The of and Debate with a special section on Forensic Linguistics

International Linguistic Association Sarcophagus of the Brothers - Naples, Archaeological Museum

59th Annual Conference May 22-24, 2014

The Linguistics of Rhetoric and Debate International Linguistic Association

Co-chairs Kathryn English & Kathleen O'Connor-Bater

Table of Contents

SCHEDULE ...... 2

PLENARIES ...... 6

PANELS ...... 8

ABSTRACTS ...... 10

ATTENDEES ...... 22

HISTORY ...... 24 2 The Linguistics of Rhetoric and Debate, with a special section on Forensic Linguistics

Schedule Thursday, May 22

8 :30 – 9 :00 Salle 406 ...... Early registration 9 :00 – 11 :00 ......

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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS IN , PERFORMATIVE RHETORIC ACROSS LANGUAGES {1) DIFFERENT LANGUAGES DISCOURSE OR POLITICAL Chair : Kate Parry Chair: Kathleen O'Connor-Bater DISCOURSE {1} Chair: Borith Khaou Language Contact and the Use of the Roksolana Povoroznyuk (Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University), Vladyslav Josef Fioretta (Hofstra University) Hephzber Obiorah (American University Povoroznyuk (Institute of Gerontology of Nigeria), Danjuma Galadima (American AMS) & Nataliia Dzerovych (Institute of University of Nigeria), Blessing Douglas Gerontology AMS) (American University of Nigeria), Johnpaul Offor (American University of Nigeria) & Aroldo de Andrade Jane Okoli (American University of Nigeria) (University of Campinas, UNICAMP) Larisa Iljinska (Riga Technical University), Marina Platonova (Riga Technical University) & Tatjana Smirnova (Riga Christine Nicholls Technical University) Katerina Haralambopoulou (Flinders University, Australia) (independent researcher) , Edwin D. Floyd (University of Pittsburgh) Rashwan Salih (University of Leicester/ University of Salahaddin) Fiona Rossette (Université Paris 10) Tomonori Okubo (Kansai University)

11 :00 – 11 :30 Salle 406 ...... Registration – Coffee Break 11 :30 – 13 :30 ......

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ERROR ACTUAL AND POTENTIAL PUBLIC SPEAKING, PERFORMATIVE RHETORIC ACROSS LANGUAGES {2} DISCOURSE OR POLITICAL Chair: Cécile Brunel DISCOURSE {2} Chair: Borith Khaou Maria Antoniou (National and Capodistrian University of Athens) Alix Handshuh (University of Michigan) Biljana Stikic (Université de Novi Sad) Eve K. Okura Cuneyt Demir (University of Siirt) Chiara Nasti (Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II) David Gaatone (University of Tel-Aviv) Adeline Munoh George Jochnowitz (College of Staten Island, CUNY) Colleen O’Brien 3 The Linguistics of Rhetoric and Debate, with a special section on Forensic Linguistics

13 :30 – 14 :30 Salle 406 ...... Cold buffet lunch (or on your own) 14 :30 – 16 :30 ......

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SEMANTIC ANALYSIS PANEL: PUBLISH IN ENGLISH OR PERISH IN GERMAN? Chair: Shanica De Silva Chair: Josef Fioretta

Kateryna Kyrychok (Donetsk National University) Language Claus Gnutzman (Technische Universität Braunschweig) Svitlana Kremzykova (Donetsk National University) Frank Rabe (Technische Universität Braunschweig) Tammy Gales (Hofstra University) & Lawrence Solan (Brooklyn Law School) Jenny Jakisch (Technische Universität Braunschweig)

16 :30 – 16 :45 Salle 406/407 .... Coffee Break 16 :45 – 19 :00 ......

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Plenary: Kathryn English and Declan Cavana THE FRENCH DEBATING ASSOCIATION: RHETORIC AND THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSROOM Chair: Kathleen O’Conner-Bates

Gabrielle Smart-Fourquet in charge of refreshments to be served following the plenary

Friday, May 23

9 :00 – 11 :00 ......

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RHETORIC IN THE MEDIA INTERPRETING THE VISUAL PANEL: X- : PEDAGOGICAL POWER FOR Chair: Isabella Conoscente THE CLASSROOM Chair: Gabrielle Smart-Fourquet Organizers: Alice H. Deakins Susan Price (Borough of Manhattan Community College, CUNY) (William Paterson University) & Bonny Hart (New School) Irina Perianova (University of National and World Economy, Bulgaria) Bonny Hart (New School) & Tamara Kirson (New School) Edward Arnold (Trinity College – Dublin) & Dominique Labbé (PACTE – CNRS – Grenoble) Deakins (William Paterson University Saeedeh Taheri (Sussex University, UK) Criminal Justice) & Bonny Hart (New School) 4 The Linguistics of Rhetoric and Debate, with a special section on Forensic Linguistics

11 :00 – 11 :25 Salle 406/407 .... Coffee Break 11 :30 – 12 :55 ......

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Plenary: Jonathan Webster VISUALIZING THE ARCHITECTURE AND TEXTURE OF SELECTED OF RICHARD NIXON AND BARACK OBAMA Chair: Kathleen O’Connor-Bater

13 :00 – 14 :00 Salle 406 ...... Cold buffet lunch (or on your own) 14 :00 – 15 :30 ......

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Plenary: Rob Leonard and Tammy Gales FORENSIC LINGUISTICS Chair : Josef Fioretta

15 :30 – 16 :00 Salle 406/407 ..... Coffee Break 16 :00 – 18 :00 ......

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BILINGUAL PRACTICES POLITICAL DISCOURSE Chair: Cécile Brunel Chair: Kate Parry

Mandy Weyer-Brown (Télécom Paristech) & Maria Ampuero Chantal Rittaud-Hutinet (Université Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3) (Télécom Paristech) Maria Stopfner (Universität Innsbruck) Jo Anne Kleifgen (Teachers College, Columbia University) Evgeniya Aleshinskaya (Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia) Innocent Chiluwa (Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria) & Esther Ajiboye (Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria) Hermann Haller (Queens College-CUNY) Ludmilla Antypenko-A’Beckett (Monash University, Australia)

18 :00 – 18 :30 Stroll across Luxembourg Gardens to the University Center at the Pantheon, 12 Place du Panthéon, 19 :00 – 21 :00 Cocktail Party – President’s Welcome 5 The Linguistics of Rhetoric and Debate, with a special section on Forensic Linguistics

Saturday, May 24 (Special Session)

9 :00 – 11 :00 ......

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Forensic Linguistics Panel TECHNOLOGY AND RHETORIC ACTS STUDENT WORKSHOP Isabella Conoscente Cécile Brunel Chair: Josef Fioretta Recorded: Po-Ya Angela Wang Jeom Ja Yeo (Seattle University) & Daniel Adler (Hofstra University) (National Taiwan University) Jian Yang (Seattle University) Janelle Cacopardo (Hofstra University) Daniel Wiechmann (University of Amsterdam), Elma Kerz (RWTH Aachen University) & Cheryl Cleland (Hofstra University) Markus Roth (RWTH Aachen University)

Drew Hund (Hofstra University) Roberta Piazza (University of Sussex, UK) Nicholas Membrez-Weiler (Hofstra University)

Christine R. Ondris (Hofstra University)

11:00 – 11:30 Salle 406 ...... Coffee Break – Poster Session

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TOWARDS A COGNITIVE : THE ORGANIC IMITATION BETWEEN THE STATES OF MATTER AND SOME ENGLISH MORPHEMES Kathleen O’Connor-Bater

11 :30 – 13 :00 ......

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Plenary: Olivier Bertrand RHETORIC, HUMOR AND PERSUASION IN MEDIEVAL FRENCH (9TH — 15TH CENTURIES) Chair : Kathryn English

13 :00 – 13 :30 ILA Assemblée Générale and Dismissal 6 The Linguistics of Rhetoric and Debate, with a special section on Forensic Linguistics

mer leurs avis, présider, juger et, grâce au here is part of a larger study in visual se- public, participer. mantics whose aim is to develop a frame- En illustration, 6 étudiants débattront sur : work for visualizing functional-semantic This House would rather learn than be taught information realized across functionally- Plenaries DEBATERS Pierre Magnan (Ecole Polytechnique) Thomas Trinelle SALLE 214 (Ecole Polytechnique) Dans cette étude comparative portant sur Victor Penaud des discours choisis de deux présidents Plenary (Ecole Normale Supérieure) américains, l’ancien président Richard Nixon, et le président actuel, Barack Oba- Charles Partington Conferences (Ecole Centrale) ma, j’analyse la manière dont les schèmes tant lexicaux que grammaticaux permettent Isabella Conoscente d’aborder le texte non seulement comme Conférences (Université Panthéon-Assas) plénières Francesco Donnini Ferreti fondée sur des relations logiques entre dif- (Université Panthéon-Assas Cabinet Alérion) fonctionnel, mais encore comme une tapis- serie dont le tissu dépend du degré de cohé- BIODATA Thursday 16 :00 – 18 :00 Declan Mc Cavana was born in Belfast, ici appartient à une étude de plus grande Declan Mc Cavana / Kathryn English Northern Ireland. He was educated at ampleur en sémantique visuelle dont le but Trinity College Dublin and was four- est de développer un cadre de visualisation time Irish national university debating sémantico-fonctionnel d’extraits de textes champion. He has lived in Paris, France since 1986 where he is Senior Lecturer in English at Ecole Polytechnique. He BIODATA is founder and President of the French We will examine the ancient art of debating National Debating Association and works Jonathan J Webster is Professor in the to explore its usefulness in the classroom. as interpreter for the Speaker of France’s Department of Chinese, Translation and Teachers challenge students beyond gram- National Assembly. He is a founder Linguistics, and Director of The Halliday mar and vocabulary to think critically, fos- member of the Paris Bloomsday Group Centre for Intelligent Applications of tering meaningful dialogue. But some stu- which holds regular readings of the works Language Studies at City University of dents speak frequently while others remain of James Joyce and is the co-author of Hong Kong. He received his PhD from the “The Bilingual Dictionary of Today’s Slang”. State University of New York at Buffalo. silent due to competence or personality. Prior to coming to Hong Kong in 1987, However, speaking is not learnt by obser- Kathryn English is associate professor he taught at the National University of vation. of English at Panthéon-Assas University Singapore for six years. He is currently The French Debating Association format and Ecole Polytechnique. She coaches Honorary/Guest/University Visiting respects French-speaking style-prepared the university debating team. Her PhD in Professor at several universities in China, Sciences du langage led her to explore including Beijing Normal University, speeches yet includes British Parliamen- how language interacts through technical tary negotiated interruptions via Points Southwest University (Chongqing), Beijing languages, debating or through cross- University of Science and Technology, and of Information and Points of Order. Thus Sun Yat-sen University (Guangzhou). In all students in a class can voice opinions, Beyond These Walls project with Taiwan. addition to having been appointed editor preside, adjudicate and through audience She also works as a conference interpreter. for WORD, he is also editor of the journal involvement, participate. Linguistics and the Human Sciences To illustrate this procedure, 6 students will (Equinox UK), co-editor for the new Journal debate the motion This House would rather of World Languages learn than be taught. Friday 11 :30 – 12 :55

Jonathan Webster Friday 23 May 14 :00 – 15 :30 Robert Leonard/ Tammy Gates Le rôle du professeur est de développer chez ses étudiants, au-delà de la gram- maire et du vocabulaire, une pensée cri- In this comparative study of selected tique et une aptitude au dialogue. Pour- speeches of two US presidents, former Forensic Linguistics applies linguistic tant, alors que certains prennent souvent president, Richard M. Nixon and current theory and methods to very real-world la parole, d’autres, mal à l’aise, demeurent president, Barack Obama, I investigate problems: the analysis of legal evidence silencieux. how patterning in both and grammar that is language. Using core linguistic Mais ce n’est pas en observant qu’on ap- projects not only a perspective on text as competencies—from phonology to prag- prend à s’exprimer. matics to variationist , and, Les règles de la FDA respectent les dis- on coherent relations between function- of increasing importance, corpus linguis- cours préparés typiques du français mais - tics—FL seeks to help convict murderers introduisent la notion d’interruption négo- other perspective on text as tapestry whose and to prove the innocent not guilty. The ciée via les Points d’Information et les texture depends on how cohesive are the Points d’Ordre. Ainsi tous peuvent expri- threads of discourse. The work reported disputes, false confessions, solicitation to 7 The Linguistics of Rhetoric and Debate, with a special section on Forensic Linguistics , defamation, and perjury, as well portance of rhetoric in written French, as intelligence and counter-intelligence considering that we obviously have no oral investigations. We will additionally intro- evidence of this particular phase in the de- Forensic Linguistics velopment of the language? This lecture Innocence Project, through which we re- will focus on various samples of written analyze language data used as evidence to rhetorical processes in order to show how convict in death penalty cases. rich the French language was in the Middle Ages in terms of humor and persuasive creativity. Examples will be drawn from theatre, novels and nonliterary texts from La linguistique légale applique la théorie et the Middle Ages. We will show that the lin- les méthodes de la linguistique à des - guistic process of debating was very rich blèmes tout à fait réels et concrets : l’ana- at that period of time in Northern France lyse du langage comme preuve juridique. A throughout this long period of history. partir de compétences linguistiques fonda- mentales - allant de la phonologie à la prag- matique, en passant par la sociolinguistique ee variationniste et la linguistique de corpus, qui revêt une importance croissante - la lin- L’objet de cette conférence est d’explo- guistique légale cherche à aider à condam- rer les processus linguistiques véhiculés ner les meurtriers et à prouver l’innocence par l’humour et la persuasion en français e e des accusés, le cas échéant. Rentrent dans médiéval (9 – 15 siècles) alors même que son domaine l’attribution de la paternité les dictionnaires n’existent pas encore en d’une oeuvre, les litiges en matière de français. De nos jours, comment évaluer marques, les faux aveux, l’incitation au l’importance de l’art rhétorique à partir meurtre, la diffamation, le parjure, aussi des témoignages écrits de cette époque, bien que les enquêtes en matière d’espion- puisque pour cet état de la langue, nous nage et de contre-espionnage. Nous présen- ne conservons évidemment aucune source terons en outre une innovation mondiale, le orale ? Cette conférence prendra de nom- Forensic Linguisitics Innocence Project, breux exemples dans la littérature écrite permettant d’analyser à nouveaux frais les données linguistiques utilisées comme française médiévale au regard de l’humour et de la persuasion. Ces exemples seront pièces à conviction dans les procès mettant empruntés au théâtre, mais aussi à la lit- en jeu la peine capitale. térature en général et aux œuvres non lit- BIODATA téraires du Moyen Age. Nous montrerons que le processus linguistique du débat était Robert A. Leonard (Ph.D., Columbia) is très riche dans le nord de la France pendant Professor of Linguistics and Swahili and cette longue période de l’histoire. Director of the Hofstra Graduate Program in Forensic Linguistics and the Forensic BIODATA Linguistics Innocence Project. A Fulbright Fellow for his PhD, trained at Columbia by Olivier Bertrand is professor of historical William Diver and William Labov, Leonard linguistics at the University of Cergy- spent eight years in Africa and Asia Pontoise and Chair of the Department researching and sociolinguistics of Languages and Cultures at the Ecole before turning to FL. Polytechnique. He is a Researcher in the LDI laboratory (Glossaries, Dictionaries, Tammy Gales (Ph.D. University of Computers), and was awarded the California, Davis) is Assistant Professor of European Research Council Grant. He was Linguistics and Director of Research at the granted the bronze medal from the CNRS Forensic Linguistics Institute at Hofstra. As a Washington D.C. Program Fellow, Gales 2011. Pr Bertrand’s research focuses on researched the language of threatening the history of the French language and in communications and is currently analyzing the linguistic strategies of defense technical lexicons in the Middle Ages. attorneys in assault trials.

Saturday 11 :30 – 13 :00

Pr Olivier Bertrand

thth This lecture will explore the linguistic pro- cesses conveyed by humor and persuasion in medieval French (9th till 15th centuries), before dictionaries even existed in French. Nowadays, how can we evaluate the im- 8 The Linguistics of Rhetoric and Debate, with a special section on Forensic Linguistics

The English sentence can be taught as a series SALLE 403 of four progressive levels, each level build- ing on the previous ones by adding rhetorical functions with associated punctuation conven- HOFSTRA - Panels ed. In the second level—A S P A, the sentence UNIVERSITY adverbial (A) usually creates connection with the previous sentence or establishes context STUDENT for the rest of the sentence. Occasionally a sen- SALLE 403 tence adverbial presents assumptions that are FORENSIC PANEL - tions in the simple SP. The third level—often SPECIAL PANELS called a compound sentence—offers writers the opportunity to join ideas whose relation- Saturday 9 :00 – 11 :00 - tionships of “coordinating conjunctions” or by Friday 9 :00 – 11 :00 the more textured relationships of transition and phrases. Finally, in the fourth level, additional “extra” information is inserted into Daniel Adler (Hofstra University) the sentence, most often in three places. Using False confessions are a contributing factor “inserts” is characteristic of advanced, sophis- to the amount of wrongful convictions in Bonny Hart (New School) & Alice Deakins ticated writing. (William Paterson University) the United States of America. According to the Innocence Project, there have been 314 With English increasingly used as a working post-conviction exonerations since 1989 in language in diverse communication settings 36 states, with 247 of them occurring since around the world, the teaching of English has (John Jay College of Criminal Justice) & 2000. One method of looking into the ori- global importance. Drawing on his teaching Bonny Hart (New School) gins of these false confessions is to analyze of ESL, Robert Allen of Teachers College the written statement that the suspect puts Columbia University developed a system that Using a deck of cards with sentence pieces forth following their oral confession in an is pedagogically powerful for both native and from fairy tales, students practice (1) mak- interrogation. Pragmatic analysis can be non-native speakers. Currently practiced and ing subjects and predicates, (2) adding sen- used to analyze the kinds of meaning ex- developed as X-Word Grammar, Allen’s sys- tence adverbials, (3) connecting subjects and pressed in the statement. Meaning related tem teaches sentence structure beginning with predicates with FANBOYS (coordinators) to the relevance of the writer’s statements the twenty small but powerful X-words, tradi- or transition words, (4) adding additional about the event, statements the writer makes tionally called auxiliary verbs. This short list of information (inserting), and (5) using formal about his or her responsibility for an act, and words enables students to enter the structure of punctuation. Students, in teams, are dealt statements that express presuppositions or the English sentence and to analyze and under- cards from a deck with the main sentence entailments can potentially provide insight stand the way grammar works, not in a vacu- pieces—subjects, predicates, adverbials, and as to whether the author is being deceptive um but in the context of talking, reading, and - or truthful. Thus, this paper will examine writing. To accelerate student learning, some tors (called FANBOYS) and transition words the aforementioned pragmatic features in teachers of X-word grammar have developed and phrases have their own cards, as do pe- false confessions and compare them to those riods, commas, and semi-colons. Numerical - found in true confessions. First, I will out- values are assigned to each kind of card. Stu- line the three types of false confessions (Vol- ciency levels and grammatical challenges. dents are asked to play their cards to achieve untary, Coerced-Compliant, Coerced-In- maximum points, drawing from the deck as ternalized) and then provide an elaboration needed. A sheet of sentence patterns, with ap- of the pragmatic concepts to be examined. Bonny Hart (New School) & Tamara Kirson propriate punctuation, will be handed out. At The more we understand about the language (New School) the end of the play period, the teams check used in false vs. true confessions, the more Because of the requirements of the formal each other’s sentences, not those of their own we can potentially decrease the number of written English sentence, both ESOL and team. The team with the most points wins. wrongful convictions. The results may help The content created by mixing pieces of native speaker students need to know how future prisoners whose fates are determined well-known fairy tales is amusing as stu- as a result of false confessions. to identify a and a predicate (SP). dent groups compete to create correct, In step-by-step fashion, X-Word grammar funny sentences. The game can be scored allows students to grasp the necessity of a in different ways and can be adapted to use subject in every SP and the power of the X- with students at different levels of compe- Janelle Cacopardo (Hofstra University) tence with written English. the subject in a sentence but also generate In an emergency call, interaction between a questions, form negatives, change tense, al- dispatcher and a caller relies heavily on the ter meaning, have subject-verb agreement, two speech acts of questioning and answer- place verbs in time and set the subject in ac- ing. However, when a caller only answers tion. Perhaps most importantly, it provides and does not allow the dispatcher to ask fur- a fool-proof way for students to answer the ther questions, vital information used to help question, “Is it complete or is it a fragment?” the emergency at hand may not be collected. the use of turn-taking within the discourse of a 911 call. It was hypothesized that when Criminal Justice) & Alice Deakins a caller provides extraneous information, (William Paterson University) the 911 dispatcher will intervene in order 9 The Linguistics of Rhetoric and Debate, with a special section on Forensic Linguistics to keep extracting any relevant informa- congressional ideologies are linguistically tion. To conduct the research, the analytical Drew Hund (Hofstra University) expressed in order to provide more insight approach of conversation analysis was ap- - ence their audience. often hears the term “synonym”. Howev- a question-answer turn sequence was exam- For this study, a corpus of 1,000 congres- er, this term, in the sense that two words ined and considered as either a successful se- sional resolutions from both the Senate have equivalent meaning, often ignores quence or an unsuccessful sequence. A turn and the House of Representatives was . Recent scholars (e.g., Stor- sequence was considered successful when a johann, 2009) suggest that plesionomy or caller answered the question appropriately and type of resolution (simple, concur- near synonymy is a better way of explain- rent, and joint). Word frequencies, col- and the dispatcher advanced to a different ing word similarities, but, to-date, none of locates of the most frequent words, and topic. When a caller provided a response, the previous scholars have fully described common clusters of words were ana- which in turn prompted the dispatcher to re- why synonymy is a theoretical impossi- lyzed. A comparison of key words was peat the question, to reword the question, or bility. This issue becomes especially im- to interrupt the caller, the sequence was cat- portant in the examination of meaning in corpora. The results of the study sug- egorized as unsuccessful. The unsuccessful the courtroom, where translation, and of- gest the need for further research in the turn sequences were further analyzed to de- tentimes miscommunication, of meaning termine why a dispatcher was unable to im- between languages occurs. a comparison with other legislative-type mediately collect information from a caller. Thus, this paper seeks to outline why syn- corpora be undertaken in order to provide Results indicated that when a caller violated onymy is a theoretical impossibility and further insight into how Congress com- the maxim of quantity, a dispatcher would exemplify why it should not be relied upon municates ideologies with soft law. interrupt the caller prior to completion of his as the sole means of courtroom translation. or her statement in order to progress the in- terrogative series. In addition, the results re- from solely semantic features, pragmatic vealed that dispatchers used strategies such features are also present in the meaning as abandoning questions with callers who of words. I further outline what previous Christine R. Ondris (Hofstra University) did not adhere to the cooperative principle. scholars had been trying to describe by cre- ating a new system of pragmatic features The analysis of style within a case of (e.g., style, which can be broken down into questioned authorship must begin with [+/- formal], [+/- colloquial], etc.). Then, determining which features may be the Cheryl Cleland (Hofstra University) I demonstrate how an avoidance of these most indicative of the author in ques- pragmatic features can lead to trouble with tion—that is, what ‘should’ be analyzed No crime raises as much controversy as translation in the courtroom. Interpreters in an authorship case? Most scholars that of rape, further complicating matters often look for a one-to-one translation be- agree that linguistic patterns occurring are instances of false accusations. A study tween languages; yet, if pragmatic features within a single text and across a body conducted by Lisak et al. (2010) determined are not considered, then the full meaning of texts warrant the most attention—and that among rape accusations, 2%-10% of of a witness testimony cannot be conveyed, rightfully so, as pattern recognition has accusations are false. False accusations are which may drastically alter the outcome of been the basis for successful authorship extremely detrimental to those that are ac- a trial or the jury’s perception of the wit- cases, such as identifying cused, thus an attempt must be made to iden- ness themselves. As I will exemplify, this as the Unabomber or Robert Galbraith tify false accusations at the earliest stages of has resulted in dire consequences for those as a pseudonym of J.K. Rowling. What, an investigation to protect those who are relying on translators who focus on equiva- then, is the appropriate course of action wrongly accused. A possible way to do so lent synonymous meaning as opposed to when an unknown author chooses to ac- pragmatic meaning as well. is to examine the stance of an accuser, as an tively stylize his or her writing? A writer accuser’s expressed level of commitment aware of the linguistic choices he or she towards their accusation may be indicative is making in a particular register or for of the veracity of their accusation. In order - to examine how a false accuser expresses Nicholas Membrez-Weiler (Hofstra University) ates a different voice for him or herself, stance, I performed an Appraisal Analysis which can affect the apparent patterns on a statement given by the accuser in the A United States congressional resolution in a text. It then becomes the job of the Duke University Lacrosse case, which is a is a certain type of communication from linguist to separate the stylized linguistic proven example of a false rape accusation. Congress that communicates their policy features from those that were included as I hypothesized that a false rape accusation views and future intentions. These resolu- part of an author’s inherent writing style, would contain high levels of affect, as a false and examine the latter to achieve a more accuser would rely highly on emotional ref- statutes” or “soft laws”. These resolutions, accurate analysis. Using stylistic analy- erences in order for their accusation to be which do not require the same formal sis to analyze the letters written by the perceived as credible. However, the analy- guidelines of presentation that hard stat- still-unknown Zodiac Killer, this study sis revealed low levels of affect and several utes do, are a more accurate and cost-ef- - instances of graduation. The use of gradua- fective way for congress to communicate face-level style features such as spelling, tion in the statement both strengthened and their views and intentions. Soft law has punctuation, and capitalization in order weakened the level of commitment towards been studied from a political science and to create the illusion of a less cognitively the accusation, indicating that the statement legal context in order to assess how con- capable individual. However, multiple was contradictory, which can possibly be - syntactic style markers present in his ment, behavior of the American public, as writings consistently adhere to the stan- accusation. The Appraisal Analysis revealed well as how it communicates its future di- dard (and even show hyper-correction), rections (Gersen and Posner 2008); how- demonstrating that the person authoring the statement, thus Appraisal Analysis could ever, there has been virtually no linguis- the letters has a much higher linguistic potentially be used to identify false state- tic inquiry on this topic. Therefore, the competence, and therefore cognitive ca- ments given in other rape accusation cases. purpose of this study is to examine how pacity, than initially perceived. 10 The Linguistics of Rhetoric and Debate, with a special section on Forensic Linguistics

SALLE 405 ers from different disciplines, this paper investigates how research paradigms, writing conventions and value systems PANEL: Jenny Jakisch (Technische Universität Braunschweig) PUBLISH IN when it comes to writing in English. With anglophony being the communica- Several factors that were found to play ENGLISH OR - a role in the language demands made on plines, researchers – irrespective of their researchers are highlighted, such as the PERISH IN language background – have to be able degree of rigidity of genre and language, to publish in English. This poses an ad- the distribution of writing tasks, the ratio GERMAN? ditional challenge to non-native speakers of native to non-native speakers of Eng- of English when they submit an article to lish as well as the nature of data under a journal. In addition to meeting the crite- and those of the chosen journal in par- language competence for research pub- Thursday 14 :30 – 16 :30 ticular, articles by non-natives are likely lishing in English varies across, but also, to be subjected to a linguistic assessment. depending on researchers’ career levels, within the four disciplines studied. It is also argued that academic writing re- non-natives – unlike their native English academic peers – have to put extra effort - Language standing writing as a disciplinary prac- Claus Gnutzman into mastering the subtleties of the foreign (Technische Universität Braunschweig) language and adhering to the required dis- tice and that focusing on local academic course rules. As part of the PEPG project, practices and socialisation represents a The dominant position of English as an the paper investigates which communica- promising way of shedding more light international language of science is indis- tive standards publishers (i.e. academic on the relationship between language and putable. The number of publications in journal editors and publishing staff) apply disciplinary cultures. English in almost all disciplines testify to when making a decision about whether a continually growing Anglophone orienta- to publish an article. Drawing on an in- tion of the academy. In this panel, we will terview study with experts from several ABSTRACTS report on the Publish in English or Perish disciplines, the paper also seeks to ex- in German? (PEPG) project, presenting its general framework as well as selected re- differences regarding the role of English sults. This two-year research programme, as an academic lingua-franca as found in Evgeniya Aleshinskaya (Lobachevsky State funded by the Volkswagen Foundation, University of Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia) investigates the impact of English on scien- the publishers. The results of this study - provide new insights into the publication In this paper the word ‘debate’ is understood mentary subprojects. process and help to reveal the implied lin- - guistic criteria that publications in Eng- relations between the two languages in lenges, problem-solving strategies and at- Russian musical discourse, namely Russian titudes of German academics’ use of Eng- contribute to developing a more precise lish in written special language texts. The understanding of the notion of ‘language global English with a high social prestige. The study focuses on a popular vocal talent correctness’ by taking into account that competition show named ‘The Voice Rus- discourse structures vary between disci- sia’ – season 1 (2012) and season 2 (2013). on publishing and researches its potential plinary cultures. - This genre of musical discourse is of great lishing houses and their handling of manu- - scripts submitted by non-native speakers eryday bilingual practices in today’s Rus- of English. To do justice to the processual sia, and on the other affects these bilingual dimension of writing and publishing and to Frank Rabe practices. The paper studies several forms gain insights into the attitudes and subjec- (Technische Universität Braunschweig) of ‘debate’ between the two languages tive theories of the participants, guided in- (codeswitching, professional jargon, and terviews, conducted with scientists, journal The impact of English in academic writ- Russian-English) which offer bilinguals editors and publishing staff, serve as the - - empirical basis of our research. able body of research, dealing with such sion and successfully achieve the purpose The overarching aim of the project is to aspects as the extent to which English has of communication. Code-switching and become the default language of research professional jargon are regarded as means English in different disciplines (in particu- publications, how this affects scholars’ to (re)construct ‘global’ identities and in- lar, biology, mechanical engineering, Ger- careers and also other languages used for dex the nuances of social relationships be- man linguistics, history), consider the per- research publication and dissemination. tween the participants. Russian English (a spectives of the interviewees and lay open In order to provide a different perspec- variety of English used as a lingua-franca) the potential disadvantages experienced by tive on academic writing and publishing is analyzed from the point of view of strat- non-native users of English. The results of egies employed by non-native speakers to the project are expected to help formulate discusses different language and disci- communicate meaning and arrive at mutual recommendations for the use of English in plinary demands that non-native English- understanding. Moreover, the language of academia by non-native users, notably for speaking researchers face when writing the songs performed by the contestants is writing and publishing. This paper provides and publishing in English and how these also the subject of heated debate through- an introduction to the panel summarising the - current state of research, the aims, design drawing on 24 interviews from the PEPG gies held by the participants and organizers and methodology used in the study. corpus conducted with German research- about the two languages. 11 The Linguistics of Rhetoric and Debate, with a special section on Forensic Linguistics

shooting that occurred at a Navy Yard in Washington D.C. and the attack on Nairobi Maria Antoniou (National and Capodistrian Edward Arnold (Trinity College – Dublin) & Westgate Shopping Mall in September, University of Athens) Dominique Labbe 2013 referred to as ‘crisis situations.’ ‘On- (PACTE – CNRS – Grenoble) Le but de cette étude consiste à relever la ma- line reactions’ refers to feedback comments L’élection présidentielle française se often generated by on-line newspapers and se comportent en traduction. Nous allons déroule en deux scrutins. Le second tour other digital news sources that are of inter- procéder à une étude contrastive des titres oppose les deux candidats arrivés en tête au est to the public. This platform not only d’articles de presse écrits en français avec premier. Entre les deux tours, depuis 1974, serves for public interactivity, but most of- leur traduction en grec. Est-ce qu’il y aurait ten forms an arena for hot arguments and sur le modèle des débats présidentiels aux debate among contributors, and some com- utilisées plus que d’autres ? La métaphore, la Etats-Unis. Notre communication utilisera menters have used it to attack one another les textes de ces six débats (136 000 mots). especially where two sides of an argument présentent avec la même fréquence dans nos Une bibliothèque de plus de 6 000 textes reveal different opinions or represent dif- deux langues d’étude ? Ou bien l’une d’entre politiques offrira des points de comparai- ferent group allegiances. Some comments son. Elle compte au total 12,5 millions de in the present study for example, reveal si c’est le cas, quelles sont les conditions qui mots (en français) et comporte les cam- their writers’ opposing views about social orientent vers telle possibilité ou telle autre ? pagnes présidentielles de 2007 et 2012. security and government policies. Nous utilisons aussi quelques données This study shows that language use in crisis discours journalistique nous permet-il d’éta- issues de la politique anglaise. situations is highly ideological and exhib- blir un lien entre cet emploi et les préférences Le cadre formel et les règles de cette its features of affect, involving the use of des publics visés ? - Quant à notre corpus, nous puisons nos il est possible de comparer ces six débats exemples dans les titres d’articles de presse pour faire apparaître les singularités de perceived social enemies. The use of rheto- parus surtout dans le Monde Diplomatique chaque locuteur et de chaque confrontation. et leur traduction attestée en grec. Le cadre Notre communication présente des indices those that posted comments on the news of théorique que nous adoptons est celui de statistiques issus des théories standards the attacks. According to Ochs (1990), af- l’analyse du discours et celui de la Théorie concernant la présentation des actants du fective stance is a socially recognized feel- des Opérations Enonciatives. discours, l’énonciation de la subjectivité ing, attitude, mood or degree of emotional du locuteur et de la modalisation du dis- intensity. They are also generally referred cours. L’application de ces indices permet to as ‘attitude markers’ (Hyland, 2005). d’apporter un éclairage neuf sur ces débats Negative representations of the ‘other’ are - Ludmilla Antypenko-A’Beckett indices, sa portée, ses limites et les amélio- tional conditions of people who are directly (Monash University, Australia) rations possibles. or indirectly affected by the attacks. Since Dans la première partie, on analysera la ten- - This paper focuses on the humorous framing of al reactions such as anger, fear, shock and foreign affairs in the Russian press. Humour is dance à la personnalisation (ou à l’imperson- nalité) propre à chaque candidat puis l’impor- frustrations become inevitable. Rhetorical strategies like exageration, (1991) as an opposition of scripts or schemes tance relative donnée à l’orateur, à l’autre et aux véritables destinataires du message (les metaphor and irony are noticeable in the of knowledge. Several humorous genres have on-line comments and function as evalua- been attended to in this investigation: puns auditeurs, les électeurs à conquérir). Dans la seconde partie, on mesurera tive strategies to maximize the criminal ac- (Leech 1967), jokes, and wisecracks (Raskin tivities of the mass shooter and the Somali 1985) as well as irony (Giora, 2003). The sam- l’orientation du discours vers l’accompli (densité des verbes, de être et avoir), ou radical group. However, some forms of ples have been collected from the most popu- labelling and negative constructions of Al lar Russian newspapers “Argumety i fakty” l’inaccompli : l’action (faire) ou la tension (possible, souhaitable, volonté, obligation, Shabaab, are actually misleading and tend (Arguments and Facts) and “Komsomol’skaia to divert attention to some serious nature of pravda” (Comsomol Truth) between 2007 and moins importante de la négation donne un the social crisis in question. This study also 2010. The humorous themes address relations shows that people’s responses to danger between Russia and post-Soviet countries indice de la portée polémique du discours. Cela permettra de présenter quelques and social crises are the same irrespective (A’Beckett, 2013). The countries and their of colour, race or geographical locations. leaders have acquired a dubious reputation in Russian jokes as their political activities have électoraux et l’évolution du discours poli- often been portrayed as ungrateful and treach- tique français depuis 40 ans. On évoquera erous toward Russia (A’Beckett, 2012). Dis- de la lexicométrie pour l’étude de la langue cussion of the selected fragments focuses on Aroldo de Andrade et son enseignement. the semantic triggers of humorous effect. The (University of Campinas, UNICAMP) paper surveys the continuation of oral tradi- tions of Russian humour (e.g. ethnic humour) Although theoretical works on non-canoni- and speculates about prospective impacts of cal constructions went through a relevant de- jokes on the newspapers’ readers. The latter velopment since the 1970s, they have been includes but is not limited to 1) the building of frequently developed either from a syntactic solidarity between readers and writers sharing or from a discursive view, thus dismissing Innocent Chiluwa (Covenant University, political views, 2) the reversing of the roles of Ota, Nigeria) & Esther Ajiboye (Covenant a necessary interface analysis in the realm victim and perpetrator in jocular statements, University, Ota, Nigeria) of Information Structure. Among the recent 3) the strengthening negative perceptions and contributions aiming at bridging this gap, This study applies (critical) discourse anal- López (2009) proposes that ‘preposing’ con- events for an audience lacking familiarity with ysis to examine rhetorical strategies in on- structions (Clitic Left Dislocations – CLLD analytical and investigative genres. line reactions to news reports of the mass – in Catalan and Spanish) involve a ‘strong 12 The Linguistics of Rhetoric and Debate, with a special section on Forensic Linguistics anaphor’ that must be licensed by a local an- while, They were provided implicit feed- tecedent in a structural asymmetry relation. back for the implicit feedback group and This asymmetric relation is understood in explicit feedback for the explicit feedback Edwin D. Floyd (University of Pittsburgh) terms of ‘subordinating discourse relations’, group. The data, collected from pre-, post-, An important aspect of rhetoric / persua- understood according to the framework and delayed-post tests, were recorded and sion is the establishment of identity: “I am of Segmented Discourse Representation analysed through paired sample t-test in who I say I am.” In an electronic age, one Theory (SDRT) (Asher & Lascarides 2003). order to see whether there was a statisti- may think of PIN numbers, but there is However, up to our knowledge, no corpus- also a linguistic dimension (e.g., “mother’s based research has been conducted to em- maiden ”). pirically verify this prediction. Therefore, results were of great importance for those There is also an ancient, Homeric dimen- the goal of the present paper is to verify this who wanted to employ recast for learners. sion. In Odyssey, Book 17, for instance, correlation for Spanish and compare these Odysseus’ interaction with the dog Argos results to those of European Portuguese, Language Contact and the Use of - where Topicalization is available besides ken (“favorite pet”); at 19.183 the pseud- CLLD. The methodology consisted in the onym “Aithon” calls to mind one of Od- selection of corresponding examples from Josef Fioretta (Hofstra University) ysseus’ maternal great-grandfathers, just novels in the two languages, later analyzed one generation further back than “mother’s Lithuanian and Latvian possess a twofold with the help of the Glozz annotation tool maiden name”; and 24.336-344 includes an (www.glozz.org). The results show that Por- array of numbers (13, 10, 40, 50) to go with declension. This parallels the strong and tuguese CLLD marks a shifting topic inside the of trees (i.e., there is a kind of weak declension respectively in Germanic. a coordinating discourse relation, such as ‘contrast’ in (1a-1b). As a consequence, we In this section, I will explain the differ- There is also another, broader question discuss the relevance of Rhetoric Structure that is associated with the foregoing, viz., for the study of noncanonical syntactic con- declensions in the two modern Baltic lan- whether the Iliad and Odyssey are by the structions and discuss in which way Birner guages, namely, Lithuanian and Latvian. same author. (For general discussion of & Ward’s (1998) generalization on crosslin- It is true that most any grammar on one this, cf. West, The Making of the Iliad, guistic mappings between form and function of the two languages could do just that. If 2011:7-8.) Scattered through the Odyssey, one were merely to descriptively explain various recognition tokens pretty obviously the differences, then there would be need suggest an overall “Iliad + Odyssey” unity. for further discussion. What I have noted is At Od. 19.247, for example, “Eurybates” that these two languages differ considerably picks up an Iliadic name that is not other- wise found in the Odyssey, and at 23.200- Cuneyt Demir (University of Siirt, Turkey) used. In spite of the fact that Lithuanian and 201, Odysseus’ reference to crimson deco- Latvian are two distinct languages, they are It is claimed by many interactionists that ration on ivory recalls Iliad 4.141-14 (cf. both closely related; therefore, one would Corrective Feedback (CF) has an important Floyd 2011 in College Literature, 38.2, expect certain morpho-syntactic environ- role in steering learners’ attention in L2. pp. 142-146). Arguably, though, these and ments to be either the same or very similar. - Accordingly, attracted considerable atten- Minor differences would be understand- cance in the Odyssey, might be the result of tion in SLA, CF was divided into two as ex- able; however, when differences are quite the author’s “hacking” into another poet’s plicit and implicit, which embodied ‘recast’ big, then the logical question would be formulaic patterns. in implicit feedback type. But, of all im- ‘why?’. Up to now, Baltologists have been Possibly, some such explanation best ex- plicit feedback types, recasts have emerged plains a point that is suggested by Katz to be the issue of intensive theoretical and 2013:19-21, in Garcia and Ruiz, Poetic empirical studies, and possibly seem to be in Lithuanian and Latvian differs consider- Language in Greece and Rome, viz., that continuing as one of the widespread ones. ably. It is quite possible that, through time, Mentori ... audên “to Mentor ... voice” at Although it seems there is a pile of stud- both languages developed independently Od. 24.548 includes a kind of “bardic sig- ies in the literature conducted over recast nature”, complementing the well-known as CF, they are all the same on the basis producing this great divergence. Although words mênin “wrath” and aeide “sing” at that regarding recast as only implicit but this is a plausible reason, it still does not the beginning of the Iliad. not explicit. However, Sheen (2006) deter- convincingly answer why each language mined that recasts were not only implicit, would diverge so greatly in this morpho- and the explicitness of recasts could also syntactic environment. For that reason, be processed by stressing or by using in- the question as to why this is so has never adequately been treated. I argue and then tonations to the treatment point, which was David Gaatone (University of Tel-Aviv) cared by the present study. So far, the great demonstrate that this is the case because of majority of the studies have been carried language contact. It is because of Latvia’s L’existence de la paire peu/un peu, deux out over ‘recast’ in contexts where the point contact with two Germanic languages, Ger- mots presque identiques par leur forme, was the treatment of grammatical errors of - tous deux marqueurs du degré faible, et learners. In this respect, the present study nite adjectives is markedly different from donc synonymes dans une certaine mesure, is of major importance in determining the that of Lithuanian’s. I will explain using mais néanmoins très différents par leur history and that a syntaxe, et, de plus, non commutables l’un focus is ‘reading errors’ rather than gram- morph-syntactic calque is taking place. In avec l’autre sans changement de sens, n’a matical errors. The present study aimed to addition, I will show that Lithuanian actu- pas manqué d’intriguer les linguistes et, investigate whether it was implicit or ex- plus encore, les enseignants du français, plicit recast which showed more promise in adjectives, which correspond to the weak langue étrangère. Une telle opposition, en reducing the number of reading errors. The adjectives in Germanic. This sheds light on effet, n’est pas nécessairement représentée participants --from pre-class of a univer- Germanic for it helps scholars to understand dans d’autres langues. Les dictionnaires, sity-- were divided into two random groups tant bilingues qu’unilingues, ne sont pas and required to read different texts. Mean- the weak declension in Germanic. toujours très loquaces à cet égard. On ai- 13 The Linguistics of Rhetoric and Debate, with a special section on Forensic Linguistics merait comprendre pourquoi, comme l’a questions were intended to imply (e.g., that claim that the “double peaked” structure noté Ducrot (1972: 199-200), la phrase the witness lied). The results of this study, (formally, set intersection in Bare Phrase Ce livre est peu intéressant peut servir de which demonstrate the need for further Structure) is a necessary consequence of litote pour Ce livre n’est pas intéressant, et, close of such socially- Feature Inheritance from C to T given only vice-versa, la phrase Ce livre est un peu en- traumatic cases, will be discussed in light the operation Merge. They assume, fol- nuyeuxCe livre est ennuyeux. of existing literature surrounding the re- lowing Chomsky 2005 that T must inherit Au cours de la décennie 1969-1979, cette victimization of rape victims. phi-features from C prior to attracting a paire a fait l’objet d’au moins trois études, dans lesquelles l’argumentation est émail- lée de termes tels que « différence quan- merge to T. The preference for Merge over titative, mouvement régressif/progressif, Move (Chomsky 2000) reinforces this re- visée précoce/tardive, orientation argu- Hermann Haller (Queens College / quirement. This forces the raised DP/ NP mentative, posé/présupposé », etc. Il paraît Graduate Center, CUNY) to merge counter-cyclically with T. Epstein utile d’introduire dans ce débat la notion de et al. claim that this merge is licit if and Known as the Questione della lingua, the « rhématicité », au sens de visée même de only if it preserves all previously created search for a unitary Italian language has l’énonciation, et de montrer que certains structural relationships between syntactic been at the center of linguistic debates for objects (SOs). This creates a situation in mots sont voués, de par leur sémantisme, à many centuries in country with a history which both C and DP/NP are sisters to T, jouer dans la phrase un rôle rhématique. On but not to each other–creating the “double essaiera ici d’illustrer cette idée à travers le With its roots in Dante Alighieri’s late 13th peaked” structure. Their analysis allows fonctionnement de certains marqueurs de century treatise De vulgari eloquentia , the them to derive cyclic application of Trans- degré en français. debates culminated during the sixteenth fer and the invisibility of [Spec,TP] to a and early seventeenth centuries, when a lit- minimally searching C. erary model based on the language of the An explanation of complementizer-trace great fourteenth century writers was pro- effects also follows from the structure out- posed by Pietro Bembo and later adopted Tammy Gales (Hofstra University) & lined in Epstein et al. 2012a. That-t viola- Lawrence Solan (Brooklyn Law School) tions are deduced by appealing to the (in- , and particularly the authorita- structions to) the copy deletion algorithm tive monolingual Vocabolario degli Ac- A substantial literature demonstrates how and the multi-sister relationship created cademici della Crusca (1612) sanctioned the legal system re-victimizes women who by set intersection (Epstein et al. 2012b). archaic literary Tuscan , a language acces- have been assaulted (e.g., Matoesian, 1993; Following Chomsky 1995, occurrences sible to few, with the majority of the popu- Conley and O’Barr, 2005), and in accounts lation spoke a myriad of dialects. of such victimization in the courtroom, they were Merged. For the that-t violation With his pioneering large-size Italian- usually, the alleged villains are the defense *“Who do you think that left?”, the occur- English bilingual dictionary, A Worlde lawyers. However, no one has examined rence of who targeted for deletion is de- of Wordes (1598), John Florio exported a the extent to which the actual questioning (sister to) TP1. The embedded CP more eclectic model of Italian to a cultivat- by counsel in these cases differs from the is in (1). This position is also occupied by ed public in his adoptive England almost questioning of other prosecution witnesses the overt complementizer, which is neces- two decades before the publication of the in similar cases. This study seeks to iden- sarily deleted since it also occupies (sister Crusca dictionary. The selections among tify what is different about sexual assault to) TP1. I conclude that the same assump- the more than 46,000 Italian entries in cases, other than the fact that the crime is tions that deduce that-t effects incorrectly his Italian-English dictionary A Worlde of so personal that the situation itself re-vic- bar the stranding of Case-valuing preposi- Wordes (1598), while grounded in Tuscan, timizes those who come forward. tions. I propose a possible solution to the For this case study, we obtained the tran- problem, though maintain that Epstein et al and stylistic varieties, and his effort to pro- scripts of two trials, one of which involved mote a more practical, socially more inclu- a non-stranger sexual assault crime and the My analysis is based on a few fundamen- sive language. A Worlde of Wordes features second of which involved a non-stranger tal assumptions. First, for Epstein et al, idiomatic expressions and proverbs, dialect assault crime having nothing to do with anywhere and only where Case is valued, words, High and Low registers, spoken sexual assault. We coded the questions double peaks will occur and a phase will language, together with sophisticated tech- and answers of the complaining witness be found; I will also adopt this diagnostic nical terminologies. In its celebration of in the sexual assault case and of the prin- for phase-status and I therefore assume that Italy’s Renaissance civilization, A Worlde cipal prosecution witness in the non-sexual prepositional phrases in which Case is val- of Wordes thus offers a different model assault case using a variety of linguistic ued are phases (analogous to the CP phase) from the Crusca dictionary, owing much to - with the phase head p*. The existence of p* Florio’s didactic endeavors as a passionate ysis (e.g., Pomerantz and Fehr, 1997), Ap- is motivated by the observation that there lexicographer and accomplished transla- praisal Analysis (e.g., Martin, 1997), and exist at least three types of prepositions: tor, and to his early childhood exposure to Critical Discourse Analysis (e.g., Van Dijk, those that value Case, those that value In- regional varieties of Italian and other lan- 2001)—in order to determine the discourse herent Case, and those that serve both func- guages in the Swiss Italian Val Bregaglia. structures, patterns of expressed stances, tions. Precisely such a phase head was pro- and underlying demonstrations of power posed by Matsubara 2000. Second, parallel within attorney questioning. For example, to the CP phase, I assume that P inherits we coded linguistic elements such as the phi-features from p*, giving P an edge/EPP types of questions (e.g., tag, wh-, yes/no, feature and allowing P to value Case, and statements with question intonation), the Alix Handshuh (University of Michigan) creating a double peaked structure. Third, I number of questions, the felicitousness of assume (following by Bhatt & Keine 2013, question and answer sequences, the lin- This paper examines the consequences Roberts 2010) that head movement occurs guistically expressed feelings about or of the Epstein et al. 2012a “double peak” in the Narrow and that analogous to judgments against the witness of each at- (multi-dominance) analysis when extend- V to v head movement, P undergoes head torney, and the underlying narrative that the ed to prepositional phrases. Epstein et al. movement to p*. 14 The Linguistics of Rhetoric and Debate, with a special section on Forensic Linguistics

In cases where the NP complement of a tion. In Goto, N.; Otaki, K.; Sato, A.; and from close-by. In this sense, the construal preposition is raised out of the PP, strand- Takita, K. (Eds.), Proceedings of GLOW of the event coded by eki pu is a subjec- ing the preposition, the same violation de- in Asia IX 2012: The main session (pp. 77- tive construal in Langacker’s sense. At the rived by Epstein et al. for that-t violations 92). Tsu, Mie, Japan: Mie University. same time, the speaker herself is construed will occur. The p*P for “What did you eat Lahne, A. (2009). more objectively by being close to the nar- a bowl of?” is in (2.) Extending Epstein et is smoke: Local modelling of successive- rated event(s) and hence going ‘onstage’. al. to p*P phases will incorrectly predict cyclic movement. Doctoral dissertation, The proposed analysis of the construction that preposition stranding is illicit. A pos- Universität Leipzig. at hand aims to highlight the relevance of sible solution may be found by appealing to Matsubara, F. (2000). p*P Phases. Linguis- Langacker’s analysis of the subjective-ob- Copy Theory and the pronunciation of low- tic Analysis, 30(1-2), 127-161. jective construal to Modern Greek adver- er copies (after the highest copy is obliter- Roberts, I. (2010). Agreement and head bial constructions and hence the theory’s ated), though this may result in undesirable movement: Clitics, incorporation, and defec- potentially wide application. theoretical consequences that I will dis- tive goals. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. cuss. I also discuss a second solution to this issue that would follow Boskovic 2007 (SOs are greedy and move to survive Spell Larisa Iljinska (Riga Technical University), Out) and Chomsky 2013 (E-Merge is no Katerina Haralambopoulou Marina Platonova (Riga Technical longer preferred over I-Merge) and elimi- (independent researcher) University), Tatjana Smirnova nate the necessary creation of the double (Riga Technical University) peaked structure. This paper thus provides According to Langacker, one of the most an argument against the Epstein et al. 2012 subtle notions of , and The main function of translation as a spe- analysis by showing that the analysis is not cial genre is mediation between languages, viable outside the CP domain. and apply is that of subjectivity. It is, how- societies, and cultures, that is why it is References ever, essential to the proper characterization essential to preserve in the target text the Baker, M. (1988). Theta theory and the of semantic and grammatical structure and communicative function of rhetorical de- syntax of applicatives in chichewa. Natu- its importance is more and more recognized vices used in the source text. There are ral Language & Linguistic Theory, 6(3), among the linguistic community. So far, it many modes to communicate information, 353-389. has been applied to verbs (Langacker 1990, and to ensure that it is perceived in the Bhatt, R, and S Keine. (2013). Two Roots in 1997, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2006; Traugott way indented by the sender, the rhetorical One Phase: An Environment for Semanti- 1989, 1995; Sanders and Spooren 1996, devices employed in the target text should cally Contentful Head Movement. Syntax- 1997; Cornillie 2006), to prepositions, con- transfer this information in such a way that Semantics Research Group. McGill Uni- junctions and discourse markers (Langacker it would coincide or at least partially co- versity. Montreal. 01 Nov 2013. Speech. 1990, 1998, 1999, 2006; Traugott 1995, incide with the conceptual inventory and Boskovic, Z. (2002). On multiple wh-front- - world knowledge of the recipients. ing. Linguistic Inquiry, 33(3), 351-383. ers (Athanasiadou 2006, 2007a,b; Breban The article investigates the rhetorical ele- Boskovic, Z. (2007). On the and 2006; Maat 2006) to conditionals (Akatsuka 1997; Nikiforidou and Katis 2000), to syn- motivation of move and agree: An even technical English as well as the issues as- tax (Company 2006; Verhagen 1995, 2001, more minimal theory. Linguistic Inquiry, sociated with their transfer across the lan- 2006), to name just a few studies. 38(4), 589-644. guages in the process of translation. To The aim of this paper is to explore the ef- Chomsky, N. (1995). The minimalist pro- fects of subjective construal in Modern gram. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. and technical text, it is necessary to use Greek adverbial constructions. In particu- Chomsky, N. (2000). Minimalist inquiries: lar, I look at the eki pu ‘just as/while’ con- The framework. In R. Martin, D. Michaels & J. Uriagereka (Eds.), Step by step: Essays struction arguing that eki pu discipline and even professional commu- in minimalist syntax in honor of Howard - nication at large. However, in translation Lasnik. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. server and of the reported event which can the transfer of these codes may potentially Chomsky, N. (2005). Three factors in lan- be described in terms of Langacker’s no- pose a problem, because these codes are guage design. Linguistic Inquiry, 36(1), 1-22. tions of subjectivity and objectivity (1987, manifested as certain rhetorical devices, Chomsky, N. (2008). On phases. In R. 1990, 1993, 1997, 2002, 2003, 2006). the meaning of which is often lost in trans- Freidin, C. P. Otero & M. L. Zubizarreta Langacker’s interpretation of subjectivity lation. Respectively, such loss may lead to (Eds.), Foundational issues in linguistic pertains to the notion of vantage point and theory: Essays in honor of Jean-Roger the terms subjective and objective allude the production of the target text that does Vergnaud (pp. 133-166). Cambridge, MA: to the subject and of conception; an not perform the same rhetorical function as The MIT Press. entity is “construed objectively to the ex- the source text. Chomsky, N. (2013). Problems of projec- tent that it is distinct from the conceptual- In the article, numerous examples are anal- tion. Lingua, 130, 33-49. izer and is put onstage as a salient object of ysed to demonstrate how rhetorical devices Epstein, S. D., Groat, E. M., Kitahara, H., conception” (Langacker, 2002: 17), while can be transferred between the working & Kawashima, R. (1998). A derivational an entity construed with maximal subjec- languages (English, Latvian, Russian) with approach to syntactic relations. (pp. xx-yy). tivity remains implicit, “inhering in the the minimal loss of communicative func- New York, NY: Oxford University Press. process of conceptualization without be- tion and stylistic colouring. Epstein, S. D., Kitahara, H., & Seely, T. ing its target” (1998: 71). Following Lan- The issues addressed in the present research D. (2012). Structure building that can. In gacker, I will show that the interpretation are highly topical considering the changing M. Uribe- Extebarria & V. Valmala (Eds.), imposed by eki pu relies on the speaker Ways of structure building. (pp. 253-270). presenting an event or a scene from an in- which become more hybrid with respect New York, NY: Oxford University Press. sider’s perspective. What this does mean to style, genre, and register. They are also Epstein, S. D., Kitahara, H., & Seely, T. D. is that the speaker’s vantage point is con- characterised by the growing complexity (2012). In Seiki Ayano (Chair). Simplest strued as being inside or at least close to of their information structure based on the merge generates set intersection: Implica- the space of the reported/narrated event knowledge of prior texts and thus the in- tions for complementizer ‘trace’ explana- presenting it as experienced or viewed creased degree of intertextuality. 15 The Linguistics of Rhetoric and Debate, with a special section on Forensic Linguistics

ing system during classroom instruction. In this study, students with differing levels The research is informed by scholarship in of English competence put to use their home George Jochnowitz multiliteracies—a term that encompasses language—Spanish—strategically as they (College of Staten Island, CUNY) today’s increased availability of multiple moved through online spaces for discussion, Jews are called the Children of Israel, since modes of communication and linguistic Jacob, the ancestor of the Jews accord- diversity (Cope & Kalantzis, 2000; New that close analysis of emergent bilinguals’ ing to the Book of Genesis, was renamed London Group, 1996) and plurilingual- translanguaging practices can demonstrate Israel. In Genesis 32:24-30, we read of a ism—the use of different languages in the potential of using the home language as a resource while progressing into academic night during which Jacob wrestled with an integrated fashion and with varying spo- competence in written English. unnamed man. At daybreak, Jacob said, “I will not let thee go, except thou bless me.” Along this line, the concept of translan- guaging—making meaning through mul- The unnamed man said, “Thy name shall tiple language practices (García, 2009, be called no more Jacob, but Israel: for as a 2012; Williams, 2002)—illuminates dy- prince hast thou power with God and with namically the communicative behaviors Svitlana Kremzykova men, and hast prevailed.” The name Israel, of students under investigation here. Data (Donetsk National University) of course, means “wrestled God” or “wres- for this report are drawn from a federally tled with God.” Notre communication est consacrée à funded intervention project to improve The legitimacy of wrestling with God is l’analyse des discours de la période de Latina/o adolescents’ academic writing made quite explicit in the Talmud. Is this - by developing and testing a theoretically canismes de leur organisation syntaxique, grounded web-based space called STEPS Wex wrote a book called Born to Kvetch sémantique et pragmatique. Les témoi- to Literacy. in which he characterizes Yiddish as a lan- gnages de la langue médiévale qui nous The following research question was posed: guage of complaining. Wex writes, “From sont parvenus relèvent de la langue écrite, How do students deploy their home lan- a linguistic point of view, the Talmud is littéraire pour la plupart. Il est à noter que guage (Spanish) and developing language nothing less than Yiddish in utero” (p. les textes écrits sont aussi rattachés à une (English) as they work across web-based 15). What Wex says about Yiddish applies certaine oralité: ils étaient récités ou lus spaces to complete research and writ- equally well to all Jewish languages, which à haute voix devant un auditoire. Le dis- cours ne peut pas se limiter à des procédés instructional intervention sessions in an argument. Jews are expected to obey the de la communication oraux ou écrits, aussi eighth-grade public school classroom in- commandments but at the same time to ex- comporte-t'il des processus sémiotiques cluded 7 hours of audio- and video-record- amine their meaning. extra-linguals se rapportant à un institut ings of classroom interaction along with Complaining is less uncomfortable, less social et contenant la caractéristique de individual screen captures of 10 students’ rude, if we use euphemisms. Grief is an un- la société. En admettant cette thèse on actions on the STEPS interface, totaling 66 almone ‘wid- peut traiter le discours comme une unité hours. Fieldnotes were also taken during ow’ and almen ‘widower’ in Yiddish. In structurelle autonome liée étroitement à la each session. All recorded data were tran- almana and almon. Oddly, mentalité et possédant la capacité d’être scribed, coded for language choice (Span- in Voltaire’s short story “Zadig,” a woman transmise de génération en génération. Le ish, English, mixed use) in both spoken and described as a young widow is named Al- discours comme la continuité des actes de written modes, and analyzed using ELAN, mona, suggesting that Voltaire knew the parole qui trouvent leur réalisation dans a professional tool for creating complex word and had heard an Ashkenazic pro- le texte est lié à une situation concrète, annotations of digital-recordings. Students’ nunciation. The title character of the story, caractérisée des indices spatiaux et tem- notes, messages and essay drafts also were Zadig himself, is described as a righteous porels. L’élément essentiel de la verbalisa- examined for patterns of language choice. man, suggesting Hebrew or Yiddish tsadik tion d’une situation de l’action est le verbe Three of the students became the focus of meaning “righteous.” analysis to demonstrate variation in lan- Is ‘thief’ a frightening word? Robbery is général. Les concepts comme le résultat guage choice as paths to writing. certainly a threatening activity and an un- de la généralisation et de la sructuration Coding and analysis of the data showed pleasant side of life. We have Yiddish ga- that all students engaged in Spanish-Eng- nef, Judezmo ganav (Bunis item 894) and clés de la culture de la nation et de la lish translanguaging, yet their language Judeo-Italian ganav or ganavve. As for mentalité des gens. Ainsi la verbalisation choice varied in terms of patterns and strat- the verb to steal, it is formed by adding des concepts tels que « lutter pour le roi, egy. Three students worked predominantly pour la France », « défendre la Patrie », in Spanish, three predominantly in Eng- ganvenen, ganavear, ganavviare. A female lish, and four made substantial use of both thief in Judeo-Italian is una ganavessa. languages. Strategically, all used Spanish If expressing fear is a form of complaining, « adober les jeunes chevaliers », « coro- almost exclusively in assignment-related and if complaining is a way of wrestling ner », « tournoyer », « errer en cherchant speaking among their peers, but most ap- des aventures » représente-t-elle leur in- plied the shared information to take notes ancient tradition. carnation dans les discours de la période and write in English. On-line, some chose ancienne de la langue française. - terface, text documents, and other resourc- es, then wrote notes and the essay draft in English; others began reading and studying Jo Anne Kleifgen materials in English, then took notes and Kateryna Kyrychok (Donetsk National (Teachers College, Columbia University) drafted the essay in Spanish. Nuances of University) three focal students’ sequential translan- guaging strategies with differing patterns Dans cette communication il s’agit de language use and technology and explores of language choice will be presented in a sujet sémantique dans les énoncés avec the translanguaging practices of emergent detailed description of their talk and writ- les verbes causatifs des émotions posi- bilinguals as they navigate an online writ- ing activities. tives (VCEP). Les verbes causatifs émo- 16 The Linguistics of Rhetoric and Debate, with a special section on Forensic Linguistics tifs désignent le changement de l’état munication and the causes of climate change tested, or when individuals feel that they émotionnel d’une personne, par exemple in Cameroon. On the other hand, there is a have been otherwise wronged. amuser ou passionner. On a entrepris une degree of uncertainty on the consequences of Warlpiri people, with whom I lived and tentative de l’étude typologique puisque il climate change hence affecting behavioural worked as a linguist and then school s’agit de cinq langues : le français, l’an- change. However, their perception in dissem- principal for many years, also perform glais, l’allemand, le russe et l’ukrainien. inating adaptation and mitigation measures wirntaru when they return to their natal Les propositions tirées des corpus internet to climate change is very minimal. Hence, ‘country’ (to use the Aboriginal English étaient analysées selon la sémantique des the media sector in Cameroon needs to be term) after a long absence. Equally, when arguments. Le matériel de l’étude présente informed on adaptation and mitigation strate- entering country that belongs to other peo- plus de 2 500 énoncés. gies in Cameroon. ple, Warlpiri people perform wirntaru to On a déterminé les types essentiels des persuade that country, which is regarded constructions avec VCEP qui se diffèrent as animate, living, breathing, of their hon- d’après le caractère des rôles sémantiques ourable intentions. tels que l’Agent (ou Causateur) et l’Expe- Wirntaru is a colourful, vibrant, form of riencer et les relations entre eux. On a Chiara Nasti (Università degli Studi di oral expression used to put one’s case ei- relevé les types sémantiques de causateur Napoli Federico II, Italy) ther to ‘country’ or to castigate and shame et ses sous-types ce qui permet d’établir The present paper is part of a larger project others who have committed non-capital les particularités de chaque situation cau- - offences. More serious social transgres- sative concrète. Les deux types essentiels ures politicians tend to use when discussing sions are punished more severely. The so- sont : 1) le causateur-personne ; 2) le cau- about the climate change issue and explor- cial ordering practice of wirntaru contin- ing the way newspapers usually report on ues into the present day, albeit in adapted des causateurs on distingue un événement climate change and global warming. form. On one occasion, whilst living at intérieur (les pensées, les sentiments etc.) Climate change and global warming have Lajamanu with the Warlpiri, I was placed et extérieur (social, historique, politique). been a long debated issue both in political in a position where I had no choice but to En conclusion on peut manifester qu’on arenas and in the media. Media have report- perform a wirntaru. In this presentation I a créé une hierarchie des sujets séman- ed different positions of politicians towards will re-enact that speech event. tiques qui s’emploient dans des énoncés the topic and scientists have often criticized avec VCEP. L’analyse quantitative et political views on the issue saying that it is l’étude comparative ont permis de trouver not as alarming as it was in the past and that les traits communs comme différents dans recently global temperatures have shrunk. Hephzber Obiorah, Danjuma Galadima, l’expression de sujet sémantique dans les Politicians and other public people use Blessing Douglas, Johnpaul Offor & Jane Okoli (American University of Nigeria) langues analysees. rhetorical devices to persuade, convince or manipulate their listeners and in doing Persuasive writing and speech making are so they can turn the opinion to his/her own strong tools with which societal evils can advantage. Scholars (Partington and Taylor be fought and overcome. According to Roy 2010; Beard 2000) have shown how politi- Adeline Munoh Harris, an Emeritus Professor of General cians subtly use several rhetorical devices Linguistics who summarized Ferdinand de in order to support and disseminate their Saussure’s contribution to the study of lan- greatest environmental risk of our time, no own policies. In supporting their argument, guage, “Words are not mere vocal labels or politicians tend to persuade their audience wonder communication has been increas- communicational adjuncts superimposed in order to reach greater consensus and im- ingly topical in all media organs. The media upon an already given order of things,” pose their ideologies and attitudes towards have been demonstrated to play a key role in (Harris, 1998) they are weapons of change. shaping public perception. Focusing on me- Hence, this paper focuses on how to effec- Against this framework, the present paper dia discourse, this paper investigates how lan- tively use persuasive writing and speech only investigates the linguistic traits of po- guage use in the media in disseminating ad- making to criticize verbal abuse especially litical rhetoric, metaphors and evaluative aptation and mitigation strategies to climate in Ribadu Community of Adamawa State, language used by Obama and Brown at the change unveils the perception of media prac- Northern Nigeria, where it is a norm. Copenhagen Summit. It aims to show how titioners in Cameroon. It also discusses the Verbal abuse can take the form of name- these linguistic features construe the dis- calling, withholding, judging and under- course on climate change and how they are change. This paper draws its data from exist- mining. Verbal abuse has been discovered used to create consensus and raise aware- ing websites and media outlets of Cameroon to be the most common form of abuse and ness among the listeners. Tribune and The Post Newspapers from the indeed, the most dangerous. Yet it is usual- year 2005 to 2009. Theoretically, we used ly treated as trivial because there is usually Discourse analysis focusing on Halliday’s no physical evidence as to its occurrence. register theory. Modality being one of aspects However, the question is this: “What tech- Christine Nicholls (Flinders University, of register theory refers to a speaker’s assess- Australia) niques of persuasive writing and speech ment of probability and predictability in the making can be used to criticize verbal propositional content of a given utterance. The subject of this presentation is the abuse effectively in Ribadu Community?” The domain of modality consist of semantic ritual, rule-governed pre-contact Warlpiri Distributing persuasive write-ups and areas such as possibility, necessity and pre- (Australian Aboriginal) classical rhetori- conducting speech seminars in Hausa lan- diction (knowledge or ‘epistemic modality’), cal practice, wirntaru. Invariably wirnta- guage is but one of them. It would make on the one hand, and ‘permission’, ‘obliga- ru take the form of individual oral mono- the people more receptive of this criticism. tion’ and ‘volition’ (‘deontic’ or ‘root’ modal- logues delivered in a loud ‘broadcasting’ Other techniques are discussed within the ity) on the other. From the data, two patterns voice. Onlookers are expected to listen, body of the paper itself. emerged. Media practitioners perceived that and not interrupt. A wirntaru is typically Challenges that may be encountered in the adaptation and mitigation strategies are inter- performed when a person’s ownership or process of implementing these techniques woven with other issues of interest while fo- custodianship of material or non-material include: inaccessibility to thick suburbs, cusing their perceptions on the need for com- goods is at issue, or has been actively con- unwillingness to view certain language 17 The Linguistics of Rhetoric and Debate, with a special section on Forensic Linguistics use as verbal abuse and adamancy. Strate- 99,6% des consommateurs sont contents group) and which features are shared with gies to overcome these challenges are dis- de notre produit : ce n’est pas un mauvais one of the other languages. Areas that over- cussed in the main body of the paper too. chiffre. lap between all three would suggest rhetor- Avec tous ces défauts, nous trouvons que ical devices that would be effective across votre proposition n’est pas extrêmement all three languages. Findings on shared intelligente. devices could be relevant in improving the Colleen O’Brien Le second segment de l’exemple (1) est li- totique car on voit clairement que c’est ab- In this study, diplomatic and political texts solument un bon chiffre, alors que la partie written originally in English, Spanish, and soulignée de l’exemple (2) est euphémique Japanese are compared to each other. One meaning “I speak”, and in Ancient Greece dans la mesure où cette expression cache text from each of the languages is com- it was considered a form of art. The word un jugement plus sévère. pared with its translation into the other two rhetoric pertains to a speech whose purpose Nous envisageons d’examiner ces deux (totaling nine texts). The analysis focuses is to persuade and skillfully create emo- on each language’s grammatical constraints tions in the listener (and, later on, in the argumentative de la polyphonie par Ca- in diplomatic rhetoric. reader) rather than using a reason-based ap- rel (2011), inspirée par la Théorie de la proach. Aristotle wrote about the key ele- polyphonie de Ducrot (1984), en nous ments of rhetoric and juxtaposed these with proposant d’introduire la gradualité de la Lorena Pérez Hernández Logic. Certain men in ancient Greece were prise en charge du contenu sémantique (University of La Rioja) trained to be rhetoricians and practiced this de l’énoncé. Dans la litote, qui est tou- art much like the exercises for other sub- jours plus ou moins ironique, le locuteur The hybrid nature of some speech acts, jects like mathematics. One such exercise ne prend pas en charge de ce qui est dit, such as that of threats, invitations, and was writing a speech praising a notorious offerings, has traditionally hindered their alors que dans l’euphémisme formulé par politesse, le locuteur prend en charge en of the most famous of these was “An En- theory, their mixed features were largely comium to Helen” by Gorgias. Helen was principe de ce qui est dit, mais cette prise en charge n’est pas complète par rapport à ignored, which led to the inclusion of threats and invitations within the cat- that they believed no one could write an l’énoncé ordinaire. Avec ce constat, nous croyons pouvoir egory of directive illocutions, and the admiring speech about her. addition of offers to the group of com- Using the lens of the Greeks’ concept of pratique rhétorique. missive speech acts (Austin, 1962; Sear- rhetoric, I plan to analyze various works th th from the 19 and 20 centuries and the authors’ ways of using rhetoric to cause diverse ways (Leech, 1983; Wierzbicka, the readers to feel empathy for despicable 1987; Tsui, 1994). A more extreme view characters. I will focus on characters that on this issue was held by Bach and Har- have committed crimes, or performed Eve K. Okura nish (1979) and Hancher (1979), who put acts, that are so terrible that a reader forward the existence of a new ad hoc should never be able to accept such a nar- According to both Ortega y Gasset and illocutionary category of commissive- rator from a logical point of view. One Becker, “Each language represents a differ- directives altogether. According to these example is Humbert Humbert, the narra- ent equation between manifestations and authors, threats, invitations and offers tor in Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov. His silences. Each people leaves some things would be equally good members of this sexual exploits with a young girl are hei- unsaid in order to be able to say others” new category since they all display fea- nous yet Nabokov is able to use rhetoric (Becker 1995:6). Since the 1960s, schol- tures of both illocutionary forces. in such a way that the reader feels sym- ars have used a range of methodologies in In this paper, hybrid speech acts are revis- pathy for Humber Humbert at moments contrastive rhetoric studies to analyze the ited under the light of Prototype Theory in the book. Other examples include Voss “equation” of a given language. One such (Rosch, 1978). A corpus of 300 hundred by Patrick White and In Praise of a Step- method has been to compare texts written instances of threats, invitations, and of- mother by Mario Vargas Llosa. Typical in different languages. Most of these stud- fers, extracted from different sources (in- crime novels, such as books about the ies compare texts from two different lan- guages to each other (e.g. English and Ara- scripts, and magazines) has been used to bic). However, adding a third language to carry out an exhaustive description of the the equation could prove fruitful in further semantics of the aforementioned speech highlighting a language’s unique gram- acts in terms of propositional idealized Tomonori Okubo (Kansai University, Japan) matical constraints relative to the two other cognitive models. The systematization of languages, akin to trilateration. the conceptual fabric of the illocutionary - Trilateration is a method in geometry used acts under scrutiny has provided enough gures de style souvent confondues l’une to identify an absolute or relative location evidence to support the claim that this new, avec l’autre. Leur différence essentielle using two other locations (totaling three clearly delimited intermediate category is consiste dans leurs buts énonciatifs : tout locations). These comparative relation- not a homogeneous group of illocutions en se servant d’une expression atténuée, ships can be represented by a three-circle located at equal distance from prototypi- on a recours à la litote pour faire com- Venn diagram with overlapping areas. By cal directives and commissive acts. In prendre plus que ce qui est dit, alors que applying trilateration to translation and fact, directive and commissive illocutions l’euphémisme sert au contraire à dissimu- contrastive rhetoric, one could more nar- gradually fade into one another forming a ler la force énonciative. rowly identify what each language’s rhe- continuum, along which it is possible to torical devices look like relative to the others by comparing texts and translations closer to one or the other end of the gra- à cause de leurs expressions atténuées, mais from three, rather than two, languages; this dation. In this view, threats, invitations, en pratique, on voit qu’elles sont d’une would reveal which components are unique and offers constitute independent cat- grande utilité. to that language (at least from the selected egories which are conceptually located in 18 The Linguistics of Rhetoric and Debate, with a special section on Forensic Linguistics between directive and commissive forces, persuasion technique. Flags, portraits of through diegesis: ‘‘the voice of god’ ‘with resembling both but to different degrees. national heroes, and national hymns are all the insinuations of patriarchy, domi- The relative weight of their meaning com- imbued with an overriding importance for nance, omniscience that term harbours’ ponents results in some of these acts being (Bruzzi 2000: 42). The paper traces how in closer to the directive or commissive end or socio-cultural identity. Yet, the incorpo- the documentaries VO interacts with other of the illocutionary continuum. ration of these symbols into new frames forms of discourse-construal, mainly epis- and schemata may re-channel them into temological positioning (Chafe 1986; Biber an alternative reality, which may be per- et al. 1999 amongst others), interpreted as ceived and interpreted in a very different ways of providing evidence for and source way. The creative repetition and reference of information. The aim of the study is to Paula Perez Sobrino (University of La Rioja) to almost any innocent act may become analyse how the information is presented in a symbol of protest. Thus, even a simple relation to averral and attribution (Hunston Shockvertising (a compound made up of culinary operation, such as frying eggs, 2000, Sinclair 1988) through evidentials “shock” and “advertising”) renders un- and sourcing techniques and how all these usual combinations of elements in odd scenarios in order to draw audience’s at- textual resources co-construct the ideologi- symbol in many cultures, - as it happened cal dimension in documentaries. tention to a brand or to bring awareness in Ukraine. The transformation into signi- to a certain public service issue, health issue, or cause. Yet shockvertising has due to the emergence of e-agora as a new been proven useful to attract consumers’ social phenomenon and the issue has tak- attention (cf. Ting and de Run 2012, Par- Roksolana Povoroznyuk (Kyiv National en on a new global importance in the wake Taras Shevchenko University), Vladyslav ry et al. 2013), the novel juxtaposition of of Pussy Riot trial and subsequent similar- Povoroznyuk (Institute of Gerontology AMS elements casts doubts on the intelligibil- style trials in other countries. Ukraine), Nataliia Dzerovych (Institute of ity of the message: are creative, aggres- I intend to explore transculturality in the Gerontology AMS Ukraine) sive or shocking renderings of persuasive broad sense of the word with regard to the meaning in favor or in detriment of intel- perception of the acts of protest. In what Medical translation is effected through a ligibility of the message? way is a symbol of honour, adulation, ad- series of collaborative efforts from doc- This presentation aims to show that the miration or worship, for example, trans- tors and professional translators. Very array of inferences triggered by uncon- posed as a symbol of protest through con- often the results of their collaboration are ventional multimodal settings can be necting discrete acts? medical questionnaires intended for pa- tients. The IOF’s one-minute osteoporo- of cognitive operations (in this case, met- aphor in combination with metonymy). ten-item questionnaire designed to evalu- Six shockvertising billboards raising Roberta Piazza (University of Sussex, UK) ate patients in terms of osteoporosis de- awareness on environmental preservation velopment, which is a principal problem are analyzed. Yet apparent overlying dif- It is known how documentaries seemingly of health care in the developed countries. ferences, I argue that they are understood offer a guarantee of truthfulness and close- However, as a tool developed in English, on the same cognitive grounds since they ness to truth due to their indexical nature its use as a validated instrument has been all render tailored versions of the Great (Peirce 1991) realised by the close co-op- limited to the English-language popula- Chain of Beings system (Lakoff and eration between words and visual. Nichols tions. Our study involved 353 women and Turner, 1989), a cultural model that de- (2001: 37) observes that ‘[d]ocumentaries 104 men aged 20-79 years who answered occupy a complex zone of representation in questions of the IOF’s one-minute, osteo- which the art of observing, responding and animals, plants and objects. The analysis porosis-risk-test translated into Ukrainian. listening must be combined with the art of shows that advertisers make use of meta- shaping, interpreting or arguing’; similarly phorical and metonymic portrayals of application due to the patients’ inadequate Bruzzi (2000: 3) terms the reality portrayed one element (e.g. people) in terms of an- grasp of medical terminology, cultural and by documentaries the ‘murky’ truth of the other element (e.g. animal/plant) in order pragmatic factors. Analysis of sensitivity to downgrade people through the attribu- text. In other words, in spite of their mi- tion of animal or plant characteristics, metic appearance, documentaries ‘subtly questions of the Test was used to prove while enhancing the positive image of correct interpretation by the patients of the animals and plants through the opposite social roots of ideology’ (Messaris & Abra- translated questions. process. In so doing, advertisers expect ham 2001: 220, echoing Hall 1982). (a) to encourage viewers to empathize The paper traces the presence of ideol- of study, both in its highly-standardized with endangered species by highlighting ogy in a set of documentaries broadcast on and internationally-regulated nature and di- defenselessness as the common attribute BBC1, BBC 4 and Ch5 in 2011 and 2013 rect outreach involving the medical person- between the two entities put in correspon- whose aim is to inform the viewers about nel and patients. It involves a collaboration dence through the metaphorical mapping the reality and life style of nomadic com- of experts (doctors) and professional trans- and then (b) to engage audiences in their munities in the UK, generally stigmatised lators who often have only rudimentary/no protection and preservation. and racialised by the settled society. Al- though based on a non-systematic data col- medical training. On the other hand, medical questionnaires, lection, the discussion shows how instead Irina Perianova (University of National and of simply raising the viewers’ awareness to World Economy, Bulgaria) the issue of such disenfranchised groups, a discriminatory view is encouraged indi- country and require reformulation while The paper targets a combination of lin- rectly by both language and images. bringing them to the target audience. guistic and rhetorical features which char- Ideological stance is often conveyed The aim of this study was to test the ease acterize recent protests in Eastern Europe through the use of voice-over (VO) as the of use, reliability, and validity of a Ukraini- and highlights the importance of perfor- extra-diegetic soundtrack providing infor- an-language, culturally adapted version of mance as re-imagined and re-invented mation and insight that is not accessible the IOF’s one-minute osteoporosis risk test. 19 The Linguistics of Rhetoric and Debate, with a special section on Forensic Linguistics

pour passer à la communication au sens - fort A doit percevoir et retenir les habitudes tematise the diachronic shift from an elabo- langagières de B puis, pour être décodé rate, formal, scripted and “written” mode Susan Price (Borough of Manhattan aisément et donc le toucher avec plus de to a more casual, less scripted mode which Community College, CUNY) facilité, arriver à « parler le même langage » bears a closer ressemblance to “speech”. If the goal of rhetoric is “persuading the que lui. Autrement dit A et B doivent arri- hearer to adopt the speaker’s point of view,” ver à exprimer sentiments, goûts, points and if we can transpose oral language to de vue, etc., de la même façon, donc com- environmental print, can the choice of language(s) used in public signage be ex- En laissant de côté les points qu’il faudrait Rashwan Salih (University of Leicester, amined within a rhetorical framework? University of Salahaddin) Using data from a larger project on the lin- étudier pour découvrir pourquoi ce sont tels guistic landscape of ethnic communities in éléments de A et tels éléments de B qui sont The present research is a comparative US cities, this mixed-methods study charts retenus, j’observerai les processus permet- study that investigates selected English and the use of French inside and outside of tant à A et B de constituer un trésor linguis- Kurdish connectives which signal conjunc- restaurants and grocery stores in New Or- tique commun, en m’attachant à ces faits tive relations in newspaper opinion articles. leans’ French Quarter. Following Leeman sonores qui font sens : les signes vocaux, The study attempts to account for the Hal- and Modan [2009], whose analysis of com- lidayan framework of connectives in light mercial signage in Washington D.C.’s Chi- - of the principles of the Relevance Theory natown highlighted the use of Chinese as dire, détourner, rendre ridicule, manifester established by Sperber and Wilson (1995). a “design feature,” I will attempt to make un agrément ou un retrait, tenter de séduire, That is, connectives are considered for their the case that the use of French on signs in interroger ou exiger, etc.). De même j’exa- procedural meanings; the different inter- a tourist and entertainment area where nei- minerai les similitudes et les différences de pretations they signal in different contexts ther residents nor tourists are French-dom- ces fonctionnements avec ceux de la com- rather than their actual meaning. The cur- inant serves a rhetorical goal of attracting munauté énonciative lexicale. rent study claims that Halliday and Hasan’s customers rather than an instrumental one - of facilitating communication. lations and connectives needs to be modi- In addition, drawing on the work of Hult [2009], in which language use on com- of the English connectives that could ac- mercial signs in two Swedish neighbor- count for the essential characteristics and hoods was contrasted, I use data from food properties of the connectives. The modi- Fiona Rossette (Université Paris 10) venues in two small ethnic communities in New Orleans to differentiate code choice in If the spoken/written dichotomy has re- a tourist area from that in residential neigh- ceived considerable attention by a variety The comparison between connectives from borhoods, showing how language used of authors (e.g. Ong 1982; Halliday 1985; symbolically differs from language used Jahandarie 1999), less analysis has been of translation techniques such as paradigms communicatively. published on the grammar of public speak- of correspondence between the equivalent Results of this study point to distinct differ- ing. Ventola (2002) makes the point that a connectives from both languages (Aijmer ences in the ways language is used on signs linguistic analysis is absent in manuals of et al, 2006). According to the Relevance in tourist and residential communities and public speaking and rhetoric, and her vol- Theoretic framework, any given text con- should broaden our understanding of both ume The Language of Conferencing offers sists of two segments S1 and S2, and that linguistic landscape and rhetoric. a step towards such a description. Indeed, these segments are constrained by different speeches - that is, language spoken in for- elements according to the four sub-catego- mal situations, in monologic contexts as ries of the conjunctive relations. The cur- rent study used different criteria to analyse opposed to conversation - offer an interest- Chantal Rittaud-Hutinet and modify the Hallidayan framework of ing example of a hybrid mode, constituting (Université Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3) the conjunctive relations according to each a middle-ground between traditional “oral” sub-category, as the following: Additive: and “written” modes. Au plan langagier comme à celui des the semantic content of the segments S1 In this paper I will present some of the re- contenus, l’histoire conversationnelle entre and S2; Adversative: the polysemy of the sults of an extensive study into the chang- deux personnes s’enrichit à chaque nouvel connectives; Causal-conditional: ing grammar of public speaking in Eng- échange. Et pour convaincre ou persuader, in the order of the segments and Temporal: lish. The project stemmed from the need chacun retient les goûts, les opinions, mais the time scenes in the segments S1 and S2. to help students in the “scripting” of their aussi les formes préférentielles de l’autre : speeches. Speeches belonging to the Eng- mots, prosodie, structures syntaxiques, lish-speaking “canon” of rhetoric (e.g. the pour établir avec lui une communauté Gettysburg Address; J.F. Kennedy, Martin énonciative. solving translation problems and the organ- Luther King) are compared with both con- Pour saisir quelques-uns des mécanismes isational characteristics of journalistic texts temporary political speeches (e.g. Obama) et stratégies qui amènent chaque émetteur à and the combined methodology of using and forms of public speaking that have cette communauté énonciative pour empor- translation in linguistics studies. ter l’adhésion de son récepteur, j’analyserai come into their own in later years, such as une interlocution entre deux inconnus. En Ted talks and corporate keynote addresses effet, si A s’exprime d’abord (compte tenu (e.g. Steve Jobs). The speeches are mea- des facteurs situationnels) sur la base de sa sured notably through the lenses of Halli- Miranda Shahini (UAMD, Albania) & production la plus courante, de son habitus day’s notions of lexical density, grammati- Klodiana Leka (UAMD, Albania) langagier – qu’on peut appeler son style de cal metaphor and grammatical intricacy, of parole propre, avec les formes et structures Biber et al’s description of oral syntax, as The word-formation theory is often avoided qu’il maîtrise, celles qu’il connaît plus ou well as that of the traditional orator’s ar- in CPE course books and, little research is moins bien, celles qu’il utilise le plus, – conducted on the pedagogical status of word- 20 The Linguistics of Rhetoric and Debate, with a special section on Forensic Linguistics building process. However, many research- 2012), the internet has become the main hub ers and lecturers have realized the effect of for neo-fascist ideology. By exploiting the an area that only now stylisticians have word-formation theory in English-language possibilities of Web 2.0, members of the far started to explore. The narrative compre- courses. English-language teachers have and extreme right can post and discuss their hension analysis conducted in this study is come to the conclusion that vocabulary is ideas in public introducing new and prefer- meant to illustrate how narrative presum- very important in various subjects of educa- ably younger users to their way of thinking ably unfolds in viewer’s mind as a result of tion. For this reason, we must admit that the through the backdoor of social contacts. To the interplay between his/her prior knowl- processes of word-formation, through which this end, far and extreme right activists try to ones vocabulary can be enriched, are very steer the conversation in the right direction Drawing loosely on literature concerning important in English-language teaching. where they can stage-manage themselves as the implication of schema theory in narra- Word formation components such as pre- experts and are able to dominate the debate. tive comprehension (Thorndyke 1977, Em- Sharing the notion of identity as a dynamic - and other required materials in composing construct within social interaction (de Fina, dwell 1985) the paper proposes a cognitive the vocabulary of English were tested in Shiffrin & Bamberg 2006; Kresic 2006; Bu- Aleksandër Moisiu University. The results choltz & Hall 2005; Mead 1968), the paper will trace the strategic manoeuvers by which which refers to the of teaching Word-formation theory, this way far extreme right users try to obtain opinion showing the colossal importance of this im- leadership in online debates. Based on Lave and comprises the genre, narrative, stylistic portant language aspect in every CPE edi- and Wenger’s concept of “community of and procedural (sub)schemas. tion course book. practice” (Lave & Wenger 1991, Wenger Kiarostami’s Ten 1998), the qualitative as well as quantitative cognitive process of narrative construal. types of English word-formation and, sec- analysis of 1047 user comments combines Following the tradition of art cinema, ond, to discuss the absence and the need for conversation analytic approaches to identity word-formation theory in CPE. construction (de Fina/Schiffrin/Bamberg disrupted through generic, narrative and 2006; Hausendorf 2000) with typical far and stylistic deviations from the conventional extreme right argumentation schemes speci- - al. 1990; van Dijk 1987; Reisigl & Wodak pensates the schematic clashes by drawing Biljana Stikic (Université de Novi Sad) 2001). The results show that within far and on his/her procedural schemas; the opera- extreme right communities of practice, dif- tional protocols which help the viewer A l’heure actuelle, lorsque l’analyse du dis- fering comments are no longer seen as le- cours s’appuie sur plusieurs théories des gitimate contribution to the debate, but are knowledge is not adequate. connecteurs (Ducrot, Anscombre, Roulet, considered as personal lack of understand- In Ten, Kiarostami adopts a serial-spiral Berrendonner) et de celles nées dans le cadre ing and, ultimately, as proof of the oppo- narrative structure; a narrative composed de la théorie de la pertinence (Sperber, Wil- nent’s intellectual inadequacy: of ten micro narratives of ten car trips, son, Luscher, Moeschler), les travaux du Die Ablehnung von Asylanten und anderen which are counted backwards in intertitles domaine se multiplient de manière que le - fonctionnement de phénomènes linguis- genheiten des Biotops Österreich anpassen The narrative establishes a very different tiques/langagiers devient plus clair. Quant à wollen oder können, beruht aber auf Hei- dynamic, a spiral structure different from notre contribution, elle se base sur l’examen matliebe und nicht auf Rassismus. Aber so the linear (conventional) narrative which du fonctionnement du connecteur de contre- etwas verstehen sie nicht, sie können aber offers a single movement towards resolu- orientation mais apparaîssant à l’intérieur de nichts dafür. Linke wie sie sind eben dumm. tion. This mode of narration demands the tours de parole créés par les interviewés dans Wären sie klug, wären sie ja keine Linken. viewer to assume a more interactive role, les émissions télédiffusées Bonjour Mon- (“The refusal of asylum seekers and other mainly because he/she needs to backtrack, sieur le Maire !. Le corpus de notre recherche immigrants that do not want to or cannot to revisit material and to identify repetition. embrasse quelques enregistrements de ces adapt to the habits of the Austrian biotope interviews qui ont été réalisées au cours de is, however, based on patriotism and not on 2010 et 2011, avec les maires de communes racism. You don‘t understand it, but you franciliennes. Bien qu’il ne s’agisse pas de can‘t help it. Left-wing people like you are débats, mais d'interviews, ce genre discursif stupid. If they were bright, they wouldn‘t Po-Ya Angela Wang le devient sporadiquement si bien qu’il peut be left-wing.” presse.at, 26.08.2009, 18:39) (National Taiwan University) être considéré parfois comme un genre de dé- Interestingly enough, this strategy was also bat « implicite ». L’examen se focalise sur les adopted by the Austrian Freedom Party, as One crucial issue in debate is to clarify and énoncés entourant le connecteur mais, à la fa- its youth organisation (“Ring Freiheitli- çon Ducrotienne, c’est-à-dire « cette conjonc- cher Jugend”) started a campaign entitled negotiation can be achieved not only via tion » n’introduit pas d’opposition entre deux “Links ist dumm” (“Left is stupid” RFJ linguistic channels, but also via non-verbal segments, mais des énoncés indiquant que le 2012). However, denying the political op- channels. This multi-modal semiotic angle locuteur voit une opposition entre des entités ponent the intellectual ability for rational has been widely discussed in studies con- sémantiques liées à ce qui précède et à ce qui argumentation undermines a basic demo- cerned with pauses, frequent used discourse suit mais. Vu ces faits, nous interprétons les cratic pillar: the free and open debate of sequences, or gestures used in discourse. cas de cette opposition. opposing ideas (cf. Sarcinelli 1990, 35). However, in Computer Mediated Commu- nication (CMC), where visual modal rather than aural modal takes the lead, the multi- modal aspects in clarifying or negotiating Maria Stopfner (Universität Innsbruck) Saeedeh Taheri (Sussex University, UK) information have less discussed in depth. Emoticon is one type of non-verbal cues used According to the latest reports of the Fed- This paper investigates the process of nar- in CMC. Though studies have probed issues - related to the lexicalization of emoticons, the stitution (Verfassungsschutzbericht 2011, Kiarostami’s Ten (2002) and contributes to discourse functions emoticons have in clari- 21 The Linguistics of Rhetoric and Debate, with a special section on Forensic Linguistics fying information are rarely revealed. Current relever. Cet enthousiasme est sans doute dû seeks to close a research gap by providing study probes this issue from both compre- en partie au monde plurilingue et multicultu- a multifactorial assessment of the use of hension and production angle with adopting rel dans lequel ils évoluent désormais. Nous conjuncts in second language writing. All qualitative and quantitative methods. les avons sentis conquis par ce véritable jeu instances of target items were extracted, For the production part, data retrieved from d’esprit qui consiste à passer d’une langue à yielding a total amount of 2,704 data points Plurk have shown the frequent use of emoti- l’autre sans en privilégier une en particulier. which were then manually annotated in cons in on-line communication. Plurk is a Le Debating a pris tout son essor, non - popular microblog used in Taiwan. It is sim- seulement parce qu’il s’agit d’un exercice ables, such as conjunction lexical choice, ilar to Twitter or Weibo with the limitation passionnant en soi, mais aussi parce qu’il semantic type (e.g. summative, apposition- on length of texts. Plurk provides different a démontré ses qualités enrichissantes sur al, contrastive, etc.), or conjunct position built-in emoticons for users from the very le plan personnel aussi bien que sur le plan (). beginning. The users can enlarge the variety professionnel. Nous sommes convain- of their emoticons when their user statuses cues qu’en mettant deux langues en jeu description of L2 learners’ contextualized are leveled up, which can be achieved by les avantages peuvent être ainsi doublés ! conjunct use, which is then interpreted frequently use the website. The collocated Voire triplés, car le français était notre lin- against the background of usage-based (or verbal contents and discourses are sampled gua franca… experience-driven) approaches to L2 learn- to be qualitatively analyzed. In the compre- Cette expérience a été couronnée par le * La- ing (cf. Ellis 2002, 2008). hension part, the current study designs open- bel européen des langues 2013 pour « inno- ended questionnaire with ambiguous verbal vation – pertinence et transférabilité ». message that can represent either positive or * Les labels européens des langues sont re- negative information. The ambiguous ver- mis lors d’un concours annuel organisé par Jeom Ja Yeo (Seattle University) & bal statement, collocated with an emoticon la Commission européenne et les agences Jian Yang (Seattle University) biased to either emotive valence, is used to nationales dans chacun des 33 pays de retrieve responses from Plurk users. With l’Europe de l’éducation. This study used a 311,000 word-written qualitative discussion, both results show http://www.europe-education-formation.fr/ Chinese EFL learner corpus to examine 15 that differing from previous conclusions, page/label-langues phrasal verbs (PVs) found to be avoided by graphical emoticons have discourse func- such learners in a previous study. For com- tions to actively disambiguate, contradict parison, these items were also checked in responses, enhance understanding, and even a comparable native-speaker section of the compete, or win over verbal cues in mixed Daniel Wiechmann (University of Michigan Corpus of Upper-Level Student messages. Meanwhile, in discourse analy- Amsterdam), Elma Kerz (RWTH Aachen Papers (MICUSP) matched with the learn- sis on retrieved data, emoticons themselves University) & Markus Roth (RWTH Aachen er corpus on writing types, writer age, and University) are enough to communicate without verbal writer educational level. COCA was also statement. One of the steps towards achieving near- consulted in the data analysis. Results from the current study illustrate that native competence in second language As shown in COCA, seven of the PVs have in language comprehension and production, relatively low frequencies each with less a broader domain of cognition has operated, writing concerns the adequate use of co- hesive devices. In particular, overall text than 10 tokens PMWs. Four of the seven which is similar to the function of non-ver- also occur as infrequently in MICUSP. quality has been shown to improve with bal gestures in oral discourse. To speakers Therefore the Chinese learners may not adequate use of conjuncts (‘logical connec- and hearers, visual non-verbal emoticons have noticed some of the PVs in their input. tors’, ‘linking adverbials’, ‘sentence adver- have important discourse functions in facili- Compared with MICUSP, the Chinese bials’) and decrease with their misuse to the tating and conducting communication. learner corpus exhibits an overuse of six of effect that over- or underuse will reduce the the 10 PVs found in both corpora. These in- comprehensibility of otherwise advanced clude the highly colloquial get up, approxi- L2 writers’ texts (cf. Tankó 2004). The Mandy Weyer-Brown (Télécom Paristech) mately 15 times as frequent as in MICUSP, present study sets out to explore the use & Maria Ampuero (Télécom Paristech) along with come in, let down, put out, make of conjuncts in English academic texts by up, and turn down. Additionally, the token German advanced learners by way of com- Ces dernières années nous avons assisté frequency of all PVs totals 398.71 in the paring it to with the productions of expert à l’émergence du « Debating » (joute ora- Chinese learner corpus, almost twice as L1 writers. A considerable number of cor- toire) en langue anglaise, un exercice dont frequent as the 206.16 in MICUSP. le but est de faciliter la prise de parole et pus-based studies have investigated the use Findings are mixed concerning the literal de développer, entre autres, l’éloquence et of conjuncts in L2 writing (cf., for instance, vs. idiomatic PVs distinction. Most literal Granger and Tyson 1996; Altenberg & Tap- PVs are evidently overused in the Chinese avons constaté que d’autres langues s’ou- per 1998; Narita, Sato & Sugiura 2004; learner corpus than in MICUSP. However, vraient au Debating, notamment l’allemand, Tankó 2004; Heino 2010). However, this le français et, plus récemment, l’espagnol. research could so far not provide a clear as make up, let down, turn down, and show Compte tenu des expériences pédago- picture for misuse in either direction: while off, also occur much more frequently than giques bilingues menées à Télécom-Paris- some of these studies have shown a higher in MICUSP. tech depuis quelques années, nous avons density of conjuncts in L2 writing relative There are several implications in light of voulu aller plus loin en intégrant l’anglais to L1 writing, others have indicated un- et l’espagnol dans une même épreuve, deruse of conjuncts by L2 learners with overused rather than avoided by interme- le Debating bilingue. Pour ce faire, nous various L1 backgrounds. Differences in diate ESL learners. Next, PVs should be avions besoin d’inventer un format et des treated differently, with far more attention règles qui tenaient compte des contraintes and class time devoted to the most frequent (Bolton et al. 2002). Furthermore, the ma- ones. Finally, teachers should help students l’esprit d’origine. jority of these studies are of a monofacto- mais, vu les réponses enthousiastes de nos of conjuncts by L2 learners in terms of one étudiants, nous nous sentions prêtes à le or several factors in isolation. This paper 22 The Linguistics of Rhetoric and Debate, with a special section on Forensic Linguistics

Attendees

LAST NAME FIRST NAME AFFILIATION Adler Daniel Hofstra University Ajiboye Esther Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria Aleshinskaya Evgeniya Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod Ampuero Maria Télécom Paristech Antoniou Maria National and Capodistrian University of Athens Antypenko-A’Beckett Ludmilla Monash University Arnold Edward Trinity College – Dublin Bertrand Olivier Université de Cergy-Pontoise Cacopardo Janelle Hofstra University Cavana Declan Ecole Polytechnique Chiluwa Innocent Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria Cleland Cheryl Anne Hofstra University Crimmins Melissa Lancaster University de Andrade Aroldo University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Demir Cuneyt University of Siirt Douglas Blessing American University of Nigeria Dzerovych Nataliia Institute of Gerontology AMS English Kathryn Université Panthéon-Assas de Paris II Fioretta Josef Hofstra University Floyd Edwin D. University of Pittsburgh Gaatone David Tel-Aviv University Galadima Danjuma American University of Nigeria Gales Tammy Hofstra University Gnutzman Claus Technische Universität Braunschweig Haller Hermann Queens College-CUNY Handshuh Alix University of Michigan Haralambopoulou Katerina independent researcher Hart Bonny New School Hund Drew Hofstra University Iljinska Larisa Riga Technical University Jakisch Jenny Technische Universität Braunschweig Jochnowitz George College of Staten Island-CUNY Kerz Elma RWTH Aachen University Kleifgen Jo Anne Teachers College, Columbia University Kremzykova Svitlana Donetsk National University Kyrychok Kateryna Donetsk National University Labbe Dominique PACTE – CNRS – Grenoble Leka Klodiana UAMD, Albania Leonard Robert Hofstra University 23 The Linguistics of Rhetoric and Debate, with a special section on Forensic Linguistics

LAST NAME FIRST NAME AFFILIATION Membrez-Weiler Nick Hofstra University Munoh Adeline Nasti Chiara Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Nicholls Christine Flinders University Obiorah Hephzber American University of Nigeria O’Connor-Bater Kathleen SUNY College at Old Westbury Offor Johnpaul American University of Nigeria Okoli Jane American University of Nigeria Okubo Tomonori Kansai University Ondris Christine R. Hofstra University Parry Kate Hunter College Perianova Irina University of National and World Economy, Bulgaria Piazza Roberta University of Sussex Platonova Marina Riga Technical University Povoroznyuk Roksolana Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University Povoroznyuk Vladyslav Institute of Gerontology AMS Price Susan Borough of Manhattan Community College-CUNY Rabe Frank Technische Universität Braunschweig Rittaud-Hutinet Chantal Université Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3 Rogers Lisa Hofstra University Rossette Fiona Université Paris 10 Roth Markus RWTH Aachen University Salih Rashwan University of Leicester / University of Salahaddin Samuilova Oksana Riga Technical University Shahini Miranda UAMD, Albania Smirnova Tatjana Riga Technical University Solan Lawrence Brooklyn Law School Spector Sophie Stikic Biljana Université de Novi Sad Stopfner Maria Universität Innsbruck Taheri Saeedeh Sussex University Wang Po-Ya Angela National Taiwan University Webster Jonathan City University of Hong Kong Weyer-Brown Mandy Télécom Paristech Wiechmann Daniel University of Amsterdam Yang Jian Seattle University Yeo Jeom Ja Seattle University 24 The Linguistics of Rhetoric and Debate, with a special section on Forensic Linguistics

History

In 1943, a group of linguists at colleges and universities in the New York area, including many members of the École Libre des Hautes Études in exile, came together to form the Linguistic Circle of New York. The model for the new organization was the Société de Linguistique de Paris Henri F. Muller, Giuliano Bonfante, Roman Jakobson, Morris Swadesh, Robert Fowkes, Henry Lee Smith, Wolf Leslau, and Louis H. Gray. Nerva - Chiaramonti Museum Linguistic Circle of New York became of the 1960’s and 1970’s, but has Lima: Fondo Editorial del Congreso one of the main sources of new ideas emerged from this period with a solid del Perú, 2009, pp. 1-32. in American linguistics. The fruits of membership of about 1400, divided Since 1955 the Association has its scholarship were disseminated to a almost evenly among the United States, sponsored an Annual Linguistics great extent through its journal WORD, Europe, and various countries in Asia, Conference in order to provide a forum which had been established in 1945. Its Africa, and the Americas. for the exchange of ideas and research For a longer history of the ILA in in progress among members of the In 1969, in recognition of the expanded Spanish, read the thirty-two page- International Linguistic Community. character of its membership, the chapter “La Asociación Internacional During the academic year, the society’s name was changed to de Lingüística” written by our Association arranges meetings at which International Linguistic Association. several times President Eugenio guest speakers present papers on their The new organization was not Chang-Rodríguez, Entre dos fuegos. ongoing research. They are open to the unaffected by the academic restructuring Reminiscencias de Europa y África. public and free of charge.

The conference co-chairs Kathryn English and Kathleen O’Connor-Bater would like to express their sincere appreciation to the following:

Conference Co-ordinator Annika Wendt

Le président de l’université Panthéon-Assas, Le directeur du Centre Assas de l’université Panthéon-Assas, Le service communication de l’université Panthéon-Assas, Le service logistique et le pôle impression de l’université Panthéon-Assas, SUNY College at Old Westbury Academic Affairs, Provost Academic Affairs SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury College Foundation, The Board of directors of the International Linguistic Association, The Treasurer of the International Linguistic Association, The Reviewers for the International Linguistic Association, Dominique Matseraka, Gabrielle Smart-Fourquet, The French Debating Association, Members of Assas Rhétorique.

12 placeduPanthéon 75005Paris Tél. www.u-paris2.fr

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Maquette réalisée par Jean-Baptiste Chaigne - Direction de la communication - Université Panthéon-Assas 2014