti from the about everywhere, although varying degrees of enforcement sandstone, its most porous zones responded negatively and penalties are practiced from one region to another. For to the treatment and thus required further cleaning with instance, in , the federal criminal law considers any methylene dichloride. Moreover, the efectiveness of most unauthorized grafti as a summary or indictable ofence of laser removal systems depends on the type and color of property damage and criminal mischief, which can result paint, as well as the substrate material. It has been observed in a maximum sentence of 2 years in the case of personal that metallic paints (e.g. gold, silver, bronze) are generally property, or 10 years if the damage is deemed cultural, 55 SAUC - Journal V4 - N1 Changing times: Tactics religious or in relation to computer data. (Canada Criminal Although relatively expensive, surveillance cameras Code, 1985) connected to a CCTV system that allows real-time observation are one of the most common methods of grafti Common schemes to enforce laws against grafti include (and crime) prevention in public areas. CCTV systems may police or private security patrol eforts as well as a wide also be equipped with facial recognition software, thermal range of surveillance technologies, including closed-circuit cameras, speakers, and audio or visual sensors. (Tomàs et television (CCTV) surveillance, thermal or low-light cameras, al., 2014) Despite the popularity of CCTV systems, however, sound or motion detectors, trip alarms, and automated there are no reliable studies supporting their efectiveness drone cameras. (Flammini et al., 2016) Guard or attack dogs at preventing grafti. Moreover, several have found CCTV may also be relied on to catch or deter graftists, particularly is not a cost-efective method of grafti management in rail yards or restricted areas. (Marr, 2015) (Carr, 2016), including one recent evaluation of surveillance Many local police services maintain a grafti database, which cameras on the Stockholm subway that concluded the cost may include photos, measurements, and location details of preventing a single crime was approximately €1,875. of reported grafti, as well as any known information on (Priks, 2015) Additionally, it has been noted graftists can graftists. For example, the Halifax Regional Police service efectively avoid identifcation by simply covering their faces, managed to assemble a database of more than 6,000 photos and that cameras may become the target for grafti or further of grafti, 377 tag names, and 48 grafti crews between 2009 damage. (Teng et al., 2016) and 2014. According to Constable Gerry Murney, head of the In 2015, the German railway company Deutsche Bahn anti-grafti unit, the service also had a second list of grafti- announced it would test drones equipped with high- related charges with 206 names; however, the majority of resolution thermal imaging cameras to patrol rail yards at these charges were sentenced to serve community service night. (Deutsche Welle, 2013) Germany’s Federal Police or participate in a restorative justice program, while only one have also reportedly used helicopters and thermal imaging charge resulted in a conviction. (Lawrynuik, 2014) cameras to fght grafti. (MDR, 2016)

Fig.11 - Left: The Eurocopter 155 with four thermal imaging cameras. Right: The thermal imaging cameras can spot individuals from several kilometers away at night. Chemnitz, Germany. 2015. Photos by M. Unger.

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Fig. 12 - Real-time display from thermal imaging cameras on the Eurocopter 155 at night. Chemnitz, Germany. 2015.

Alas, the efectiveness of the criminal law, police enforcement, presence of certain elements of the built environment, such and private or community security at preventing grafti as street lighting, fences, walls, and vegetation, correlate to is generally poor and very few graftists are deterred or the frequency and magnitude of grafti. caught this way. (Tomàs et al., 2014) Furthermore, the Enhancing the lighting of areas is often recommended under arrest, prosecution, or imprisonment of graftists may have the assumption that graftists prefer to work after standard unintended consequences for cities. Consider, for instance, business hours and especially at night. (Willcocks et al., the ten-week jail term handed to graftist Charlie Silver of 2014) However, it has been demonstrated that increased Oxford, England in 2015, which led to a near 400 percent lighting does not necessarily help to deter all grafti, but increase in the amount of grafti over the next two years, and perhaps only certain types of grafti. For example, one study caused Oxford City Council to rethink their zero-tolerance of the spatial distribution of grafti in Bristol (Parno, 2010) approach and ultimately open the city’s frst legal grafti found: walls. (BBC News, 2015; 2016) “areas of lower access with light trafc and decreased public visibility would contain higher quantities of 3. Proactive Grafti Management more detailed grafti (e.g. pieces, , and throw- ups), whereas areas of greater access with heavy Proactive grafti management eforts have been shown to trafc and increased public visibility would contain mitigate undesirable grafti by changing the surrounding smaller quantities of detailed grafti and greater environment or engaging with graftists and communities. quantities of quickly produced grafti types (e.g. tags Some examples of promising proactive management tactics and stickers).” (Crisp et al., 2014, p. 84) include landscaping techniques, vegetation, green walls, public art or community murals, legal spaces for grafti, Furthermore, the use of lighting in isolated or remote public art programs, and urban art workshops. locations may actually attract grafti by shedding a spotlight on it. (Weisel, 2009) 3.1. Environmental Design and Landscaping Regarding physical barriers such as fences or walls, the As early as 1961, Jane Jacobs pioneered the concept City of Montréal’s ofcial Tricks-and-Tips Guide to grafti that environmental design infuences criminal activity by management advises residents and businesses install wire identifying aspects of the physical environment that may mesh fencing around the perimeter of any area afected by encourage or hinder crime or vandalism. (Jacobs, 1961) In the grafti. Apparently, the mesh should be closely woven, and context of grafti, this approach suggests the arrangement or at least 1.8 to 2.4 meters high to discourage climbers. (City 57 SAUC - Journal V4 - N1 Changing times: Tactics of Montreal, n.d.) clinging climbers, such as Boston ivy or Virginia creeper, which grow well in confned spaces, require little to no Strategic landscaping of public spaces and well-thought- maintenance, and will not harm concrete or brick. Plants out positioning of plants and vegetation (e.g. vines, bushes, capable of forming a natural wall and thorny shrubs are also shrubs, and trees) can be an efective approach to grafti advised. (Mir, 2011) management by making areas inaccessible to grafti writers as well as improving the aesthetic appeal of public spaces, Additional benefts of greening public areas include air quality transport infrastructure, or buildings. (Kuo & Sullivan, 2001) improvements and helping to mitigate the urban heat island Stamen (1993) surveyed 31 urban sites in a California efect. (Pugh et al., 2012) Green facades and roofs may also neighborhood and found 90 percent of aerosol paint grafti improve the energy efciency of buildings as well as ofer an occurred in areas without plantings, while only 10 percent was additional layer of defense against outdoor sources of noise located in landscaped areas. Similarly, Brunson et al. (2001) pollution. Moreover, vegetation can help protect and extend found both physical and social incivilities in outdoor public the life of facades or other infrastructure by acting as a shield housing spaces with grass and trees were systematically against weathering and sunlight. (Pérez et al., 2014) lower than in comparable, more barren spaces. One hitch with going ‘green against grafti’ is that some In the , the ‘greenery against grafti’ approach plants or trees need years to completely cover a wall or has been successfully implemented in numerous public prevent access to an area. It has also been noted that certain spaces, on public and private buildings, as well as along plants may cause damage to a substrate (e.g. if roots are transport corridors. The most efective plants include self- capable of penetrating the material). (Mir, 2011)

Fig. 13 - Green facade. Hamburg, Germany. 2016. Photo by D. Huntington

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Fig. 14 - Going ‘green against grafti’ on retaining walls. Zwolle, Netherlands. 2016. Photo by Mobilane.

Fig. 15 - Patrick Blanc’s Vertical Garden, as seen in October 2006, March 2007, and April 2008. Madrid, Spain. Photos by P. Blanc.

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3.2. Murals and Public Art Chicago, in cooperation with the city-run youth art program Gallery 37 and the Mexican Fine Arts Center Museum, Painted murals, whether on buildings, bridges, underpasses commissioned art teacher Francisco Mendoza to create a or utility boxes, help deter grafti due to an informal public mural at 18th Street Station in Pilsen, which was facing observance within the grafti community that existing grafti “a serious grafti problem.” (Wisniewski, 2016) Mendoza and certain types of public art should not be covered with gathered youth from the Gallery 37 program, along with new grafti out of a sign of respect for the artist. (van Loon, anyone else from the neighborhood who was interested, to 2014) help paint the mural. Describing the process, Mendoza said, One of the earliest public mural and art programs to efectively “it was like having a jazz session ... artists would come up deter undesirable grafti is the City of ’s Mural and say, ‘I can paint, I have an idea,’ and I would give them Arts Program. Since its beginnings in 1986 as a division of the colors they needed.” (Jyoti, 2011) the Philadelphia Anti-Grafti Network, the Mural Arts Program In April 2016, more than two decades after the 18th Street has organized the creation of over 3,600 murals, “which Station mural was frst painted, CTA President Dorval Carter have become a cherished part of the civic landscape and noted, “the [18th Street Station] art piece was so respected a great source of inspiration to the millions of residents and by the community that they didn’t grafti it, [and this] has visitors who encounter them each year.” (Global Philadelphia withstood the test of time.” (Wisniewski, 2016) Over time, Association, 2016) In light of the program’s efectiveness the CTA has added more than 60 unique artworks to over against grafti, it is no surprise that it has grown to become 50 stations, including mosaics, sculptures, and one of the city’s largest employers of artists, working with by nationally and internationally acclaimed artists. Carter, in hundreds of creative types, including many prosecuted support of this policy, feels, “If I can put a smile in a customer’s graftists, to bring new murals to the streets of Philadelphia face because they see an interesting and whimsical piece of each year. (Mural Arts Philadelphia, 2016) art, or an interesting sculpture, in addition to getting to work

As another example, in 1993, the Chicago Transit Authority or school, it’s a positive for the CTA.” (Wisniewski, 2016) (CTA), a governmental agency that operates mass transit in

Fig. 16 - A bus passenger admires ‘Our Lady of Grace’ by A’shop. Montréal, Canada. 2011. Photo by P. McCabe.

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Fig.17 - A mural is painted over grafti. Hamburg, Germany. 2016. Photos by D. Huntington

Fig. 18 - Left: Grafti throw-ups cover a fre station. Hamburg, Germany. 2013. Photo by Google Maps. Right: A mural appears. Hamburg, Germany. 2016. Photo by D. Huntington

Notwithstanding the CTA’s success using murals and years, however, many local authorities and utility companies public art to deter grafti, there are some limitations of this have begun to incorporate art on these easily accessible proactive management tactic. First, murals only engage with targets in an aim to prevent unauthorized grafti. (BVE, certain types of people and they may be unlikely to earn the 2015) One popular technique is to implement artworks that support of graftists who are driven by the thrill of illegal make these targets for grafti blend into their surrounding behavior. Secondly, while murals might efectively prevent environment. (Callaghan, 2004) grafti in a specifc location, they do not necessary reduce Typically looking to cooperate with local artists, many cities the overall amount of grafti in the surrounding area or within have organized competitions, request for proposals, as well a city. Lastly, although completed murals are generally left as partnered with community art groups or schools. The City untouched by other grafti, there are numerous instances of , for example, as a part of its annual Outside the of authorized or commissioned murals being tagged. Box program, publishes the dimensions of its trafc signal (Thompson et al., 2012) cabinets online for artists to submit design proposals. (City Street-level trafc signal control or utility boxes are one of the of Toronto, 2016) most common locations for grafti in public areas. In recent 61 SAUC - Journal V4 - N1 Changing times: Tactics

Fig. 19 - Left: A private security guard keeps watch during the painting of a public mural. Right: Within three weeks, the mural has been tagged. City. 2016. Photos by Elie.

Fig. 20 - Painted utility boxes in Kiel and Münster, Germany. 2015/2016. Photos by D. Huntington.

Fig. 21 - Left: Trafc signal cabinet dimensions provided by the City of Toronto feat. R. Wilmshurst’s design. Right: A painted trafc signal box. Toronto, Canada. 2015. Photo by R. Wilmshurst. 62 SAUC - Journal V4 - N1 Changing times: Tactics

Beyond grafti murals, there are many other types of essential to the progression of the art form [because they] public art that might help deter grafti from public areas. allow writers to take their time, and this results in some really For example, between 2013 and 2014, sculptor Tobias good art.” (Snyder, 2011, p. 97) Rehberger converted eleven utility boxes across Münster, Vienna’s legal grafti spaces are an interesting example, as it Germany into unique works of art. Known for his colorful was one of the frst European cities to ofer legally sanctioned clashes of art and architecture, Rehberger “transformed the spaces for grafti. Following the conviction of several grey cubes into highly imaginative seating arrangements young graftists in the 1980s, a community organization [that] invite the passerby to take a seat, rest in the middle of known as the Grafti Union reached an agreement with the city´s buzz, to wonder or simply enjoy.” (Indechs, 2015) the local government to permit grafti in certain places in The use of public art to deter grafti is cautioned, however, the city. Subsequently, in 2004, due to growing demand for as in the case of graftists whose primary motivation is name legal grafti spaces, a task force was established to seek recognition, some works of public art might attract grafti out appropriate locations as well as design a symbol to given their popularity with the general public and tourists. represent the city’s legal grafti sites, known as WienerWand 3.3. Legal Spaces for Grafti (“ViennaWall”). The task force ultimately decided on a logo in the form of a dove to represent the WienerWand project and Legally permitted spaces or walls for grafti, sometimes designate public areas for legal grafti. (Tomàs et al., 2014) referred to as ‘free walls’, are areas that explicitly permit grafti, and which may require registration prior to use. Elsewhere, the ground foor facade of one building in Legal spaces for grafti may be an efective strategy for Dresden has been transformed into a public chalkboard. The reducing grafti vandalism in cities, with the added beneft idea behind this “if you can’t beat ‘em, join ‘em” approach of enhancing public areas both aesthetically and culturally. is to deter grafti by inviting passersby to create their own (Fox, 2014) As Snyder notes, “legal walls have become chalk art.

Fig. 22 - HOPE Outdoor Gallery, or Grafti Park at Castle Hill. Austin, Texas. 2014. Photo by B. Breeze.

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Fig. 23 - Left: Opening of a ‘WienerWand’ legal grafti wall. Vienna, Austria. 2014. Photo by [Unknown]. Right: Illustration of permitted area for grafti at WienerWand locations in Vienna, Austria. (Wiener Bildungsserver, 2016)

Fig. 24 - Graftists paint legal walls in (left) and Hamburg (right), Germany. 2016. Photos by D. Huntington

Fig. 25 - Public chalkboard. Dresden, Germany. 2016. Photo by D. Huntington

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Not all graftists will be interested in legal walls, however, 3.4. Virtual Grafti since the allure to create grafti among many stems In 2016, after years of cleaning grafti from the walls of from its illegality. (Thompson et al., 2012; Ferrell, 1996) Giotto’s bell tower monument in Florence, Italy, ofcials Additionally, legal spaces for grafti may cause an increase decided to test a proactive grafti management approach of unauthorized grafti in surrounding areas. (Ernstes, 2016) with the help of three tablet computers. The concept is to According to Police Constable and Grafti Investigator Chris deter grafti from the monument’s walls by ofering visitors Fader, graftists “might work [on] the free wall to practice or an opportunity to create virtual grafti that may be uploaded whatever. But they’re still going to go out into the community and shared online. With the virtual grafti application, visitors and do grafti because that’s what their goal is.” (Bartlett, can select from diferent substrates found in the monument 2015) On the fip side, increasing legalization of grafti could, (e.g. wood, marble, iron, plaster) and from several diferent in fact, be “a form of anarchic resistance. Thus, increased marker types, ranging from aerosol paint to lip stick. tolerance of grafti may actually demotivate some people (Pianigiani, 2016) from writing it in the frst place.” (Shobe & Banis, 2014, p. 586)

Fig. 26 - Left: The virtual grafti tablet computer in Giotto’s bell tower. Right: Tourists leave their mark with the virtual grafti app. Florence, Italy. 2016. Photos by A. Grassani.

3.5. Public Awareness Initiatives professional boxers, and actress and singer-songwriter Irene Cara stating that “doing grafti was bad.” (Ross, 2016, Public awareness initiatives regarding the potential adverse p.398) In 1997, the City of Los Angeles published a children’s efects of grafti are another proactive management tactic. coloring book, titled Kyle the Grafti Fighting Bear, which This approach aims to instill a sense of community pride and informed families both how to report grafti via a newly responsibility in citizens, with a particular focus on reducing opened grafti reporting hotline and of potential rewards for the likelihood of youth to engage in grafti. Public schools their help towards successful prosecution of any graftists. may, for example, lecture students on vandalism’s social and (Ross, 2016) Similarly, as a part of the City of Phoenix economic consequences. Alas, the efectiveness of such in- and Maricopa County’s SCRUB (Stop Crime and Reduce school anti-grafti programs is debatable, with some studies Urban Blight) project, an anti-grafti coloring book featuring suggesting they may even be a source of inspiration for Neighborhoodasaurus was ofered to residents and schools graftists. (Teng et al., 2012) in 1997. (Black, 1997) In keeping with the times, in 2008, the Many governments have also employed anti-grafti City of Tucson produced Knock Out Grafti in Tucson with advertising campaigns. During the 1970s in New York Mr. Tufy, a free downloadable coloring book that aims to City, a public-service program entitled Make Your Mark familiarize elementary school-age children with the crime of In Society, Not On Society featured billboards, subway grafti vandalism. (Tucson Citizen, 2008) ads, and television spots of professional baseball players, 65 SAUC - Journal V4 - N1 Changing times: Tactics

Fig. 27 - Excerpts from the City of Tucson’s ‘Knock Out Grafti in Tucson with Mr. Tufy’ coloring book. (City of Tucson, 2016)

3.6. Public Art Programs Elsewhere, grafti and other forms of street or urban art are viewed in a more positive light, especially where these Due to the futility of anti-grafti awareness initiatives, many art forms show potential to revitalize “an otherwise drab or cities have begun organizing public art programs for grafti austere part of a city ... with a sense of cultural uniqueness.” and . These programs or workshops are thought to (Ross, 2016, p. 393) help deter grafti from public spaces by ofering graftists an alternative creative outlet. For example, a Street Art Such cities tend to acknowledge the inefectiveness of School In Hamburg, Germany ofers youth the opportunity citywide reactive grafti management eforts and rather to make grafti and street art with the help of experienced focus on various proactive management tactics to mitigate writers and artists. In addition to regular art classes during unauthorized grafti in public areas. the summer, the Street Art School participates in community 4.1. Toronto, Canada festivals, hosts art exhibitions, and organizes special events for refugees. (Street Art School, 2015) In the wake of a citywide crackdown on grafti led by former Mayor Rob Ford, (Flack, 2011) the City of Toronto introduced its national prize-winning Grafti Management 4. Best Practices in Sustainable Grafti Management Plan in 2013, which distinguishes ‘grafti vandalism’ from ‘grafti art’. (Barry, 2015) The latter are exempt from removal Rather than relying on a cookie-cutter solution to grafti by either property owners or the public service; however, all management, such as a zero-tolerance policy that grafti art must be either commissioned and sanctioned via necessitates tireless reactive grafti management eforts municipal permit or, approved by the Grafti Panel, a group to keep public areas free of grafti, an increasing number of appointed ofcials who determine the value of grafti in of cities around the world are pursuing more strategic and question. (City of Toronto, 2016) targeted approaches to grafti management. According to Elyse Parker, Director of the Public Realm, Indeed, many neighborhoods and communities are decidedly a basis of the plan was recognizing “from the outset tolerant of unauthorized grafti, acknowledging that grafti that [the City of Toronto] would not be able to eliminate are an “unavoidable visual element of the urban landscape,” grafti vandalism.” (Archer, 2015) Therefore, Toronto (Duncan, 2016, p. 129) not unlike outdoor advertising. 66 SAUC - Journal V4 - N1 Changing times: Tactics

Fig. 28 - Letter to the Mayor of Toronto re: grafti management from Leah Hladkyj, age 8. (Hogan, 2011) seeks to proactively discourage grafti vandalism via its public property, StART UP is tailored to give artists an StreetARToronto (StART), StART Underpass Program (StART opportunity to create grafti or street art on the city’s publicly UP), and Outside the Box programs. owned underpasses and tunnels. Last but not least, the Outside the Box program gives artists a chance to contribute An integral part of the Grafti Management Plan, StART “to the vitality and attractiveness of the streetscape” (City assists private property owners who are experiencing of Toronto, 2016) by creating art on the city’s trafc signal grafti vandalism by purchasing the materials required to boxes. Between 2013 and 2016, 120 boxes were “hand- install a mural. StART also engages with local artists to fnd painted by local artists and transformed into extraordinary commissioned grafti art and mural opportunities throughout works of art.” (City of Toronto, 2016) the city. While StART creates artworks on both private and

Fig. 29 - ‘Stand Together’ by SPUD, a mural funded by the City of Toronto. Toronto, Canada. 2015. Photo by M. Crandall.

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Additionally, in 2015, the City of Toronto passed legislation according to the Green Party, “highly misplaced in a modern requiring all construction sites encroaching on the public democratic society.” (Berglund, 2014) Additionally, an annual realm to incorporate public artwork on at least 50 percent of conference, Art of the Streets, was organized by numerous hoarding walls. Working alongside builders to make Toronto’s graftists from Stockholm and abroad to protest for policy construction sites less of an eyesore, a social enterprise change. Protests fnally paid of in 2014 when, following the known as PATCH has established an online directory of election of a new social democratic government, legislation local graftists and street artists, connects artists with new was introduced that scraped the city’s zero-tolerance policy construction sites, arranges community art events, and and aimed to transform Stockholm into the city with the provides custom artwork, light, or sound installations. (The most legal spaces for grafti in Europe. (ArtSlant, 2014) PATCH Project, 2016) 4.3. , Toronto also features a block-long alley where grafti and During the City of Melbourne’s development of an updated street art are “legal and lauded.” (VOGUE, 2014) According grafti policy, one proposal went beyond the typical cookie- to The New York Times, cutter approach to grafti management by recommending “the most concentrated display is along Rush Lane, the designation of three diferent zones in the city, including a stretch just south of Queen Street West, between zero-tolerance zones, limited tolerance zones, and Spadina and Portland, known as Grafti Alley. community regulated zones. (Young, 2010) This non-uniform Stylistically, the works are by turns macabre (elaborate management approach rejected “the monolithic tenets of skulls), whimsical (cartoon characters) and fantastical the broken windows theory and focuses abatement in areas

(an undersea array that covers most of a building) - where there is overt community concern.” (Shobe & Banis, and most are stunning. You’ll never look at a can of 2014, p. 586) Moreover, it ofers a possible pathway towards spray paint the same way again.” (Egner, 2016) policies that recognize “a new ecology of urban becoming - one that makes room for grafti as neither publicly sanctioned Notwithstanding these examples of proactive approaches art nor crime.” (Halsey & Pederick, 2010, p. 97) to grafti management, unauthorized grafti remains illegal throughout Toronto and is actively monitored and removed, Despite broad community support, the City of Melbourne including over 18,580 square meters in 2014 alone. (Archer, ultimately decided (behind closed doors) to pass on the 2015) Moreover, since 2005, property owners have been proposal, illustrating that, while nuanced approaches to legally obligated to remove any unsanctioned grafti from grafti management are possible, they may be politically their property at their own expense. If reported grafti are difcult to realize. The challenge of hierarchy in public policy not removed in a timely manner, local authorities will arrange development is echoed by Chomsky, who argues many removal and charge the property owner for any incurred “people in power … frmly believe that [citizens] should not costs. (Beaton & Todd, 2016) have revolutionary popular art in which people participate.” (Chomsky, 2013) 4.2. Stockholm, Sweden 4.4. Bogotá, Colombia In 2007, the City Council of Stockholm passed a zero- tolerance policy stating the city “shall not engage in or In 2011, the City of Bogotá decriminalized grafti on support activities that promote grafti and other vandalism.” public property following the unjust killing of 16-year-old (Berglund, 2014) The efects of this policy included the graftist Diego Felipe Becerra by law enforcement ofcers. shutdown of several local art programs, including grafti (Brodzinsky, 2013) Indeed, although grafti remains prohibited workshops organized by local schools and the City Museum’s on culturally signifcant buildings, monuments, and private street art tour, as well as an outright prohibition against legal property without explicit permission of the owner, most of spaces for grafti. Moreover, the policy gave police a reason the city’s publicly accessible spaces, including those along to strip search young people, or place them under arrest for main thoroughfares, are now open canvases for graftists suspicion of having painted grafti. (Berglund, 2014) and street artists. (World Cities Culture Forum, 2016)

In the years to follow, City Council faced harsh criticism from The freedom to make grafti in public areas, combined with the public for upholding a policy that censored art and was, the mayor’s approval of grafti “as a form of artistic and 68 SAUC - Journal V4 - N1 Changing times: Tactics

Fig. 30 - Graftists paint public infrastructure in the light of day. Bogotá, Colombia. 2015. Photo by Mike. cultural expression,” (Brodzinsky, 2013) has transformed 4.5. Berlin, Germany Bogotá’s formerly grey urban cityscape into a sea of large Although grafti are illegal and punishable by fne or colorful murals. (Suarez, 2013) Moreover, with over 4,500 imprisonment in Berlin, it has been widely reported that local graftists now living in Bogotá, grafti has become “a authorities do not have the fnancial or human resources to legitimate professional and artistic practice for many, and the efectively police or manage grafti across the entire city. stance of the city encourages the most talented to stay and Consequently, grafti proliferates in public areas due to a ply their trade.” (World Cities Culture Forum, 2016) Bogotá’s vibrant local scene and persistent fow of visiting graftists. grafti policy, drafted throughout regular discussions between local authorities and more than 50 local graftists, The City of Berlin’s laid-back approach to grafti management has also afected perceptions towards grafti among the has undoubtedly played a role in the city’s status as “grafti general public and police. Indeed, according to one Bogota- capital of Europe,” (Tzortis, 2008) a “grafti Mecca of the based graftist: urban art world,” (Trice, in Arms, 2011) and “a world leading cultural tourism destination.” (Evans, 2016, p. 168) Most “Personally, I have never been fned for painting recently, The New York Times, in a special Europe issue of prohibited walls in Bogotá. The worst that has its travel section, recommended Berlin’s grafti and street art happened is I have been politely asked if I had scene, “where elaborate murals … and images by sprayers permission by the police, and to move on if I did not. and stencilers pop up everywhere.” (Bradley, in Ferrell, 2016, I have even had one of the younger ofcers ask me to p. xxxv) Even Berlin’s police force has expressed tolerance stop but to, ‘please come back after 6pm to fnish the for grafti in the city, stating, “mere announcements, mural’ because he really liked it and wanted to see it declarations of love, and political expressions or symbols fnished but would get in trouble from his senior if he are not considered [illegal forms of] grafti.” (Samutina & let me continue.” (Crisp, 2015) Zaporozhets, 2015)

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4.6. Valparaíso, Chile more than 20,000 square meters of urban art and ample legal grafti wall space, a vibrant community and tourist destination Although grafti are illegal in most of Chile, there is no current has emerged from the ashes of this formerly run-down and legislation that explicitly forbids grafti on private or public underutilized area. (Postkult e.V., 2015) From the outset, the property within the coastal city of Valparaíso. (Addis, 2016) FreiRaumGalerie project sought to address two concerns. According to one report, grafti and street art are governed First, it was recognized that Freiimfelde was sufering from by an unwritten law that gives graftists and urban artists abandoned buildings and a high vacancy rate, which was a de facto right to paint the streets as they wish, as well as reportedly greater than 60 percent in 2011. Second, due to make a legitimate living via commissioned work. In light of a lively local grafti scene, local authorities were facing an this laid-back approach to grafti management, grafti and increasing number of complaints from residents regarding street art fourish in Valparaíso as far as the eye can see. unauthorized grafti within the city. In order to address both (Jess, 2014) concerns at once, the FreiRaumGalerie project thought to 4.7. Halle (Saale), Germany transform this once “forgotten district into an urban canvas.”

The persistent and growing legitimization of grafti following (Postkult e.V., 2015) Towards this objective, the project team numerous bottom-up endeavors and programs is one organized numerous events, such as its annual All You Can indication the days of zero-tolerance policies and incessant Paint Festival, which invited local and international artists, reactive grafti management eforts may be numbered. local residents, and especially young people, to help revitalize Consider, for example, the quarter of Freiimfelde in Halle Freiimfelde. Thanks to the FreiRaumGalerie project’s eforts, (Saale), which was completely transformed by a grassroots the quarter of Freiimfelde experienced a rapid population urban art project that would have made Hundertwasser growth of 24 percent, or 550 residents, between 2011 and proud. Indeed, since the launch of the FreiRaumGalerie 2014, as numerous vacant buildings were flled with creative (“OpenSpaceGallery”) project in 2012 and its contribution of types, students, and new families. (Postkult e.V., 2015b)

Fig. 31 - Map of FreiRaumGalerie murals and legal grafti walls. Freiimfelde, Halle (Saale), Germany. (Postkult e.V., 2015c)

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5. Conclusion Barry, S. 2015. Toronto Grafti Management Plan Wins National Award. Retrieved from urbantoronto.ca/news/2015/02/toronto- Within public areas, grafti may be condemned and grafti-management-plan-wins-national-award eradicated or promoted and enhanced. In either case, Bartlett, D. 2015. Grafti issues in Moncton under review. Retrieved from cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/grafti-issues-in- policy and management decisions are usually grounded in moncton-under-review-1.3110593 assumptions about the economic or social efects of grafti. Basner, M. et al. 2014. Auditory and non-auditory efects of noise on Often overlooked, however, are the latent environmental health. The Lancet, 383(9925) risks of diferent grafti management tactics. BBC News. 2015. Grafti artists ‘shocked’ after tagger Charlie Silver jailed. Retrieved from bbc.com/news/uk-england-33818419 Beyond fnding that zero-tolerance policies and reactive BBC. 2016. ‘Free walls’ pilot launched in Oxford to fght grafti. grafti management eforts are inefective at deterring Retrieved from bbc.com/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-36153592 undesirable grafti in public areas, this article has revealed Beaton, C. & Todd, S. 2016. Reclaiming the Ruins: A Case Study of Grafti Heritage Interpretation at the Evergreen Brick Works in that many reactive grafti management tactics also pose Toronto, in Lovata, T. & Olton, E. (eds.). 2016. Understanding Grafti: signifcant short- and long-term risks to human health Multidisciplinary Studies from Prehistory to the Present. Routledge. and local ecosystems due to inefcient use of scarce Bentley, W. 1997. Grafti Control by Enforcement and Design. The First National Conference on Grafti Control, Western Australia, 4 resources and the release of hazardous substances into the September 1996. environment. Berglund, M. 2014. , you are not welcome in Stockholm. Retrieved from thelocal.se/20140321/banksy-you-are-not- Accordingly, in order to move towards more sustainable welcome-here-stockholm-sweden-mural-politics-grafti-art grafti management solutions for public areas, local Black, T. 1997. The handwriting’s on the wall: Cities can win the authorities must once and for all acknowledge grafti are grafti war. Retrieved from americancityandcounty.com/mag/ government_handwritings_wall_cities unlikely to be impeded by tireless reactive management Blanc, P. (Photographer). 2016. Caixs Forum. [digital image] tactics. Authorities should rather focus on proactive tactics, Retrieved from verticalgardenpatrickblanc.com/node/1414 including environmental design (e.g. landscaping techniques Breeze, B. (Photographer). 2014. Grafti park at Castle hill and greenery) and public art programs (e.g. community [digital image]. Retrieved from fickr.com/photos/64467804@ N07/15858759780/ murals, legal spaces for grafti, art workshops) to manage Brodzinsky, S. 2013. Artist’s shooting sparks grafti revolution in grafti in public areas, thus avoiding the need for reactive Colombia. Retrieved from theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/30/ management eforts from the outset. bogota-grafti-artists-mayor-colombia-justin-bieber Brunson, L., Kuo, F., & Sullivan. 2001. Resident appropriation of defensible space in public housing: Implications for safety and community. Environment & Behaviour, 33(5), 626-652. References Burkhart, G. 2016. Iconic Albuquerque Pac Man mural tagged Aagaard, M. (Photographer). 2014. Spring break: Lisboa, over with grafti. Retrieved from krqe.com/2016/09/02/iconic- Portugal. [digital image]. Retrieved from ftnesswellnessworld. albuquerque-pac-man-mural-tagged-over-with-grafti/ com/2014/04/27/spring-break-lisboa-portugal/ BVE. 2015. Bunte Stromkästen in Billstedt-Kaltenbergen. Retrieved Addis, K. 2016. Valparaíso, Chile: The Most Artistic City in the from bve.de/aktuelles/2015/bunte-stromkaesten-in-billstedt- World?. Retrieved from bemytravelmuse.com/valparaiso-street-art/ kaltenbergen/

Archer, B. 2015. Toronto wins award for the way it handles Callaghan, J. 2004. Transformers. Retrieved from joshuacallaghan. grafti. Retrieved from yongestreetmedia.ca/devnews/ com/Culver%20City.htm graftiaward11032015.aspx Canada Criminal Code. 1985. c C-46, s 430. Retrieved from canlii. Arms, S. 2011. The Heritage Of Berlin Street Art And Grafti Scene. ca/t/52rvv#sec430 Retrieved from smashingmagazine.com/2011/07/the-heritage-of- Careddua, N., & Akkoyunb, O. 2016. An investigation on the berlin-street-art-and-grafti-scene/ efciency of water-jet technology for grafti cleaning. Journal of ArtSlant. 2014. New Grafti Law makes Stockholm City with Cultural Heritage, 19 Most Legal Grafti Walls. Retrieved from artslant.com/la/articles/ Carr, R. 2016. Political Economy and the Australian Government’s show/41122 CCTV Programme: An Exploration of State-Sponsored Street Baalousha, M. et al. 2016. Outdoor urban nanomaterials: The Cameras and the Cultivation of Consent and Business in Local emergence of a new, integrated, and critical feld of study. Science Communities. Surveillance & Society, 14(1), 90-112. of The Total Environment, 557–558. 740-753. Choahan, N. 2016. Grafti tagger destroys historical Smith Street Bandaranaike, S. 2003. Grafti Hotspots: Physical Environment feminist mural. Retrieved from theage.com.au/victoria/grafti- or Human Dimension? Retrieved from aic.gov.au/media_library/ tagger-destroys-historical-smith-street-feminist-mural-20160225- conferences/2003-grafti/bandaranaike.pdf gn4894.html

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Indechs. 2015. Art in the Public Realm – Tobias Rehberger „The Retrieved from abendblatt.de/region/stormarn/article208106817/ Moon in Alabama”. Retrieved from indechs.org/art-in-the-public- Stormarner-kaempfen-mit-Grafti-gegen-Grafti.html realm-tobias-rehberger-the-moon-in-alabama/ Mural Arts Philadelphia. 2016. Mural Arts Philadelphia. Retrieved Info ExChange. 2011. Waging the Ongoing Grafti War Across British from muralarts.org Columbia. Retrieved from www2.viu.ca/facilities/infoexchange/ pdf/2011_may_infoexchange.pdf Nguyen, N. (Photographer). (2014). Lisboa tram. Retrieved from skitterphoto.com/?portfolio=lisboa-tram Initiative Nauwieser Viertel in Saarbrücken. 2016. Kunst am Kasten. Retrieved from initiative-nauwieser-viertel.de/projekte/kunst-am- Omnipole. 2016. Tornado ACS technical specifcations. Retrieved kasten.php from tornadoacs.com/products/ International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2016. Nanomaterials Omnipole. 2016. Tornado ACT grafti removal. 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Pollution and Changes to Materials and Building Surfaces. London: VOGUE. 2014. Global Street Style Report: Mapping Out the 15 ICP Coolest Neighborhoods in the World. Retrieved from vogue.com/ slideshow/1080625/ffteen-coolest-street-style-neighborhoods Shobe, H. & Banis, D. 2014. Zero Grafti for a Beautiful City: The Cultural Politics of Urban Space in San Francisco. Urban Geography. Weaver, M. 1995. Preservation Brief 38: Removing Grafti from 35(4) Historic Masonry. Retrieved from nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/ briefs/38-remove-grafti.htm Smith, E. 2016. World-famous street art culture in Valparaíso. Retrieved from upscapetravel.com/blog/an-interview-with-al- Weisel, D. 2009. The Problem of Grafti. Retrieved from popcenter. ramirez/ org/problems/grafti/ Snyder, G. 2011. Grafti Lives: Beyond the Tag in New York’s Urban Wiener Bildungserver. 2016. Leitsystem. Retrieved from wienerwand. Underground. NYU Press at/index.php/nutzung.html Stamen, T. 1993. Grafti deterrent proposed by horticulturalist. Wiensowski, I. 2013. Der Mond über Münster. Retrieved from Riverside: University of California. spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/kunst-aktion-von-tobias-rehberger- in-muenster-a-921249.html Steiermark. 2015. Alarmsystem „hört“ Grafti-Sprayer. Retrieved from steiermark.orf.at/news/stories/2741519/ Willcocks, M. et al. 2014. Grafolution: D2.1 - Grafti Vandalism in Public Areas and Transport Report and Categorisation Model. Street Art School. 2015. Eröfnung der Street Art School. Retrieved Retrieved from project.grafolution.eu from street-art-school.de/eroefnung-der-street-art-school/ Wilmshurst, R. (Photographer). 2016. Outside the box. [digital Suarez, D. 2013. On Streets of Bogotá, Grafti Art Raises image]. Retrieved from rachelwilmshurst.com/Outside-the-Box Environmental Awareness. Retrieved from blog.conservation. org/2013/01/on-streets-of-bogota-grafti-art-raises-environmental- Wisniewski, M. 2016. CTA shows of public art in catalog, online. awareness/ Retrieved from chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-cta-art- 20160412-story.html Telekom. 2015. Aus Grau wird Bunt. Retrieved from telekom.com/ de/blog/konzern/artikel/aus-grau-wird-bunt-64812 Wolf, K. 2014. Safer Alternative Grafti Management Methods for California. Retrieved from sfenvironment.org/sites/default/fles/ Teng, H., Puli, A., Karakouzian, M., & Xuecai, X. 2012. Identifcation fiers/fles/sfe_th_grafti_report.pdf of Grafti Countermeasures for Highway Facilities. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 43 World Cities Culture Forum. 2016. Responsible Grafti Practice. Retrieved from worldcitiescultureforum.com/case_studies/ Teng, H., Puli, A., Kutela, B., Ni, Y. and Hu, B. 2016. Cost and Beneft responsible-grafti-practice Evaluation of Grafti Countermeasures on the Nevada Highways. Journal of Transportation Technologies, 6 Yeung, L. 2016. City of Vancouver seeks public art for utility boxes. Retrieved from cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/city-of- The PATCH Project. 2016. Public Art Through Construction vancouver-seeks-public-art-for-utility-boxes-1.3508988 Hoarding. Retrieved from thepatchproject.com Young, A. 2010. Negotiated consent or zero-tolerance? Responding Thompson, K. et al. 2012. From broken windows to a renovated research agenda: A review of the literature on vandalism and grafti to grafti and . City, 14(1-2), 99-114. in the rail industry. Transportation Research, 46 Tomàs, M. et al. 2014. Grafolution: D2.2 - Regional, Cultural, Ethical, Privacy and Legal Aspects and Infuence Factors Report. Retrieved from project.grafolution.eu Tucson Citizen. 2008. Anti-grafti coloring book available from city. Retrieved from tucsoncitizen.com/morgue2/2008/06/24/166179- anti-grafti-coloring-book-available-from-city/ Tzortis, A. 2008. “Bombing” Berlin, the grafti capital of Europe. Retrieved from nytimes.com/2008/03/03/travel/03iht- 04grafti.10654044.html

UNESCO Creative Cities Network. n.d. BERLIN. Retrieved from en.unesco.org/creative-cities/berlin Unger, M. (Photographer). 2016. Bundespolizei jagt Grafti- Sprayer mit Wärmebildkameras [digital image]. Retrieved from NOTE: This article was fnancially supported by the 2018 mdr.de/sachsen/chemnitz/polizei-jagt-graffiti-sprayer-mit- hubschrauber-100.html funded topics initiative, specifcally: Patron – Infraestruturas United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2015. EPA de Portugal - Responsible for the investment, management Demonstrates Innovative Grafti Removal Products in San and maintenance of railway and road infrastructures in Francisco. Retrieved from archive.epa.gov/region9/mediacenter/ web/html/index-15.html Portugal. infraestruturasdeportugal.pt Unknown. (Photographer). 2014. Eröfneten die Wiener Wand. Retrieved from meinbezirk.at/ landstrasse/lokales/der-umbau-des- Topic - Mitigate problems of grafti vandalism in public areas kardinal-nagl-platzes-ist-im-juli-2014-abgeschlossen-d970530.html and transportation networks by focusing on technical (e.g. van Loon, J. 2014. “Just writing your name?” An analysis of the spatial behaviour of grafti writers in . Belgeo [En ligne], materials, coatings) and strategic (e.g. positive and smart 3 .Retrieved from belgeo.revues.org/13062 prevention) solutions. 74