SOUTH ASIAN INSECURITY AND THE GREAT POWERS Also by Barry Buzan

PEOPLE, STATES AND FEAR SEABED POLITICS

CHANGE AND THE STUDY OF (editor with R. J. Barry Jones)

Also by Gowher Rizvi

LORD LINLITHGOW AND INDIA, 1936--43 PERSPECTIVES ON IMPERIALISM AND DECOLONIZATION (editor with R. Holland) INDO-BRITISH RELATIONS IN RETROSPECT (editor with A. Copley) SOUTH ASIAN INSECURITY AND THE GREAT POWERS

Barry Buzan and Gowher Rizvi with Rosemary Foot, Nancy Jetly, B. A. Roberson and Anita Inder Singh

Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978-1-349-07941-4 ISBN 978-1-349-07939-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-07939-1 © Barry Buzan and Gowher Rizvi, 1986 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1986 978-0-333-39012-2 All rights reserved. For information, write: Scholarly & Reference Division, St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010

First published in the United States of America in 1986

ISBN 978-0-312-74714-5

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Buzan, Barry. South Asian insecurity and the great powers. Includes index. 1. South Asia--Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Rizvi, Gowher. II. Foot, Rosemary, 1948- III. Title. UA830.B86 1986 355'.033054 86-1819 ISBN 978-0-312-74714-5 For Fred Skinner and Margherita and Pietro Barolo Contents

Notes on the Contributors IX Preface xi

PART I INTRODUCTION 1 A Framework for Regional Security Analysis 3 Barry Buzan

PART II THE DOMESTIC COMPONENT OF THE SECURITY PROBLEM 2 India: The Domestic Dimensions of Security 37 Nancy Jetly 3 Pakistan: The Domestic Dimensions of Security 60 Gowher Rizvi

PART III THE REGIONAL COMPONENT OF THE SECURITY PROBLEM 4 The Rivalry Between India and Pakistan 93 Gowher Rizvi 5 The Role of the Smaller States in the South Asian Complex 127 Gowher Rizvi

PART IV THE SUPER-REGIONAL COMPONENT OF THE SECURITY PROBLEM 6 South Asia and the Gulf Complex 159 B. A. Roberson 7 The Sino-Soviet Complex and South Asia 181 Rosemary Foot

vii viii Contents

PART V THE GLOBAL COMPONENT OF THE SECURITY PROBLEM 8 The Superpower Global Complex and South Asia 207 Anita Inder Singh PART VI CONCLUSIONS 9 The Future of the South Asian Security Complex 235 Barry Buzan and Gowher Rizvi

Index 253 Notes on the Contributors

Barry Buzan is a Senior Lecturer in International Studies at the . He obtained his PhD from Universi­ ty for a study of the British peace movement between the wars. During the 1970s, he worked mostly on law of the sea issues, publishing widely on the process of negotiation, on Canadian policy, and on security aspects. Works from this period include Seabed Politics (1976), A Sea of Troubles (1978) and Negotiating by Consen­ sus (1981). Dr Buzan now writes on the theoretical side of the national security problem in international relations and has published People, States and Fear: The National Security Problem in Interna­ tional Relations (1983).

Rosemary Foot is a Lecturer in International Relations at the University of Sussex. She obtained her PhD from the London School of Economics for a study of Great Power Rivalry in central West Asia in the 1960s. She has written extensively on the European commun­ ity, Sino-Soviet rivalry and Sino-American conflict in Korea. She is the author of a forthcoming study, The Wrong War: American Policy and the Dimensions of Korean Conflict 1950-1953.

Nancy Jetly is a Lecturer in International Relations at the Centre of South, Southeast and Central Asian Studies at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi. She obtained her doctoral degree from Jawaharlal Nehru University and has been writing on South Asian affairs.

Gowher Rizvi lectures in International Studies at the University of Warwick. He obtained his DPhil from Oxford in Imperial and Commonweath History. He has contributed several articles on themes in imperial policies, the problems of Muslim minorities, the institutionalisation of military regimes in Bangladesh and Pakistan.

lX X Notes on the Contributors

He is the author of Linlithgow and India: A Study of Constitutional and Political Impasse in India 1936--1943 (1978), and has co-edited Perspectives on Imperialism and Decolonization (1984) and Indo­ British Relations in Retrospect (1984). He is currently working on a history of the British Empire (1776-1976) and has recently completed Bangladesh: The Struggle for the Restoration of Democracy. He has previously taught at the Universities of Oxford, Kent, and Canter­ bury in New Zealand.

B. A. Roberson is a Lecturer in International Relations at the University of St Andrews, and convenor of a Middle East Studies Group for the British International Studies Association. She is the author of 'The North-South Dialogue: Prospect for Development', Millennium (Special Issue, 1979), and is completing a doctoral thesis at London University on 'The Making of the Modern Egyptian State'.

Anita Ioder Singh is a member of the research department of the Swedish Institute of International Affairs in Stockholm, and is working on Western interests in post-1947 India. She took her MAin History from the University of Delhi, and her MPhil from the Jawaharlal Nehru University. Her Oxford DPhil thesis, 'The Origins of the Partition of India, 1936-47', is due to be published in the Oxford South Asia series. She has taught History at the University of Delhi, and has been a Research Assistant with the Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues in Geneva. Dur­ ing 1982-4 she was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva. Preface

The idea of this book originated when Gowher Rizvi, a student of Commonweath history with an interest in South Asia, encountered the newly evolved concept of 'security complexes' in Barry Buzan's People, States and Fear (1983). Security complexes seemed to offer a way out for a more meaningful analysis of regional security: it avoided the distortions of narrowly focused area studies and yet did not fall into the pitfalls of grandiose but vague generalities of security studies. The arguments for 'security complexes' as an analytical framework seemed intellectually compelling enough to be worth subjecting it to the test of an empirical study. This book, focusing on South Asia, attempts to do just that. The framework of security complexes calls for analysis at three levels: national, regional and global. As neither of us had the expertise to undertake the entire task ourselves, we invited four other colleagues- Rosemary Foot, Nancy Jetly, B. A. Roberson and Anita Inder Singh - with their varied specialist knowledge, to join forces. Although this is a multi-authored work and each author approached the subject as he or she deemed best, we endeavoured to give the book rigour and focus by carefully defining the framework and posing specific questions to each contributor. In fact, we aimed to make the framework operational not only for this test study but also for anyone else engaged in the analysis of regional security. We are grateful to the Centre for Indian Studies at Oxford and especially to its Director, Tapan Raychaudhuri, for organising a conference on 'India's Security: Past, Present and Future', where earlier drafts of many of the papers in this volume were first presented. We benefited immensely from discussions and comments and we should like to express our gratitude to all those who participated, but most particularly to Peter Lyon, Neville Maxwell, Gerry Segal and Krishnaswami Subrahmanyam. As always one of us is deeply beholden to Sir Edgar Williams for his friendship and numerous kindnesses.

xi xii Preface

And finally, in more ways than we can recount, we are grateful to our wives: Deborah for lightening the strain of a preoccupied husband; and Agnese for her constant encouragement, sympathy and tolerance which made it possible to undertake this work amidst other commitments.

BARRY BUZAN GowHER R1zv1