ECOSYSTEM-BASED ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT OF THE BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE, PAPUA

A joint initiative of Conservation International, FACTSHEET The Nature Conservancy and WWF Indonesia Funded by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation

Stretching from Teluk Cenderawasih in well-known as Raja Ampat, it is clear that regencies of Teluk Bintuni, FakFak and its eastern reaches to the Raja Ampat these areas harbor equally impressive Kaimana) are now facing very important archipelago in the west, the Bird’s Head marine ecosystems – including the largest decisions on how to balance between Seascape in NW Papua sits fi rmly in the Pacifi c Leatherback Turtle nesting site in sustainable economic development of epicenter of the “Coral Triangle”, the area the world in Jamursbamedi. rich marine resources and conservation of the world’s highest marine biodiversity. of globally-signifi cant marine diversity. Recent surveys in the Raja Ampat The area’s incredible marine biodiversity The future prosperity of the people living archipelago, an area encompassing and rich marine resources make it both a in the Bird’s Head Seascape (and their over 4.5 million hectares and nearly global marine conservation priority while grandchildren) urgently depends upon 1500 islands and submerged reefs, at the same time a target for development responsible, well-informed policies that have recorded over 1,000 species of of economic sectors ranging from fi sheries allow for sustainable development while coral reef fi shes and nearly 540 species to marine tourism to oil and gas. The preventing the environmental destruction of scleractinian coral (roughly 70% of local governments in the Bird’s Head that has occurred in many other areas of the world’s total) – the highest coral reef Seascape (including Sorong, Sorong Indonesia, including severe overfi shing biodiversity recorded for an area of this Selatan, Raja Ampat, Manokwari, Teluk and illegal logging of forests that protect size anywhere in the world. Though the Wondama, Biak Numfor, Yapen, Supiori, vital watersheds. To be most effective, surrounding seascape is not nearly as Nabire, Waropen, and the neighboring these policies must be coordinated with

EBM BIRD’S HEAD, PAPUA ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT

BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE, PAPUA

For further information, please contact:

Chris Rotinsulu Ecosystem Science Unit Leader

Ecosystem Based Management of the Bird’s Head Seascape

A Joint Initiative of Conservation International, The Nature Conservancy, and WWF-Indonesia. Supported by The David and Lucile The beautiful Bird’s Head Seascape of Papua © Mark Erdmann Packard Foundation neighboring local governments, as many consequences of a range of different Contact address: ecological and economic processes management scenarios that attempt to Jln. Arfak No. 45, Sorong 98413 within the Bird’s Head Seascape are balance conservation and sustainable Indonesia strongly “connected” and operate across economic development. Results from this T: +62 951 331428 administrative boundaries. extensive modeling exercise will be used F: +62 951 331786 to develop a comprehensive ecosystem- [email protected] In order to assist in developing these based management plan for the coastal environmentally-sound development and marine resources in Raja Ampat policies, three environmental NGO Regency as a fi rst “test-case”. Though partners (Conservation International, The the fi rst iteration of this ecosystem-based local stakeholders from all the kabupaten/ Nature Conservancy’s Southeast Asia management planning will focus on the kota in the Seascape in this process and Center for Marine Protected Areas, and Raja Ampat Regency, the data collected sharing all data collected. If this approach WWF Indonesia) have begun a science- in the 13 studies will be valuable to ALL proves successful for Raja Ampat, we based initiative to explore (in partnership of the local governments in the Seascape, will strive to assist each of the other with local stakeholders representing and the implementing partners are kabupaten/kota in designing similar EBM the government, civil society, academia committed to involving government and plans for their areas of the Seascape. and the private sector) the ecological, socioeconomic, and governmental processes that are most important to understand and include in management ADDENDUM: WORKING DEFINITION OF ECOSYSTEM-BASED MANAGEMENT decisions in the Bird’s Head. Increasingly, scientists and fi sheries/natural resource USED IN THE BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE EBM INITIATIVE: managers around the world are recognizing We defi ne Ecosystem-Based Management as a management regime in which that an “ecosystem-based management” decisions explicitly take into account the effects and values of interactions among (EBM) approach that takes into account the living organisms, the physical and biotic environment, and the human actors1 the effects of interactions among the in an ecosystem. Measuring, evaluating, and forecasting the dynamics of these living organisms, the physical and biotic interactions constitute the science that underpins EBM. EBM for the marine environment, and the human actors in an environment aims to create a sustainable relationship between humans and ecosystem is necessary to achieve truly marine resources by: (1) maintaining or restoring the structure, function, resiliency, sustainable use of marine resources (see biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Seascape; (2) recognizing that human the full defi nition of EBM at the end of this use and values, and the health of human communities are dependent on marine fact sheet). resources; (3) recognizing that ecosystems are dynamic, interrelated, and respond This EBM initiative will conduct a series of to changing natural and anthropogenic factors; (4) refl ecting a shared vision, thirteen separate studies (each described a common perception that is based on “real evidence” (such as monitoring and in their own separate fact sheet) over a scientifi c surveys), and working toward mutually agreed upon objectives among two-year period that will help elucidate stakeholders; and (5) implementing adaptive management based on the best those processes and factors most critical to scientifi c knowledge, and reconciling short-term losses brought about by restrictive designing ecosystem-based management management with long-term benefi ts (adapted from Ward et al. 2002). plans for the regencies and cities in the Ward T, Tarte D, Hegerl E, and Short K. (2002). Policy proposals and Bird’s Head Seascape. The results of this operational guidance for ecosystem-based management of marine capture comprehensive set of studies will be used to fisheries. World Wide Fund for Nature, Sydney, Australia. 80pp. develop and refi ne a synthesis ecosystem model which will be used to assess the EBM BIRD’S HEAD, PAPUA ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT

Genetic Connectivity of BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE, PAPUA Marine Ecosystems in the Bird’s Head FACTSHEET

Introduction to understand. For example, tuna larvae in the Bird’s Head show that there is indeed from Biak may be carried by currents and a high degree of connectivity between the The majority of fi shes, corals and other settle on reefs in Yapen, Manokwari, or reefs there, but there is still much work to marine organisms do not give birth, but even Raja Ampat. Obviously, if the adult be done. rather release eggs into the water that hatch tuna in Manokwari all come from Biak, it is as tiny larvae. These larvae then swim or important for the Manokwari government Objective drift in the currents for periods ranging from to work closely with the Biak government several days to several months before to ensure a future supply of larval tuna for The examples above demonstrate why they transform into juveniles and settle to the fi shermen in Manokwari! it is extremely important to understand the bottom, during which time they may the patterns of connectivity between the This same principle applies to corals, move great distances of up to hundreds marine ecosystems in the Bird’s Head lobster, and many other marine organisms of kilometers or more. Alternatively, if the Seascape. This study will elucidate of importance in the Bird’s Head. For ocean currents are weak or move in gyres, the patterns of connectivity for a wide instance, if all of the reefs in Teluk they may not move very far at all from their range of important marine organisms Wondama are bombed, they may depend place of origin before settling. in the Seascape in order to allow local on new coral larvae from Waropen or even governments to set policies that will The extent to which larval marine FakFak to recover. As another example, ensure the long-term sustainability of their organisms move between reefs in the Bird’s the villagers who catch lobster in Raja reefs and fi sheries, including development Head Seascape determines the amount Ampat might be dependent upon Supiori of MPAs that protect reefs that are vitally of “connectivity” between these reefs as the source of new larval lobsters to important as sources of larvae for other – which is very important for managers renew their stock. Results of initial studies reefs in the region.

Methods

This study will use cutting-edge genetic analysis techniques to determine the patterns of connectivity of a range of different marine organisms in the Seascape, including corals, tuna, fusiliers, Spanish mackerel, teripang, coral shrimps, giant clams, and even worms and starfi sh. This involves taking small tissue samples from each of these organisms from reefs throughout the Seascape (from Biak to Kaimana) and using genetic analysis to determine connectivity between the reefs. The results of these analyses will be used to construct maps that show patterns of connectivity within the seascape for each species, and these will be shared with our primary governmental, academic and civil society partners in order to inform fi sheries and natural resource use policies that are based upon the A school of trevally. © Mark V. Erdmann principles of ecosystem-based management. EBM BIRD’S HEAD, PAPUA ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT Genetic Connectivity of Marine Ecosystems in the Bird’s Head BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE, PAPUA Preliminary Results For further information, To date, over 16,000 samples have been 1) With many wide-ranging species please contact: collected from 70 different species and 97 such as tuna, there is a high-degree of sites across the Bird’s Head Seascape, genetic connectivity across the Bird’s Chris Rotinsulu Halmahera, North Sulawesi, and all the Head Seascape. That is, populations of Ecosystem Science Unit Leader way to Banda Aceh. Within the Bird’s tuna in Raja Ampat are connected with Head, samples have been collected from those in FakFak and Biak – which further Ecosystem Based Management of Biak, Numfor, Yapen, Teluk Cenderawasih, stresses the importance of managing the Bird’s Head Seascape Manokwari, Raja Ampat, FakFak and these stocks from an ecosystem-based Kaimana. Results to date have shown one management perspective that looks A Joint Initiative of of two primary patterns: beyond administrative boundaries. Conservation International, The Nature Conservancy, and WWF-Indonesia. Supported by The David and Lucile Packard Foundation

Contact address: Jln. Arfak No. 45, Sorong 98413 Indonesia T: +62 951 331428 F: +62 951 331786 [email protected]

2) With other species, including several fusiliers, clownfi sh and some corals, we see that while populations in Raja Ampat and FakFak and Kaimana are well-connected, Teluk Cenderawasih populations are genetically distinct and not well-connected with these other areas in the Bird’s Head. This indicates that for these species, Teluk Cenderawasih should be looked at as a separate management unit. Within Teluk Cenderawasih, populations from Manokwari to Nabire to Yapen are well-connected and need to be managed as a unit, but these are separate from the populations outside of Teluk Cenderawasih.

Analyses of the full data set will continue through 2007. By mid-2007, we hope to understand which of the above two patterns is most common in the different species we are testing, or if there are in fact other patterns as well. From this we will be able to make strong management recommendations for the governments of the Bird’s Head Seascape.

© Mark V. Erdmann EBM BIRD’S HEAD, PAPUA ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT

BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE, PAPUA Satellite Tagging of Hawksbill and Green Turtles FACTSHEET

Introduction

Six of the seven sea turtle species known worldwide, are found in Indonesian waters. The distributions of these turtles are closely linked to their life cycles, whereby the juvenile and adult turtles often utilize different habitats. Turtle tagging programs allow researchers to track the movements of turtles over periods of months or even years.

Objective

The aim of this study is to understand the migration and dispersal of the green and hawksbill turtles in their habitats within Raja Ampat and the Bird’s Head Seascape.

Geoffrey Gearheart presented results in a scientifi c poster titled: “Post- Nesting Migrations of Green Turtles of an Endangered Rookery in Raja Ampat, Indonesia, and Implications for Conservation.”

Methods

From Oct 6-9, 2005, on Piai Island, 5 nesting green turtles were intercepted are possibly a major rookery for C. which is a product of www.seaturtle. after egg-laying. Piai is 112 hectares mydas. org. in size and located at the N-W tip of the Raja Ampat archipelago. Piai and Adult Hawksbill turtles could not be Results Sayang island, (size 2,461 hectares) found and a second attempt will be done in July 2006. Turtle LIZA Satellite Transmitter (PTT) attachment During the inter-nesting period Liza followed the procedures described stayed within 25 km of the origin by Balazs et al. and included two islands. On day 42, she left this area adaptations: 1) the use of a “PTT and after a two-day stop in Wayag bumper” of molded resin to prevent she swam straight towards the N- the transmitter against damage and shore of Waigeo, covering 72 km with 2) “q-cell” –a chemical compound average speed of 0.8 kph. She has that binds with polyester resin- to fi ll stayed there since, making localized gaps between PTT and carapace. trips (<11 km) along the coast.

Telonics transmitters were used of Turtle ORNELLA type ST20 A1010 and with duty cycle: Ornella was one of three turtles saved Turtle Kadek leaves her nesting beach in 9 hrs on, 3 off. Data was processed from poachers. She was just starting Piai with a satellite tracking tool attached her nesting period and remained on her carapace. © Geoffrey Gearheart by STAT2. Maps made with Maptool, EBM BIRD’S HEAD, PAPUA ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT Satellite Tagging of Hawksbill and Green Turtles BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE, PAPUA around Sayang and Piai until she 9th, after traveling 22 days, it reached went offl ine 74 days later. She was its fi nal destination: a shallow reef For further information, reportedly killed on Piai by people area off Aru’s S-E Coast, between the please contact: from Ayau. Islands of Workai and Trangan. She Chris Rotinsulu made frequent localized trips (<40 Ecosystem Science Unit Leader Turtle LIDA km), until Jan. 12th, 2006, date of her This turtle left Piai 4 days after tagging last transmission. Kadek covered Ecosystem Based Management of and reached Tanjung Winsop on Oct. the 2083 km of her post-nesting the Bird’s Head Seascape 19th, covering ~400 km at an average migration at the approximate speed speed of ~1.8 kph. She remained in of 4 kph. A Joint Initiative of the same area until Dec. 3rd, date of Conservation International, Discussion The Nature Conservancy, and WWF-Indonesia. This study has enabled to identify Supported by The David and Lucile the –divergent- migratory pathways Packard Foundation and resident foraging areas of 4 of the satellite-tagged turtles. Contact address: Jln. Arfak No. 45, Sorong 98413 Tracking data suggests swimming Indonesia speed is proportional to distance T: +62 951 331428 traveled. This point needs further F: +62 951 331786 investigation. [email protected]

The study confi rmed urgency of Penyu Lida adalah penyu hijau pertama protecting Raja Ampat’s turtles from should be visited and surveyed. di Indonesia yang dipantau melalui satelit. poachers. The use of a warning card Penyu Lida sedang berada dalam “kotak This project had an unexpectedly penyu” yang digunakan untuk menahan on the PTT didn’t dissuade poachers penyu selama proses pemasangan alat from killing one of the satellite tagged strong effect on local communities: pemancar. © Geoffrey Gearheart turtles. for many it was the fi rst time sea- turtles were valued for anything On the “Birdshead” scale, the else but their meat and eggs. Many her last transmission. important information comes from fi shermen were deeply impressed Turtle MONA turtle Liza. In an upcoming expedition, turtles can travel to such faraway Mona left the nesting rookery 3 days Liza’s feeding ground in N-Waigeo will places –and faithfully come back to after she was tagged and traveled be visited and surveyed. If important, Raja Amapat and Piai and Sayang during 50 days from Piai to her the area should be included in future islands. resident feeding ground in Kumai Bay conservation plans. In the longer (off Tanjung Puting National Park), S- term, all the identifi ed foraging areas W Kalimantan. She covered 5079 km at an average speed of 4.0- 5.0 kph. Mona also made a 6 day “stop” in the waters off Buton Island, renowned for its blast- and cyanide fi shers as well as turtle poachers. She has stayed in Kumai Bay for over 70 days. Mona’s effi cient migration route -barring the “loop” made off Buton- highlights the species’ navigational abilities. She stopped transmitting on Feb. 10th, 148 days after leaving the beach where she was tagged.

Turtle KADEK Kadek apparently hadn’t fi nished nesting when she was tagged and stayed around the islands for 39 days before heading due South. On Dec. A threat the turtle population is facing around Piai Island: Turtle Lida, Mona and Ornella stretched out on a beach to be slaughthered on a hunting ritual of Ayau Island. © Geoffrey Gearheart EBM BIRD’S HEAD, PAPUA ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT

BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE, PAPUA Sea Surface Temperature Monitoring FACTSHEET

Introduction Objective

Sea surface temperature is one of the most waters, and these degraded reefs are The purpose of this study is to uncover sea important physical factors infl uencing the much less productive for fi sheries. surface temperature patterns from a wide growth, health, and distribution of marine variety of reef areas and oceanographic organisms in the Bird’s Head Seascape. However, scientists have noticed that conditions throughout the Bird’s Head Many reef organisms are adapted to some reefs are more resilient to coral Seascape. By doing this, we can identify the normal temperature ranges on the bleaching than others and recover much important areas of cold-water upwellings reefs where they occur, and if the water more quickly; these reefs are often either (that are important for both fi sheries and temperature becomes much cooler or subject to cold-water upwellings from for identifying reefs that are resilient to hotter than normal, they may become nearby deep water or are previously global warming) and also areas which unhealthy or even die. Especially with adapted to warmer temperatures due to are normally subject to very warm waters organisms like corals that cannot move their physical location in areas normally and might have corals and fi shes that are to warmer or cooler waters like fi shes, exposed to warm, still water. adapted to tolerate global warming. large temperature changes can cause Most scientists now believe that we should widespread bleaching and death. Identifying these important areas will allow specially protect these resilient reefs in governments to better plan a network of With the onset of global climate change, MPAs in order that they can function as MPAs that are resilient to global climate reef organisms are increasingly subject larval sources of corals, fi sh and other change and can thereby insure long- to more extreme temperatures, often organisms for other less resilient reefs term sustainability of coral reefs and the much warmer ones than they can tolerate. in the seascape that might suffer severe fi sheries and tourism that depend on Many reefs around Indonesia and the degradation from global warming and them. world have experienced severe bleaching need larvae from these source reefs to and degradation due to unusually warm ensure recovery.

Monthly Mean Satellite - only Nighttime SST for November, 1998

EBM BIRD’S HEAD, PAPUA ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT Sea Surface Temperature Monitoring BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE, PAPUA Methods lagoon of Kofi au’s Walo Island) and a minimum of 22.06°C (at 40m depth at Cape For further information, This study will collect and analyze data Kri). This huge range in temperatures of please contact: from 60 miniature electronic temperature nearly 13°C to which corals within Raja loggers that will be installed at a series Ampat are regularly exposed and adapted Chris Rotinsulu of sites throughout the Bird’s Head to indicates that this area in general may Ecosystem Science Unit Leader Seascape. Loggers will be installed at have a high resilience to climate change. either 1, 3, or 20m depth and will record Further studies are planned to investigate Ecosystem Based Management of temperature every 30 minutes for a two this hypothesis. While the overall average the Bird’s Head Seascape year period. The sites that have been temperature recorded in Raja Ampat was chosen were selected to represent a 29.10°C, the monitoring has revealed A Joint Initiative of wide range of different oceanographic at least two areas subject to cold-water Conservation International, conditions, including reefs that are thought upwellings on a regular basis (Cape Kri The Nature Conservancy, to be exposed to cold-water upwelling and at the mouth of the Dampier Strait and and WWF-Indonesia. those that are inside shallow enclosed Salawati’s Tanjung Yupleket at the mouth Supported by The David and Lucile bays that are routinely exposed to very of the Sagewin Strait). Areas shown to be Packard Foundation warm water. Temperature data will be regularly exposed to high temperatures downloaded from these loggers every 6- above 31°C include the lagoons at Walo Contact address: 12 months and used to produce maps of (Kofi au) and Wayag, as well as Kri Island Jln. Arfak No. 45, Sorong 98413 sea surface temperature variations across reef fl at, Jefman Island and Tg. Yupleket. Indonesia the seascape that will be shared with all This data will be invaluable in the design T: +62 951 331428 primary partners in the Bird’s Head. of a network of MPAs in Raja Ampat that F: +62 951 331786 is designed to be maximally resilient to [email protected] Preliminary Results climate change.

As of August 2006, all sixty temperature By comparison, the initial data from Teluk loggers have been installed, with 42 in Cenderawasih, Manokwari and Biak Raja Ampat, 10 in Teluk Cenderawasih show that these reefs are exposed to a National Park, 4 in Biak, and 2 each in more narrow range of temperature, with a Manokwari and Jamursba Medi. Many of maximum temperature of 31.22°C (at Yop these loggers have been recording data Island near Wondama) and a minimum now for over a year, while some were only of 27.58 at Biak’s Owi Island. The overall recently installed. Data has already been average temperature in this region downloaded from many of the Raja Ampat was slightly higher than Raja Ampat at loggers and the Biak, Manokwari and 29.48°C. Teluk Cenderawasih loggers. Data will continue to be downloaded every Results from Raja Ampat show that there 6-12 months and this data will eventually is a very wide range of temperatures be presented using temperature maps commonly experienced by reefs in the of the BHS region to aid in management area, with a maximum temperature decisions. recorded of 34.97°C (within the shallow

EBM BIRD’S HEAD, PAPUA ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT

BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE, PAPUA Monitoring of Reef Fish Spawning Aggregation Sites FACTSHEET

Modern protected area management What are reef fi sh spawning aggregations? systems, which comprise government agencies as well as representatives of A reef fi sh spawning aggregation is a grouping of a single species of reef fi sh that local communities, may help to protect has gathered in greater densities than normal for spawning. Examples of fi shes that spawning aggregations for the benefi t form spawning aggregations are certain species of grouper, snapper, surgeonfi sh, of present and future generations. Such rabbitfi sh, parrotfi sh and wrasse. Aggregations vary widely between reef fi sh systems, however, require accurate species. Some species, such as Napoleon wrasse Cheilinus undulatus, form only knowledge on the location and status small aggregations of few individuals, whereas other species form aggregations that of spawning aggregations. Fortunately, number hundreds or thousands of fi sh. Some species migrate hundreds of kilometers methodologies have been developed to to reach an aggregation site, whereas aggregation sites for other species may only monitor spawning aggregation sites, and be a short distance from their home reef. results from monitoring programs can be used to support management. Large aggregations usually form during part of the year, whereas small aggregations may form every month. Often, aggregations form just before full moon or new moon. Monitoring of spawning Spawning usually takes place during one or two nights, after which the aggregation aggregation sites in Gebe rapidly dissolves. Various fi sh species may use the same site on a reef to aggregate for spawning. An example from the Asia-Pacifi c of a species assemblage that often Besar Island, Kofi au aggregate at the same site, during the same season, and during the same moon A training workshop for SPAGS monitoring phase, are the commercially important squaretail coraltrout Plectropomus areolatus, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus E. polyphekadion was conducted in Kofi au during the week tiger grouper , and camoufl age grouper . of December 7-20, 2005. This workshop Reef fi shers often know where and when these species aggregate. involved the TNC and CI monitoring teams, local partners from the Raja Ampat Fisheries Offi ce, local villagers, community Why are reef fi sh spawning Why monitoring reef fi sh organizers, as well as the natural aggregations important? spawning aggregations? resources management offi ce (BKSDA). The workshop resulted in a protocol that Spawning aggregations are important For generations, traditional communities is used for SPAGS monitoring in Raja because they are essential for the survival throughout the Asia-Pacifi c have Ampat. After the training workshop, the of aggregating species. Commercial or implemented protective management TNC CTC monitoring team conducted the subsistence fi sheries on aggregating for spawning aggregations. However, SPAGS monitoring with SCUBA in Gebe species can only exist if there are traditional management systems have Island Kofi au during the full moon period aggregation sites where these fi sh become less effective with population in December 2005. can spawn. Spawning aggregations growth, increasing socio¬political of commercial species are extremely dynamics, and increasing domestic In addition to SPAGS monitoring, 1000 vulnerable to over-fi shing, because fi shers and foreign demand for reef fi sh. fl oating vials were distributed on a SPAG can predict when and where fi sh at Gebe Island at full moon in March aggregate for spawning. A spawning 2006. Through a reward system for aggregation concentrates a large fi shers who bring back one or more part of the fi sh population in time and vials, the team was able to study how space, and thus fi sh become readily eggs and larvae disperse through accessible to the fi shery. With the Raja Ampat development of a strong domestic and foreign market for aggregating species Preliminary Results (notably groupers and Napoleon The fi rst assessment of the SPAG wrasse), the catch from spawning site at Gebe Island suggests that aggregation sites far exceeds what the number of aggregating fi sh has nature can produce. As a result, plummeted to a very low level due to populations of many aggregating over-fi shing. It is unlikely that coral species have dwindled, and fi sheries trout and grouper still form large that depend on these populations can aggregations at Gebe, and this site no longer sustain local livelihoods. For will need at least 5 – 10 years of full this reason, spawning aggregations Figure 1. The floater vial of which 1000 pieces were protection to recover. need protective management. released at the SPAG site in Gebe Besar Island, Kofiau. EBM BIRD’S HEAD, PAPUA ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT Monitoring of Reef Fish Spawning Aggregation Sites BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE, PAPUA

For further information, please contact:

Chris Rotinsulu Ecosystem Science Unit Leader

Ecosystem Based Management of the Bird’s Head Seascape

A Joint Initiative of Conservation International, The Nature Conservancy, and WWF-Indonesia. Supported by The David and Lucile Packard Foundation

Contact address: Jln. Arfak No. 45, Sorong 98413 Indonesia T: +62 951 331428 F: +62 951 331786 [email protected]

Tabel 1. Vials distribution in Raja Ampat region

RECOVERED DISTRICT SITE AMOUNT

MISOOL We ijim 247 Adowey 1 Satukurano 7 255

AYAU Reni 1

Figure 2. Estimated tracks of floater vials released from the SAMATE Kaliam 1 SPAG site in Gebe Besar Island, Kofiau. Batant a 2 Solol 3 1000 fl oater vials for the planktonic stage of the SPAG – including 1 vial from Reni Yen anas 1 dispersal study were released on the full Island (District of Ayau) to the North of Arevi 6 moon period at 6-7 PM on the week of Waigeo Island, 2 vials from the West of 13 March 15th 2006 located in Gebe Besar Waigeo Island, 10 vials from the South Island near Kofi au. On March 20th, fi ve of Waigeo Island, 13 vials from the SOUTH Kabui 8 days after the release, 30 vials were Sagawin Strait between Batanta Island WAIGEO Sawingr ai 2 10 found by fi shermen. These vials were and Salawati Island, and 5 additional washed ashore approximately 40 miles to vials from Kofi au. These fi ndings show WEST Fam 2 the SE on North Misool. More vials were the complexity of current patterns in Raja WAIGEO later recovered from scattered areas all Ampat, which suggests good potential for over Raja Ampat during the period of April larval dispersal throughout the area. In KOF IAU Diba lal 3 – June 2006, and in total 286 vials were total, 40 fi shermen from all around Raja Deer 2 recovered. Ampat have been rewarded for collecting 5 these vials. As more vials will be collected Most were recovered from the Southern by the fi shers, we will get a better idea of Total 286 Raja Ampat region: from North and South the dispersal of eggs and larvae from this Misool only, 254 vials were reported. SPAG site. Some vials were also found to the north EBM BIRD’S HEAD, PAPUA ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT

BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE, PAPUA Marine Resource Utilization Surveys FACTSHEET

The Need for Understanding patterns in the area can only be obtained simulation model, results from this survey Patterns in Resource Use through direct observations on the fi shery will also be used as input for the design of in the fi eld. A study of who is doing what, a network of protected areas. This network Ecosystem-based management (EBM) where, when and how, combined with will preserve the Seascape’s unique is a management regime that takes direct observations on catch quantity and biodiversity and it will sustain fi sheries for into account interactions among the composition is analogous to a study of present and future generations. living organisms, the physical and biotic the feeding behavior of apex predators. environment, and the human actors in As such, the information obtained during Survey Methods an ecosystem. The Bird’s Head research this survey can directly be used to inform program aims to provide the scientifi c the holistic ecological model of the Bird’s A team has conducted this research basis for EBM by constructing a holistic Head Functional Seascape. through a frame survey, which aims to simulation model of the coastal and determine how fi shing effort is distributed One of the challenges for this survey is the marine ecosystems in the Bird’s Head throughout the Seascape, in combination large size of study area: ca. fi ve million ha. Seascape. With this model, consequences with a catch assessment survey, which Obviously, it would be very expensive to do of management interventions on all major describes catch composition and volume observations from a speed boat, whereas components of the ecosystem can be as well as which gears are used. The catch surveying from a more fuel-effi cient vessel simulated. A quantitative understanding of assessment survey will be based on a would be too time-consuming. Therefore, the effects of fi shery and other resource sample of fi shing operations encountered part of this survey may have to be done uses on fi sh populations and habitats in the fi eld. These surveys will be repeated from a small airplane, where observers is essential for the construction of this at least four times to cover different phases take notes on fi shing operations while model. of the lunar cycle and take account of the fl ying at low altitude and low speed over two primary monsoon seasons in the Whereas information on some aspects the area-of-interest area (both of which factors have a strong of resource utilization can be obtained temporal impact on resource utilization by village surveys and through fi shery Management Implications patterns). In addition to the vessel-based- statistics, a more comprehensive survey, a fi rst round of the aerial survey description of marine resource utilization Besides informing the ecosystem was conducted to map out the spatial distribution of fi sheries activities in Raja Ampat.

Preliminary Results

TNC, CI and the Raja Ampat Fisheries Offi ce conducted 5 days aerial surveys of fi sheries, coastal habitats and large marine fauna in the Raja Ampat Islands from January 9 – 13, 2006. Using a Pilatus Porter aircraft, the survey team completed a fl ight path of 2,200 nm (4,070 km) in 10 trips of 3 hours each (Figure 1). The team recorded ca. 1000 features, and took ca. 3500 pictures and 5 hours of video. Furthermore, the survey team mapped coastal habitats such as reefs, mangroves, seagrass beds, and estuaries, and the team discovered 5 “marine lakes” which will soon be explored. Fishing vessels, even small canoes, were easily spotted from the plane.

Fishing was concentrated in the central part of the Dampier Strait and Southeast Misool, but overall fi shing intensity Figure 1. An aerial survey to map out fisheries distribution over Raja Ampat. appeared low compared to other areas EBM BIRD’S HEAD, PAPUA ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT Marine Resource Utilization Surveys BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE, PAPUA

For further information, please contact:

Chris Rotinsulu Ecosystem Science Unit Leader

Ecosystem Based Management of the Bird’s Head Seascape

A Joint Initiative of Conservation International, The Nature Conservancy, and WWF-Indonesia. Supported by The David and Lucile Packard Foundation

Contact address: Jln. Arfak No. 45, Sorong 98413 Indonesia T: +62 951 331428 F: +62 951 331786 [email protected]

in Indonesia. The low number of fi shers observed is seemingly a result of the very low human population density in Raja Ampat, and it appeared that coastal communities were fi shing only part- Figure 2. Iinteractive map on DVD, based on results from the aerial survey. time. In addition to fi shing, local coastal communities practice farming as well, and the team observed signifi cant farming activity. The team also noted that in some areas, the seas appeared too rough for fi shing. Encouragingly, the team did not observe blast fi shing, and only one hookah compressor operation was encountered. The team also spotted whales, hundreds of dolphins, dugongs and manta rays (including one aggregation of at least 50 individuals).

An interactive map that contains all pictures made during this survey was developed (Figure 2). The map will help with ground- truthing of remote sensing data, and the map presents a comprehensive overview of coastal and marine habitats in Raja Ampat. In addition to the aerial survey, the monitoring team carried out resource use monitoring in Kofi au area using a protocol that was developed in a monitoring workshop, held in December 2005. The team found that the illegal fi shing practices are still common around in Kofi au. This survey is still continuing.

Reef resources utilization by the local community. EBM BIRD’S HEAD, PAPUA ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT

BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE, PAPUA Historical Ecology of the Bird’s Head Seascape FACTSHEET

Introduction

Over the past decade, scientists and resource managers have realized the dangers of the ‘shifting baseline’ phenomenon, whereby our perspective of ‘what is natural and pristine’ is blurred by the increasing overexploitation of reefs over the last half-century. We have ‘forgotten’ what a truly healthy reef or fi sh stock looks like; a reef that today seems healthy and dense with fi sh may actually be only a vestige of its former self.

A ‘good catch’ for a fi sherman using a motorized dugout canoe today might actually be tiny compared to what a fi sher used to be able to catch twenty years ago by simply fi shing from the beach with a bow and an arrow. Accounts from the late 1700s and early 1800’s which mention seas swarming with big fi sh and beaches packed with turtles are nowadays hard to believe, though we are coming to understand that this really was the way that reefs naturally existed – but sadly we have greatly reduced the numbers of most large marine life over the past 100 years.

In order to set appropriate management targets for maintenance and restoration of fi sh stocks and ecosystem integrity in the Bird’s Head Seascape, it is imperative to reconstruct, as best we can, what these fi sh stocks and ecosystems looked like in their state before the onset of commercial fi shing and logging.

Fortunately, the Maluku region and parts of the Bird’s Head Seascape was visited by at least fi ve major naturalist expeditions in the early to mid 1800s, including the French ships the Uranie (1818-1819), the Coquille (1823), and the Astrolabe (1826), the British ships the HMS Samarang (1843, 1846), the HMS Challenger (1874- 1875).

Naturalists individually conducting research on marine life in the area included the Dutch ichthyologist Peter Bleeker’s comprehensive studies on Indonesia’s fi sh fauna throughout the 1860’s, and the Briton Alfred Russel Wallace, whose travels within the Malay Archipelago in the EBM BIRD’S HEAD, PAPUA ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT Historical Ecology of the Bird’s Head Seascape BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE, PAPUA early 1860s introduced us to the concept Results of the center of biodiversity. At the turn of For further information, the century, the area was again visited by More than 500 documents on the study please contact: the Siboga expedition (1899-1900) and area were identifi ed and located in later by the Snellius expedition (1929- various museums in the Netherlands, Chris Rotinsulu 1930). the UK (documents obtained by Dr Ecosystem Science Unit Leader J.J. Heymans), in France (documents Additionally, there is a wealth of information obtained by Dr M.L.D. Palomares) and Ecosystem Based Management of collected by Dutch colonial administrators at the University of British Columbia the Bird’s Head Seascape (recording volumes of fi sheries products library (Vancouver, Canada). Some of landed and traded, etc) and the Allied these were available in electronic format A Joint Initiative of Forces during WWII, all of which can be and some were photocopied. Not all the Conservation International, mined for information on the original state documents were available for consultation The Nature Conservancy, of the fi sh stocks and reefs in the Bird’s or were ‘off limits’, notably those in and WWF-Indonesia. Head Seascape. special and rare book collections. Most Supported by The David and Lucile of the electronic versions of these older Packard Foundation Objective documents are bound by copyright to the holding libraries. Of these 500 documents, Contact address: The main objective of this study is to 350 were obtained, more than 250 were Jln. Arfak No. 45, Sorong 98413 reconstruct, to the extent possible, a broad processed (25,000 pages scanned) of Indonesia picture of the status of the living marine which only 50% (in 900 pages of text or T: +62 951 331428 and coastal resources of the Bird’s Head 4% of the total number of pages scanned) F: +62 951 331786 Seascape prior to the onset of commercial contained abundance observations and [email protected] fi shing and logging demonstrating how observations on the impact of the human the perception of population size changed population on the ecosystem within the over time. geographic bounding box established at libraries. There is a need to make this 2° North and 2° South between 127-132° documentation widely available through, Another objective is to show how the East (see Figure 1). e.g., the Historic Expeditions and Scientifi c impact of human extractive activities has Surveys website of the Sea Around changed over time, by looking at the In general, these observations suggest: Us Project (www.seaaroundus.org). A perceived human population and their 1) a decline, by about 50%, of the recommendation is thus needed in order perceived impact on the ecosystem. This perceived occurrences of turtles, fi sh and to get copyright waiver for this database data will be used to create management invertebrates; 2) a general decline in the and website. targets for fi sh biomass and other stock perception that turtles, fi sh and marine densities, as well as overall ecosystem plants were abundant; 3) a sharp increase There are indications of continuing condition (i.e,, establish the ‘historical in the perception of populousness in commercial extraction of invertebrates, baseline conditions’ which resource coastal kampungs; 4) a sharp decrease in e.g., mollusk shells and tripang, in spite of managers will strive to return Bird’s Head the perception that marine resources are signs of overexploitation. However, recent marine ecosystems to). fi shed only for subsistence; 5) a decrease fi shery expansion studies sug-gest that in the perception that marine resources are subsistence fi sheries can be supported by fi shed extensively; and 6) a slow increase the current fi sh, shellfi sh and echinoderm Methods in the perception that marine resources stocks. Commercial, e.g., trawl, fi sheries Researchers from the University of British are fi shed for commercial purposes at seem to be a generally unprofi table Columbia in Canada collected data from medium and low levels of activity. These enterprise. the various reports of the early European results corroborate those of qualitative The un-profi tability of commercial fi sheries expeditions mentioned above (many of data from independent sources of time might be a blessing in disguise for the which are in various museums around series trends of catches of fresh fi sh, dried Kepulauan Rajaampat ecosystem. As Europe) and also combed through local and salted fi sh, and shrimp as well as time the larger species of fi sh, crustaceans, archives in Papua to extract any useful series trends of exports of fi sh products, mollusks and echinoderms, though consid- data on the status of marine resources in e.g., teripang, terasi, turtle shells, mollusk erably reduced in abundance, have not the Bird’s Head during the period of 50-200 shells, crocodile skin, shark fi ns and been extirpated, discouraging commercial years ago. This data was compiled into a jellyfi shes. trawling in a largely shallow water zone comprehensive report and used to provide would be benefi cial to what is still left of target inputs to the overall synthesis Conclusions and this ecosystem. Thus, em-phasis must ecosystem model being prepared for Recommendations be placed on the proper management of the EBM project. The fi nal report and subsistence and small-scale fi sheries. collated data will be made available to all Electronic versions of the older stakeholders from the Bird’s Head. documentation, though available, are bounded by copyright to the holding

EBM BIRD’S HEAD, PAPUA ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT

Monitoring of Knowledge,

Attitudes and Practices Among BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE, PAPUA Resource Users and Policy Makers in the Bird’s Head Seascape FACTSHEET

knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning the environment in general, and concerning (planned) protected areas where they live; b) identify cultural and socioeconomic factors that may either obstruct or facilitate the adoption of more environmentally responsible practices; c) become a source of information to ascertain the types of management interventions that are more likely to have a noticeable impact on people’s attitudes and practices. This program will also provide baseline information to monitor trends in the communities’ perceptions on management effectiveness and the state of natural resources for the duration of the program intervention.

Methods

The fi rst round of KAP monitoring was conducted through village surveys that focus on the Raja Ampat regency. A total of 120 villages have been surveyed by fi eld staff, supported by TNC CTC Bali and experts from Johns Hopkins University. It is likely that knowledge, attitudes and practices will change over time as Conservation International, The Nature Conservancy and WWF Indonesia are expanding their awareness programs. Therefore, local KAP will be measured at least once a year.

Figure 1: Villages at Raja Ampat district where interviews took place Preliminary Results

It appears that the majority of respondents Measuring knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) on marine resource (53%) in Raja Ampat were uncertain and practices (KAP) use and marine conservation. Ultimately, regarding Marine Protected Areas. This KAP assessments will not only inform percentage is much higher than at other Resource users, especially fi shers, are an ecosystem-based management, they will sites where a similar survey was conducted. integral part of the Bird’s Head Seascape, also measure the effectiveness of on- It is imperative that the awareness teams and their practices co-determine ecosystem going awareness programs. intensify their programs to turn this large dynamics. As their practices are infl uenced group of individuals who are uncertain into supporters of MPA development projects. by their knowledge and attitudes, Objectives of KAP monitoring achieving change of behavior through Overall, respondents show a positive management interventions requires an KAP monitoring will allow managers to correlation between awareness of, and assessment of these three attributes. At become better acquainted with knowledge compliance with regulations. Furthermore, the other end of the stakeholder spectrum attitudes, perceptions and practices in the the distance of management authorities are local policymakers and offi cials, who communities residing in and interacting with (national ¬park ¬local/traditional) from the co-determine behavior of resource users protected areas. This monitoring program users themselves seems to be negatively by through design and enforcement of will: a) produce qualitative and quantitative correlated with their awareness of these new regulations. Therefore, it is important data portraying the community’s to also measure their knowledge, attitudes regulations. Hence, especially national EBM BIRD’S HEAD, PAPUA Monitoring of Knowledge, ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT Attitudes and Practices Among Resource Users and Policy Makers in the Bird’s Head Seascape BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE, PAPUA For further information, please contact: management authorities must put more effort towards awareness programs in Chris Rotinsulu order to bring the management regime Ecosystem Science Unit Leader closer to the people. Ecosystem Based Management of In Raja Ampat, a relatively high percentage the Bird’s Head Seascape of respondents perceived the condition of coral reefs and mangroves around A Joint Initiative of their villages as good. Blast fi shing and Conservation International, cyanide fi shing are regarded as the major The Nature Conservancy, coastal and marine environmental threats, and WWF-Indonesia. whereas over-fi shing is not perceived as Supported by The David and Lucile a major problem. Considering that SPAG Packard Foundation sites in Raja Ampat have already been fi shed out, conservation program must Contact address: enhance awareness on the problem of Jln. Arfak No. 45, Sorong 98413 over-fi shing, whereas the already high Indonesia © Lida Pet-Soede level of awareness on blast fi shing and T: +62 951 331428 cyanide fi shing suggests that it is now F: +62 951 331786 time to actively abate this threat through [email protected] enhanced enforcement in consultation with local communities and enforcement agencies.

Most respondents perceived villagers and fi shers themselves as responsible for creating major coastal and marine environmental problems, and most respondents in Raja Ampat believe that the head of the village or an enforcement agency should solve these environmental problems.

Regarding individual and household occupations, the majority of respondents in Raja Ampat are farmers. These farmers also practice fi shing, but they did not regard this as their principal occupation. They predominantly fi sh to fulfi ll their daily consumption needs or to sell at a local market.

The majority of communities living in Raja Ampat use radio rather than television as their source of information and entertainment. Therefore conservation messages are best communicated through radio.

Figure 2: Blast fishing perceived as the main problem to the coastal and marine environment in Raja Ampat. © WWF-Indonesia / Geoffrey MCKELL

EBM BIRD’S HEAD, PAPUA ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT

Institutional Mapping and BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE, PAPUA Assessment of Marine Tenure Systems in the Bird’s Head FACTSHEET

Introduction

An ecosystem-based management approach, by its nature, requires broad involvement of all primary stakeholders in the region that play a part in or are affected by natural resources management policies. Moreover, ecosystem-based management requires a decision-making framework that takes into account both the formal and informal institutions that play a role in determining natural resources management policies and/or infl uence stakeholder decisions in their resource utilization patterns. Such institutions may range from the local fi sheries or forestry department to the Camat, the Dewan Adat, religious fi gures or even infl uential families in a particular village – all of which play an important role in setting regulations and practices governing resource use. In some cases, it is common that national or even international institutions or organizations play a role – a powerful Malaysian logging company, for example, may be extremely infl uential in setting local forest use policy!

In Papua, it is also imperative to understand the nature and role of traditional tenure systems (hak ulayat), which may often Fishermen and children of Gam Island, Raja Ampat. © Jennifer Jeffers be more important in the daily lives of local villagers than kabupaten, provincial Objective to conduct the institutional mapping and or national laws governing resource design a culturally-sensitive assessment use. The extremely important role of The objective of this study is to fi rst of traditional marine and coastal tenure. these traditional tenure systems should conduct an institutional mapping exercise Because the tenure assessment will be fi t in very well with an ecosystem-based to thoroughly understand the local context very labor-intensive, it will focus fi rst on management approach, but it is necessary and primary institutions (from the village the villages in Kabupaten Raja Ampat. The to better understand and eventually map up to the provincial, national, and even results of this study will be invaluable for these tenure claims in order to ensure that international level) that act as either designing the most effective ecosystem- they are accommodated in any broader formal decision-makers or infl uential based management framework for the management scheme. actors in marine and coastal management Bird’s Head. in the Bird’s Head Seascape. At an even These two related activities – institutional more detailed level, this study will focus mapping and assessment of traditional in on understanding and possibly mapping Preliminary Results tenure systems – will provide data that the traditional marine and coastal tenure Though the results of the institutional is essential in transitioning towards systems that currently exist in select areas mapping study are not yet available, a ecosystem-based management – as EBM of the Bird’s Head. large amount of data on marine tenure does not require any new institutions in Raja Ampat have been collected, for implementation, but rather relies on Methods summarized below: implementation through the formal and informal institutions that currently play a A participatory rural appraisal has been Currently, the people of Raja Ampat role in setting natural resource use policy conducted by CI’s fi eld offi cers through out consist largely of two primary groupings: and practice. 55 Raja Ampat coastal villages. This study the “original” inhabitants (consisting of has involved local community members the Maya tribe in northern Raja Ampat EBM BIRD’S HEAD, PAPUA ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT Institutional Mapping and Assessment of Marine Tenure Systems in the Bird’s Head BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE, PAPUA and the Kalanafat tribe in southern Raja In everyday village life, the issue of user or Ampat) and immigrants from either Biak or ownership rights is generally not a problem For further information, the Malukus (Tidore, Ternate and Seram) or point of debate. However, confl icts over please contact: – many of whom arrived over a century tenure rights in general tend to be initiated ago for various reasons, including the by the arrival of either private investors or Chris Rotinsulu “Hongi War” against the Dutch East Indies government development projects. Under Ecosystem Science Unit Leader Company. Despite the existence of these these conditions, discussions/negotiations two groupings, the current inhabitants of occur between the family groups (“keret”) Ecosystem Based Management of Raja Ampat have a strong traditional bond that claim collective traditional ownership the Bird’s Head Seascape as refl ected in their beliefs, culture, shared rights. Though these groups are often history, as well as their vision for their represented by individual spokespeople in A Joint Initiative of future. The Raja Ampat people have two discussions, any decisions on ownership Conservation International, major religions, Christian and Moslem, must come from the collective family The Nature Conservancy, and their livelihoods are predominantly group. and WWF-Indonesia. derived from fi shing and farming. Supported by The David and Lucile Our research has also shown that in Packard Foundation The original inhabitants of Raja Ampat general, ownership and user rights generally have basic ownership rights (tenure) are more clearly defi ned for Contact address: for the land, forest, sea and all natural land-based resources, where boundaries Jln. Arfak No. 45, Sorong 98413 resources in Raja Ampat, though it is between claims are generally defi ned by Indonesia important to note that they also tend to landmarks such as mountains, capes, T: +62 951 331428 have smaller community groups than later rock, and trees. Although there are also F: +62 951 331786 immigrants and predominantly occupy some boundaries that are applied to [email protected] villages only on the four largest islands of marine areas (eg, land claims that extend Raja Ampat (Waigeo, Bantanta, Salawati, to lowest tidal margin or out to the reef and Misool Islands). By contrast, the drop-off), in general the sea is viewed and an opportunity to developing a immigrants from Biak are now distributed as a commons area where people can management plan for Raja Ampat’s across the smaller islands to the north mutually seek subsistence from marine marine resources, and it will be important and south (including Ayau, North and resources. In other words, marine tenure is to carefully navigate these issues as we East Waigeo, Batanta and Kofi au), and not (yet) a well-developed concept in Raja move towards integrated management of the Malukan immigrants are now largely Ampat, although it has increasingly been the Bird’s Head Seascape. based in Saonek, Salawati and Misool. claimed by inhabitants as commercial use of marine resources (either for fi shing, Importantly, although the original tourism, or pearl farming) has increased. community has primary rights to Raja In many ways, this poses both a challenge Ampat’s resources, in practice the immigrants have over time gained both user rights and even ownership rights through historical relationships, inter- marriage and explicit agreements made between the groups. Unfortunately, in practice it is often diffi cult to distinguish between user and ownership rights, and in recent times this distinction has become even more blurred as the history of various agreements has been forgotten or lost as generations pass.

© Jennifer Jeffers EBM BIRD’S HEAD, PAPUA ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT

Economic Valuation of BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE, PAPUA Natural Resources in Raja Ampat Islands FACTSHEET

Introduction natural resources have been perceived down a forest can produce large revenues to generate direct benefi ts (in terms of for villagers and government alike through Throughout the world, local governments direct revenue, employment, etc) to local sale of the timber, it is important to note often make important and far-reaching stakeholders in the short term. Intangible that this forest will no longer provide the policy decisions based upon incomplete benefi ts and non-marketed value of services it once did such as provision of economic data that strongly favors short- environmental services, high economic rainwater for drinking, protection from term gains from exploitation of natural incentives of natural resources exploitation erosion and landslides, and production of resources. Raja Ampat Islands Regency and the urgent needs for short term non-timber forest products like honey or is certainly no exception; many of the economic return from local stakeholder fruits or nuts that may be very important economic development plans currently (government, local community, etc) have to local villagers. being considered are heavily focused on generated the rapid exploitation of natural exploitation of natural resources through resources. forestry, mining, commercial fi shing, and Objective Economic valuation seeks to include all oil and gas extraction. The objective of this study is to provide costs and benefi ts in the analysis and governmental decision-makers in Raja Unfortunately, these decisions rarely determine the net benefi ts to society. Ampat Islands with a much more complete are based upon a complete cost-benefi t The aim of economic valuation is to understanding of the current economic analysis that takes into account the determine the true economic performance values of the natural resources in their “ecosystem services” that are lost or of competing and interacting development regency to be considered in land use and diminished after resource exploitation options and resource uses. This information development decision making process. begins. One of the reasons is because will also be useful to analyze the economic Specifi c objectives of this study are: 1) to ecosystem services have failed to costs of the impacts of different activities assess the total economic value (TEV) of show and offer tangible (and short term as measured by changes in productivity goods and services currently derived from economic) benefi ts to local stakeholders or earnings in the other activities to other the ecosystems of Raja Ampat Islands while at the same time exploitation of stakeholders. For instance, though cutting

Physical Changes: Physical change: Deforestation, decreased Logging Destructive Unhealthy coral reef timber and non-timber Fishing forest stock, etc.

Natural Resource Impacts caused by Impacts caused by Use or Economic those physical those physical changes: Development changes: decreased erosion, flood, tourism, decreased sedimentation, etc. fisheries catches, etc.

Other Activities

Economic cost to other Economic cost to other economic sectors and economic sectors and stakeholders: recovery Other stakeholders: recovery cost, cost, income loss, etc. Physical decreased revenue, etc Changes

Simulation of economic costs of impacts of different economic activities to other sector and stakeholders. EBM BIRD’S HEAD, PAPUA ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT Economic Valuation of Natural Resources in Raja Ampat Islands BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE, PAPUA and their distribution among the different well as intensive surveys and interviews stakeholders that share the ecosystems; with stakeholders at selected sites to For further information, 2) to assess current or potential gain a comprehensive understanding please contact: environmental impacts/damages that and estimate the economic value of the can impose signifi cant cost to the region current natural resource uses (including Chris Rotinsulu caused by one economic activity/sector fi shery, forestry and other land based Ecosystem Science Unit Leader to other sector; 3) to assess returns from economic activities, mining and tourism) conservation and management options and environmental services (i.e. ecological Ecosystem Based Management of with extended Cost Benefi t Analysis functions) provided by ecosystems in Raja the Bird’s Head Seascape and provide recommendations to the Ampat Islands. These data will be provided local decision makers. The result of this to governments throughout the seascape, A Joint Initiative of assessment can also assist in identifying and will also be used in the overall EBM Conservation International, which of these competing and interacting synthesis model that tests best scenarios The Nature Conservancy, economic development activities (or for sustainable development in the Bird’s and WWF-Indonesia. possible new large scale investments Head Seascape. Supported by The David and Lucile in natural resource exploitation sectors) Packard Foundation and land-uses produce the highest Preliminary Results benefi ts for the Raja Ampat communities Contact address: Jln. Arfak No. 45, Sorong 98413 while avoiding or minimizing the need to As of July 2006, CI’s local counterpart - Indonesia destroy ecosystems and habitats critical team from University of Papua (Unipa) T: +62 951 331428 to biodiversity. in Manokwari- have prepared fi rst draft F: +62 951 331786 reports on economic valuation of major [email protected] Methods natural resource sectors (fi sheries, mining, forestry and other land based This study has been conducted in the fi rst activities and tourism) and environmental year of the EBM initiative in order to quickly services in the Raja Ampat Islands. The Meanwhile, economic values of ecosystem provide governmental decision-makers economic value natural resource use is services have been focused on direct and with the data they need to make more generally analyzed from market-based indirect use of mangrove, sea grass and informed decisions on natural resource data (i.e. fi shing, mining, harvesting of watershed ecosystems. The fi rst round use policy. It will utilize current state-of-the- forest products) or non-production use (i.e. survey on willingness to pay (WTP) for art natural resource valuation methods as tourist visitor numbers and expenditure). environmental services provided by those specifi c ecosystems have been conducted in seven districts (West Waigeo, East Waigeo, North Waigeo, Ayau, Kofi au, Misool and Samate) in Raja Ampat Regency. Additional surveys have also been performed in Dampier Strait and Kabui Bay. Other goods and services for terrestrial and marine resources that are not computed in this study (e.g. climate change regulation, water regulation, biological control, nutrient cycling, etc) have also been obtained using benefi t transfer approach.

The fi ndings of these reports will be verifi ed in technical focus group meetings that involved local experts and stakeholders. The purposes of these meetings are to fully utilize the data and knowledge of local experts and stakeholders and maximize the involvement of local stakeholders to develop and improve the resource valuation analyses. Based on the inputs from local stakeholders, the report will be refi ned and fi nalized by end of October 2006 and presented to policymakers at that time. © Mark V. Erdmann

EBM BIRD’S HEAD, PAPUA ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT

BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE, PAPUA Raja Ampat Sustainable Development Options Study FACTSHEET

Introduction Unfortunately, many economic government revenue but also signifi cant development decisions are made local employment and other development A primary concern of each of the kabupaten with a very strong focus on increasing benefi ts and has environmental governments in the Bird’s Head Seascape local governmental revenues, without safeguards to prevent contamination of is to plan the best course for sustainable consideration of the much broader and drinking water supplies and fi sheries, economic development in their kabupaten more important goal of improving the then it might be a very good development – one which maximizes governmental welfare of the local people the government option for a local government. However, if revenues (PAD) while ensuring the long- serves. For instance, governments may the mine employs mostly outside labour term welfare of the local people living within eagerly pursue the development of a and severely contaminates local drinking their borders. Indeed, the primary objective mining concession in their area based water supplies and destroys important of increasing governmental revenues is to upon projected revenues to be generated, fi sheries, then it cannot be considered enable local governments to provide more without fully taking into account the a truly sustainable development option. effi cient and effective services for their broader impact on their constituents’ Government decision-makers must very constituents and generally improve the livelihoods. If the development of such carefully take into account the full impact standard of living for their residents. a mining concession provides not only of a particular development option on local people’s livelihoods before enthusiastically approving it based only on large projected revenues.

Objective

The primary objective of this study is to provide the Raja Ampat regency government with a full range of sustainable economic development options that explicitly take into account the economic, environmental, and social implications of each development option. The results of this study should prove invaluable to local decision-makers who are aiming to improve the welfare of their constituents, and will also be used in the overall synthesis model that is being developed to evaluate the most optimal ecosystem- based management framework for the Bird’s Head Seascape.

Methods

This study will draw heavily from the results of the related study that is conducting a valuation of the natural resources and environmental services in the Bird’s Head and assessing the degree to which local people currently rely on natural resources for their livelihoods. The study is led by Rashid Sumaila, and will use cutting edge modeling techniques to provide local governments with a range of development options that maximize the long-term welfare of the people living within the Bird’s Head and the sustainable use of the rich coastal and marine resources © Mark V. Erdmann included within the Seascape. EBM BIRD’S HEAD, PAPUA ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT Raja Ampat Sustainable Development Options Study BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE, PAPUA Preliminary results and outcomes important regency-village relationships, such as those around Kabui Bay and the For further information, The results and outcomes from this Dampier Strait and Kofi au. This study will please contact: component of the project will be derived allow the identifi cation of the issues that from 3 sub-headings: policy makers need to focus on when they Chris Rotinsulu design sustainable marine ecosystem Ecosystem Science Unit Leader Valuation and development options management policies that will help This part of the study draws from the study improve the welfare of the residents of the Ecosystem Based Management of on valuation of the natural resources and regency. the Bird’s Head Seascape environmental services in Raja Ampat, and our two research teams have been Ecosystem-economic modeling A Joint Initiative of collaborating closely. The economic With input from the ecosystem modeling Conservation International, valuation is now nearing completion, and team, this component of the work will The Nature Conservancy, the results of that study will be used to carry incorporate the analysis of various and WWF-Indonesia. out analysis of development options for management/policy scenarios into Supported by The David and Lucile sustainable marine policies that maximize ecosystem-economic models of Raja Packard Foundation government revenue while ensuring the Ampat. This will be used to explore various long term well-being of the people living development options, and the models are Contact address: within the Raja Ampat area. planned for completion in mid-late 2007. Jln. Arfak No. 45, Sorong 98413 Indonesia Game theoretic analysis T: +62 951 331428 A large-scale principal-agent analysis has F: +62 951 331786 now been designed and will be conducted [email protected] for all of Raja Ampat, focusing on

© Erdi Lazuardi, Conservation International

EBM BIRD’S HEAD, PAPUA ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT Constructing a Marine

Ecosystem Model of Raja Ampat BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE, PAPUA in Support of Ecosystem-Based Management FACTSHEET

Ecosystem modeling and postdoctoral and a postgraduate and the practical need to quickly evaluate ecosystem-based management scientist, draws upon results of a range outcomes of management scenarios. of local Seascape surveys in the Bird’s EwE models can capture quite complex Ecosystem-based management (EBM) Head research program to develop processes in ecology, but they are one of takes into account the interactions among spatially-explicit ecosystem models. The the few frameworks in which models can all of the living organisms, the physical models are being used to elucidate the be progressively improved from simple, and biotic environment, and the human consequences of a range of management approximate forms to versions that better actors in an ecosystem. The Bird’s scenarios that address specifi ed concerns represent reality by tuning to highly- Head research program is developing about local fi shery needs, biodiversity detailed local data on fi sh, invertebrates, holistic simulation models of the coastal and conservation. The results of these corals, marine mammals, birds, reptiles and marine ecosystems in Raja Ampat simulations will be shared with Regency and quantitative information about fi sheries to provide scientifi c support for EBM. policymakers to obtain valuable feedback gear types and catches. The model also One general model will cover the whole that will be used to draft a strategic includes phytoplankton (small fl oating Regency, while others will focus in higher management plan for the Seascape. This plants that generate the food and energy resolution on critical areas such the islands study is implemented by the University driving the ecosystem), small forage fi sh, of Waigeo, Kofi au and Misool, and the of British Columbia’s Fisheries Centre, euphausiids (shrimp-like crustaceans that Dampier Strait. The models can simulate in close cooperation with Conservation live on plankton in the water column) and the consequences of management International, The Nature Conservancy jellies: all of these small organisms drive interventions on the major fi shery-related and WWF-Indonesia. important linkages across the ecosystem. components of the ecosystem. Because Uncertainty about parameter values is their need to be fi tted to as much local Modeling methodology being used explicitly to determine the data as possible, ecosystem models credibility of model forecasts. also provide a helpful way to integrate Whole-ecosystem modeling will be The operating costs, prices, profi ts and knowledge about various components performed using the Ecopath-with-Ecosim employment characteristics of the fi sheries of the ecosystem. Modeling is a very (EwE) technique that simulates changes are being parameterized and used to explicit way to ensure that results from in biomass through interactions in the build several scenarios by restricting individual studies contribute to a better foodweb. This type of modeling, which fi sheries access in the model to certain understanding of management options for has recently received wide support from areas or to specifi c fi shing targets. The the entire ecosystem, including the human researchers, is a compromise between model framework enables us to search component. the oceanographic and ecological realism for ecosystem-based management of highly complex biogeochemical models This 2-year study by a senior, a objectives under different scenarios that relate to the risk of local extinction, biodiversity change and socio-economic factors (profi t or jobs), or a mixture of the above. The spatial version of EwE (Ecospace) is being linked to a new technique developed specially for this project; the new method zooms in on local areas and can be used to explore the costs and benefi ts of connected networks of managed MPAs. The estimation of risk from climate variation is also included in the work. This study is an opportunity to further test this cutting-edge methodology in a management context.

Large quantities of anchovy are caught by liftnets along the western coast of Waigeo. Anchovy are sun- dried and sold locally, or as bait for tuna boats. Little of this catch appears to be reported in the official fishery data and the project team is making estimates of quantities, markets by season. © Megan Bailey EBM BIRD’S HEAD, PAPUA Constructing a Marine Ecosystem Model ECOSYSTEM BASED MANAGEMENT of Raja Ampat in Support of Ecosystem- Based Management BIRD’S HEAD SEASCAPE, PAPUA At present fi eld sampling is taking place that will enrich the model structure and For further information, improve parameter values: as well as please contact: diet, much valuable information is being collected from interviews with scientists Chris Rotinsulu and fi shers with long-standing experience Ecosystem Science Unit Leader in the region. Ecosystem Based Management of the Bird’s Head Seascape Implications for management, dissemination of results A Joint Initiative of Conservation International, Dealing in practical fashion with the The Nature Conservancy, perceptions of fi shers and the fl exibility and WWF-Indonesia. and willingness of institutions to receive Supported by The David and Lucile ecosystem–based advice will be Packard Foundation essential to engender support from local constituencies for EBM regulations. Contact address: Shaping the explored model scenarios Jln. Arfak No. 45, Sorong 98413 and MPA designs to what is feasible in the Indonesia Bird’s Head Seascape is a critical task for T: +62 951 331428 the project. A fi nal workshop to produce F: +62 951 331786 a draft strategic ecosystem-based [email protected] management plan for the Seascape will be held to integrate inputs from scientists, local government agencies and local communities.

Plots of trends in relative abundance of eight ecosystem model groups calculated from Indonesian Government fishery statistics in Sorong. Final trends used in model will likely look different to these because the values reflect ease of capture and may have to be adjusted for fish caught in spawning aggregations; they will also be adjusted for unreported catches. Trends are used to tune food web parameters of the simulation model over the fifteen years from 1990-2005.

Preliminary results

A preliminary ecosystem simulation model that contains over 90 explicit groups has been constructed using information from the literature, from databases and diet records, and from nearby tropical marine ecosystems. The model is about twice as complex as most published work using this method: the fi gures show a preliminary food web matrix for Raja Ampat and the relative abundance of number of target fi sh taken from Indonesian Government fi sheries data. Some of this data has to be adjusted before it can be used: for example some fi shery catches in Raja Ampat are unreported. For example, the photo shows Simplified diagram of the preliminary food web used in the Raja Ampat ecosystem model: a large fi shery for anchovy in Waigeo that the coloured squares actually represent quantitative amounts. In the actual model these 39 is unreported in offi cial government data. groups are expanded to over 90 to include juvenile and growing stages. During the project, these food web linkages are being improved using local data gathered by the field teams. EBM BIRD’S HEAD, PAPUA