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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Speaking with an Accent in Northern Japan: Discrimination and Dialect Ideologies a Disserta

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UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Speaking with an Accent in Northern Japan: Discrimination and Dialect Ideologies a Disserta UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Speaking with an Accent in Northern Japan: Discrimination and Dialect Ideologies A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by Edwin Keely Everhart 2018 © Copyright by Edwin Keely Everhart 2018 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Speaking with an Accent in Northern Japan: Discrimination and Dialect Ideologies by Edwin Keely Everhart Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology University of California, Los Angeles, 2018 Professor Paul V Kroskrity, Chair This dissertation investigates the practices by which local language activists and college students in the Touhoku (Tōhoku 東北) region reproduce and challenge stigma toward local language (“dialect,” “accent”). Touhoku has for decades been a source of labor and other resources for the national economy of Japan which favors the urban core, and language standardization reinscribes Touhoku speakers as belonging to a periphery. People of this region, subject to metropolitan cultural hegemony in the post-war period, often came to bear an inferiority complex about local culture due to linguistic discrimination and cultural marginalization. Registers of local language here tend to absorb weighty meaning from social relations of power, as emblems of shameful backwardness, tourist appeal, political resistance, and fashionable authenticity by turns. Following the last “dialect boom” (1980s-90s), local language activists (“dialect activists”) have pursued projects of language documentation, language valorization, and language revitalization in a spirit of renewal after the triple disasters of March 11, 2011. Meanwhile institutions like media and ii schools, which the state set up to privilege national “standard” language (i.e. Tokyo-style language), have never been decolonized. This dissertation is based on 16 months of ethnographic research primarily in Morioka, Iwate Prefecture, with college students at Iwate University, as well as with language activists, drawing on established approaches in linguistic anthropology and sociolinguistics. It draws together a range of approaches to analyze language varieties as registers, that is, as products of enregisterment. Part of this dissertation addresses language activism e.g. in the case of Kesen and Yamáura Harutíğu (Yamaura Harutsugu). In addition to discussing such language activism (largely among elders), this study asks how young people in northern Touhoku experience local language: what are their language ideologies vis-à-vis local language, how do they express social identities using linguistic resources, and how is their agency to use language constrained? People in northern Touhoku are experiencing a form of language endangerment, but local language is by no means “extinct,” though commoditization and linguistic colonization are dominant forces. Analysis of life histories and everyday interaction demonstrate that speakers use local language as a resource for negotiating cultural authority. iii The dissertation of Edwin Keely Everhart is approved. Mariko Tamanoi Katsuya Hirano Norma Mendoza-Denton Paul V Kroskrity, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2018 iv 松本源蔵氏と、多くの北東北の方言活動家の皆さんに v Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................. x PERSONAL NAMES ........................................................................................................................... xi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................... xii VITA ......................................................................................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER ONE: Introduction. .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Linguistic colonization and Touhoku history .............................................................................. 1 1.1.1 History of linguistic difference ...................................................................................... 2 1.1.2 Standardization debates .................................................................................................. 3 1.1.3 Linguistic colonization in the present .......................................................................... 6 1.2 Theoretical approaches to linguistic discrimination in linguistic anthropology ............................................................................................................... 8 1.2.1 Research in linguistic discrimination ............................................................................ 10 1.2.1.1 Value ................................................................................................................. 12 1.2.1.2 Style ................................................................................................................... 14 1.2.2 Toward a comprehensive concept of linguistic discrimination ................................ 16 1.2.2.1 General tools ................................................................................................... 21 1.2.2.2 Language shift and maintenance .................................................................. 23 1.2.2.3 Linguistic racism ............................................................................................. 24 1.2.3 Defining linguistic discrimination ................................................................................. 25 1.2.3.1 Proposed definition of linguistic discrimination ........................................ 27 1.2.4 Broader applications ........................................................................................................ 28 1.2.4.1 Potential usefulness of a comprehensive notion of linguistic discrimination ............................................................................ 29 1.2.5 Linguistic discrimination in Japan ................................................................................. 30 1.2.5.1 Language attitudes and language politics .................................................... 31 1.2.5.2 Discrimination ................................................................................................. 32 1.2.5.3 Potential applications of linguistic discrimination research in Japanese contexts ....................................................................................... 35 1.2.6 On variety and enregisterment ...................................................................................... 37 1.3 Metapragmatics of this dissertation ............................................................................................... 40 1.3.1 Romanization ................................................................................................................... 40 1.3.2 Preferred terms ................................................................................................................ 41 1.4 Research methods ............................................................................................................................ 43 1.4.1 Maps .................................................................................................................................. 45 1.4.2 With language activists .................................................................................................... 46 1.4.3 With university students ................................................................................................. 47 1.4.4 Observer effects ............................................................................................................... 49 1.5 Chapters of this dissertation ........................................................................................................... 51 1.5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 51 vi 1.5.2 Local Language Activism in Touhoku: Revitalization Practices and Preservation Ideologies ................................................. 51 1.5.3 Metalinguistic Discourse Among Iwate University Students ................................... 52 1.5.4 Students’ Lingual Life Histories: Identity, Agency, Alienation ................................ 52 1.5.5 Kesen, Independence, and Yamáura Harutíğu: A Final Case of Language Activism ............................................................................. 52 CHAPTER TWO: Local Language Activism in Touhoku: Revitalization Practices and Preservation Ideologies ........................................................................ 53 2.1 Linguistic diversity and movement toward standardization ...................................................... 53 2.2 Reaction to standardization: local language activism .................................................................. 59 2.2.1 Unexpected success of standardization ........................................................................ 59 2.2.2 Metropolitan desire for the authentic periphery ......................................................... 59 2.2.3 Prestigious registers of local language .......................................................................... 60 2.2.4 Resistance
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