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Content-Based Image Retrieval

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Content-Based Image Retrieval JTAP JISC JISCTechnology Technology Applications Applications Programme Programme Content-based Image Retrieval John Eakins Margaret Graham University of Northumbria at Newcastle JISC Technology Report: 39 Applications Programme October 1999 Joint Information Systems Committee Content-based Image Retrieval John Eakins Margaret Graham University of Northumbria at Newcastle The JISC Technology Applications Programme is an initiative of the Joint Information Systems Committee of the Higher Education Funding Councils. For more information contact: Tom Franklin JTAP Programme Manager Computer Building University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL email: [email protected] URL: http://www.jtap.ac.uk/ Table of Contents Executive summary....................................................................................................................... 1 1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 5 2 Background ......................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 The growth of digital imaging............................................................................................. 6 2.2 The need for image data management................................................................................ 6 2.3 Characteristics of image queries........................................................................................ 7 2.4 Video queries................................................................................................................... 8 2.5 What is CBIR?................................................................................................................. 9 2.6 Conclusions from previous reviews ................................................................................. 10 3 Image users........................................................................................................................ 11 3.1 Image use in the community............................................................................................ 11 3.2 Professional groups making use of images ....................................................................... 11 3.3 User needs for image data – research and survey findings ................................................ 13 3.4 How much do we really know about user needs?............................................................ 15 4 Current techniques for image and video retrieval.................................................................. 16 4.1 Organizing an image collection........................................................................................ 16 4.2 Classification and indexing schemes................................................................................. 16 4.3 Current indexing practice................................................................................................ 17 4.4 Software for image data management.............................................................................. 19 4.5 Research into indexing effectiveness................................................................................ 20 5 Content-based image and video retrieval............................................................................. 22 5.1 Current level 1 CBIR techniques..................................................................................... 22 5.1.1 Colour retrieval...................................................................................................... 23 5.1.2 Texture retrieval..................................................................................................... 23 5.1.3 Shape retrieval....................................................................................................... 23 5.1.4 Retrieval by other types of primitive feature............................................................. 24 5.2 Video retrieval................................................................................................................ 25 5.3 Retrieval by semantic image feature................................................................................. 25 5.3.1 Level 2................................................................................................................... 25 5.3.2 Level 3................................................................................................................... 26 5.4 General issues ................................................................................................................ 26 5.4.1 Interfacing.............................................................................................................. 26 5.4.2 Search efficiency.................................................................................................... 27 5.5 Available CBIR software................................................................................................ 28 5.5.1 Commercial systems............................................................................................... 28 5.5.2 Experimental systems.............................................................................................. 29 5.6 Practical applications of CBIR........................................................................................ 31 5.6.1 Crime prevention.................................................................................................... 31 5.6.2 The military............................................................................................................ 32 5.6.3 Intellectual property................................................................................................ 32 5.6.4 Architectural and engineering design........................................................................ 33 5.6.5 Fashion and interior design...................................................................................... 33 5.6.6 Journalism and advertising....................................................................................... 33 5.6.7 Medical diagnosis................................................................................................... 34 5.6.8 Geographical information systems (GIS) and remote sensing.................................... 34 5.6.9 Cultural heritage ..................................................................................................... 35 5.6.10 Education and training............................................................................................. 35 5.6.11 Home entertainment................................................................................................ 35 5.6.12 Web searching ....................................................................................................... 36 5.6.13 Conclusions............................................................................................................ 36 5.7 Current research trends .................................................................................................. 36 6 Implications for systems developers and users..................................................................... 37 6.1 Effectiveness of current CBIR techniques........................................................................ 37 6.2 CBIR vs manual indexing................................................................................................ 39 6.3 CBIR in context ............................................................................................................. 40 6.4 Standards for image data management ............................................................................ 41 6.4.1 What standards are relevant to CBIR?.................................................................... 41 6.4.2 Image compression................................................................................................. 42 6.4.3 Query specification................................................................................................. 42 6.4.4 Metadata description.............................................................................................. 43 6.4.5 MPEG-7................................................................................................................ 44 7 Conclusions and recommendations...................................................................................... 46 8 References......................................................................................................................... 50 6 7 Executive summary The aim of this report is to review the current state of the art in content-based image retrieval (CBIR), a technique for retrieving images on the basis of automatically-derived features such as colour, texture and shape. Our findings are based both on a review of the relevant literature and on discussions with researchers and practitioners in the field. The need to find a desired image from a collection is shared by many professional groups, including journalists, design engineers and art historians. While the requirements of image users can vary considerably, it can be useful to characterize image queries into three levels of abstraction: primitive features such as colour or shape, logical features such as the identity of objects shown, and abstract attributes such as the significance of the scenes depicted. While CBIR systems currently operate effectively only at the lowest of these levels, most users
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