Floristic Composition and Phytosanitary State of Arboreal Coverage in the Urban Park of City of Recife, Pernambuco

Journal of Experimental Agriculture International

37(5): 1-10, 2019; Article no.JEAI.49438 ISSN: 2457-0591 (Past name: American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, Past ISSN: 2231-0606)

Valdemir Fernando da Silva1, Maria José de Holanda Leite2*, Joselane Priscila da Silva1, Adriana Miranda de Souza1, Lucicleiton Leandro da Silva de Melo1, Luiz Carlos Marangon1 and Ana Licia Patriota Feliciano Marangon1

1Rural Federal University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, PE, Brazil. 2Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, AL, Brazil.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author VFS wrote the manuscript, collect the field data and formatted the text. Author MJHL written and formatted the manuscript. Authors JPS and LLSM collected field samples and transported botanical material and helps in Laboratory analysis. Author AMS collected field samples and transported botanical material and identify the species. Authors LCM and ALPFM review and formatted the text. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Article Information

DOI: 10.9734/JEAI/2019/v37i530278 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Wafaa Haggag, Professor, Plant Pathology Department, Agriculture and Biology Research Division, Egypt. Reviewers: (1) Junir Antonio Lutinski, Universidade Comunitária da Regão de Chapecó, Brazil. (2) Garba Muhammad Haruna, Federal College of Wildlife Management, Nigeria. (3) Tsabang Nolé, University of Dschang, Cameroon. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle3.com/review-history/49438

Received 27 March 2019 Original Research Article Accepted 08 June 2019 Published 17 June 2019

ABSTRACT

The process of disordered urbanization was reduced drastically as the natural areas, which formerly was necessary, the current times of occurrence of empty spaces, which was not different in the City of Recife, but not the District of Dois Irmãos. With the purpose of protecting a fragment of the Atlantic Forest and reducing the pressure on the environment, a state conservation unit was created called Dois Irmãos State Park (PEDI). In this perspective, the study had an objective of surveying the species of shrubs and the analysis of the phytosanitary present in the arborization of the

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*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected];

Silva et al.; JEAI, 37(5): 1-10, 2019; Article no.JEAI.49438

zoological sector of the State Park of Dois Irmãos. With the objective of subsidizing the promotion and development of activities related to environmental education. The survey of plants was made from new census models. In this inventory 369 arboreal individuals were present at the PEDI Zoo, belonging to 25 botanical families, 48 genera and 60 species. Among these are the species, two were of gender level and one was classified as indeterminate. Of the species studied, 70% are natural, 25% exotic and 5% remain unclassified. Regarding plant health, 81.57% of the population is in good condition, 3.52% regular and 14.9% bad. From the DAP and the DAP, it is possible to infer that the data is compiled by processes in the adult phase. It is hoped that this study will be used by the Park in order to promote and disseminate the knowledge of the trees inserted in it, thus seeking to make the visiting population aware of the benefits generated by them.

Keywords: Tree species; Atlantic rainforest; environmental education; plant health.

1. INTRODUCTION reserves were created in the Metropolitan Region of Recife, under Law No. 9,989 [6], deserving Urbanization and current population growth have special attention to the Reserva Ecológica da resulted in significant losses of animal and plant Mata de Dois Irmãos, for being one of the largest species, as well as changes in species urban fragments [6]. According to [7], only in composition to more cosmopolitan and less 1997, Jardim Zoobotanico do Recife, which complex sets [1]. According to [2], the encompassed the Ecological Reserve, Zoological transformation of the natural landscape into and Açude do Prata, was renamed Dois Irmãos urban landscapes goes through profound State Park. It is known that urban forest modifications of the biotic and abiotic elements of fragments, surrounded by a housing matrix, the associated ecosystems, such as soil, climate, mostly contain testimonies of the tree flora of the air, water, flora and fauna. region and show the importance of its conservation, thus increasing the educational Due to the great urban advance and forest potential of urbanized fragments [8]. fragmentation in Brazil, remnants of ecosystems with greater or lesser human impact become For the knowledge of the real situation of this increasingly frequent. According to [3], there conservation unit, the study of floristics, together remains 11.73% of Atlantic Forest in Brazil, with with the qualitative evaluation of the arboreal 32-40% corresponding to secondary forests in vegetation can provide subsidies to the planning, intermediate stages of succession, and about management, education and management of this 80% of these fragments have less than 50 unit, considering that they influence directly or hectares. In the state of Pernambuco, the indirectly in the safety, knowledge and Atlantic Forest domain area, which corresponded improvement of the quality of life of the to approximately 380 thousand hectares, population that uses it, for moments of leisure remains only 12.1% [4]. and / or contact with nature.

It should be noted that one of the main ways to Studies have shown that floristic surveys are an reduce the effects of fragmentation and the important tool for the knowledge of biodiversity, continuous reduction of existing remnants is to since they provide valuable information about the create and / or maintain urban green areas, current situation of Brazilian forests [9]. which serve as ecological trampolines, Therefore, species inventories form the basis of increasing connectivity between forest fragments any study that is committed to the correct [3,5]. Thus, the encouragement of the creation of assessment of the value of an ecosystem, its federal, state and municipal conservation units, conservation and management [10]. In the light which include the remaining urban fragments of of these facts, the present study was developed the may be an alternative to expand the with the aim of surveying the tree species connectivity between fragments and, thus, the and analyzing the phytosanity of the conservation of ecosystems on a landscape individuals present in the afforestation of the scale [2]. zoological sector of Dois Irmãos State Park, in order to promote the promotion and In an attempt to preserve the fragments of the development of activities focused on Atlantic Forest in Pernambuco, in 1987, 40 environmental education.

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2. MATERIALS AND METHODS to [11], is classified as Dense Ombrophilous Forest. Soils are classified as dystrophic Red- 2.1 Study Area Yellow Latosol, varying in texture from sandy to sandy-clay, with pH from 4 to 5 [12]. This study was carried out in the area of visitation of the Zoological sector, with According to Koppen 's classification, the climate approximately 14 ha (Fig. 1), inserted in the is As - rainy, hot and humid tropical, with average State Park Dois Irmãos (PEDI), in the city of monthly temperatures above 23ºC, presenting a Recife, Pernambuco, from November 2013 to period of high humidity between the months of January 2014. PEDI has, remnant of Mata March and August, with maximum rainfall Atlântica called Mata de Dois Irmãos, according occurring in June and July [13].

STATE PARK DOIS IRMÃOS

SUBTITLE ZOOLOGICAL SECTOR STATE PARK DOIS IRMÃOS

STATE OF PERNAMBUCO

STATE PARK DOIS IMÃOS SUBTITLE ZOOLOGICAL SECTOR

STATE PARK DOIS IRMÃOS RECIFE CREATED BY: MUNICIPAL LIMITS-PE MÁRIO L. RAMOS-GEOGRAFO/AGRIMENSOR CREA: 117931D/MG

Fig. 1. Location of the study area, Zoological Sector, Dois Irmãos State Park, Recife-PE

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2.2 Floristic Survey were: good, when the individual presented vigorous, without signs of pests, mechanical The floristic survey was carried out using the damages or diseases; regular, when it presented census-type inventory, which sought to average conditions of vigor for a certain place, qualitatively and quantitatively analyze all living being able to present small problems of plagues, arboreal individuals with the Chest Height (CAP) diseases or physical damages and; bad, when ≥ 15 cm. the tree presented a general state of decline or with a strong attack of pests; and diseases and For the identification of tree individuals, fertile or serious physical damage. sterile botanical material was collected using high pruning shears, with 2 m modules. To obtain the results, the Excel program [18] was Dendrological characters, especially regarding used, using the counting pattern and percentage trunk appearance, live bark and the presence of application of the qualitative data acquired in the exudates were observed, to assist in the process research. of identification of sterile materials. The material was pressed and dried according to conventional 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION techniques [14]. The identification was carried out in the Herbarium Sérgio Tavares (HST) of the 3.1 Floristic Department of Forestry Science, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, through specialized In the zoo sector of Dois Irmãos State Park, 369 bibliography or by comparisons with existing arboreal individuals belonging to 25 botanical exsicates and correctly identified by specialists. families, 48 genera and 60 species were invented. Among these species, three were The species separation by family was performed identified only at the genus level and one species according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III was not identified, being denominated system [15], and the list of species authors Indeterminate (Table 1). Regarding the origin, according to [16]. To classify the species, 75% were classified as native, 21.67% as exotic according to the origin, was denominated native and 3.33% remained unclassified. The species species that originated in the Brazilian territory. denominated without characterization were those denominated as indeterminate and those 2.3 Diameter, Height and Plant Health of identified only at the genus level. Trees The species Clitoria fairchildiana was The characteristics and the selected parameters predominant in the PEDI area, with 69 individuals were considered of fundamental importance for representing 18.70% of the total of individuals, the knowledge of the quality of the arborization followed by Mangifera indica L., with 5.96%; present in the PEDI. These characteristics and Ficus benjamina, with 5.42%; Licania tomentosa parameters are described below, as described by Fritsch, with 5.42%; Eschweilera ovata [17]: (Cambess, with 5.15%, Caesalpinia echinata, with 4.88%; Cecropia pachystachya with 4.88%; Diameter at breast height (DAP): Refers to Inga vera 4.07%; Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.). trunk diameter in centimeters, measured at 1.30 Marchand, 4.07%, and Bowdichia virgilioides m above ground. The values were obtained with Kunth, 3.52%, with the ten species most the help of a scale, providing the actual values of frequently representing 62.07% of the population CAP (Circumference at Chest Height) that were (Table 2). Similar condition was found in the later converted to diameter values. municipality of Guaçuí-ES, where the ten most frequent species represented 62.5% of the Total height: Refers to the total height of the population [19] and in the municipality of tree in meters, being considered from the soil Socorro, SP, where 67.8% of the sample [20]. surface, to the leaves at the apex of the highest branch. The values were obtained by means of The species Clitoria fairchildiana (Sombreiro), an estimation, using high shear pruning shears, considering the whole sample, was the only non- with modules of 2 m in length. standard proposed by [21], who recommend a frequency of 10 to 15% in urban areas of the Phytosanity: It was evaluated visually by the same species, seeking to avoid having serious physical aspect of the tree. The criteria adopted problems arising from pest and disease attacks.

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Table 1. Species registered in the floristic survey of the Zoological sector, arranged in alphabetical order of family present in Dois Irmãos State Park, Recife, Pernambuco

Families / Species NV NI F(%) Source Anacardiaceae Anacardium occidentale L. Cajueiro 2 0.54 Native Mangifera indica L. Mangueira 22 5.96 Exotic Spondias mombin L. Cajazeiro 6 1.63 Native Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi Aroeira 3 0.81 Native Tapirira guianensis Aubl Cupiúba 4 1.08 Native Annonaceae Annona montana Macfad. Aticum 3 0.81 Native Xylopia frutescens Aubl Imbiuba 1 0.27 Native Araliaceae Schefflera morototoni (Aubl.) Maguire, Steyerm. & Sambacuim 6 1.63 Native Frodin Bignoniaceae Handroanthus heptaphyllus (Vell.) Mattos Ipê-roxo 1 0.27 Native Handroanthus cf. impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos Ipê-roxo 12 3.25 Native Handroanthus serratifolius (A.H.Gentry) S.Grose Ipe Amarelo 1 0.27 Native Handroanthus sp Ipê 1 0.27 Sc Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Craibeira 2 0.54 Native S.Moore Burseraceae Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.). Marchand Amescla de 15 4.07 Native cheiro Cannabaceae Trema micranta L. Imbiúba 1 0.27 Native Chrysobalanaceae Couepia rufa Ducke Oiti coró 1 0.27 Native Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch Oitizeiro 20 5.42 Native Combretaceae Buchenavia tetraphylla (Aubl.) R.A.Howard Bugenavea 4 1.08 Native Terminalia catappa L Castanhola 7 1.90 Exotic Elaeocarpaceae Sloanea guianensis (Aubl.) Benth. Mamajuba 1 0.27 Native Euphorbiaceae Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A.Juss.) Müll.Arg. Seringueira 2 0.54 Native Fabaceae Adenanthera pavonina L. Olho-de- pombo 3 0.81 Exotic Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth Albizia 2 0.54 Exotic Albizia pedicellaris (DC.) L.Rico Jaguarana 1 0.27 Native Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschul Angico 4 1.08 Native Andira cf. nitida Mart. Ex Benth Angelim 6 1.63 Native Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth Sucupira 13 3.52 Native Caesalpinia echinata Lam. Pau-brasil 18 4.88 Native Clitoria fairchildiana R.A. Howard Sombreiro 69 18.70 Native Delonix regia (Bojer e Hook)Raf Flamboyant 3 0.81 Exotic Enterolobium contorstisiliquum(Vell.) Morong Timbaúba 1 0.27 Native Erythrina variegata L. Brasileirinho 2 0.54 Exotic Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. Ingá branco 4 1.08 Native Inga thibaudiana DC. Ingá branco 4 1.08 Native Inga vera (Vell.) Mart. Ingá 15 4.07 Native Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Mata fome 3 0.81 Exotic Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin E Barneby Cassia Amarela 1 0.27 Exotic Lecythidaceae Eschweilera ovata (Cambess.) Mart. ex Miers Embiriba 19 5.15 Native

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Families / Species NV NI F(%) Source Malpighiaceae Byrsonima sericea DC. Murici 1 0.27 Native Malvaceae Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn Sumaúma 4 1.08 Native Pachira aquatica Aubl. Carolina 1 0.27 Native Meliaceae Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer Gitó 10 2.71 Native Moraceae Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Jaqueira 3 0.81 Exotic Ficus benjamina L. Figueira 20 5.42 Exotic Ficus gomelleira Kunth Ficus 4 1.08 Native Ficus sp. - 3 0.81 Sc Myrtaceae Eugenia luschnathiana (O.Berg) Klotzsch ex - 2 0.54 Native B.D.Jacks. Eugenia pyriformis Cambess Ubaia 1 0.27 Native Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Azeitona roxa 3 0.81 Exotic Oxalidaceae Averrhoa carambola L. Carambola 1 0.27 Exotic Peraceae Pera ferrugínea 4 1.08 Native Pera glabrata (Schott) Poepp. ex Baill. Pinaceae Pinus elliottii Engel Pinus 1 0.27 Exotic Salicaceae Casearia sp. Casearia 3 0.81 Native Sapindaceae Talisia esculenta Radlk. Pitombeira 3 0.81 Native Sapotaceae Pouteria grandiflora (DC.) Baehni Oiti-toroba 1 0.27 Native Sterculiaceae Sterculia chicha A.St-hil ex Turpin Chichá 1 0.27 Native Urticaceae Cecropia pachystachya Trécul Embaúba 18 4.88 Native Undetermined Undertermined - 2 0.54 Sc Total 369 100 * NV: common name, NI: number of individuals, F (%): frequency in percentage and origin: Native, Exotic or unclassified - NC

Table 2. List of the 10 most frequent tree species

Common name Scientific name NI Freq.(%) Sombreiro Clitoria fairchildiana R.A. Howard 69 18.70 Mangueira Mangifera indica L. 22 5.96 Ficus Ficus benjamina L. 20 5.42 Oiti Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch 20 5.42 Embiriba Eschweilera ovata (Cambess.) Mart. ex Miers 19 5.15 Pau-brasil Caesalpinia echinata Lam 18 4.88 Embaúba Cecropia pachystachya Trécul 18 4.88 Ingá Inga cf. sessilis (Vell.) Mart. 15 4.07 Amescla Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.). Marchand 15 4.07 Sucupira Bowdichia virgilioides Kunth 13 3.52 Total 229 62.07 *NI: Number of Individuals and Freq. (%): Frequency in Percentage

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The most representative family was Fabaceae the 2nd class (18.48 cm - 32.38 cm), being with 16 species (Fig. 2). According to Lima [22], therefore a population with a small number of this family is considered the largest family in young trees (Fig. 4). Brazil, and according to the List of Species of Flora of Brazil [23], the family has 2,732 species Considering the values obtained with DAP and and 212 genera, being distributed in all Brazilian total height, it was possible to infer that most biomes. trees are composed of individuals in the adult phase. This result is of fundamental importance 3.2 Height, Diameter and Plant Health regarding the management of this vegetation, because as the conservation unit receives Analyzing the total height, we can see the visitors throughout the year, it is necessary to predominance of trees in the last five classes, monitor and appropriately manage these with tree individuals varying from 11.49 to 22.10 individuals in order to avoid accidents, such as, m, representing 63.73% of the individuals for example, fall of trees. sampled (Fig. 3). With respect to plant health, 81.57% of the Regarding Chest Diameter to Height (DAP), the population had good phytosanitary conditions, highest concentration of individuals occurred in because they were visually without signs of pests

Fig. 2. The ten most frequent families in the area of visitation in the Zoo sector

Fig. 3. Frequency of height classes observed in the area of visitation in the Zoological sector

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Fig. 4. Frequency of DAP classes observed in the area of visitation in the Zoological sector and diseases; 3.52%, in regular conditions, individuals in several places in the city of Recife where the individuals presented medium vigor and Metropolitan Region [24,25]. conditions, being seen small problems of pests, diseases; 14.9%, in bad conditions, being The high number of individuals in good observed in the individuals in this general state of phytosanitary conditions may be associated with decline, where these individuals presented a the existence of a diversity of species present in strong attack of pests, diseases or physical the area and the proximity to the mata de dois damages (Fig. 5). irmãos, reducing the attack of pests and diseases. [26] affirm that individuals with good Individuals in bad conditions were often the phytosanitary conditions normally perform their consequence of poor management, as ecological functions, contributing in terms of exemplified in Photo 1. This is an individual of microclimatic amenability, reduction of air the species Buchenavia tetraphylla, with a rotting pollution, sound and visual, as well as stem resulting from physical damage, or by psychological benefits. species attacked by the pest "Psilidus sombreiro "(Euphalerus clitoriae Burckhardt & Guajará) Also in the afforestation of the park, some (Photo 1B). At this time of the year, it is very arboreal individuals with traces of depredation, of common the attack of this pest on shade the type writings in the trunk of the trees, were

Fig. 5. Phytosanitary conditions of the species present in the zoological sector

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A B

Photo 1. Individual of Buchenavia tetraphylla presented with decaying stem (A), individual of Clitoria fairchildiana seriously attacked by the pest Euphalerus clitoriae Burckhardt & Guajará (B) verified. Predation actions are very common in remaining forest distributed? Implications several parks and [27] argue that park for conservation. Biological Conservation. management should promote educational 2009;142:1141-1153. campaigns to educate the visiting population 4. Oliveira LSB. Study of the arboreal about the benefits of adequate tree planting and component and edge effect in fragments of thus create a conscious society that will actively Atlantic Forest in the catchment area of the participate in its maintenance. Tapacurá River - PE. 92f. Dissertation (MSc in Forest Sciences) - Federal Rural 4. CONCLUSION University of Pernambuco, Recife; 2011.

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Peer-review history: The peer review history for this paper can be accessed here: http://www.sdiarticle3.com/review-history/49438