Environmental Statement Volume 6 – Onshore

PINS Document Reference: 7.6.6.5 APFP Regulation 5(2)(a)

January 2015

Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm All pre-existing rights reserved. Project Two – Environmental Statement

Volume 6 - Onshore Annex 6.6.5 –Trial Trenching Report Liability

This report has been prepared by RPS Group Plc (RPS), with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of their contracts with SMart Wind Ltd or their subcontractor to RPS placed under RPS’ contract with SMart Wind Ltd as the case may be.

Document release and authorisation record PINS document reference 7.6.6.5 Report number UK06-050700-REP-0053 SMart Wind Limited Date January 2015 11th Floor Company name SMart Wind Limited 140 London Wall London EC2Y 5DN

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Table of Contents Appendix 8 of Annex 6.6.5: Phase II preliminary industrial production report ...... 173 Appendix 9 of Annex 6.6.5: Phase I lithic materials report ...... 174 1 Introduction ...... 2 Appendix 9.1 of Annex 6.6.5: Lithic archive list ...... 176 2 Location and description (figs. 1-12) ...... 3 Appendix 10 of Annex 6.6.5: Phase I lithic materials report ...... 178 3 Geology and topography ...... 4 Appendix 10.1 of Annex 6.6.5: Lithic archive list ...... 179 4 Planning background ...... 5 Appendix 11 of Annex 6.6.5: The Phase I recorded and other small finds ...... 180 5 Archaeological and historical background ...... 6 Appendix 12 of Annex 6.6.5: The Phase II recorded finds ...... 182 6 Methodology ...... 7 Appendix 13 of Annex 6.6.5: The Phase I faunal remains ...... 183 7 Results ...... 8 Appendix 13.1 of Annex 6.6.5: Animal bone archive ...... 192 7.1 Trenches containing datable features ...... 8 Appendix 14 of Annex 6.5.5: The Phase II faunal remains ...... 212 7.2 Trenches containing undated features ...... 27 Appendix 14.1 of Annex 6.6.5: Animal bone archive ...... 215 7.3 Trenches containing natural, insignificant or no features ...... 30 Appendix 15 of Annex 6.6.5: The human remains ...... 220 8 Discussion and conclusion ...... 32 Appendix 15.1 of Annex 6.6.5: Methodology for assessment of human remains ...... 221 8.1 Introduction ...... 32 Appendix 16 of Annex 6.6.5: Marine shell archive ...... 222 8.2 Medieval salt-processing landscape ...... 32 Appendix 17 of Annex 6.6.5: Phase I palaeoenvironmental report...... 224 8.3 Eastern Romano-British settlement ...... 33 Appendix 17.1 of Annex 6.6.5: Data from palaeoenvironmental assessment – trenches 7, 8 and 9 ...... 230 8.4 Western Romano-British settlement ...... 33 Appendix 17.2 of Annex 6.6.5: Data from palaeoenvironmental assessment – trenches 10, 11 8.5 Possible medieval moated site ...... 33 and 16 ...... 232 8.6 Medieval manorial site ...... 34 Appendix 17.3 of Annex 6.6.5: Data from palaeoenvironmental assessment – trench 22 ...... 234 8.7 Iron Age site ...... 35 Appendix 17.4 of Annex 6.6.5: Data from palaeoenvironmental assessment – trenches 36, 37, 8.8 Iron Age enclosure ...... 35 38 and 40 ...... 236 9 Effectiveness of methodology ...... 36 Appendix 17.5 of Annex 6.6.5: Data from palaeoenvironmental assessment – trench 60 ...... 238 10 Project archive ...... 37 Appendix 17.6 of Annex 6.6.5: Data from palaeoenvironmental assessment – trenches 68 and 11 Acknowledgements ...... 38 69 ...... 240 References ...... 39 Appendix 17.7 of Annex 6.6.5: Data from palaeoenvironmental assessment – trenches 95, 96, 97 and 98 ...... 242 Appendix 1 of Annex 6.6.5: Colour plates ...... 40 Appendix 17.8 of Annex 6.6.5: Data from palaeoenvironmental assessment – trench 99 ...... 246 Appendix 2 of Annex 6.6.5: Table of trench locations ...... 44 Appendix 17.9 of Annex 6.6.5: Data from palaeoenvironmental assessment – trench 104 .... 248 Appendix 3 of Annex 6.6.5: Context summary ...... 47 Appendix 18 of Annex 6.6.5: Phase II palaeoenvironmental report ...... 250 Appendix 4 of Annex 6.6.5: Assessment of the Phase I Prehistoric and Roman pottery...... 94 Appendix 18.1 of Annex 6.6.5: Data from palaeoenvironmental assessment ...... 252 Appendix 4.1 of Annex 6.6.5: Prehistoric and Roman fabric descriptions ...... 115 Appendix 4.2 of Annex 6.6.5: Prehistoric and Roman pottery archive ...... 119 Appendix 5 of Annex 6.6.5: Assessment of the Phase II Prehistoric and Roman pottery...... 137 Table of Figures Appendix 6 of Annex 6.6.5: Phases I and II combined Post-Roman pottery, CBM and fired clay Figures 1–12: Trench Locations assessment ...... 144 Figures 13-41: Trench Locations in Relation to Geophysical Survey Appendix 7 of Annex 6.6.5: Phase I preliminary industrial production report ...... 171 Figures 42-83: Detailed Trench Plans and Sections

Glossary Acronyms

Term Definition Acronym Full term C14 dating Radio carbon dating. aOD above Ordnance Datum Term used to describe solid or drift geological deposit at the base of BGS British Geological Society Natural an archaeological trial trench. CBM Ceramic Building Material Oldowan Earliest stone tool industry, c. 2.6 million – 1.7 million years BP CLAU City of Lincoln Archaeological Unit Ordnance Survey Sea Level, measured at Newlyn (Cornwall). DBA Desk-Based Assessment Saltern Low mound – evidence of former salt production activity. EROM Early Roman Small trial pit excavated into the natural or into an archaeological Sondage EVE Estimated Vessel Equivalent feature. HER Historical Environmental Record IA Iron Age LCC Lincolnshire County Council LIA Late Iron Age

MIA Middle Iron Age

NELUA North East Lincolnshire Unitary Authority NGR National Grid Reference

NLUA North Lincolnshire Unitary Authority OASIS Online Access to the Index of Archaeological Investigations

OS Ordnance Survey PCAS Pre-Construct Archaeological Society PCRG Prehistoric Ceramics Research Group

R-B or RB Romano–British RE Rim Equivalents

ROM Roman

iii

SUMMARY

The proposed onshore infrastructure (both the indicative onshore cable route and the HVDC converter/HVAC substation site at North Killingholme) for Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm Project Two is immediately adjacent to that of Project One. The synergies were identified at an early stage and all environmental surveys to inform the baseline were designed to inform the EIA for both Project One and Project Two. Since the completion of the Project One surveys, it has

become apparent that the Project Two cable route will require a short deviation from the Project One onshore cable route at South Killingholme. Further non-intrusive baseline surveys of this new section of route will be published as addenda. The remainder of this trial trenching survey report, from this point onwards, is thus unchanged from the corresponding Project One report.

An archaeological evaluation consisting of 104 trenches was proposed to be undertaken along

the course of the proposed Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm Onshore Cable Route in the counties

of Lincolnshire, North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire to inform the planning process associated with the construction of an overland cable route from an offshore wind farm at Hornsea, East Yorkshire to a new HVDC converter/HVAC substation which will connect to the existing National Grid substation adjoining the existing power station at North Killingholme, North Lincolnshire.

The archaeological evaluation forms the final part in a staged programme of archaeological assessment agreed with Lincolnshire County Council Historic Environment Services and the Unitary Authorities of North and North East Lincolnshire. This report covers the excavation and recording of 82 evaluation trenches: a further 22 trenches (whose excavation was postponed due to bad weather or to allow crops to be harvested) may be opened at a later date if access is possible, and the results would be reported on separately. The significant archaeological remains encountered during the trenching programme appear to fall into seven major categories: . A medieval salt-processing landscape extending across the former coastal areas of North Cotes and Tetney parishes; . A late Romano-British settlement in the parish of Holton le Clay; . A further Romano-British settlement, possibly a minor agricultural community, in Stallingborough parish; . A possible medieval moated site in Habrough parish; . A medieval moated site, possibly a manor with pre-Conquest origins, in South Killingholme parish; and . Two Iron Age sites, one a square enclosure with abundant evidence for occupation, in the parish of North Killingholme.

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 Pre-Construct Archaeological Services Ltd (PCAS) was commissioned by RPS Planning and Development, on behalf of SMart Wind Ltd, to carry out an archaeological evaluation along the course of a proposed cable route from an offshore wind farm at Hornsea, East Yorkshire to a new HVDC converter/HVAC substation adjoining the existing power station at North Killingholme, North Lincolnshire. The overland cable route currently under evaluation runs from the landfall site at Horseshoe Point in North Cotes parish, East Lindsey, to the site of the HVDC converter/HVAC substation at North Killingholme. 1.1.2 The archaeological evaluation forms the final part in a staged programme of archaeological assessment agreed with Lincolnshire County Council Historic Environment Services and the Unitary Authorities of North and North East Lincolnshire.

2 LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION (FIGS. 1-12)

2.1.1 The proposed cable route is up to 40 km long, and commences at the landfall site at Horseshoe Point in North Cotes parish in the district of East Lindsey: the National Grid Reference of its start point is TA 380 021. It runs south-westward past North Cotes Airfield, then turns west, bypassing North Cotes village on the north side, to cross the Louth Canal into Tetney parish. The route then runs generally westwards through the parishes of Tetney and Holton le Clay, taking a sinuous line to pass Tetney village on the north side and Holton le Clay on the south side; directly to the south of Holton le Clay, it crosses the A16 running south out of Grimsby. 2.1.2 At the western edge of Holton le Clay parish, the proposed cable route passes into the county of North East Lincolnshire, taking a wide turn northwards between the villages of Waltham to the north, Brigsley to the south, and Barnoldby-le-Beck to the west, and crossing the Team Gate Drain at the northern boundary of Barnoldby-le-Beck parish into the parish of Bradley. In the vicinity of Netherwood Farm, the proposed route turns sharply west and then sharply north to skirt a plantation belt, then runs northwestwards across the Bradley-Laceby parish boundary, and continues this line past the villages of Laceby, Aylesby and Keelby to the south-west and Healing and Stallingborough to the northeast. To the east of Laceby, it crosses the A46 running south-west out of Grimsby, and Laceby Beck a short distance after; at Grange Farm, it crosses the A1173, running south from Stallingborough, and to the west of Stallingborough, it crosses Stallingborough Beck. This section of the route passes briefly through the district of West Lindsey, at the north-eastern extremity of the parish of Riby, before re-entering North East Lincolnshire. To the south of Immingham, the route crosses the railway line running west-northwest out of Grimsby, and turns to run along its northern side. In the vicinity of Immingham Grange, at the Immingham- Habrough parish boundary, the route turns sharply north to pass mid-way between the village of Habrough and the town of Immingham, crossing the A180 running west- northwest out of Grimsby, and then curves north-westwards to exit the county of North East Lincolnshire at the Habrough-South Killingholme parish boundary. 2.1.3 The proposed cable route enters the county of North Lincolnshire across the South Killingholme Drain at the southern boundary of South Killingholme parish, making a loop around the south, west and north sides of South Killingholme village to pass between the villages of South and North Killingholme. Directly to the west of South Killingholme, it crosses the A160 running west-south-west from Immingham Dock. It then turns sharply to run north-north-west between North Killingholme village and the Killingholme oil refineries, crossing the Humber Commercial Railway from Immingham Dock. At the north-western corner of the Lindsey Oil Refinery, it turns north-eastwards to run along the minor road from East Halton to the proposed new HVDC converter/HVAC substation, adjoining an extant power station. The National Grid Reference of the proposed end point is TA 152 189.

3 GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY

3.1.1 Over the majority of the proposed cable route, the drift geology is principally glacial till, with scattered islands of glacial and fluvioglacial sand and gravel, overlying a solid geology of Upper Cretaceous Burnham Chalk. To the east of Tetney, the surface drift geology consists chiefly of marine and estuarine alluvium deposits laid down above the till, although a large band running parallel to the coast displays an overlying landscape of partially levelled saltern mounds; the solid geology here is also chiefly Burnham Chalk, changing to Flamborough Chalk in the immediate vicinity of the coast (BGS, 1990 and 1991). 3.1.2 The proposed onshore cable route falls entirely within the Lincolnshire Marshes. The majority of it, from Tetney, towards its south-eastern end, to the proposed HVDC converter/HVAC substation sites at North Killingholme, lies within the region known as the Middle Marsh - a gently undulating landscape divided into ditched and hedged fields, lying largely below 25 m and above 10 m above Ordnance Datum (aOD), and sloping gradually eastwards from the Lincolnshire Wolds (RPS, 2011). 3.1.3 The south-eastern portion of the cable route, from the landfall near Horseshoe Point as far as Tetney, runs across the Outmarsh. The landscape here is flat and low-lying, at a typical elevation of 3 m aOD, open, and dissected by numerous drains, some forming substantial landscape features, which lie within the tidal reach (Cater and Johnson, 2012). From North Coates Airfield to the point where it crosses the road leading north from North Cotes village, over 2 km to the west, the cable route passes across a series of large flat-topped mounds: salterns comprising waste material from the flourishing late medieval salt industry in the area. The saltern mounds are particularly dense to the north of Grange Farm (RPS, 2011).

4 PLANNING BACKGROUND

4.1.1 The Overarching National Policy Statement for Energy EN-1 (designated July 2011), which sets out national policy against which proposals for major energy schemes will be assessed and determined, requires applicants to describe the significance of heritage assets affected by a proposed development and the contribution of their setting to that significance (EN-1, 5.8.8). This evaluation forms the final part of a staged programme of archaeological assessment, which will inform an application for consent.

5 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Killingholme: the combined results of both surveys suggested that this may in fact be the site of a deserted medieval village. A probable medieval roadside tenement was 5.1.1 A comprehensive archaeological desk-based assessment (DBA), with accompanying identified in Habrough village, while possible evidence for a late medieval site was aerial photographic assessment (Annex 6.5.2), has been undertaken. The DBA retrieved in Laceby parish. One large and one small concentration of medieval (Annex 6.5.1) was followed by non-intrusive investigation in the form of a geophysical artefacts identified on the western and eastern edges of the medieval Outmarsh, in survey (Annex 6.5.3) and fieldwalking (Annex 6.5.4). With the exception of a small Tetney and North Cotes parishes, suggested that this area had considerable potential number of plots, where dense ground cover or heavily ploughed land limited effective for the presence of medieval saltern sites (Cater and Johnson, 2012). access, the geophysical survey was carried out along a 50 m wide corridor along the

proposed route, including a number of alternative route options (Bunn, 2011). Wider area surveys were undertaken in a number of fields; in plots containing known or suspected remains, or those that may be affected by construction work associated with the HVDC converter/HVAC substation at North Killingholme. 5.1.2 The geophysical survey demonstrated potentially significant archaeological activity within the primary route and substation areas, largely concentrated within specific areas, including: . Potential saltern sites in the medieval intertidal zone at Tetney; . An extensive array of enclosure features, possibly representing late prehistoric/Romano-British settlement remains, to the south of Holton le Clay; . A further complex of ditches and enclosures, suggesting a Roman settlement, in the vicinity of Greenlands Farm to the west of Stallingborough; . Probable ditches and pits corresponding to known cropmarks to the east of Habrough; . A moated medieval site and potential Roman settlement remains in the extended survey area between North and South Killingholme; . A possible enclosure and associated pits directly adjoining the oil refinery complex to the east of North Killingholme; and . A square enclosure with potentially associated ditches and pits, possibly containing a ring-ditch, at the north-western corner of the refinery complex (ibid). 5.1.3 The fieldwalking survey encompassed some 71% of the proposed cable route, the remainder of the land being unsuitable for fieldwalking due to heavy ground cover (turf, well-grown crops or development). A total of 694 artefacts were recovered, ranging in date from the prehistoric to early modern periods. Large concentrations of Roman artefacts were identified at Holton le Clay and Stallingborough: both sites appeared to be of village size, with possible origins in the late Iron Age, while the latter site may have continued into the early medieval period. Smaller concentrations of Roman material suggested smaller-scale occupation at South Killingholme, and possibly at other locations along the route. Indications of Roman salt manufacturing were encountered in Tetney parish, although the results here were inconclusive. 5.1.4 A significant assemblage of medieval artefacts was retrieved from the site of a putative moated manor house already identified by geophysical survey in the vicinity of South

6 METHODOLOGY 6.1.6 The trenches were excavated using a 180° machine fitted with a toothless blade. Machine excavation was to the first archaeological horizon, the surface of the natural 6.1.1 The evaluation was originally designed to consist of 104 trenches extending across a drift geology, or the maximum safe working depth as appropriate; where necessary, total of thirteen parishes in three counties. Of these, nineteen (Trenches 1, 2, 4, 18, further excavation was carried out by hand-dug sondages. Individual features were 29-33, 51-54, 64-67, 87 and 92) were abandoned or postponed before the project then hand-excavated in sample section, half-section or quarter-section according to commenced; work on a further four (Trenches 12-15) had to be postponed until the their size. crop in Plot 12 could be harvested, and work on a further 13 (Trenches 77-84, 86, 89- 90 and 102-3) had to be postponed due to bad weather. A full listing of the excavated 6.1.7 The evaluation trenches were drawn in plan at scales of 1:20 or 1:50 as appropriate; trenches, with plot numbers and National Grid Reference locations, appears as excavated features were drawn in section at scales of 1:10 or 1:20 as appropriate and Appendix 2. sample sections were drawn in every trench to show the sequence of deposits. The drawn record was supplemented by a photographic record in colour slide, 6.1.2 The first phase of the evaluation consisted of the 68 immediately available trenches, monochrome and digital formats; a selection from the colour photographic record is with the remainder to be completed later in the same year. Within North East reproduced in Appendix 1. Deposits were recorded on standard PCAS trench and Lincolnshire, a total of 27 trenches were excavated: one 20 m x 2 m trench (Trench context record sheets, and an excavation site diary was also kept. Finds were stored 61), five 25 m x 2 m (Trenches 55, 68, 69, 70, and 71), nine 30 m x 2 m (Trenches 43, in labelled bags prior to their removal to the offices of PCAS for initial processing. 44, 45, 50, 57, 59, 60, 63 and 72), five 35 m x 2 m (Trenches 48, 56, 73, 74 and 75), three 40 m x 2 m (Trenches 46, 49 and 62), three 45 m x 2 m (Trenches 47, 58 and 6.1.8 Following fieldwork completion, the Roman and pre-Roman pottery assemblages were 76) and one 50 m x 2 m (Trench 42). Within the districts of East and West Lindsey in submitted to Ian Rowlandson for identification; medieval pottery, with ceramic building Lincolnshire, a total of 28 trenches were excavated, comprising six 30 m x 2 m material (CBM) and fired clay, were submitted to Dr. Anne Irving (Appendices 4, 5 and (Trenches 3, 5, 9, 20, 28 and 34), five 35 m x 2 m (Trenches 11, 21, 23, 35, and 37), 6). Industrial production residues were provisionally assessed by Michael Wood ten 40 m x 2 m (Trenches 6, 7, 8, 10, 19, 22, 36, 39, 40 and 41), four 45 m x 2 m (Appendices 7 and 8). Flint that had been provisionally identified on site as being (Trenches 17, 24, 25 and 27), one 55 m x 2 m (Trench 38) and two 60 m x 2 m worked was submitted to Dr. David Underhill for assessment (Appendices 9 and 10). (Trenches 16 and 26). Within North Lincolnshire, a total of 13 trenches were Identification and assessment of individual metal finds and other small-finds was excavated, comprising one 15 m x 2 m (Trench 96), one 20 m x 2 m (Trench 94), six carried out by Gary Taylor and Steve Malone of Archaeological Project Services 25 m x 2 m (Trenches 85, 88, 95, 97, 98 and 99), one 30 m x 2 m (Trench 101), three (Appendices 11 and 12). The animal bone assemblage was submitted to Jennifer 35 m x 2 m (Trenches 93, 100 and 104) and one 50 m x 2 m (Trench 91). Wood, while human bone was assessed in-house by Laura Keal (Appendices 13, 14 and 15). Marine shell was catalogued in-house (Appendix 16). Environmental bulk 6.1.3 The Phase I fieldwork was carried out by two teams of archaeologists between 18 samples were sent to University of Durham Archaeological Services for processing April and 20 July 2012. Weather conditions were largely fine, but occasional storms and analysis (Appendices 17 and 18). and heavy rain periodically impeded work. All trenches were back-filled and

consolidated at the completion of excavation. 6.1.4 The second phase of evaluation comprised a further 14 trenches. No trenches were excavated within either East or West Lindsey during the second phase of evaluation. Within North East Lincolnshire, a total of ten trenches were excavated: three 25 m x 2 m (Trenches 66, 82, 84), five 30 m x 2 m (Trenches 65, 78, 79, 80 and 81), one 35 m x 2 m (Trench 89) and one 40 m x 2 m (Trench 83). Trench 67 had originally been scheduled as a 10 m square open area, but had to be reduced to a 10 m x 3 m trench due to adverse weather and ground conditions. Four trenches were excavated within North Lincolnshire, comprising one 30 m x 2 m (Trench 90), two 35 m x 2 m (Trenches 89 and 103) and one 50 m x 2 m (Trench 102). 6.1.5 The Phase II fieldwork was carried out between 18 September and 25 October 2012, and was supervised by S. A. Savage and M. Walker. Weather conditions were frequently adverse, with heavy rain and wet ground causing difficulties throughout the project. All trenches were back-filled and consolidated at the completion of excavation.

7 RESULTS 7.1.6 The results from Trench 7 confirm the identification of a saltern mound in Plot 10. The stratigraphic sequence suggests that the working lifespan of the saltern was episodic 7.1 Trenches containing datable features or interrupted, with a possible hiatus represented by the deposition of layer 7002: the saltern may have been remodelled and/or repositioned after this event, with feature 7.1.1 A total of 27 trenches proved to contain archaeological features that either produced 7004 representing the new structure, and pits 7005 and 7022 remnants of or datable material or could be confidently dated by comparison to securely dated subsidiary features to the old one. The exposed portion of 7004 was similar in features in neighbouring trenches. dimensions and appearance to the clay-lined hearths recorded during the excavation of a medieval saltern at Bicker Haven, but the Bicker Haven hearths were strongly Trench 7 (figs. 13, 42) burnt, with the clay lining fired to a brick-like consistency at the surface and reddened 7.1.2 Trench 7 was positioned towards the north side of Plot 10, in an area bounded by for a considerable depth beyond (Healey, 1999, pp.86-88), while feature 7004 showed drains to the east, north and west; it was oriented east to west, and was 40 m long. no sign of in situ heating. The palaeoenvironmental results indicate a variety of fuels Both the DBA and the geophysical survey identified a possible saltern mound in the being used for salt production. eastern half of the cable route corridor through this plot, while weaker magnetic 7.1.7 The saltern could not be dated, but association with the saltern sites in Plots 11 and responses in the western half may have indicated further saltern deposits or natural 13, as well as the absence of the briquetage typical of Romano-British salterns, geological variations (Bunn, 2011; fig. 13). suggest a medieval date; if the proposition that saltern sites continually moved 7.1.3 The natural drift geology was not reached in Trench 7: the base of the trench, and a seawards, either following the retreating tideline or by creating their own land 0.40 m deeper sondage, was formed by a sequence of sandy silt, silty sand and reclamation through their waste materials (Healey, 1999, p.99), applies here, the Plot clayey sand layers, 7018-21 and 7023, interpreted as possible washed-out saltern 10 site may be more recent than the salterns encountered further to the west in Plots waste (fig. 42b). None produced any dating evidence, and only occasional flecks of 11 and 13. charcoal in some layers indicated that they were not natural alluvial deposits. Trench 8 (figs 13, 43) 7.1.4 Two adjacent pits, 7005 and 7022, both partially exposed at the south-western end of the trench, were cut into layer 7018, the latest of the possible saltern waste deposits 7.1.8 Trench 8 was at the east side of Plot 11, adjoining the minor road Sea Lane between (fig. 42b). Neither pit produced finds. Environmental sampling produced vesicular fuel North Cotes and Tetney Airfield. It was oriented east to west, and was 40 m long. waste, charred heather twigs and charred peat-like material from the sampled fills of Geophysical survey identified a potential saltern site in this part of the plot (Bunn, both pits; the sample from 7016, the upper fill of pit 7022, also contained frequent 2011; fig. 13), associated with a significant assemblage of medieval pottery, with dates inclusions of fired clay and a trace of coal, while a fragment of woven textile was ranging from the 12th century to the 15th, retrieved during fieldwalking (Cater and retrieved from fill 7015 in pit 7005 (Appendix 17). Both pits were sealed by 7013, a Johnson, 2012). further layer of possible washed-out saltern material, overlain by 7002, a sandy silt 7.1.9 The earliest deposit reached, context 8003, was a deep layer of mid-greyish-brown layer which covered the whole of the trench to a comparatively even depth, and was fine sand, possibly washed-out saltern waste, which was excavated to a depth of 1.0 interpreted as a subsoil rather than saltern waste. m without penetrating it. This was cut by two distinctive feature complexes, each 7.1.5 Layer 7002 was cut by feature 7004, partially exposed at the south side of the trench comprising a sub-circular pit and an adjoining sub-rectangular feature (fig. 43a). At the towards its centre (fig. 42a and b). This was narrow and deep, 0.60 m x 1.05 m: it may eastern end of the trench, the sub-rectangular element of the complex was the have been a pit, but its known dimensions and the elongated shape of the exposed shallow, incompletely exposed pit 8028, 2.30 m wide but only 0.32 m deep. The fill of portion are more suggestive of a gully or channel (plate 1). Above a basal deposit of this was cut on the east side by sub-circular pit 8021, roughly 1 m in diameter and, at sandy silt, it was lined with clay 7011, hard-packed but not fired. Five fills were 0.76 m, considerably deeper than the associated rectangular element (fig. 43e; plate differentiated within this, none of which produced finds. An environmental sample from 2). Pit 8021 was clay-lined; as in feature 7004 in Trench 7, the lining was compacted, fill 7010, directly above the lining, produced no significant material other than traces of but not markedly heat-affected. However, the feature had clearly had a long working coal and charcoal, but fired clay, charred peat-like material, coal and charred heather lifespan, as basal lining 8024 was separated from the lining of the sides and underlain twigs were noted in a sample from the basal fill 7012 (Appendix 17). The feature was by a thin layer of mid-grey sandy clay, indicating that the pit lining had been partially sealed by topsoil 7001. replaced. The site recording and an environmental sample noted the presence of fired clay and vesicular fuel waste in the principal fill of pit 8021 (Appendix 17).

7.1.10 To the west of 8021/8028 was an almost mirror-imaged feature, with the circular pit Trench 9 (figs. 13, 44) 8004 on the south-west side of the partially exposed, probably sub-rectangular pit 7.1.15 Trench 9 was situated towards the centre of Plot 11, and was 30 m long and north-to- 8007 (fig. 43d; plate 3). The latter was no more than 0.08 m deep; its clayey sand fill south aligned. It was situated on the east side of an area of heavy geophysical activity, was recorded as being heat-affected and containing industrial production residue and within an area of weaker response provisionally ascribed to a position on the periphery fired clay, while an environmental sample noted the presence of vesicular fuel waste, of a salt-manufacturing site or the presence of saltern waste (Bunn, 2011; fig. 13); charcoal and charred peat-like material (Appendix 17). The circular pit 8004 also fieldwalking in this plot retrieved a quantity of medieval pottery (Cater and Johnson, incorporated a compacted clay lining but this was not fire-reddened, and its fills were 2012). suggestive of re-use, with a vertical layer of black sandy clay clinging to the clay lining on one side, as though a previous fill had been incompletely cleared out. Fuel ash slag 7.1.16 A single feature was recorded in Trench 9: a possible feature base 9005, containing a and fired clay identifiable as saltern hearth material were retrieved from the principal burnt fill or deposit 9006, and cutting or overlying silty sand natural 9003 (fig. 44a). fill 8016; an environmental sample noted the presence of vesicular fuel waste, The spread was more than 5 m long and 2 m wide, but no more than 10 mm deep, charcoal and charred peat-like material, and identified a single charred cereal grain and may have represented an area of in situ burning rather than a deposit in its own (Appendices 6 and 17). Neither feature complex produced any datable material. right; however, its rectilinear shape in plan suggests the possibility that this was the remnant base of a saltern filtration tank, similar to those in Trench 8. The burnt deposit 7.1.11 The east end of the trench was overlain by a number of shallow deposits containing and the undisturbed natural were overlain by a very thin blackish-brown layer 9004, charcoal, industrial production residue and heat-affected clay. Two of these deposits, which contained charcoal and industrial production residue and was no more than 30 layers 8011 and 8020, sealed pit complex 8021/8028. 12th to mid-14th century pottery mm deep (fig. 44b); above this was subsoil 9002 and topsoil 9001. No datable material was retrieved from layer 8011, and an environmental sample produced fired clay, coal was retrieved from this trench. and charcoal as well as further pottery fragments and marine shell; a sample from adjacent layer 8017 produced vesicular fuel waste, charcoal and coal (Appendix 17). 7.1.17 The geophysical survey suggests that Trench 9 may have lain on the fringes of Another such deposit, 8013, exposed at the western trench end, also produced12th to industrial activity in the area, with deposit 9006 possibly resulting from a single mid-14th century pottery (Appendix 6). episode of burning over a large area, and layer 9004 representing a general build-up of debris to form a trample layer or activity horizon. The picture thus formed is of a site 7.1.12 The deep silty sand layer 8002 overlying these features and deposits was interpreted on the periphery of one or more medieval salt production areas, associated with the on site as a subsoil. It was cut by pit 8008, which was seen only in section (fig. 43c), more substantial remains in Trenches 8 and 10. However, if the putative feature 9005 and produced no dating evidence; fired clay, vesicular fuel waste, charred peat-like does represent an almost completely obliterated saltern site, whose remnants are too material and charcoal identified in an environmental sample from lower fill 8010 slight to give a clearly marked geophysical response, the potential significance of Plot (Appendix 17) suggest that this feature was also associated with salt processing, and 11 is increased. thus that the supposed subsoil may in fact have been a further layer of washed-out saltern material. Pit 8008 and the trench were sealed by topsoil 8001. Trench 10 (figs. 13, 45) 7.1.13 The feature complexes 8004/8007 and 8021/8028 can be provisionally identified as 7.1.18 Trench 10 was towards the centre of Plot 11, and was 40 m long, oriented north-west filtration units associated with medieval salt manufacture. Features of this kind, to south-east. It lay within an area of very strongly marked geophysical anomalies, consisting of a shallow tank connected to a deeper vat used to wash salt out of sand interpreted as a potential saltern site associated with a significant assemblage of high gathered at the intertidal zone and to concentrate the resulting brine, were to late medieval pottery retrieved during fieldwalking (Bunn, 2011; fig. 13; Cater and encountered during excavations of a medieval saltern site at St. Michael’s Lane, Johnson, 2012). Wainfleet St. Mary (plates 4a and b). As with the Trench 8 features, the circular tanks of the Wainfleet filtration units were clay-lined; the shallower tanks exposed in Trench 7.1.19 Deposits and features encountered in Trench 10 also indicated the presence of a salt 8 did not display either the clay linings or the interior silt blocks recorded in those production site. The trench was characterised by a series of very thin deposits of heat- excavated at St. Michael’s Lane. The vertical layer of black sandy clay recorded in the affected material with charcoal, fired clay and fuel ash residue (fig. 45a). Four of these circular vat 8004 may have represented a remnant of an inner turf lining, such as were may have been the remnants of dumps of saltern waste, recorded as filling the bases described in earlier saltern excavations at Wainfleet St. Mary, but did not appear in the of very wide and shallow pits (figs. 40c, e and f): among these, 12th- to early 13th- more recent programme of works there (Albone, 1999). century pottery and fired clay identifiable as saltern hearth material were retrieved from fill/spread 10004, while environmental samples from this deposit and from similar 7.1.14 As with Trench 7, the palaeoenvironmental results from features and deposits in deposit 10020 proved to contain substantial quantities of fired clay, vesicular fuel Trench 8 indicate a variety of fuels being used for salt production.

waste and charcoal, with a few charred plant remains indicative of a damp or wetland two burnt spreads. Above layer 11003 were subsoil and topsoil deposits 11002 and environment; three fragments of fired clay from 10020 were identified as part of a 11001 respectively (fig. 46b). pedestal from a saltern hearth, a highly unusual feature for the medieval period 7.1.24 Although no closely datable material was derived from the two spreads, the evidence (Appendices 5 and 12). Four similar spreads proved to be no more than 10 mm thick: from this trench can be interpreted as representing the periphery of a medieval salt these may have been burnt areas on the surface of sandy clay natural 10003, rather production area, associated with the more substantial remains in Trench 10. than deposits in their own right, but the roughly rectilinear shapes of features 10006 and 10023 suggested that they may have been vestiges of saltern filtration tank Trench 16 (figs. 14, 47) bases, similar to those in Trench 8, with associated vats lying outside the excavated area. Similarly shallow features 10008 and 10019 displayed no identifiable shape in 7.1.25 Trench 16 lay in the south corner of Plot 13; it was oriented east-north-east to west- plan. An environmental sample from burnt area 10007, within possible feature 10006, south-west, and was 60 m long. The trench was positioned to investigate a distinct encountered vesicular fuel waste in lesser quantity than in the saltern waste spreads, geophysical anomaly with a roughly square shape; provisionally interpreted as a with coal and charred peat-like material (Appendix 17). saltern site within an enclosure, associated with a dense group of possible pits (Bunn, 2011; fig. 14). 7.1.20 The saltern deposits were sealed by sandy clay layer 10002, which varied in depth from 0.24 m to 0.46 m, and appeared to represent a relatively recent subsoil. It was 7.1.26 At the base of Trench 16 was compact natural sand 16002. Towards the east end of cut by a large, north-east to south-west aligned ditch 10012, which was excavated to a the trench, this was cut by 16024, a very wide north-to-south running linear feature, depth of 1.36 m without reaching the base (fig. 45d); 19th- to 20th-century pottery was exposed to a width of 10 m and excavated to a depth of 1.10 m without the east side retrieved from the lowest fill reached (Appendix 6). The ditch was truncated, probably or the base being encountered (fig. 47h). Of the ten fills excavated, only fill 16026, an recut, by parallel linear feature 10010, which could be dated only stratigraphically but apparently slumped or tipped deposit near the western side of the feature, produced was clearly modern, and may correspond to a field boundary shown on 19th- to 20th- finds: two fragments of fired clay identifiable as medieval saltern hearth fabric and a century OS mapping as dividing Plot 11 (old-maps.co.uk). small quantity of fuel ash slag (Appendices 6 and 7). The feature was interpreted as a natural watercourse. A small, vertically-sided feature 16030, possibly a post-hole, had Trench 11 (figs 13, 46) been cut into its upper fills.

7.1.21 Trench 11 was situated towards the western edge of Plot 11, near the Tuttle Drain. It 7.1.27 All other archaeological features encountered lay within the western half of the trench. was 35 m long, aligned north-north-east to south-south-west, and lay within an area of Towards the west end, the natural sand was overlain by layer 16010, an undated weaker geophysical response provisionally ascribed to a position on the periphery of a spread of bluish-grey silty clay 0.07 m deep. Cutting this layer were portions of two salt-manufacturing site or the presence of saltern waste; a single stronger response narrow, parallel linear features, 16011 and 16013, which were both so shallow that within the area investigated by this trench was ascribed to a possible saltern mound they had been partially machined away (fig. 47c-d). Gully 16011 consisted of a single (Bunn, 2011; fig. 13). Fieldwalking in this plot retrieved a significant assemblage of channel, while 16013 was formed by three very small parallel channels. Industrial high to late medieval pottery (Cater and Johnson, 2012). production residue, probably fuel ash slag, was noted in the fills of both features, while an environmental sample from the fill of 16013 produced vesicular fuel waste, small 7.1.22 The natural sand in Trench 11 was overlain by two very thin deposits of heat-affected amounts of fired clay, charcoal and traces of charred peat-like material (Appendix 17), material, 11005 and 11007 (fig. 41a). An environmental sample from spread 11005 an assemblage which appears typical of medieval saltern sites. Both features were produced fired clay fragments, indeterminate fragments of bone, marine shell and sealed by layer 16003, a spread of fuel ash slag in a matrix of dark sandy silt; vesicular fuel waste, with a single indeterminate charred cereal grain, while a second vesicular fuel waste, charcoal and charred plant and peat-like material were retrieved sample from 11007 also produced marine shell and vesicular fuel waste; charcoal, from an environmental sample. coal and other charred material were retrieved from both samples (Appendix 17). A single cockle shell and fired clay identifiable as post-Roman saltern hearth material 7.1.28 The other features in Trench 16 formed part of an inter-cutting complex (fig. 47e-g; (Appendix 6) were also retrieved from spread 11005, which was only 10 mm deep and plate 5). The earliest of these was a truncated northwest to southeast aligned linear may have been an area of in situ burning. Spread 11007 was slightly deeper at 30 feature 16032: it was uncertain whether this terminated within the trench or had mm, and may have been the remnant of a dump of saltern waste. become so shallow as to have been machined away. One of its four fills, a bluish-grey silty clay 16017, may have been the remains of a lining, suggesting that it had 7.1.23 A thin sand layer, 11003, probably deriving from a marine incursion, overlay the originally formed part of a saltern. Its upper fill, 16043, was cut by small sub-circular pit natural in Trench 11, but it was not recorded whether it sealed or was overlain by the or post-hole base 16033 and an irregular gully, 16009: this feature also had a light

greyish-blue silty clay basal layer suggesting a remnant of lining. Charcoal and been tipped from the newly formed bank. Seven individual deposits were recorded in industrial production residue were noted in three of its six fills, while an environmental this later sequence: none produced definitive dating evidence, although industrial sample from third fill 16021 produced vesicular fuel waste, fired clay and charcoal production residues provisionally identified as Roman metalworking slag and fired clay (Appendix 17). Gully 16009 was cut in turn by a truncated sub-circular pit 16031, probably associated with medieval saltern structures were retrieved from deposit which produced no evidence for its use. The latest feature in the complex was a flat- 22030 (Appendices 6 and 7). Samples from three of the tipped deposits, provisionally bottomed, sub-rectangular pit 16004, whose basal fill, 16008, also indicated a clay identified as saltern waste dumps, produced a generally similar profile of common to lining; charcoal, fired clay and industrial production residues were observed in its abundant vesicular fuel waste and fired clay, with smaller, variable amounts of charred multiple fills, and two environmental samples retrieved similar material, as well as peat-like material, charcoal, burnt bone and the charred remnants of wetland plants; charred peat-like remains (Appendix 17). the sample from deposit 22025 also contained quantities of fuel ash and the charred 7.1.29 Although no recognisable form in plan could be derived from the truncated, intercutting stems of monocotyledonous (grass- or cereal-like) plants (Appendix 17). features in Trench 16, the assembled evidence suggests the presence of a medieval 7.1.33 Natural 22003 was exposed across much of the southern end and centre of the saltern. No accurately datable material was retrieved, but the fuel ash slag was trench, but a sequence of four horizontally-lying layers, 22010-22013, was seen near assessed as being medieval, while fragments of fired clay were identified as very the centre (fig. 48d). No relationship between these and the saltern waste deposits to similar to those from the Plot 11 trenches, deriving from a post-Roman saltern hearth the north could be ascertained, but the presence of fired clay fragments, charcoal and (Appendices 6 and 7). A very low level of palaeobotanical remains from wetland fuel ash slag (provisionally identified as Roman) in the three lower layers suggested species was also recovered from the environmental samples from this trench that they were also associated with salt manufacture; the uppermost and thickest (Appendix 17). The putative square enclosure was not identified: the geophysical layer, light brown silty clay 22010, contained no indications of human activity and may anomaly appears to have been made up on one side by watercourse 16024, and by be connected to possible flood deposit 22042 (see below). the feature complex on the other. It is possible that the saltern was deliberately sited 7.1.34 The sequence of saltern waste deposits towards the northern end of the trench adjacent to the watercourse, which was possibly a former tidal creek. appeared to be closed by an alluvial deposit of bluish-grey clay 22041, indicating a Trench 22 (figs. 15, 48) second hiatus in activity. This was cut by a large linear feature 22033, which was heavily truncated by a later ditch 22035, but appeared to have been some 3.3 m wide; 7.1.30 Trench 22 was the only trench excavated in Plot 19, and lay towards the south side of no dating evidence was retrieved from the only exposed fill (fig. 48c). Further flooding the plot, adjacent to the drain which formed its southern boundary. The trench was was indicated by 22042, a 0.26 m deep layer of yellowish-brown clay overlying the oriented north-north-east to south-south-west and was 40 m long: it was positioned in ditch fill and the northern edge of the saltern waste sequence; although no connection order to investigate a strong but irregularly-shaped geophysical anomaly, provisionally could be derived from the site recording, it seems plausible that this layer equates to interpreted as a saltern site. The geophysical survey also indicated that traces of deposit 22010, the uppermost and, at 0.19 m, considerably the deepest of the saltern mounds were present in this plot (Bunn, 2011). sequence of horizontal layers towards the centre of the trench. A subsequent re- 7.1.31 The trench was excavated to the natural drift geology 22003. Towards the northern occupation of the site was evidenced by a second large ditch, initially recorded as end of the trench, this deposit was overlain by a sequence of layers lying diagonally 22004 and later re-recorded after the excavation of a machine sondage as 22035, rather than flat, and so indicating a rolling process of tipping, moving from south to which ran roughly east to west across the northern end of the trench, cutting the north with each deposit being dumped off the edge formed by the previous deposit probable alluvial layer and obliterating much of ditch 22033 (fig. 48c and e). This was (fig. 48c). The earliest deposits, 22026 and 22027, lay at a shallower angle than the nearly 3 m wide, and was excavated to a depth of 0.67 m without the base being later deposits; fired clay fragments potentially deriving from a medieval saltern hearth reached; no material indicative of human activity was retrieved from any of its five fills, were retrieved from the charcoal-rich lowest layer, 22026, while an environmental although an environmental sample taken from fill 22007 in the first recording phase sample produced fired clay, fuel ash, charcoal and charred peat-like material as well contained traces of coal and charcoal (Appendix 17). as burnt and calcined bone and an unusually extensive assemblage of charred plant 7.1.35 To the south of the saltern deposits, the possible alluvial layer 22042 was cut by remains, including grains of wheat, barley and oat as well as remains of a range of 22017, the most northerly of a pair of east-to-west aligned parallel ditches, both wetland plant species (Appendices 6 and 17). roughly half the width of 22033 and 22035 (fig. 48d). Its basal fill 22016 produced the 7.1.32 A hiatus in the deposition process was indicated by 22043, an apparent cut across the only definite dating evidence from the features in Trench 22: six sherds from a north end of deposits 22026 and 22027, possibly representing erosion caused by a medieval shell-tempered vessel, giving a broad date range from the late 12th to the marine incursion. Subsequent deposits lay at a steeper angle, indicating that they had mid-15th century (Appendix 6). An environmental sample produced only small

amounts of fired clay, charcoal, and the charred stems of monocotyledonous plants, the clay linings frequently associated with the saltern features encountered in areas to suggesting a peripheral position to the process of salt manufacture (Appendix 17). The the east of Plot 29, and the otherwise ubiquitous fired clay was entirely absent. adjoining ditch to the south had apparently been recut (fig. 48b): environmental sampling of the fills of both older ditch 22018 and recut 22019 proved almost sterile Trench 37 (figs. 18, 51) (Appendix 17). 7.1.43 Trench 37 was positioned at the eastern edge of Plot 30, adjoining the Holton le Clay 7.1.36 All features were sealed by subsoil 22002, which had built up to a depth of nearly 0.5 parish boundary; it was oriented east-south-east to west-north-west, and was 35 m m where the former ground surface had subsided into the features; the trench was long. Geophysical survey revealed a dense complex of features in Plot 30, including a sealed by topsoil 22001. dendritic ditch system and a number of small enclosures and possible pits: a provisional Romano-British date was suggested (Bunn, 2011). This was supported by Trench 34 (figs. 17, 49) a substantial assemblage of Roman pottery retrieved during fieldwalking (Cater and 7.1.37 Although a number of archaeological features were encountered in Trench 34, none Johnson, 2012). could be dated, and this trench is discussed in Section 7.2. 7.1.44 The base of Trench 37 exposed natural glacial till 37003: it was occupied by a large group of intercutting linear features at the western end, and a further group of Trench 36 (figs. 18, 50) intercutting linear features and pits at the eastern end (fig. 51a). The stratigraphy at 7.1.38 Trench 36 was sited in the south corner of Plot 29, to the south-east of Holton le Clay the northern edge of the eastern end proved so complex that it could not be village. The trench was oriented east-north-east to west-south-west, and was 40 m interpreted within the narrow confines of the trench, and excavation was halted in this long: it was positioned to intercept a potential sub-circular or sub-square feature area in anticipation of a further phase of works on a wider scale. highlighted by geophysical survey. Ridge-and-furrow traces, initially recorded on aerial 7.1.45 The earliest linear features at the western end of the trench appeared to be ditches photographs, also appeared in the geophysical survey of this plot (Bunn, 2011; fig. 37008 and 37032. The fill of ditch 37032 contained 2nd- to 3rd-century pottery and two 18). whelk shells (Appendices 4 and 16). Ditch 37008, the westernmost feature exposed, was oriented northeast to southwest (fig. 46b); its single fill produced a heterogeneous 7.1.39 The base of Trench 36 exposed natural silty clay 36003. This was cut by three narrow d linear features; two parallel, the third at right-angles (fig. 50a). The short length of gully assemblage of finds, including both mid- to late 3rd century and high medieval 36006, running northwest to southeast, was cut by the north-western edge of pottery, a single sheep or goat bone, three oyster shells and a flint core (Appendices perpendicular gully 36008, but could not be traced to the south-east beyond it, 4, 6, 9, 13 and 16). The two ditches are unlikely to have been contemporary, as their suggesting that a spatial relationship may have existed between the two. This was the respective alignments did not allow them to run parallel or to form a practical corner smallest of the three features, at 0.25 m wide and 0.13 m deep (fig. 50e); it produced (spot-dating of the pottery suggests that ditch 37032 may be the older). The 12th to no evidence for its date or use. 13th century potsherd was small, abraded, and probably intrusive. 7.1.40 The parallel features, 36008 and 36010, ran northeast to southwest along the trench, 7.1.46 Ditch 37045 ran roughly perpendicular to the western end of ditch 37032, and could roughly 0.7 m apart, and were respectively 0.30 m and 0.40 m wide (fig. 50d). Their not be accurately dated. Its position and alignment would have allowed it to form a T- fills were similar, and a sherd of 12th- to mid-14th-century pottery was retrieved from junction with 37032, but a recut on its eastern side had obliterated any such the fill of the slightly larger gully 36010. Environmental samples from both were relationship (figs. 51 e and f). The recut ditch, 37006, stratigraphically one of the two latest features in the complex, was 1.40 m wide and 0.60 m deep, and produced mid- inconclusive: fill 36009 in gully 36010 produced a moderate amount of coal, a small d amount of cinder, traces of charcoal and scanty charred plant remains, while only a 3rd -century pottery from one section, pottery doubtfully identified as 2nd-century from small amount of coal and a fragment of oyster shell were retrieved from fill 36007 in another and mid- to late 2nd century sherds from a third, in which two fills were gully 36008 (Appendices 6 and 17). tentatively identified (section 37034). An environmental sample taken from section 37034 produced a variety of fuel materials and an unusually large assemblage of 7.1.41 The features were sealed by 0.26 m of subsoil 36002, which was overlain by topsoil charred botanical remains, chiefly of spelt wheat and indeterminate wheat species, but 36001. A colluvial layer, 36004, was recorded below the topsoil at the centre and with pea, bean, weeds of cultivation and wetland plants also present (Appendices 4 eastern end of the trench; its relationship to the subsoil is not known. and 17). 7.1.42 The features in Trench 36 may have been associated with medieval salt-production, 7.1.47 No relationship could be demonstrated between recut 37006 and ditch 37004/37010, but if so, their association can only have been peripheral; there was no indication of the other stratigraphically late feature in the western ditch complex: the two ditches

were at an angle of roughly 45° to one another, but did not meet within the trench feature, cutting both pit 37053 and deposit 37031 overlying ditch 37043 (fig. 51g; plate (plate 6). Ditch 37004/37010, which cut ditches 37008 and 37045 (figs. 51c, d and f), 7). was slightly smaller than 37006, and produced 2nd-century pottery from one section 7.1.52 Layer 37047 and pit 37048 lay below 0.42 m deep subsoil 37002; the trench was and early 3rd-century pottery from another; an environmental sample from fill 37005 sealed by topsoil 37001. contained fragments of bone and marine shell and a low level of several burnt and charred materials, including wheat grains, some identifiable as spelt wheat and so 7.1.53 The features in Trench 37 corroborate the initial findings of the geophysical and potentially indicating a Roman deposition date (Appendices 4, 6 and 17). With the fieldwalking surveys, suggesting intense activity in this plot through much of the possible exception of recut 37006, all the ditches in this complex displayed single fills, Roman period. Several overlying phases of an enclosure system appear to be suggesting perhaps that they had short working lifespans and that the area may have present, and the palaeobotanical record indicates that a variety of arable crops were been subject to periodic flooding. being grown and processed in the vicinity; the churning action of centuries of cultivation probably accounts for the number of intrusive post-Roman and residual pre- 7.1.48 The great number of intercutting features within the eastern half of Trench 37 made Roman finds. The fragment of human skull, presumably deriving from a disturbed interpretation and phasing difficult. The westernmost feature, ditch 37043, had a inhumation burial, may suggest that a settlement was nearby. The specialist report on similar alignment to ditch 37008 (fig. 51g and h; plate 7); this ditch cannot be the fired clay fragments observed that they were of a different material from that found accurately dated, as pottery retrieved from its upper fill could only be identified as in the trenches further to the east, and were not associated with salt production, being Roman. A fragment of human skull, a small assemblage of largely unidentifiable probably the remnants of constructional daub, hearths or floors (Appendix 6). animal bone and fragments of fired clay were also retrieved (Appendices 4, 6, 13 and 15). Trench 38 (figs. 18, 52)

7.1.49 At the eastern end of the trench, the large ditch 37012 was partially excavated before 7.1.54 Trench 38 lay near the centre of the route corridor through Plot 30; it was oriented work in this area was abandoned. This was at least 2.4 m wide and 1 m deep, and the east-south-east to west-north-west, and was 55 m long. This trench was positioned to presence of an apparently slumped deposit lying the full height of its north-eastern investigate further a complex of features demonstrated by geophysical survey side suggests that it might have been banked on this side; pottery dating to the 2nd throughout the plot, including a dendritic ditch system and a number of small century or later was retrieved from two of the six excavated fills. Portions of three enclosures and pit-like features, and provisionally interpreted as a Romano-British further features, 37013, 37023 and 37026, all with multiple fills, could be seen below settlement: an interpretation supported by a substantial assemblage of Roman pottery ditch 37012 but were not fully investigated (fig. 51i): late 1st- to 2nd-century pottery retrieved by fieldwalking (Bunn, 2011 and Cater and Johnson, 2012). was retrieved from a fill of 37023, and a sherd of 2nd-century or later pottery from a fill of 37026. 7.1.55 At the base of Trench 38 was natural silty clay 38003. Cut into this were two pits and a range of intercutting linear features on various alignments, chiefly towards the west 7.1.50 In the centre of the trench, natural 37003 was overlain by a sequence of deposits, of and centre of the trench (fig. 47a). which the lowest, layer 37038/9, overlay and sank into ditch 37043. Late 1st- to 2nd- century pottery, including a fragment of a hand-made crucible, was retrieved from the 7.1.56 The westernmost feature was a large, northeast to southwest aligned ditch 38026. portion of this layer that overlay the ditch, and mid- to late 3rd-century pottery from the This was not fully excavated either in depth or breadth, but four fills were discerned separately numbered portion that did not. Above 37038/9 was a dark bluish-grey silty (fig. 52b). An environmental sample from second fill 38028 produced only small clay deposit 37031, from which late 3rd- to 4th-century pottery and fragments of fired quantities of coal and charcoal; palaeobotanical remains were wholly absent clay were retrieved, as well as a silver-washed copper antoninianus coin of the (Appendix 17). The only artefact retrieved was a flat, perforated stone, probably a emperor Gordian III, dating to AD 241-3, a Roman iron knife or cleaver blade, and a fragment of roofing material, from third fill 38029. Ditch 38026 was cut by the smaller further iron object, probably a linchpin (Appendices 4, 6 and 11); both of these ditch 38031 on the same alignment, possibly a deliberate recut: its single fill produced deposits were cut by undated pit 37048 (plate 7). The uppermost deposit, 37047, one sherd of Roman and one of early Saxon pottery, with bones of sheep or goat which did not extend so far to the east and had no relationship with the pit, was (Appendices 4, 6 and 13). 38031 also intercut the edge of the substantial northeast to undated, and lay below subsoil 37002. southwest aligned ditch 38023 directly to its east, but the relationship could not be ascertained, even following the excavation of an additional section (fig. 47c). Mid- to 7.1.51 Parts of two large, circular or sub-circular pits could also be identified near the centre late 3rd-century pottery was retrieved from the fill of ditch 38023; it also produced an of the trench. Pit 37053, which lay on the south side of the trench directly to the east of unusually large assemblage of animal bone, but most of the pieces were too ditch 37043, was the earlier, but was otherwise uncertain in its stratigraphic fragmentary to be identified (cattle and sheep or goat were among the assemblage). relationships, while pit 37048, on the north side, was the latest stratigraphically datable

An environmental sample also produced bone and marine shell fragments with 7.1.61 The wide, shallow, northeast to southwest aligned linear features 38025, cutting ditch charcoal and charred plant remains, including a few indicative of cereal crops 38023; 38007, cutting ditch 35035, and 38013 at the eastern end of the trench were all (Appendices 4, 13 and 17). cut by land drains on the same alignment, and were interpreted as medieval furrows. 7.1.57 Some 6 m to the east of ditch 38026 were two pits, adjacent but not intercutting. Pit This interpretation was supported by 13th- to 15th-century pottery retrieved from the fill 38009 measured almost 2 m in diameter, but was no more than 0.20 m deep, while pit of furrow 38007 and a very abraded potsherd identifiable only as medieval from the fill 38011 was much smaller but slightly deeper at 0.70 m x 0.30 m (figs. 52d and e). of furrow 38013 (Appendix 5). Ridge-and-furrow was not apparent on the geophysical Their fills were similar enough to suggest that the pits were contemporary, although survey of Plot 30, but may well have been concealed by the stronger responses of the the dating evidence retrieved comprised 2nd century or later Roman pottery from the underlying features; it did appear on the survey of the neighbouring plots 29 and 31 fill of 38009 and two sherds of 8th- to mid-9th-century pottery, with two sherds of (Bunn, 2011). pottery identifiable only as Roman, from the fill of 38011. However, the abraded 7.1.62 The evaluation results from Trench 38 generally conform to those from Trench 37, condition of the early medieval sherds suggests that they were intrusive, rather than indicating an intensively managed Roman agricultural landscape. The large ditch the Roman sherds being residual. Marine shell was retrieved from both pits 38035 is anomalous in the types and date of its finds: it indicates that activity in the (Appendices 4, 6 and 16). area continued into the Saxon period, and that the local growing and processing of 7.1.58 Directly to the east of the two pits, ditch 38004 ran north-north-west to south-south- cereal crops may have increased in this period. east, and so did not form a plausible projected enclosure with 38026 or its recut. Its Trench 40 (figs. 18, 53) principal fill produced seven oyster shells and a single equid bone, but no datable material (fig. 52f; Appendices 13 and 16). 7.1.63 Trench 40 was positioned towards the centre of Plot 31, to the north of Summerfield House and to the east of the dismantled railway formerly running through Holton le 7.1.59 Directly to the east of ditch 38004, near the centre of the trench, was a group of Clay. The trench was oriented north-north-west to south-south-east, and was 40 m intercutting linear features, further disturbed by a field drain. The earliest of these, long. Geophysical survey of this plot identified clearly marked enclosures in the south- datable only stratigraphically, was a truncated ditch 38020, which had probably been western quadrant of the survey area, and the trench was positioned to intercept these. aligned northeast to southwest, and of which only the western edge survived. Later The enclosures in Plot 31 were larger and more rectilinear than those seen in Plot 30. feature 38015/38017 had been recorded on site as two narrow, intercutting linear Traces of ridge-and-furrow ploughing were also observed (Bunn, 2011; fig. 18). The features, whose relationship had been obliterated by the cut of the field drain, but the results of fieldwalking in this field were inconclusive, with a single sherd of Roman and photographic record indicates that only one feature, divided down the middle by the a single sherd of medieval pottery retrieved (Cater and Johnson, 2012). modern drain cut, was present, and that two fills were present on both sides of feature 38015/38017, although only one had been recorded in the supposed 38015 (fig. 52g; 7.1.64 At the base of Trench 40 was natural glacial till 40003, cut by three linear features (fig. plate 8). The sequence was dated only by mid- to late 3rd-century pottery from within 48a). The most substantial feature, 40010, ran east to west across the trench, some 38015 (Appendix 4). 10 m from its southern end: it was 4.0 m wide and was excavated to a depth of 1.2 m without reaching its base (fig. 53b). Three sherds of Roman pottery and a single sheep 7.1.60 The easternmost of the earlier features in Trench 38 was the large ditch 38035, which or goat bone were retrieved from 40011, the latest of its three exposed fills; an ran northeast to southwest across the eastern side of the trench centre. This was 3.30 environmental sample from second fill 40012 contained fragments of daub and m wide and 1.30 m deep, with a generally V-shaped profile (fig. 52i; plate 9): it charcoal, but produced no palaeobotanical remains other than charred plant stems conforms to the position and alignment of a branch of the dendritic ditch system (Appendices 4, 13 and 17). observed by the geophysical survey, but early to middle Saxon pottery retrieved from two of its four fills suggests that this ditch system may either have post-dated the 7.1.65 The much smaller ditch 40007 ran parallel to 40010 some 3 m to its north. A sherd of Roman features or had a longer lifespan than they did. Fired clay fragments were late Iron Age to Roman pottery was retrieved from its principal fill, with undateable fuel recovered from the same fills; again, material of this type was not seen in the Roman ash slag (fig. 53c; Appendices 4 and 7). features. An environmental sample from primary fill 38036 was unproductive apart 7.1.66 The exposed portion of linear feature 40008 (fig. 53d) ran perpendicular to the other from a small amount of charcoal, but a further sample from third fill 38038 proved to ditches encountered. This feature entered the trench at its northern end and ran contain burnt and unburnt bone fragments, a small amount of daub, fuel remains along/beneath the eastern baulk, and it is uncertain whether it terminated to the south, including charcoal, cinder and charred plant material and quantities of charred cereal within the trench, or turned 90° and continued to the east. A sherd of Roman pottery plant remains, chiefly of spelt wheat with single grains of oat and barley; remains of was retrieved from its single fill (Appendix 4). wetland plants and weeds of cultivation were also present (Appendices 6 and 17).

7.1.67 The three features were sealed by 0.30 m of subsoil 40002, overlain by topsoil 40001. was extended to cover almost the whole of Plot 87, encountered traces of intensive 7.1.68 Although Trench 40 had demonstrated the presence of ditches potentially forming occupation, with a complex of ditches, many defining relatively small enclosures, enclosures, the positions and alignments of the ditches encountered could not be spreading across the greater part of the plot. A number of potential pits or areas of reconciled to the linear anomalies shown on the geophysical survey. Dating evidence burning were also recorded, with a marked concentration in the northern plot quadrant; was limited, but suggested that activity in Plot 31 had been Roman rather than the presence of a buried water main interfered with the geophysical response along medieval, possibly indicating the hinterland of the area of more intense activity the north-eastern side of the plot, and it could not be ascertained whether the apparent encountered in Plot 30. concentration of features continued into this area (Bunn, 2011). Trench 65 was positioned to lie diagonally across a series of geophysical anomalies that appeared to Trench 41 (figs. 18, 54) represent a small enclosure. Fieldwalking in Plot 87 retrieved a substantial finds assemblage, including 17 sherds of Roman pottery as well as lower numbers of 7.1.69 Trench 41 was the only trench laid out within Plot 33, to the south of Holton le Clay sherds from later periods (Cater and Johnson, 2012); a provisional interpretation of the village; it was centrally positioned, oriented northwest to southeast, and was 40 m geophysics plot as a Romano-British settlement is supported both by the weighting of long. Geophysical survey in Plot 33 identified ditch-like features and probable pits, the finds corpus towards this period and by the layout of the ridge-and furrow in the apparently concentrated around a square enclosure and adjacent linear boundary in plot (also observed on the geophysical survey), which continues through the the northern quadrant of the survey area, outside the proposed route corridor. Two enclosures rather than respecting them. groups of ridge-and-furrow traces on perpendicular alignments were also identified (Bunn, 2011; fig. 18). The fieldwalking survey supplied no indications of dating or use, 7.1.74 The excavation of evaluation trench 68, towards the north of Plot 87, during the retrieving no artefacts earlier than post-medieval (Cater and Johnson, 2012). previous phase of evaluation, revealed a series of linear features. Dating was ambiguous, with several features producing both Roman and medieval material: the 7.1.70 The lowest layer exposed in Trench 41 was a natural sandy clay with gravel and river results were interpreted as representing a Roman site disturbed by medieval ridge- pebbles, 41003, cut by three linear features (fig. 54a). The two shallower features, and-furrow cultivation. 41005 and 41006, were interpreted as furrows (figs. 54b and c), while feature 41008, the widest and deepest of the three at 2.20 m x 0.41 m, which ran across the south- 7.1.75 The natural chalk-flecked silty clay 65001 was cut by a series of linear features and a eastern end of the trench, was provisionally interpreted as either a third furrow or an single pit (fig. 63a). Linear feature 65020 ran north-west to south-east across the associated field boundary. However, 41008 did not appear to be on the same southern end of the trench, and measured up to 1.6 m wide and 0.5 m deep. Its alignment as the two furrows: these ran roughly northeast to southwest, in keeping generally bowl-shaped profile featured a deeper, flat-based channel at the deepest with the ridge-and-furrow traces identified by geophysical survey, while 41008 was point, which may have been the result of maintenance or may suggest that the ditch closer to an east-to-west alignment. Its profile, with steeper sides than the typically had contained a central palisade (plate 10), while the position of basal fill 65019 shallow furrows, also suggested that it was unrelated (fig. 54d). Three small fragments suggested that it may have derived from material eroding from a bank on the north- of hand-made pottery, datable broadly to the Iron Age to Romano-British periods, were east side (fig. 63k). Upper fill 65018 produced a small assemblage of late 1st- to 2nd- retrieved from fill 41009 of feature 41008, although these may well have been residual. century pottery (Appendix 5). This feature could confidently be identified as The fills of the two furrows produced no finds. representing the possible enclosure ditch identified by the geophysical survey. 7.1.71 All three features were sealed by subsoil 41002, which was overlain by topsoil 41001. 7.1.76 Two smaller, parallel linear features, roughly 2.5 m apart, ran perpendicular to 65020 across the centre of the trench (fig. 63h and i). Gully 65013, closer to 65020, produced Undated trenches a single sherd of late 1st- to 2nd-century pottery and a struck flint; the flint could not be dated and was only doubtfully identified as artefactual (Appendices 5 and 10). No 7.1.72 Archaeological features were encountered in Trenches 43-45, 47-48, 55 and 59-60, dating evidence was retrieved from narrower gully 65009. The south-eastern terminal but none produced dating evidence. These trenches are discussed in Section 7.2. of a third gully, running roughly parallel to 65020, was exposed to the north of the gully Trench 65 (figs. 30, 63) pair: undated gully 65003 terminated roughly 1.5 m short of the projected course of gully 65009, possibly representing an entrance within a system of internal partitions 7.1.73 Phase II Trench 65 was moved from its originally scheduled position within Plot 87 in too slight to have triggered a geophysical response (fig. 63a and g). order to accommodate a variation to the proposed cable route: its new position was 7.1.77 Gully 65013 was cut by sub-square, steep-sided pit 65011, which was 0.22 m deep towards the eastern corner of Plot 87, near the North Beck Drain. The trench was 30 and at least 1.2 m wide (fig. 63j). Their stratigraphic relationship contradicted the m long, oriented north-north-east to south-south-west. The geophysical survey, which dating evidence, as a sherd of middle Iron Age to early Roman pottery was retrieved

from lower pit fill 65014 (Appendix 5): since each feature produced only one datable assemblage, including 17 sherds of Roman pottery as well as lower numbers of artefact, it was impossible to decide whether the earlier find was residual or the later sherds from later periods (Cater and Johnson, 2012); a provisional interpretation of the intrusive. geophysics plot as a Romano-British settlement is supported both by the weighting of 7.1.78 Three intercutting features occupied the northern end of the trench. The earliest of the finds corpus towards this period and by the layout of the ridge-and furrow in the these was northeast to southwest aligned ditch 65016, which was almost 2 m wide but plot (also observed on the geophysical survey), which continues through the only 0.38 m deep (fig. 63b); a sherd of late Iron Age to early Roman pottery was enclosures rather than respecting them. retrieved from the earliest of its three fills, and a heat-affected granite cobble, probably 7.1.82 The excavation of evaluation trench 68, towards the north of Plot 87, during the representing part of a hearth, from the second. This ditch also produced a large previous phase of evaluation, revealed a series of linear features. Dating was assemblage of animal bone, chiefly featuring cattle, but with equid and domestic dog ambiguous, with several features producing both Roman and medieval material: the also present (Appendices 5, 10 and 14). The edge of ditch 65016 was cut by 65004, a results were interpreted as representing a Roman site disturbed by medieval ridge- small circular pit or substantial post-hole with an irregular profile; the position of and-furrow cultivation. primary fill 65021, lying against the full height of its east side but absent at the west, 7.1.83 The chalk-flecked silty clay natural 66003 was cut by a series of linear features, most suggests that pit 65004 was either recut or contained a post which had been replaced of which were parallel and closely positioned to one another (fig. 64a). Between the (fig. 63c). Two fragments of fired clay, including one that might have been part of a southern end of the trench and its centre were four such features, aligned north-west mould, and a pig bone were retrieved from upper fill 65005 (Appendices 6 and 14). to south-east and roughly the same size (where complete profiles could be seen). The The southern edge of pit 65004 was cut in turn by linear feature 65006 (fig. 63f), which southernmost, ditch 66004, which measured 1.5 m wide and 0.32 m deep (fig. 64b), was anomalous within Trench 65, being on a roughly east-to-west alignment, neither produced two sherds of mid-1st- to early 2nd-century pottery and bones of cattle and parallel nor perpendicular to the other linear features, and merging with ditch 65016 at sheep or goat from its principal fill, 66006. Roughly 0.5 m to the north ran slightly the western trench edge. A small assemblage of middle Iron Age to early Roman narrower and deeper ditch 66007 (fig. 64d), from which three mid- to late Iron Age pottery and one cattle bone were retrieved from its single fill (Appendices 5 and 14). It potsherds were retrieved (Appendices 5 and 14). In the narrow space between these was unclear how the two linear features related to the enclosure corner which the two ditches was the small, undated feature 66009, which appeared to be an elongated geophysical survey indicated should have occupied this end of the trench: it is oval pit on the same alignment as the ditches (fig. 64c). Towards the centre of the possible that the enclosure had been remodelled on a slightly different alignment trench were intercutting parallel ditches 66011 and 66015 (fig. 64e and f); the during its period of use. stratigraphically earlier ditch 66015 produced no dating evidence, but 66011, which 7.1.79 The features were sealed by 0.11 m to 0.19 m depth of subsoil 65015, overlain by may have been a recut, produced 13 sherds of late Iron Age pottery from its upper fill 0.28 m to 0.35 m deep topsoil 65000. (Appendix 5). This group of features probably represents repeated remodelling or re- 7.1.80 No furrows were identified in Trench 65, and no medieval finds were retrieved: it is establishing of the same boundary, possibly indicating that the area was prone to possible that the trench lay outside the open-field area, as the geophysical indications flooding. of ridge-and-furrow appear to die out before the north-eastern side of the plot. 7.1.84 At the northern end of the trench was a further linear feature on the same alignment. Ditch 66035 was narrower and considerably shallower than the main ditch group, at Trench 66 (figs 30, 64) 0.82 m wide and 0.10 m deep (fig. 64j), and terminated to south-east within the trench; 7.1.81 Phase II Trench 66 had also been moved from its originally scheduled position due to a single sherd of 1st- to 2nd-century pottery was retrieved from its fill (Appendix 5). a reroute: it had been relocated directly to the west of Trench 65, and changed from a 7.1.85 The northwest to southeast aligned features at the northern end of the trench were cut square excavation area to a 25 m long trench oriented north-north-west to south- by a series of perpendicular linear features. Two of these, the substantial ditch 66020 south-east. The geophysical survey, which was extended to cover almost the whole of (figs. 64h and i) and the narrow gully terminal 66013, cut across the intercutting Plot 87, encountered traces of intensive occupation, with a complex of ditches, many parallel ditches 66011 and 66015 (fig. 64f); the gully was undated, but two sherds of defining relatively small enclosures, spreading across the greater part of the plot. A mid-1st to late 2nd-century pottery were retrieved from ditch 66020 (Appendix 5). Ditch number of potential pits or areas of burning were also recorded, with a marked terminal 66035 stopped 0.08 m short of the edge of ditch 66020 (fig. 64a), suggesting concentration in the northern plot quadrant; the presence of a buried raw water main that the two features were associated. Gully 66037, which cut across ditch 66035 (fig. interfered with the geophysical response along the north-eastern side of the plot, and it 64k), was not exactly parallel to 66020 and 66013, but the find of four sherds of mid- could not be ascertained whether the apparent concentration of features continued 1st to early 2nd century pottery (Appendix 5) suggests that this feature does represent into this area (Bunn, 2011). Fieldwalking in Plot 87 retrieved a substantial finds part of the same sequence.

7.1.86 The linear features were sealed by subsoil 66002. A single feature, pit 66022, cut the such poor condition that of the 22 fragments, only two equid bones, two cattle and one subsoil at the eastern trench edge: the pit was largely removed during machining, but sheep or goat bone could be identified (Appendices 5 and 14). was approximately 1.2 m wide and 0.40 m deep in section, and was undated apart 7.1.91 The probable ditch 67005 was cut at both ends of the trench by perpendicular linear from its stratigraphic position. The trench was sealed by 0.36 m deep topsoil 66001. features 6 m apart: ditch 67011 cut 67005 at the east end, and ditch 67007 at the 7.1.87 As in Trench 65, no furrows were identified and no medieval finds retrieved in Trench west. These features were roughly the same width – 1.60 m to 1.75 m – but ditch 66, which may have lain outside or at the extreme edge of the medieval cultivated 67011 was almost twice the depth of 67007 at 0.80 m deep; both had irregular profiles area, as furrow traces cannot confidently be identified on this part of the geophysics (fig. 65b and f). The dating evidence was ambiguous, with three sherds of mid- to late plot. Iron Age pottery coming from ditch 67007 and a relatively large assemblage of thirteen sherds of late Iron Age pottery from 67011 (Appendix 5): the ditches may have been Trench 67 (figs. 30, 65) successive, or may have demarcated an access route between contemporary 7.1.88 Phase II Trench 67 was situated towards the centre of Plot 87. Following a reroute of enclosures. the proposed cable trench, Trench 67 had been moved a short distance to the east, 7.1.92 The latest of the intercutting features was 67012, a fragment of an apparently and its plan changed from a trench to a 10 m square open area. However, machine curvilinear feature which turned from southeast to northeast across the eastern corner excavation of the area was so hindered by adverse weather conditions that only a of the trench, cutting ditch 67011 (fig. 65g). Not enough of this feature was exposed to stretch 10 m long and 3 m wide, aligned east-north-east to west-south-west along the ascertain its nature, nor could it be identified with any geophysical anomaly, as the northern edge of the proposed area, could be opened. The geophysical survey, which geophysical survey had obtained a strong but unclear response in the area of Trench was extended to cover almost the whole of Plot 87, encountered traces of intensive 67; however, a small assemblage of pottery was speculatively dated to the 2nd occupation, with a complex of ditches, many defining relatively small enclosures, century (Appendix 5). spreading across the greater part of the plot. A number of potential pits or areas of 7.1.93 The edge of a further feature was exposed at the south-eastern trench edge, where burning were also recorded, with a marked concentration in the northern plot quadrant; machining was abandoned. Not enough of feature 67022 was exposed to establish the presence of a buried raw water main interfered with the geophysical response whether it was a small pit or the terminal of a further linear feature, and due to the along the north-eastern side of the plot, and it could not be ascertained whether the excavation conditions, its stratigraphic relationship to the subsoil could not be apparent concentration of features continued into this area (Bunn, 2011). Fieldwalking ascertained. in Plot 87 retrieved a substantial finds assemblage, including 17 sherds of Roman pottery as well as lower numbers of sherds from later periods (Cater and Johnson, 7.1.94 The features were sealed by 0.18 m depth of subsoil 67002, below 0.33 m deep 2012); a provisional interpretation of the geophysics plot as a Romano-British topsoil 67001. settlement is supported both by the weighting of the finds corpus towards this period 7.1.95 As in Trenches 65 and 66, no furrows were identified and no medieval finds retrieved. and by the layout of the ridge-and furrow in the plot (also observed on the geophysical Trench 67 may also have lain outside or at the extreme edge of the medieval survey), which continues through the enclosures rather than respecting them. cultivated area, as furrow traces cannot confidently be identified on this part of the 7.1.89 The excavation of evaluation trench 68, towards the north of Plot 87, during the geophysics plot. previous phase of evaluation, revealed a series of linear features. Dating was Trench 68 (figs. 30, 66) ambiguous, with several features producing both Roman and medieval material: the results were interpreted as representing a Roman site disturbed by medieval ridge- 7.1.96 Trench 68 was sited in the northern quadrant of Plot 87; it was oriented northeast to and-furrow cultivation. southwest, and was 25 m long. The geophysical survey, which was extended to cover 7.1.90 The chalk-flecked silty clay natural 67003 was cut by a complex of intercutting features almost the whole of Plot 87, encountered traces of intensive occupation, with a (fig. 65a). The stratigraphically earliest of these features was 67005, which appeared complex of ditches, many defining relatively small enclosures, spreading across the to be an east-north-east to west-south-west aligned linear feature, but whose northern greater part of the plot (fig. 30). A number of potential pits or areas of burning were side lay outside the excavated area. The probable ditch 67005 was at least 1.5 m wide also recorded, with a marked concentration in the northern plot quadrant; the presence and 0.5 m deep: it appeared to terminate short of the eastern end of the trench, but of a buried water main interfered with the geophysical response along the north- the terminal was truncated by later, perpendicular ditch 67011 (fig. 65 d and f). A eastern side of the plot, and it could not be ascertained whether the apparent single sherd of mid-Iron Age to early Roman pottery was retrieved from a section concentration of features continued into this area (Bunn, 2011). Fieldwalking in Plot 87 through 67005; a large assemblage of animal bone was also retrieved, but this was in retrieved a substantial finds assemblage, including 17 sherds of Roman pottery as well

as lower numbers of sherds from later periods (Cater and Johnson, 2012); a between ditches 68018 and 68007, cutting the edge of pit 68009: it was cut by a field- provisional interpretation of the geophysics plot as a Romano-British settlement is drain on the same alignment and was identified as a furrow, although two sherds of supported both by the weighting of the finds corpus towards this period and by the residual Roman pottery were retrieved from its fill (Appendix 4). layout of the ridge-and furrow in the plot (also observed on the geophysical survey), 7.1.102 Trench 68 contained no subsoil: the medieval furrows were directly sealed by topsoil which continues through the enclosures rather than respecting them. 68001. 7.1.97 The base of Trench 68 exposed natural clayey silt 68003, which was cut by a series of 7.1.103 The relationship of the features encountered to the geophysical plot cannot be fully linear features and by a large but very shallow pit (fig. 66a). assessed, as the trench extended into the area of interference along the north-eastern 7.1.98 Ditch 68013 ran northwest to southeast across the northeast end of the trench: it was side of Plot 87. However, ditches 68004 and 68007 can be identified on the a substantial feature, 2.2 m wide and 0.85 m deep, whose irregular profile suggested geophysical survey results, and the presence of ditches 68013 and 68018 that it had been regularly maintained or recut (fig. 66f). Iron Age to Roman pottery was demonstrates that the feature complex does extend into the masked area. Dating was retrieved from the second of its three fills; an environmental sample from the same fill ambiguous, with several features producing both Roman and medieval material: the produced burnt bone, a variety of fuel materials including charred heather twigs, and most likely interpretation is of a Roman site disturbed by medieval ridge-and-furrow two charred cereal grains, one of a wheat species, with other charred plant remains of cultivation, with some Roman artefacts ploughed out of earlier features and some wetland species and weeds of cultivation (Appendices 4 and 17). The south-western medieval artefacts ploughed into them. side of ditch 68013 was truncated by ditch 68018, which ran on the same alignment, but was narrower and shallower. This also contained three fills, of which the primary Trench 69 (figs. 30, 67) fill, 68019, resembled redeposited natural and lay at a steep angle against the south- 7.1.104 Trench 69 was sited at the eastern corner of Plot 88, to the east of Greenlands Farm western side of the ditch, suggesting material had slumped from a bank on this side and directly north of the Keelby Road; it was oriented northwest to southeast, and was (plate 11). The upper fill in ditch 68018 produced ten sherds of late 2nd-century and 25 m long. The geophysical survey identified buried ridge-and-furrow, but encountered one of 13th- to 15th-century pottery; the latter, being abraded, was probably intrusive. no indications that the feature complex in Plot 87 extended into this plot; however, the An environmental sample from this fill produced a wide range of fuel materials with a south side of the route corridor, closest to Plot 87, was masked by interference from a few charred wheat species remains, including spelt, and the remains of plants from buried water main (Bunn, 2011; fig. 30). wet and cultivated land (Appendices 4, 6 and 17). 7.1.105 The base of Trench 69 was formed by natural silty and sandy clay 69003 (fig. 67a). 7.1.99 The wide but relatively shallow ditch 68007 ran across the centre of the trench, also on a northwest to southeast alignment. Three Roman and two 13th-15th century 7.1.106 The earliest in a range of intercutting features encountered in this trench was north-to- potsherds were retrieved from its single fill; the stratigraphic relationships of 68007 south aligned linear feature 69010. Only a short length of this was exposed, as it was suggest that the medieval pottery, which was so heavily burnt as to render largely truncated by feature 69008, and due to the angle of its alignment, a full profile identification difficult, was intrusive (fig. 66d and g). An environmental sample from this could not be obtained (fig. 67c). The small section excavated produced no dating fill produced only minimal evidence for cultivation and fuel use in the vicinity evidence. (Appendices 4, 6 and 17). The south-eastern end of ditch 68007 was cut by the 7.1.107 To the northwest of linear feature 69010, the edge of a possibly circular pit 69011 was partially exposed, probably sub-circular pit 68009, which was at least 1.10 m in exposed against the south-west side of the trench (fig. 67d). The exposed portion diameter, but only 0.19 m deep; mid- to late 3rd-century pottery and a single sheep or indicated that the pit was wide and shallow; no dating evidence was retrieved. The goat bone were retrieved from its fill. An environmental sample produced coal and edge of the pit intercut the edge of feature 69008/69013, but the stratigraphic traces of charcoal, a further sheep or goat bone and a few charred wheat species relationship between the features could not be ascertained. remains, including spelt wheat, and remains of plants from wet and cultivated land 7.1.108 The irregular linear feature 69008/69013/69017 ran roughly northwest to south-east (Appendices 4, 13 and 17). along the length of the trench, truncating ditch 69010; only its south-west side was 7.1.100 Ditch 68004, at the south-western end of the trench, resembled 68007 in general size exposed, to a maximum width of 1.35 m (fig. 67f). 3rd- to 4th-century pottery was and in its wide, bowl-shaped profile (fig. 66b). Pottery of the late 3rd century or later retrieved from its upper fill, with a T-shaped iron brooch datable to the 1st century AD; was retrieved from the upper of its two fills (Appendix 4). an environmental sample from the same fill produced a wide range of possible fuel 7.1.101 The ridge-and-furrow identified by the geophysical survey was represented by wide, materials, including charcoal, cinder, coal, charred heather twigs, charred stems of shallow linear feature 68011 (fig. 66e), which ran perpendicularly across the trench monocotyledonous plants and charred rhizomes or tubers, with other charred plant

remains including cereal remains, chiefly of spelt wheat, a pea, fragments of hazelnut of seven medieval potsherds, associated with the area of greater geophysical activity; shell and remains of plants of cultivated and wetland. A further section through the fragments of post-medieval pottery and CBM indicated that activity in this plot same feature identified only one fill, which produced mid- to late 3rd-century pottery continued into the 17th or 18th century (Cater and Johnson, 2012). with a fragment of Roman tegula (roof tile) and a probably residual flint scraper 7.1.114 The natural silty clay in Trench 79 was overlain by 0.55 m deep subsoil 79002. No (Appendices 4, 6, 9, 11 and 17). features were encountered below the subsoil, but it was cut by the large ditch 79009, 7.1.109 Two further linear features were stratigraphically later than 69008. Towards the which ran north-to-south across the east end of the trench. The ditch was over 3 m northwest end of the trench was a relatively substantial north-north-east to south- wide; it could not be excavated to full depth, but augering established its depth as 1.56 south-west oriented ditch 69016, 1.90m wide and at 0.46m deep the deepest feature m below current ground level. A piece of an iron horseshoe was retrieved from the encountered in this trench (fig. 67e). Accurate dating was not possible, as pottery ditch fill: the horseshoe was of a type datable to the early to high medieval period, but retrieved from its single fill could only be identified as generically Roman. Possible the specialist report includes the caveat that horseshoes are particularly prone to metalworking slag was also identified as Roman; an environmental sample produced residuality and redeposition, and so cannot be confidently taken as giving anything coal and charcoal with charred remains of spelt wheat, but no further evidence for more than a terminus post quem for the features in which they occur (Appendix 12). industrial processes (Appendices 4, 7 and 17). The very small northeast to southwest The ditch fill also produced three sherds of late 13th- to 15th-century pottery, with a aligned linear feature 69004 lay at the south-eastern end of the trench, terminating fragment of equid bone and one of sheep or goat bone (Appendices 6 and 14); within the excavated area. 3rd- to 4th-century pottery was retrieved from its fill, along however, the homogeneous nature of the ditch fill suggested that it could derive from a with two probably residual flint flakes (Appendices 4 and 9). At 0.36 wide x 0.20m single deliberate back-filling event with imported material, and the stratigraphic deep, this feature more suggested a beam slot than a gully or channel, although its position of ditch 79009, above the subsoil, may also suggest a later date than that bowl-shaped profile was not typical of a structural feature (fig. 67b). indicated by the finds. 7.1.110 No furrows were identified in Trench 69: the ridge-and-furrow observed by the 7.1.115 The eastern edge of ditch 79009 was cut by ditch 79007: this ditch was much smaller geophysical survey was oriented in roughly the same direction as the trench, and it is at 1.10 m wide, but was on the same alignment, and may have represented a recut or likely that any existing furrows in the area of the trench passed on either side of it. The the re-establishment of an existing boundary (plate 12). No dating evidence was features were overlain by 0.24 m deep subsoil 69002; the trench was sealed by topsoil retrieved from any of its three fills. 69001. 7.1.116 The trench was sealed by 0.45 m deep topsoil 79001, from which a sherd of early 7.1.111 The relative shallowness of the features encountered in Trench 69 probably explains 13th- to mid-14th-century pottery was retrieved (Appendix 6). why they did not register on the geophysical survey. It can be said with reasonable confidence that these features do represent the extension of the Roman activity in Plot Trench 80 (figs. 34, 71) 87 into the adjacent Plot 88 – activity here appears to have largely been confined to 7.1.117 Phase II Trench 80 was sited to the north-west of Trench 79 towards the south side of the later Roman period, although Trench 68 displayed a wider date range. Plot 101, and was 30 m long, oriented north-north-east to south-south-west. The Undated and blank trenches geophysical survey revealed indications of linear features and pits at the south side of the plot, concentrated towards the west side of the route corridor; roughly north-to- 7.1.112 Archaeological features were encountered in Trench 70 but none produced dating south aligned ridge-and-furrow was also seen (Bunn, 2011). Fieldwalking identified a evidence. This trench is discussed in Section 7.2. The single feature encountered in cluster of seven medieval potsherds, associated with the area of greater geophysical Trench 71 was considered to be natural, and this trench is discussed in Section 7.3 activity; fragments of post-medieval pottery and CBM indicated that activity in this plot with Trenches 72-76, in which no features of any kind were encountered. continued into the 17th or 18th century (Cater and Johnson, 2012).

Trench 79 (figs. 34, 70) 7.1.118 The chalk-flecked silty clay natural 80003 was cut by one very large linear feature and several minor ones (fig. 71a). At the north-eastern end of the trench, the 1.70 m wide, 7.1.113 Phase II Trench 79 was situated at the south edge of Plot 101, to the north of north to south aligned ditch 80005 was cut at a 90° angle by the largest ditch, 80006. Habrough Road: it was 30 m long and aligned east to west. The geophysical survey Ditch 80005 increased markedly in depth from north to south, with a depth of 0.30 m revealed indications of linear features and pits at the south side of the plot, being recorded in the northern section and a depth of 0.70 m at the point where it was concentrated towards the west side of the route corridor; roughly north-to-south truncated by ditch/moat 80006 (fig. 71h and i; plate 13). This variation gives the aligned ridge-and-furrow was also seen (Bunn, 2011). Fieldwalking identified a cluster impression that 80005 may have originally been a minor drainage channel emptying

into 80006, comparable to the putative relationship between channel 96004 and moat fill was clearly residual (appendix 5). The trench was sealed by 0.32m deep topsoil 96008 in the Phase I moated site previously encountered in Plot 111, although the 80001. drawn stratigraphic sequence (fig. 71i) makes this interpretation plausible only if ditch 80006 had been recut at a time when 80005 had already gone out of use. Undated and blank trenches 7.1.119 The trench was dominated by east to west aligned ditch 80006, which was 8.20 m 7.1.122 Archaeological features were encountered in Trenches 81, 82, 90 and 91, but none wide and was excavated to a depth of 1.4 m without reaching the base – dimensions produced dating evidence. These trenches are discussed in Section 7.2, while the comparable with the documented medieval moat excavated in Plot 111. Since safety blank trenches 85, 88, 93 and 94 are covered in Section 7.3. considerations and access restrictions prevented the full depth and profile of ditch/moat 80006 being exposed (fig. 71i; plate 13), the sequence of fills within it could Trench 95 (figs. 38 and 76) not be fully mapped; however, it appeared to consist of natural silting and erosion 7.1.123 Trench 95 was sited in the north quadrant of Plot 111, immediately south of the South deposits in the lower part of the feature and deliberate, relatively recent back-filling Killingholme parish boundary in the vicinity of Westfield Farm; it was oriented north to and levelling deposits above, while the difference in the angles at which the lower fills south, and was 25 m long. The geophysical survey in this plot was extended across lay on either side of the ditch may have indicated that it originally had a bank on the the majority of the plot, revealing it to be divided into three roughly equal areas (fig. south-west side. An environmental sample from 80013, the lowest fill reached, 38). The eastern portion of the plot revealed an extensive complex of pits and ditches, produced an assemblage of plant and animal remains identified as highly forming a close-set pattern of quadrilateral enclosures, some separated by possible characteristic of a deposit formed in a moat, pond or waterlogged ditch, possibly droveways; the central portion was almost wholly occupied by ridge-and-furrow, with a overhung by trees, and was potentially inclined towards a medieval date, although little circular feature, provisionally identified with the site of a medieval windmill, at its north- evidence of human activity was present (Appendix 18). Finds retrieved during western corner, and the western portion was largely unresolved, displaying only a excavation were also scarce, and datable material wholly absent, with only two pieces small group of possible linear features at the north-western edge (Bunn, 2011). The of cattle bone and an amorphous fragment of fired clay being retrieved from the ditch fieldwalking survey recorded large assemblages of medieval pottery and post- fills (Appendices 6 and 14). medieval and early modern pottery and CBM; smaller quantities of Roman and early 7.1.120 The earliest feature in the complex at the south-western end of the trench was the oval medieval pottery were present, along with three struck flints and a prehistoric small pit or substantial post-hole 80021, which was cut by gully 80023, and so pre- hammerstone (Cater and Johnson, 2012). Due to the complexity of the geophysical dated the complex of linear features at this end of the trench (fig. 71d). The results in this area, it was intensively investigated, with four closely-set trenches (95- relationships of the five south-western linear features 80023, 80025 and 98). 80027/80029/80031 were ambiguous, since the earlier relationships had been largely 7.1.124 The natural drift geology 95003 was cut by a complex of intercutting and recutting cut away by the most recent feature. The roughly north to south-running gullies 80023 linear features (fig. 76a). The stratigraphically earliest feature was probably an and 80025 appeared to be the earliest features, cut by east to west-running ditch otherwise undated remnant 95032, but this feature, seen only in the east-facing trench 80027, which had then been twice recut, by 80029 and 80031 fig. 71g). However, section, was truncated by ditch 95014 to the extent that not even its form could be neither of the apparently early gullies extended to the far side of ditch identified (fig. 76f). Ditch 95014 ran roughly east to west across the south end of the 80027/80029/80031, suggesting that these features may in fact have been trench; it was truncated on its north side, but the surviving portion suggested that it contemporary: they possibly represent parts of a drainage network in which two minor had been wide and relatively shallow. Neither of its fills produced finds, but an channels had silted up and gone out of use while the more substantial channel to environmental sample from the lower fill produced a small quantity of fired clay and a which they were connected continued to be maintained. The shape of these two few charred cereal grains, two of which were identifiable as bread wheat (Appendix features in plan, flaring at the ends intercutting ditch 80027/80029/80031, also 17). This ditch was truncated in turn by two further ditch cuts, first 95016 and then suggests that they were designed to flow into it (fig. 71a). No dating evidence was 95018, each in turn cutting the earlier feature on the north side; both the later cuts retrieved from any of the south-western linear features. were deeper than 95014, with a generally V-shaped profile (figs. 76e and f; plate 14). 7.1.121 Ditch 80005 and the south-western ditch complex were sealed by subsoil 80002; this Finds were retrieved only from 95017, the fill of the middle ditch, 95016, which layer was up to 0.40 m deep at the south-western end of the trench, but was not produced mid-11th to early 13th-century pottery and a few charred cereal grains, identified at all in the section through ditch/moat 80006. The subsoil was cut on the including bread wheat and barley (Appendices 6 and 17). This part of the stratigraphic south-eastern trench edge by pit 80007, which was 2.0 m wide but barely deep sequence may represent repeated recutting of a boundary ditch. enough to reach the natural (fig. 71b); an abraded sherd of Roman grey ware from its

7.1.125 To the north of the possible boundary ditch, the truncated remnant 95030 could not be Trench 96 (figs. 38, 77, 78) dated; too little of this feature survived to ascertain whether it represented a successor 7.1.130 Trench 96 was sited in the north quadrant of Plot 111, immediately south of the South to the boundary ditch series of 95014-8 or a partner ditch to one member of the series. Killingholme parish boundary. It was oriented east to west, and was 15 m long; its east In the west-facing trench section (fig. 76f), the edge of 95030 was cut by the small end lay directly to the north of the north end of Trench 95, but the trenches were not feature 95012, which did not extend across the full trench width and was probably a connected. It was positioned in order to intercept a moat shown on old maps as pit; a few charred cereal grains, including oats and barley, were retrieved from an enclosing the eastern portion of the plot. The geophysical survey in this plot was environmental sample (Appendix 17), but the feature could not be dated other than by extended across the majority of the plot, revealing it to be divided into three roughly stratigraphy. equal areas (fig. 38). The eastern portion of the plot revealed an extensive complex of 7.1.126 The latest feature in this sequence, cutting away any relationship between features pits and ditches, forming a close-set pattern of quadrilateral enclosures, some 95018 and 95030, was 95028, which extended across the eastern side of the trench separated by possible droveways; the central portion was almost wholly occupied by only (fig. 76e), and may have been either a large pit or the terminal of a wide linear ridge-and-furrow, with a circular feature, provisionally identified with the site of a feature (the unevenness of its profile suggests a pit). 12th- to early 13th-century medieval windmill, at its north-western corner, and the western portion was largely pottery and bones of cattle, pig and sheep or goat were retrieved from the lower of its unresolved, displaying only a small group of possible linear features at the north- two fills, while animal bone fragments, charcoal and charred plant remains including western edge (Bunn, 2011). Fieldwalking also recorded a substantial result, with large barley and bread wheat grains and plants of cultivated land were retrieved from an assemblages of medieval pottery and post-medieval and early modern pottery and environmental sample (Appendices 6, 13 and 17). CBM; smaller quantities of Roman and early medieval pottery were present, along with 7.1.127 The greater part of the length of Trench 95 was taken up by the roughly north-south three struck flints and a prehistoric hammerstone (Cater and Johnson, 2012). Due to aligned linear feature 95004. This ditch was in general a little over 1.0 m wide and 0.5 the complexity of the geophysical results in this area, it was intensively investigated, m deep, with steep sides and a largely flat base (fig. 76c), and terminated towards the with four trenches (95-98) positioned in the occupation area. southern end of the trench: it cut the east-to-west aligned feature 95018, but its 7.1.131 The natural drift geology 96003 was cut by two major linear features and two minor relationship to the later features seen only in the west-facing section could not be pits (fig. 77a). The trench was dominated by the very large north-to-south aligned ascertained. A series of sections through ditch 95004 produced late Saxon, Saxo- linear feature 96008, which was excavated to a width of 6.0 m and a depth of 1.30 m Norman to early medieval and 13th- to 15th- century pottery, with bones including without reaching the west side or the base (fig. 77b and d). Excavation was restricted cattle, sheep or goat and domestic dog; environmental sampling produced a few by difficult and potentially dangerous working conditions, and the full profile of the ditch charred remains of cereal crops and plants of cultivated land (Appendices 6, 13 and or moat could not be ascertained, but three fills were identified within the exposed 17). On the western side of ditch 95004/95021 was a second linear feature, 95023, on portion; the latest, 96009, produced 12th- to early 13th-century pottery and a single pig a slightly different alignment; the fills of the two features could not be distinguished bone, but little of interest was retrieved from two environmental samples (Appendices above their basal cuts (fig. 76b), and the 13th- to mid-14th century pottery retrieved 6, 13 and 17). from the excavated section could not confidently be assigned to one ditch or the other. 7.1.132 Ditch 96004 ran east-to-west along most of the length of the trench. At 0.87 m wide x 7.1.128 The latest feature exposed in Trench 95 was a small, sub-circular pit 95008, which cut 0.36 m deep (fig. 64c), it was much smaller than ditch/moat 96008; the two features the edge of ditch 95004/95010 (fig. 76d); this pit could only be dated stratigraphically, intersected, and it seemed more likely that the moat-like feature cut the smaller ditch, as it produced no finds and an environmental sample was largely uninformative, but the relationship was not confidently ascertained (fig. 77b). It is possible that the retrieving only traces of charcoal and a few cereal grains (Appendix 12). The trench features were contemporary, with 96004 representing a small channel draining into was sealed by 0.45 m deep subsoil 95002 and topsoil 95001. 96008, but that the small channel went out of use while the large ditch/moat was still 7.1.129 The results of the evaluation in Trench 95 suggest an activity period ranging from the being maintained. Norman Conquest or earlier to the late Middle Ages; the late Saxon and Saxo-Norman 7.1.133 The only other archaeologically significant features encountered were two small oval pottery from section 95007 through ditch 95004 formed the majority of the ceramic pits or post-holes 96010 and 96012 in the north-eastern corner of the trench. They assemblage from this section, and may have represented the genuine date, but even if were similar in size and shape and in the nature of their fills, but were not residual, it may still indicate a pre-Norman origin for the Plot 111 settlement. contemporary: 96012 cut 96010, suggesting that the two features represented a repositioned post (fig. 77e). No dating evidence was retrieved from either.

7.1.134 The ditch or moat 96008 was cut down its centre-line by 96006, a large linear feature 7.1.139 Mid-11th- to 13th-century pottery was retrieved from one of the sections excavated with a widely flared upper profile stepping down to almost vertical sides (plate 15). The through the almost quarter-circular curvilinear feature 97025/97026/97029, which base of this feature was not reached, but its profile suggested that it may have been a potentially formed the south side of a partially exposed annular feature truncated by a large modern pipe-trench or a culverted post-medieval drain, possibly recutting part or later ditch (fig. 79g and h). A closely-set group of small (generally less than 1 m wide all of the ditch/moat. Ditch 96006 was sealed by the subsoil, but the finds from its where dimensions could be ascertained) sub-circular and oval pits lay across and to upper fill included 19th to 20th-century CBM and a tooth broken off an excavator the south-west of the possible ring-gully. Pits 97030 and 97032 intersected the ring- bucket, confirming the modern date of the back-filling of this feature (Appendix 6). gully, but the relationships could not confidently be ascertained, as the fills of the two 7.1.135 The trench was sealed by 0.38 m deep subsoil 96002, overlain by topsoil 96001. features were very alike; pit 97028 could be seen to cut it (fig. 79f), although the single sherd of pottery retrieved from its fill was dated to the mid-9th to 10th century. Six 7.1.136 Trench 96 was successful in locating the feature labelled ‘Moat’ on the 1st edition 25" more pits formed a dense, intercutting cluster at the south trench edge. Pit 97062, to the mile Ordnance Survey map of 1887, which can be identified with reasonable which had no lower stratigraphic relationships, was only identified in post-excavation confidence as the very large ditch 96008. In the late 19th century, this feature had and produced no dating evidence. The earliest potentially datable pit was the three existing sides, enclosing roughly the area occupied by the enclosure complex truncated remnant 97052: so little of this pit remained that it was unclear whether it and dividing it from the ridge-and-furrow occupying the centre of Plot 111 (fig. 78). It had had three fills, or whether uppermost fill 97055 was in fact the sole fill of another, remained as a visible feature until it was back-filled in 1970 (RPS, 2011), and the unrecorded pit truncating it above (fig. 79d; plate 16). Finds from this pit comprised modern feature 96006 may date from this time, representing a drain or culvert laid two sherds of Iron Age to early Roman pottery and a substantial animal bone within the naturally accumulated deposits partially filling the original feature (fig. 77d). assemblage including cattle, sheep/goat, bird and dog. Pit 97056, the next in the sequence, produced 13th- to mid-14th-century pottery, with fired clay fragments Trench 97 (figs. 38, 79) bearing organic and possible stick/lath impressions, and bones including sheep and 7.1.137 Trench 97 was sited near the north-eastern corner of Plot 111, south-east of Westfield dog; the dog bone may have been redeposited from the earlier pit fill 97055, as both Farm and immediately to the south of the South Killingholme parish boundary; it was items were pieces of skull. This pit was cut in turn by undated pit 97058. The oriented east to west, and was 25 m long. The geophysical survey in this plot was sequence was closed by two shallower pits: 97014, stratigraphically above both 97056 extended across the majority of the plot, revealing it to be divided into three roughly and 97062, and 97012, the latest in the sequence, cutting 97014 (fig. 79c). Early 12th- equal areas (fig. 38). The eastern portion of the plot revealed an extensive complex of to early 13th-century pottery was retrieved from the fill of pit 97012, which, with the pits and ditches, forming a close-set pattern of quadrilateral enclosures, some contemporary or later pottery from the stratigraphically earlier pit 97056, suggests that separated by possible droveways; the central portion was almost wholly occupied by the pits were generally 13th century in date, but that a considerable level of ridge-and-furrow, with a circular feature, provisionally identified with the site of a redeposition occurred while they were being dug and filled in (Appendices 4, 6 and medieval windmill, at its north-western corner, and the western portion was largely 13). The identification of the earliest pit as Iron Age or Romano-British is doubtful: the unresolved, displaying only a small group of possible linear features at the north- finds may be residual, or the pit complex may genuinely have been dug on the site of western edge (Bunn, 2011). The fieldwalking survey also recorded a substantial result, an isolated, much earlier feature. with large assemblages of medieval pottery and post-medieval and early modern 7.1.140 Three parallel linear features running north-to-south across the trench may have pottery and CBM; smaller quantities of Roman and early medieval pottery were formed a later phase of activity (fig. 79a). The substantial ditch 97027, near the present, along with three struck flints and a prehistoric hammerstone (Cater and eastern end of the trench, was 2.0 m wide and 0.77 m deep (fig. 79k); a series of eight Johnson, 2012). Due to the complexity of the geophysical results in this area, it was fills were discerned in it, some displaying tip lines suggesting that the ditch had been intensively investigated, with four trenches (95-98) positioned in the occupation area. back-filled by deliberate deposition as well as by natural silting. The lowest fill, 97051, 7.1.138 The base of the trench was formed by blue-mottled natural clay 97003 (fig. 79a). occupied a channel in the base of the ditch (plate 17), which may have been an Towards its eastern end was a short, shallow linear feature 97006, which terminated irregularity caused by cleaning and recutting, or may have been a deliberately to the east in shallow, sub-circular pit 97004 (fig. 65l); its west end was obscured by designed part of the feature, possibly indicating the presence of a central fence or alluvial layer 97043. Late 10th- to 12th-century pottery was retrieved from the fill of pit palisade. Fired clay was retrieved from this fill, and possible slag or fuel ash residue 97004. To the west of feature 97004/97006 were two further pits of possibly similar was seen but not retrieved; an environmental sample produced no evidence of date: 10th- to 11th-century pottery was retrieved from the fill of smaller pit 97010, while industrial activity, but included a small amount of charcoal and a wide range of charred the larger, partially exposed 97060 was undated (fig. 79i and j). plant remains, with a significant quantity of bread wheat grains. The third and most substantial fill, 97049, produced mid-12th- to 14th-century pottery and a similar range

of palaeobotanical remains to those from the primary fill, again strongly featuring occupied by ridge-and-furrow, with a circular feature, provisionally identified with the bread wheat, while the two latest fills both produced 14th- and late 13th- to 14th- site of a medieval windmill, at its north-western corner, and the western portion was century pottery, with fired clay including a possible fragment of a mould. The animal largely unresolved, displaying only a small group of possible linear features at the bone assemblage for this feature included bones of cattle and sheep, although not all north-western edge (Bunn, 2011). The fieldwalking also recorded a substantial result, the bones could be identified to species (Appendices 6, 13 and 17). Towards the with large assemblages of medieval pottery and post-medieval and early modern centre of the trench, the smaller ditch 97024 truncated curvilinear feature 97025 (fig. pottery and CBM; smaller quantities of Roman and early medieval pottery were 79h); its single fill produced 12th- to mid-14th-century pottery, with a pig tooth as the present, along with three struck flints and a prehistoric hammerstone (Cater and only identifiable element of its animal bone assemblage. The palaeobotanical results Johnson, 2012). Due to the complexity of the geophysical results in this area, it was from this fill again featured significant quantities of bread wheat, with small amounts of intensively investigated, with four trenches (95-98) positioned in the occupation area. various fuel materials (Appendices 6, 13 and 17). The third ditch, partially exposed at 7.1.144 The base of Trench 98 was characterised by bluish-grey mottled natural clay 98003. A the west end of the trench, may have been recut, although the evidence in section for complex of pits and linear features cut into the natural was partially obscured by later the putative recut 97020 in the shallow, irregular linear feature 97023 was ambiguous deposits, and some features were revealed only in sondages (fig. 80a). (fig. 79b); this feature could be dated only by analogy with 97024 and 97027. 7.1.145 The north-eastern end of the trench was occupied by an intercutting series of large, 7.1.141 Trench 97 contained several apparent alluvial deposits, overlying the cut features. At deep linear features; truncated fragments of underlying features could sometimes be the eastern end, layer 97043 sealed ditch 97027 and the potentially earlier features in identified as to form, while others were no longer recognisable. The earliest features in this area, as far west as pit 97060 (fig. 79j): its western extent was not recorded, but it this complex were, in ascending stratigraphic order: an undated, unidentifiable feature does not seem to have extended as far as pit 97010 or the central ditch. Early 12th- to 98041 (fig. 80g); an undated north-west/south-east aligned linear feature 98057 (fig. early 13th-century pottery was retrieved from a small section cut into its eastern edge. 80c); an east-west aligned linear feature 98039, which produced mid-1st to early 2nd- At the western end of the trench, deposits 97018 and 97019 overlay and sank into the century and 11th- to mid-12th century pottery from two separate sondages, and an partially exposed ditch 97020/97023 (fig. 79b); late 10th- to 12th-century pottery was undated pit 98071; feature 98056, which may have been a truncated remnant of a retrieved from lower deposit 97019 (Appendix 6). A shallow layer of silty clay, no more north-east/south-west aligned linear feature, had no lower stratigraphic relationships, than 0.10 m deep, overlying alluvial layer 97043 at the eastern end of the trench was but produced mid- to late 1st century pottery from its upper fill (Appendices 4 and 6). recorded as subsoil 97002, and the trench was sealed by topsoil 97001. At the south-eastern edge of the feature complex, a narrow, undated N-S aligned gully 7.1.142 The results obtained from evaluation trench 97 suggest two phases of activity in Plot 98019/98949 was cut by east-west aligned gully 98039, assigning it to the earlier part 111, with a complex of pits and small linear features overlain by north-to-south running of this sequence (fig. 80h and i). The narrow linear feature 98037 ran adjacent and elements of the rectilinear enclosure pattern clearly visible on the geophysics plot. parallel to gully 98039 without intercutting it (fig. 80g): it produced no finds, and has However, the frequently intercutting features have resulted in a considerable amount been assigned to this grouping on the grounds of its spatial association with 98039 of redeposition taking place within a relatively small sample of material, and a clear and its truncation by ditch 98050 (see below). dating sequence could not be obtained: it can only be provisionally stated that the site 7.1.146 Above the oldest and most severely truncated features, the sequence became clearer. appears to have been occupied from the end of the Saxon period to the 13th or At the very end of the trench, the partially exposed, probably northwest to southeast possibly 14th century. In the light of the results from Trench 98, the earlier phase here aligned ditch 98020 (fig. 80b) cut feature 98056 but could not otherwise be might also be very tentatively ascribed to the early Roman period, but this stratigraphically sequenced. Mid-1st- to 2nd-century pottery was retrieved from its interpretation is currently conjectural. lower fill, 98023; 13th- to mid-14th century pottery is recorded as coming from upper Trench 98 (figs. 38, 80) fill 98024, but this dating cannot be relied on, as the finds from this deposit appear to have been mixed up with those from fill 98076 in feature 98052, and have been 7.1.143 Trench 98 was sited at the north-eastern corner of Plot 111, south-east of Westfield assessed collectively. The uppermost fill of ditch 98020 was cut by 98026, a small Farm and immediately to the south of the South Killingholme parish boundary; it was feature with a U-shaped profile: this may have been a post-hole, but its loose, mixed oriented north-east to south-west, and was 25 m long. The geophysical survey in this fill suggested that it was recent. Ditch 98052, stratigraphically above the early features plot was extended across the majority of the plot, revealing it to be divided into three 98056, 98039 and 98071, was a substantial, roughly north-to-south aligned feature, roughly equal areas (fig. 38). The eastern portion of the plot revealed an extensive 1.10 m deep and at least 1.08 m wide (fig. 80c-e). It was excavated within two complex of pits and ditches, forming a close-set pattern of quadrilateral enclosures, sondages; its upper fill in the south-west sondage produced mid- to late 1st-century some separated by possible droveways; the central portion was almost wholly pottery, while the northeast sondage produced Iron Age pottery from primary fill

98075; both early Roman and 13th- to mid-14th century pottery are recorded from fill animal bone assemblage featuring frog or toad as well as cattle, pig, sheep/goat and 98076, above 98075, but this dating cannot be relied on, as the finds from this deposit equid, and one human arm bone. Further finds attributable only to the feature in and those from fill 98024 in feature 98020 have been assessed collectively general included late 12th- to mid-13th-century pottery and part of a 13th- to 15th- (Appendices 4 and 6). century roof tile (Appendices 4, 6, 13 and 15). The latest feature in this group was 7.1.147 Ditch 98052 was cut in turn by ditches 98050 and 98053. The substantial (0.80 m wide northwest to southeast aligned ditch 98047, which cut the fills of 98028, suggesting a x 0.95 m deep) north-to-south aligned ditch 98050 was excavated in two sections, one remodelled drainage system after the potential pond had been filled in; no dating of which produced burnt daub and mid-9th- to 10th-century pottery; the small, roughly evidence was retrieved from its single fill 98048. east-to-west aligned ditch 98053, seen only in the sides of a sondage, produced a 7.1.151 The features in the south-western side of the trench were sealed by a thin (0.12 m single sherd of mid- to late 1st-century pottery (Appendices 4 and 6). The latest deep) subsoil, 98002; those to the north-east lay directly below topsoil 98001. features in this complex, cutting ditch 98053, were ditch 98054 and large, deep pit 7.1.152 The results of Trench 98 appear to indicate a palimpsest landscape, with a phase of 98055, which appeared to have been deliberately back-filled. Both features were seen activity dating from the late Iron Age to the 2nd century AD, overlain by a settlement only in the sides of a sondage, and neither produced finds (fig. 80c; plate 18). with origins in the 9th or 10th century and lasting until the 14th. The intensity of activity 7.1.148 Immediately to the south-west of the large feature complex was a group of three small in the sampled area has resulted in a high level of redeposition of finds, frequently features. A narrow gully, 98011, ran eastwards from the south-western trench edge, contradicting the stratigraphic sequence and rendering the dating of individual features terminating shortly before reaching gully 98019; it appeared to cut the possibly sub- unreliable. However, the preponderance of Roman material in the north-eastern circular pit 98013 (fig. 80k), but the two features could not confidently be distinguished, feature complex may indicate that the dating here is genuine. The geophysical results and neither could be dated. Circular pit 98016, 0.60 m in diameter (fig. 80l), lay directly in this area appear to depict a roughly east-to-west aligned row of small enclosures, adjacent at the south-eastern edge of the trench; Iron Age and possible early Roman with a very strongly marked northern boundary in approximately the position of the pottery was retrieved from its lower fill (Appendix 4). feature complex, and the suggestion may very tentatively be advanced that Trench 98 7.1.149 At the centre of the trench was an irregular shape provisionally identified as the encountered a remnant of a Romano-British ladder-pattern enclosure system, partially truncated bases of three intercutting small pits or post-holes (fig. 80m). No overlain but not obliterated by a medieval settlement. stratigraphic relationships could be discerned within the three supposed features, and Trench 99 (figs. 38, 81) it cannot be ruled out that this was a single irregular feature, possibly caused by root or animal disturbance. Small scraps of Iron Age to Roman pottery were retrieved from 7.1.153 Trench 99 was the only trench laid out in Plot 112, in the open land between North and 98009, the most westerly ‘feature’, 12th- to 13th-century pottery from central ‘feature’ South Killingholme to the east of Westfield Farm; it was oriented north-north-west to 98007, and 9th- to 10th-century pottery, with a fragment of worked bone, from eastern south-south-east, and was 25 m long. The geophysical survey showed that the intense ‘feature’ 98005 (Appendices 4, 6 and 11). area of occupation encountered in Plot 111 apparently extends into the southern half of Plot 112, with recently removed field boundaries and traces of ridge-and-furrow 7.1.150 A second feature complex lay at the south-west end of the trench. The shallow, suggesting cultivated land to the north (Bunn, 2011); however, it is notable that, unlike probably sub-rectangular, undated pit 98030 was truncated by the north-to-south Plot 111, the ridge-and-furrow and the closely-grouped enclosures appear to occupy aligned ditch 98028, which was 0.96 m wide but only 0.21 m deep (fig. 80n), and the same area, suggesting a palimpsest landscape (fig. 38). The trench was produced 9th- to 10th-century pottery from its single fill, as well as a fragment of a fired positioned at the point where the projected cable route intersected the edge of the clay loom-weight. The south end of ditch 98028 intersected the very wide feature zone of greatest activity. In contrast to the substantial finds assemblage from Plot 111, 98042, which occupied the south-west end of the trench, with only the roughly east-to- fieldwalking in Plot 112 retrieved a single piece of post-medieval roof tile (Cater and west aligned northern edge exposed. This feature may have been linear, but if so, it Johnson, 2012). was at least as substantial as the moat surrounding Plot 111: 98042 was excavated to a width of 6.25 m and a depth of 0.70 m without encountering the opposite side or the 7.1.154 The chalk-flecked natural silty clay 99004 was exposed only in a sondage (fig. 81a); it base (fig. 80o). No anomaly was indicated in this position on the geophysical survey, was overlain by 99003, a 0.20 m deep layer of light yellowish-brown silty clay whose and no stratigraphic relationship with ditch 98028 could be identified: it is possible that relationship to the cut features was ambiguous (it is possible that more than one such this was the edge of a large but shallow pond into which ditch 98028 ran (plate 19). alluvial-type layer was present and had not been distinguished). The four exposed fills produced a wide range of finds with no stratigraphic 7.1.155 The earliest identifiable features within Trench 99 were 99009 and 99013. Linear progression, including Iron Age to Roman, early Roman, 12th- to early 13th-century feature 99009 (fig. 81b) ran north-north-west to south-south-east along much of the and 13th- to 14th-century pottery; fired clay including fragments of moulds; a large

west-south-western trench side: it was not fully exposed, and it was not known Trench 102 (figs 40, 82) whether the feature terminated at both ends, or whether both ends turned through 90° 7.1.159 Phase II Trench 102 was situated towards the south-east side of Plot 118, to the west to form one side of an enclosure. No dating evidence was retrieved, but a small animal of the Lindsey Oil Refinery and to the east of the medieval moated site of Manor Farm. bone assemblage included the remains of cattle and sheep or goat (Appendix 9). It was 50 m long and was aligned west-north-west to east-south-east. Geophysical Feature 99013 was represented only by a small portion exposed at the south-south- survey in Plot 118 recorded a group of linear anomalies in the south corner of the field, eastern trench end and further truncated by feature 99011 (fig. 81c): it appeared to be which appeared to represent two adjoining rectilinear enclosures; the geophysical linear and roughly north-to-south aligned. Neither feature produced any dating response in this plot was very disturbed, with modern buried services and spots and evidence. zones of ferrous responses appearing, and little could be distinguished in the 7.1.156 The partially exposed feature 99013 was cut by 99011, of which, again, only a small immediate area of the trench, although a possible linear feature could be made out at portion was seen at the corner of the trench, but which appeared to be a deeper linear its east-south-eastern end (Bunn, 2011). Fieldwalking in this plot retrieved significant feature on the same alignment, probably a recut of 99013. 3rd- to 4th-century pottery quantities of medieval, post-medieval and early modern material, chiefly ceramics. was retrieved from the single fill encountered, as well as two probable rubbing or However, the finds were evenly spread across the plot, rather than occurring in polishing stones; an environmental sample produced a wide variety of finds, including clusters: this, with the low level of geophysical anomalies to which the finds could be 20 hobnails (suggesting a discarded boot) as well as coal and cinder and charred correlated, suggested that the finds were derived from the contents of middens spread plant remains, with charred stems and rhizomes/tubers suggesting fuel use, charred on the fields as fertilizer, and were unlikely to be associated with underlying features grains of spelt wheat with other crop remains less accurately identifiable, and remains (Cater and Johnson, 2012). of wetland plants (Appendices 4 and 17). Linear feature 99009 was cut at roughly 7.1.160 The chalk-flecked silty clay natural 102003 was cut by a sequence of linear features, right-angles by feature 99007, which appeared to be a linear feature running east- of which the majority were roughly perpendicular to the long axis of the trench. The north-east to west-south-west, but whose course was difficult to determine due to its exceptions were intercutting ditches 102033 and 102034, at the north-western end of truncation by an unrecorded furrow that ran for most of the length of the eastern side the trench (fig. 82a, j and k). The larger ditch, 2.30 m wide 102033, was aligned of the trench. 3rd- to 4th-century pottery was retrieved from its primary fill and 4th- roughly north to south; only a small part of smaller ditch 102034 was exposed, but it century pottery from its upper fill; both fills also produced metalworking residues, fired appeared to run east to west. Mid- to late and late Iron Age pottery was retrieved from clay (including three flat-surfaced fragments possibly deriving from a structure), oyster two of the four fills in ditch 102033, and a single pig bone was identified (Appendices 5 shell, and a combined bone assemblage including equid, cattle and sheep or goat. An and 14); no dating evidence was retrieved from 102034. The site recording indicates environmental sample from lower fill 99006, which was recorded on site as containing that the larger ditch cut the smaller, but again, it seems more plausible that both ash, industrial production residue granules and crushed oyster shell, produced a wide ditches form part of a contemporary drainage system. variety of fuel remains as well as fuel waste, with small amounts of charred spelt wheat, other cereal remains, pea or bean and wetland plants (Appendices 4, 6, 7, 13, 7.1.161 To the south-east of the two possible Iron Age ditches, the trench was crossed by 16 and 17). narrow, north-north-east to south-south-west aligned ditch 102010, which was removed by nearly 10 m from the other features on this alignment. Two sherds of mid- 7.1.157 The ridge-and-furrow observed on the geophysical survey was represented by a to late Iron Age pottery were retrieved from its fill (Appendix 5). This feature, which furrow running east-north-east to west-south-west for most of the length of the eastern tapered from 0.80 m to 0.50 m in width across the trench (fig. 82i), may have formed side of the trench: it was drawn, but not excavated or further recorded. one side of an enclosure whose opposite side was defined by the parallel, similarly 7.1.158 The results deriving from Trench 99 indicate that medieval activity in this part of Plot narrow ditch 102008 (fig. 82f). No dating evidence was retrieved from 102008, but the 112 was represented only by the furrows of open-field cultivation: if the medieval adjoining feature 102004 (fig. 82g), which terminated within the trench and apparently settlement does extend beyond the northern side of the moat, it does not intersect the lay within the south-eastern side of the putative enclosure, produced a large proposed cable route. The only dating evidence encountered was mid- to late Roman, assemblage of 39 sherds of mid- to late Iron Age pottery, deriving from two identifiable raising the possibility of a multi-period site; metalworking residues retrieved from the vessels, and a few animal bones, among which cattle could be identified (Appendices fills of feature 99007 suggest the proximity, if not the presence, of a Roman 5 and 14). settlement. 7.1.162 A further 3.5 m to the south-east, three intercutting features, including two large ditches, crossed the trench on the same alignment. The stratigraphically earliest and much the smallest of the three was ditch 102017 at the south-eastern side, 0.24 m

deep and little more than 0.60 m wide. Although this ditch was truncated by the larger Trench 104 (figs. 41, 83) ditch 102019, it was not directly cut by it, but sealed under layer 102032, which 7.1.167 Trench 104 was sited near the centre of Plot 120, at the north-western corner of the appeared to be a natural waterborne deposit, suggesting that a boundary on this line Lindsey Oil Refinery compound; it was oriented east to west, and was 35 m long. The had been re-established after flooding (fig. 40). Ditches 102019 and 102024 were trench was positioned to investigate a square enclosure, measuring roughly 50 m x 50 roughly the same depth, at 0.90 m and 0.95 m respectively, and had similar steep m, with possible internal features, shown up by an extended geophysical survey; profiles and relatively flat bases (fig. 82d); the north-west side of earlier ditch 102019 further geophysical anomalies, suggesting pits and disconnected lengths of linear was cut away by 102024 (fig. 82e; plate 20). Charcoal inclusions in all but the latest of features, were observed immediately to the east and north of the enclosure and the four fills in ditch 102019 and in four of the seven fills of 102024, with two bones of towards the northern side of the plot (Bunn, 2011; fig. 41). sheep or goat retrieved from ditch 102019, suggest human activity in the vicinity during the working lifespan of the ditch, but neither they nor ditch 102017 produced 7.1.168 The chalk-flecked clay natural 104003 was cut by a range of linear features, some any datable material, and these features can only be associated with those to the intercutting (fig. 83a). The dominant feature, at the west end of the trench, was north- northwest by their shared orientation. The more complex pattern of fills in the later to-south aligned ditch 104028, which measured 3.90 m wide and 1.45 m deep; its ditch may suggest that it was maintained for a longer period, being cleaned out or appearance in section suggested that it may have had a bank on its west side, from recut to a shallower depth (fig. 82e). which material had slumped after its primary fill had accumulated (fig. 83b; plate 21). A substantial assemblage of Iron Age pottery was retrieved from four of its five fills. The 7.1.163 Directly to the south-east of small ditch 102017, the alluvial layer that sealed it was cut pottery from primary fill 104029 could be dated to the mid-Iron Age, and was by ditch 102015. The stratigraphic position of this feature suggests possible accompanied by an assemblage of animal bone, in which equid, cattle, sheep or goat, contemporaneity with either ditch 102019 or 102024; it did not appear to be on quite and dog could be identified, and fragments of fired clay bearing lath and finger the same alignment, as the one edge that could be identified was more north to south impressions, while two potsherds attributable only to the Iron Age were retrieved from oriented, but its south-eastern side had been obliterated by a modern drain, so its the possible bank material 104030. The largest pottery assemblage, of 28 sherds orientation could not confidently be established (fig. 82d). A full profile could also not datable to the mid- to late Iron Age, with metalworking slag and further fragments of be obtained for this feature, but it could be dated: four sherds of mid- to late Iron Age fired clay, came from third fill 104031; fourth fill 104032 produced fired clay and a pottery were retrieved from its fill (Appendix 5). smaller assemblage of animal bone in which the only bones identifiable to species 7.1.164 The feature furthest to the south-east, also on a north-north-east to south-south-west were of cattle, and two more potsherds attributable only to the Iron Age were retrieved alignment, was ditch 102035, which had no stratigraphic relationships with other from final fill 104033. The results of an environmental sample from primary fill 104029 features. This ditch, roughly 7 m removed from parallel ditch 102017, measured 1.10 were limited, but charcoal, other charred plant material possibly indicating fuel, and a m wide and 0.41 m deep (fig. 82c), and produced no datable finds. single fragment of spelt wheat were retrieved (Appendices 4, 6, 7, 13 and 17). 7.1.165 The south-eastern end of Trench 102 was occupied by a sequence of deposits 7.1.169 To the east of the large ditch 104028, a group of intercutting features was partially interpreted as the natural fills of a large palaeochannel: these were investigated to a obscured by the fill of an overlying furrow (figs. 83c and d). The curvilinear feature depth of 1.20 m below existing ground level by a machine-cut sondage (fig. 82b). The 104025 could not be traced beyond the furrow; it was cut on its inner side by a similar latest fill, bluish-grey silty clay 102040, could be traced in section as far as the modern feature 104022, which ran roughly parallel to it within the excavated area. The two drain truncating ditch 102015, and sealed ditch 102035, indicating that this channel features converged towards the northern edge of the trench and could no longer be had been at least partially open during the occupation of the site; a single equid bone distinguished. Iron Age pottery was retrieved from both features; 104022 also was retrieved (Appendix 14). Fill 102040 sealed peat layer 102037, which produced a produced 9th- to 11th-century pottery, but this was a single, very small fragment, and single sheep or goat bone (Appendix 14); an environmental sample from this layer so probably intrusive. Animal bone from 104022 included bones identifiable as cattle was unproductive, with the few palaeobotanical remains interpreted as likely to be and sheep or goat. Environmental samples from the basal fills of both features modern intrusions (Appendix 18). An auger hole was bored at the south-eastern produced burnt and unburnt animal bone fragments with charcoal; charred heather extremity of the trench to ascertain the depth of the base of peat layer 102037, which twigs were also retrieved from the sample from 104025 (Appendices 4, 6, 13 and 17). was encountered at 9.48 m AOD. Below the peat layer, the lowest fill encountered, Feature 104022 and the similar but un-dateable feature fragment 104036, immediately 102041, closely resembled 102040 and produced no indications of human activity. to its east, may have represented parts of the same feature, forming the south side of 7.1.166 All features were sealed by subsoil 102002, which varied in depth from 0.10 m to an annulus. Near the northern trench edge a further section of a narrow, curvilinear almost 0.5 m, and was overlain by topsoil 102001. feature, 104038, cut the possible annular feature but was otherwise undated. This

group of features may represent the edge of a periodically repositioned circular if linear feature 104012 does represent a change in the alignment of the ridge-and- structure. furrow, then 104034 may represent a baulk at the end of the northeast to southwest 7.1.170 The central portion of Trench 104 was crossed by two isolated linear features: narrow, aligned furlong, giving communal access to the strips. However, the edge of 104034 northeast to southwest aligned gully 104004 (fig. 83e), which could not be dated or appeared to be cut by gully terminal 104021, which seems most likely to be of an Iron interpreted, and the more substantial north-west to south-east aligned ditch 104006 Age date: the stratigraphic relationship was only doubtfully identified, but if valid, rules (fig. 83f), whose fill produced Iron Age pottery and two sheep/goat bones. out a medieval date for this feature. 7.1.171 A sequence of three linear and possibly-linear features was encountered towards the 7.1.174 Where a distinction was visible and a relationship recorded, the features were overlain eastern end of the trench (fig. 83h; plate 22). The earliest of the three was 104021, by subsoil 104002; the trench was sealed by topsoil 104001. which appeared to be a short length of a narrow, northeast to southwest aligned gully, 7.1.175 Ditch 104028 can confidently be identified as the west side of the square enclosure emerging from the south-facing trench section and terminating after 0.80 m. It was cut seen on the geophysics plot, and can be reliably dated to the Iron Age. The majority, if on the east side by ditch 104019, also northeast to southwest aligned, which crossed not all, of the other features encountered in Trench 104 are likely to be contemporary the full width of the trench and at 0.65 m wide was more than twice the width of the with the ditch, and to represent internal boundaries or structures within the enclosure. flanking gully terminals. Feature 104015, which completed the sequence, cut ditch (Medieval strip ploughing in this plot is likely to have accounted for the frequent 104019 on the east side, and almost exactly mirrored gully terminal 104021. Mid-Iron occurrence of intrusive early to high medieval potsherds, usually as tiny fragments, in Age pottery was retrieved from 104021 and two of the three fills of ditch 104019, while features otherwise datable to the Iron Age by substantial assemblages of pottery in the latest feature, 104015, produced mid- to late Iron Age pottery; early to high good condition). The geophysics plot depicts the northern half of an apparently medieval pottery was also found in 104015 and 104019, but was represented by a annular feature near the east end of the northern trench edge, but this feature could single sherd in one case and a number of flakes in the other, and so is likely to have not be traced on the geophysics plot to the south of the trench, nor could any of the been intrusive. The primary fill of ditch 104019 also produced fuel ash slag, a flint features exposed within it be confidently identified with its projected continuation scraper and bones of cattle and sheep/goat. An environmental sample from the third (though linear features 104006 and 104019 are possible candidates). The function (or fill of ditch 104019, in which heat-affected stones had been noticed during excavation, multiple functions) of the enclosure cannot currently be assessed, but the presence of retrieved both fire-cracked stone and fired clay, with burnt, unburnt and calcined bone, burnt and heat-affected materials, a variety of fuel types, fired clay and metalworking evidence for the presence of spelt wheat and heath-grass, and probable fuels slag suggest that it was occupied by humans rather than by livestock. including coal, charcoal, charred heather twigs and charred plant rhizomes/tubers; the results of a sample from the fill of gully terminal 104015 were roughly similar, but 7.2 Trenches containing undated features contained less fired clay and fuel material and a greater quantity of plant remains, 7.2.1 A total of 14 trenches contained features that produced no datable material, but were including spelt wheat and barley species with plants from a variety of habitats nonetheless of potential archaeological significance. (Appendices 4, 6, 7, 9, 13 and 17). These features appear to represent a periodically remodelled boundary, possibly one in which an entrance was blocked and then Trench 34 (figs. 17, 49) reinstated. 7.2.2 Trench 34 was situated towards the western edge of Plot 26, to the rear of Tetney Hall 7.1.172 To the east of the triple boundary feature was undated gully 104008, also running Farm: it was 30 m long and aligned north-north-west to south-south-east. No northeast to southwest and tapering markedly towards the south-west (fig. 83i). It was significant geophysical anomalies were detected within the western half of this plot, cut by 104012, a shallow but relatively wide linear feature aligned roughly north-north- although the eastern half, where the abandoned trench 33 was to be sited, contained west to south-south-east. Mid-9th to 11th-century pottery was retrieved from the fill of indications of ridge-and-furrow and possible pits (Bunn, 2011). The fieldwalking survey 104012 (Appendix 6): it was provisionally identified on site as a furrow, although if so, results in this plot were scanty, retrieving one fragment of Roman tile and two of it represents a change in the alignment of the local furlongs, as the furrows medieval pottery (Cater and Johnson, 2012). encountered in Trench 104 were otherwise aligned northeast to southwest. 7.2.3 The natural sandy clay in Trench 34 was cut by the roughly northwest to southeast 7.1.173 Features confidently identifiable as furrows were not recorded, but a further feature aligned ditch 34006: adverse weather conditions severely impeded recording in this was tentatively associated with the medieval landscape. Feature 104034 was a wide, trench, and it was never confidently ascertained whether the ditch was straight or apparently linear depression, some 7 m wide and 0.32 m deep with a level base (fig. curved, or whether the shape in section of its two fills indicated a recut. A section 83g), on the same alignment as the medieval furrows; its fill was very similar to the overlying subsoil. This feature produced no dating evidence, and remains ambiguous:

through the 0.42 m deep ditch encountered post-hole 34019 in its base, which may Trench 45 (figs. 22, 57) have represented a fence or palisade along the open ditch. 7.2.11 Trench 45 was the only trench positioned in Plot 66, and lay at its eastern edge, 7.2.4 The trench also contained three small, isolated pits, 34005, 34010 and 34014, and a directly adjacent to the west side of the drain marking the Laceby-Bradley parish wide but very shallow linear feature, 34012, which was probably a furrow, indicating boundary. The trench was oriented northeast to southwest, and was 30 m long. No that the ridge-and-furrow cultivation observed by the geophysical survey extended significant geophysical anomalies were recorded in this plot (Bunn, 2011). across the plot. 7.2.12 The natural glacial till in Trench 45 was cut by a single linear or slightly curvilinear 7.2.5 Where a relationship could be identified, the features were overlain by subsoil 34002; feature. Gully 45004 ran northwest to southeast across the trench: its single fill the trench was sealed by topsoil 34001. produced no finds. It was probably not substantial enough to have shown up on geophysical survey, being only 0.16m deep. The feature was overlain by subsoil Trench 43 (figs. 20, 55) 45002 and topsoil 45001. 7.2.6 Trench 43 was sited towards the west side of Plot 58, directly north-west of Barnoldby- Trench 47 (figs. 24, 58) le-Beck but within the edge of the Bradley parish boundary. It was 30 m long, oriented north-north-east to south-south-west, and was the only trench laid out in this plot. The 7.2.13 Trench 47 was situated towards the centre of Plot 68, to the west of the Laceby- trench was positioned to intercept a geophysical anomaly showing as a straight linear Bradley parish boundary; it was oriented north-west to south-east, and was 45 m long. feature running east-south-east to west-north-west across the plot (Bunn, 2011). This trench and the neighbouring Trench 48 were positioned in order to investigate a 7.2.7 The natural sand in Trench 43 was cut by shallow linear feature 43005. This was the concentration of geophysical anomalies apparently representing ditches, some only linear feature encountered in the trench, but did not correspond to the possibly forming enclosures, with associated pits or burnt areas (Bunn, 2011). The geophysical anomaly: it lay at the north-north-eastern end of the trench, and was results of the fieldwalking survey in this plot were ambiguous, with small amounts of aligned north to south, with a southern terminal within the trench. Ditch 43005 was medieval and post-medieval pottery retrieved (Cater and Johnson, 2012). 1.00 m wide, but only 0.16 m deep, and so was probably not substantial enough to 7.2.14 In keeping with the findings of the geophysical survey, the natural clayey sand and have appeared on the geophysical survey. The only other feature exposed was the gravel in Trench 47 was cut both by linear features and by at least one pit. Ditch small circular pit or post-hole 43007; neither feature produced dating evidence or any 47006 was a relatively small and shallow feature, 0.83 m wide x 0.24 m deep; the indication of its function. The features were overlain by subsoil 43002 and topsoil exposed portion was curvilinear, turning through roughly 45° in the width of the trench. 43001. It may have been a recut of ditch 47004, which survived only as a truncated remnant on the outer side of the curve of 47006. Trench 47 also contained the shallow, sub- Trench 44 (fig. 21, 56) square pit 47008 and the partially exposed feature 47010, which extended beyond the 7.2.8 Trench 44 was the only trench laid out in Plot 60: it lay in the northern part of the plot, south-western trench edge, and might have been either a narrow oval pit or the to the west of Netherwood Farm, and was 30 m long, oriented north-north-west to terminal of a small linear feature. south-south-east. The trench was positioned to investigate a small group of potential 7.2.15 At the south-east end of the trench, the features were sealed by layer 47012, a thin ditches and pits observed during the geophysical survey (Bunn, 2011). deposit of silty sandy clay, probably flood-borne. Above this layer were subsoil 47002 7.2.9 The natural clayey sand in Trench 44 was cut by a small, discrete feature at either and topsoil 47001. end. The smaller, irregular feature 44005, at the southern end of the trench, which Trench 48 (figs. 24, 59) survived to a depth of no more than 40 mm, may have been the truncated base of a post-hole or pit; the larger, circular or sub-circular pit 44006, partially exposed at the 7.2.16 Trench 48 was positioned towards the centre of Plot 68, to the west of the Laceby- northern end, included heat-affected stones in its fill, but produced no indication of its Bradley parish boundary; it was oriented northeast to southwest, and was 35 m long. date or use. Both features were sealed by subsoil 44002 and topsoil 44001. This trench and the neighbouring Trench 47, directly to its south-east, were positioned 7.2.10 Pit 44006, with the heat-affected material in its fill, is very likely to have accounted for in order to investigate a concentration of geophysical anomalies apparently one of the pit-like anomalies appearing on the geophysical survey, but no indication of representing ditches, some possibly forming enclosures, with associated pits or burnt linear features was encountered in this trench. areas (Bunn, 2011). The results of the fieldwalking survey in this plot were ambiguous, with small amounts of medieval and post-medieval pottery retrieved (Cater and Johnson, 2012).

7.2.17 The natural clay in Trench 48 was cut by a single linear feature. Gully 48007 ran north 7.2.23 Deposit 59003 was cut by two intercutting features. The small, steep-sided pit 59004 to south across the south-west end of the trench, and contained three fills, none of was truncated by a larger feature, 59007, which extended beyond the eastern trench which displayed any evidence for its date or purpose. This feature could not be edge and might have been either a large oval pit or the terminal of an east-to-west equated with any marked geophysical anomaly. The trench was sealed by topsoil aligned linear feature some 1.8 m wide (no geophysical anomaly corresponding to 48001; no subsoil layer was present. such a feature could be identified).

Trench 55 (figs. 25, 60) 7.2.24 A thin subsoil layer, 59002, was cut by the east-north-east to west-south-west aligned linear feature 59010: on the grounds of its stratigraphic position, this steep-sided, flat- 7.2.18 Trench 55 was situated at the western side of Plot 73, to the north of Laceby Beck; it based ditch was provisionally interpreted as a post-medieval field boundary, although was oriented northwest to southeast, and was 25 m long. The geophysical survey no such boundary appears on the 1887 1st edition 25" Ordnance Survey map (old- recorded ridge-and-furrow, oriented northwest to southeast, in the northern half of Plot maps.co.uk). 73 (West), with a roughly perpendicular linear feature, probably a field boundary, 7.2.25 The trench was sealed by topsoil 59001. closing the south-eastern side of the furlong (Bunn, 2011); the trench was sited within an area of more disturbed, mixed responses to the north of the clearly marked ridge- Trench 60 (figs. 27, 62) and-furrow. 7.2.26 Trench 60 was the only trench to be excavated within Plot 82, and lay at the south- 7.2.19 The natural glacial till in Trench 55 was cut by a single feature. Feature 55007 eastern edge of the plot; it was oriented northeast to southwest, parallel to the Wells extended outside the excavated area to the south-west, and it could not be Road and to the Oldfleet Drain, which runs alongside the road in the immediate vicinity ascertained on site whether the exposed portion represented half a sub-circular pit or of Trench 60. The trench was 30 m long. The geophysical survey in this area the rounded terminal of a large ditch, although an interpretation as a pit seems more produced a group of strongly marked responses at the south end of the plot, plausible, as a ditch 2.5 m wide would probably have made more impression on the interpreted as natural geological variations, probably associated with the presence of a geophysical survey. The lower pit fill, 55006, was charcoal-rich, but contained no palaeochannel and corresponding to those observed at the north end of Plot 81 (Bunn, artefacts. 2011). Fieldwalking in Plot 82 chiefly retrieved medieval and post-medieval building 7.2.20 At the south-eastern end of the trench, the natural was overlain by colluvial layer material, with a single sherd of early or middle Saxon pottery, one piece of Roman 55003: this layer produced no finds and did not extend far enough along the trench for brick, one sherd of Roman pottery and a prehistoric flint flake (Cater and Johnson, a stratigraphic relationship with feature 55007. The trench was sealed by subsoil 2012). 55002 and topsoil 55001. 7.2.27 The natural glacial till deposits in Trench 60 were cut by two features, a ditch and a pit. Trench 59 (figs. 27, 61) At the northeast end of the trench, the east-to-west aligned ditch 60005 was a substantial feature, 1.40 m wide x 0.70 m deep, but no indication of its date or use was 7.2.21 Trench 59 was sited towards the north corner of Plot 81, in an area bounded by drains retrieved from any of its three fills: the irregular profile of this feature supports its to the south-west and south-east, and by a drain running alongside the Wells Road to geophysical interpretation as a palaeochannel. The sub-circular pit 60004 lay towards the northwest: it was the only trench laid out in this plot. The trench was oriented north the south-west end of the trench: its bowl-shaped profile and flat base suggested that to south, and was 30 m long. The geophysical survey in this area produced a group of this was an anthropogenic rather than a natural feature, but its two fills were similar strongly marked responses at the north end of the plot, interpreted as natural dark grey sandy clays to those in probable palaeochannel 60005, and neither geological variations, probably associated with the presence of a palaeochannel produced finds. (Bunn, 2011); the trench was positioned to cross the full width of the most strongly 7.2.28 Trench 60 was sealed by thin subsoil layer 60002 below topsoil 60001. marked anomalies, apparently representing a very wide curvilinear feature. Fieldwalking in Plot 81 was inconclusive, producing a single fragment of Roman brick, Trench 70 (figs. 30, 68) a fragment of medieval ridge tile and three sherds of early modern pottery (Cater and Johnson, 2012). 7.2.29 Trench 70 was sited near the south corner of Plot 89, to the north of the Keelby Road; it was oriented east-north-east to west-south-west, and was 25 m long. It was 7.2.22 The lowest layer reached in Trench 59 was light orange-grey silty sand 59003: if this positioned in order to investigate possible ditches and pits identified by geophysical was the fill of a palaeochannel, the trench lay entirely within the course of the channel, survey at the south-eastern end of the route corridor. Ridge-and-furrow was also as no variation was seen across it. identified here, running perpendicularly to that seen in Plots 87 and 88; survey of the

north-western and central areas of the plot revealed little of note (Bunn, 2011). Trench 90 (figs. 36, 57) Fieldwalking in Plot 89 retrieved a moderate assemblage of medieval and post- 7.2.38 Phase II Trench 90 was sited at the northern edge of Plot 107, adjacent to a branching medieval pottery, with two pieces of Roman CBM (Cater and Johnson, 2012). drain running along the Ulceby Road. The trench was oriented west-north-west to 7.2.30 At the west end of Trench 70, the natural clayey silt was cut by the north-to-south east-south-east, and was 30 m long. No geophysical anomalies other than west-south- aligned linear feature 70004. This was a substantial ditch, 1.36 m wide x 0.64 m deep west to east-north-east aligned ridge-and-furrow were recorded in this plot (Bunn, with steep sides, but its single fill produced no finds. 2011). 7.2.31 The ditch fill was overlain by subsoil 70002, and the trench was sealed by topsoil 7.2.39 The chalk-flecked silty clay natural in Trench 90 was cut by a single feature: oval pit 70001. 90005 at the western end of the trench. Pit 90005 was small and shallow, measuring 0.80 m x 0.60 m in plan and 0.18 m in depth; its fill contained a concentration of Trench 81 (figs. 35, 55) charcoal flecks and a single cobble, but no artefactual material. The trench was sealed 7.2.32 Phase II Trench 81 was sited towards the south side of Plot 103, a plot bounded on by subsoil 90002 and topsoil 90001; due to the position of pit 90005, completely within three sides by drains and on the western side by the Killingholme Road. It was 30 m the machined area, its stratigraphic relationship with these layers could not be long, oriented northwest to southeast, and was one of four closely-spaced trenches ascertained. The ridge-and-furrow noted by the geophysical survey was not observed: within this plot. The geophysical survey results in Plot 103 were muted, displaying two this was probably due to the alignment of the trench, which may have fallen between short parallel lengths of possible ditches on the northeast side of the route corridor, two furrows. roughly in the vicinity of Trench 83, two possible pits or areas of burning towards the Trench 91 (figs. 37, 75) centre of the plot, and traces of north-to-south aligned ridge-and furrow (Bunn, 2011). 7.2.33 The natural chalk-flecked clay in Trench 81 was cut at the northwest end of the trench 7.2.40 Trench 91 was sited near the north corner of Plot 109, close to the northwest corner of by undated, shallow linear feature 81004. This feature was aligned roughly north-to- South Killingholme village; it was oriented north-north-east to south-south-west, and south, and its alignment and position prevented a full profile from being exposed; it was 50 m long. The geophysical survey principally recorded ridge-and-furrow in this was at least 2.16 m wide, but no more than 0.22 m deep. plot; the trench was positioned in order to investigate an isolated anomaly running across the north corner of the field, potentially representing a ditch (Bunn, 2011). 7.2.34 Feature 81004 was overlain by subsoil 81002 and topsoil 81001. Fieldwalking retrieved two struck flints of late Neolithic to early Bronze Age date, with Trench 82 (figs. 35, 56) one sherd of Roman pottery and a small assemblage of medieval and later pottery and CBM (Cater and Johnson, 2012). 7.2.35 Phase II Trench 82 was positioned towards the centre of Plot 103, to the northwest of 7.2.41 The natural clayey silt in Trench 91 was cut by two very narrow, northeast to Trench 81, and was 25 m long, oriented north-north-east to south-south-west. The southwest aligned linear features, 91004 and 91006, which ran parallel and geophysical survey results in Plot 103 were muted, displaying two short parallel immediately adjacent to one another. These features were on the same alignment as lengths of possible ditches on the northeast side of the route corridor, roughly in the the two furrows 91008 and 91010 also recorded in Trench 91, and may also have vicinity of Trench 83, two possible pits or areas of burning towards the centre of the been plough-derived. plot, and traces of north-to-south aligned ridge-and furrow (Bunn, 2011). 7.2.42 All features were overlain by the patchy, intermittently present subsoil 91002, which 7.2.36 As in Trench 81, the natural chalk-flecked clay in Trench 82 was cut by a single was sealed by topsoil 91001. shallow, north-to-south aligned linear feature. Feature 82004 was 1.2 m wide and 0.18 m deep, with a generally similar shallow profile and flattish base to feature 81004. The 7.3 Trenches containing natural, insignificant or no features feature was overlain and the trench sealed by subsoil 82002 and topsoil 82001. 7.2.37 The appearance of two wide, shallow linear features on parallel alignments suggests 7.3.1 A total of 38 trenches in Phase I and 5 in Phase II displayed no features of ridge-and-furrow, confirming the findings of the geophysical survey: a stratigraphic archaeological significance. position below the subsoil is commensurate with the stratigraphy of furrows recorded 7.3.2 The Phase I Trenches 3, 5, 19-21, 23-28, 35, 39, 42, 46, 49, 50, 56-58, 61, 63, 72-76, in trenches excavated during the earlier phase of this evaluation (Johnson et al., 85, 88, 93, 94, 100 and 101 contained only natural deposits. An abrupt change in the 2012). nature of the underlying drift geology in Trench 39 may have accounted for the

strongly marked, linear geophysical anomaly apparently running across the centre of this trench. 7.3.3 The topsoil and subsoil in Trench 6 overlay two layers that might have represented an earlier topsoil and subsoil, but no features were encountered beneath them. Trench 62 encountered a colluvial layer below the subsoil, while Trench 85 revealed a deep sequence of colluvial layers: in both cases, finds were retrieved – a sherd of Iron Age pottery from the colluvial layer in Trench 62, with another from the subsoil, and three sherds of Iron Age pottery from two of the Trench 85 colluvial deposits – but all deposits were of natural origin. 7.3.4 A sand deposit in the centre of Trench 17 may have represented a silted-up watercourse cutting the natural silty clay to either side, but was not investigated. 7.3.5 At the north-eastern end of Trench 71, the silty clay natural was cut by a shallow, flat- based linear feature (fig. 69). Ditch 71004 measured 1.70 m wide but only 0.18 m deep, and hence was probably too insubstantial to appear on the geophysical survey, which recorded no notable responses in the area (fig. 31). The appearance of its fill, a light grey silty clay with orange mottling, suggests that this feature may have been a natural fluvial channel, silted up and replaced by the drain running to the east of the trench. 7.3.6 The Phase II Trenches 78, 83, 84, 89 and 103 contained only natural deposits. Trench 84 encountered two colluvial layers overlying the natural (drift geology) clay, but all deposits were of natural origin and, unlike the colluvial layers encountered in Trenches 62 and 85 of the previous evaluation phase, from which a few sherds of Iron Age pottery were retrieved, the layers in Trench 84 produced no finds.

8 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION lined with clay and possibly turf (ibid.); the late medieval to early post-medieval filtration units excavated at St. Michael’s Lane, Wainfleet St. Mary had domed roofs 8.1 Introduction over the vats. There is, as yet, no consensus as to the material used for a filter within the washing tank, to trap sand while allowing brine to pass; turf and peat have been 8.1.1 The significant archaeological remains encountered appear to fall into seven main postulated, while the St. Michael’s Lane site demonstrated rows of silt blocks that may groups. Moving inland from the coast, these are; have supported a layer of filter material (Albone, 1999). The washing tanks excavated . A medieval salt-processing landscape, covering the area between Plots 10 in Trench 8 displayed no interior features: it is uncertain whether environmental (Trench 7) and 19 (Trench 22); conditions in the area did not favour the survival of organic materials, or whether such remains had been obliterated by later levelling and ploughing, and better-preserved . Romano-British settlement within Plot 30 (Trenches 37 and 38), with a possible examples may remain to be found. Moreover, there is some evidence that the current hinterland extending into Plot 31 (Trench 40); ‘type site’ for a medieval saltern, at St. Michael’s Lane, Wainfleet St. Mary, was . Romano-British settlement within Plot 87 (Trenches 65-68), with a possible later atypical of its kind in at least some respects, and parallels must be drawn with caution extension into Plot 88 (Trench 69); (Grady, 1998). Deposits and features exposed in Trench 10, within the same plot, . Possible medieval moated site within Plot 101 (Trench 80); appear to represent the periphery of the saltern encountered in Trench 8. . Medieval manorial site within Plot 111 (Trenches 95 to 98); 8.2.4 The results from Trench 7 are more ambiguous, although clearly representing part of a saltern site; the stratigraphic sequence suggests that the working lifespan of the . Iron Age site within plot 118 (Trench 102), possibly associated with the site in Plot saltern in this plot was episodic, or was interrupted by a possible marine incursion. 102; and One feature encountered was similar in dimensions and appearance to the clay-lined . Iron Age enclosure within Plot 120 (Trench 104). hearths recorded during the excavation of a medieval saltern site at Bicker Haven, but the Bicker Haven hearths had been fired in situ, while the clay lining of the Trench 7 8.2 Medieval salt-processing landscape feature was reminiscent of that in the filtration units of the Plot 11 saltern. Moreover, the Bicker Haven hearths were present in symmetrical pairs, while there was no 8.2.1 Evaluation trenching in Plots 10, 11, 13 and 19 offered evidence for salt-working indication of a partner to the Trench 7 feature. None of the archaeological industry. There was no indication of a Roman precursor to this industry: no Roman or interventions at Wainfleet St. Mary discovered structural hearths: burnt areas within earlier artefacts were discovered either by fieldwalking or evaluation in any plot east which occasional lead offcuts were found were believed to represent the boiling of (seaward) of Plot 19. brine (Grady, 1998 and Albone, 1999). It is possible that brine may also have been 8.2.2 Unlike the Roman and pre-Roman open-pan method for extracting marine salt, which boiled over open fires at the cable route salterns – burnt areas were widespread resulted in large quantities of distinctive fired-clay briquetage that identify saltern sites throughout the saltern sites – and that the Trench 7 feature represents an of those periods, medieval salt extraction typically used the sand-washing technique, unrecognised part of a filtration unit, possibly a channel from a tank so shallow that it by which salt was extracted from the salt-rich sand deposited at the tideline, rather had not survived, connecting with a vat that lay outside the excavated area. than by boiling sea water. Sand was collected after spring tides and stored at the 8.2.5 Although no recognisable form in plan could be derived from the truncated, intercutting saltern site, where the salt was washed out of it in a filtration unit (see paragraph features in Trench 16, the assembled evidence suggests the presence of a further 8.2.3, below) and the resulting brine was concentrated before the salt was crystallised medieval saltern, possibly sited adjacent to a watercourse. Saltern deposits in Trench by boiling, normally in lead pans. Shelter from the weather during this process was 22 appeared to represent the serial disposal of saltern waste. provided by a small building known as a salt-cote: along the Lincolnshire Fen coast, these were typically timber-framed, with mud walls and a reed thatch. The washed 8.2.6 The Trench 7 saltern could not be dated beyond a general ascription to the Middle sand was dumped near the salt processing area: the mounds thus formed built up to Ages. Trench 8 produced 12th- to mid-14th-century pottery from two deposits, become significant landscape features, and land reclamation along this part of the commensurate with the 12th- to 15th-century pottery retrieved during fieldwalking in coast frequently began as a by-product of the salt industry (Grady, 1998). Plot 11; no dateable material was retrieved from the peripheral trenches 9 and 11. The saltern in Plot 13 was also undateable, while a single layer within the sequence of 8.2.3 Two of the features encountered in Trench 8 can be provisionally identified as filtration probable saltern waste deposits in Plot 19 produced dating evidence lying within a units from a medieval saltern. Typical examples consisted of a shallow, rectangular, range from the late 12th to the mid-15th century. If the proposition that saltern sites clay-lined tank for the washing process, connected to a deeper, circular collecting vat continually moved seawards, following the retreating tideline or by creating their own

land reclamation through their waste materials, applies here, the undateable Trench 7 complexity of the intercutting features within the ‘keyhole view’ provided by the saltern may be more recent than the salterns encountered further to the west, while evaluation trenches also challenged interpretation. However, these initial results the Trench 22 saltern may be a little older, but all these sites lie along a line running suggest that the site is generally well-appointed and well-preserved, and retains the roughly parallel to the modern coastline, and there may in fact be little difference potential to be phased and interpreted. between their dates. North Cotes is a post-Domesday settlement on land that did not become habitable until the construction of sea defences in the 12th and 13th centuries 8.4 Western Romano-British settlement (RPS, 2011), which may provide a terminus ante quem for salt-manufacturing in this 8.4.1 The results from Trenches 68 and 69 in the first phase of the evaluation strengthened, area. if not entirely confirmed, the provisional interpretation of the geophysics and 8.3 Eastern Romano-British settlement fieldwalking surveys that a Romano-British settlement site was present in Plots 87 and 88. Dating was ambiguous, with several features producing both Roman and medieval 8.3.1 The results of the evaluation in Trenches 37 and 38 appear to confirm the initial material: the most likely interpretation is that the site itself was Roman, but that findings of the geophysical and fieldwalking surveys, indicating an intensively medieval ridge-and-furrow cultivation has caused a ‘churning’ effect, with some managed mid- to late Roman agricultural landscape, with a probable associated Roman artefacts ploughed up into later deposits and some medieval artefacts settlement, in Plot 30. Both trenches demonstrated a series of intercutting linear ploughed down into earlier ones. The presence of spelt wheat, a typical crop for the features, probably representing several overlying phases of an enclosure system, and period, in the environmental samples also indicates a rural Romano-British settlement. palaeobotanical sampling indicated that a variety of arable crops were being grown 8.4.2 The features encountered in Trench 69, apparently representing the extension of the and processed in the vicinity. One large ditch in Trench 38 proved to be anomalous in Roman activity in Plot 87 into the adjacent Plot 88, demonstrate the worth of the types and date of its finds, suggesting that agricultural activity in the area archaeological evaluation as a follow-up to non-intrusive survey methods, as these continued, and possibly increased, into the Saxon period. If the dating derived from features did not register on the geophysical survey, probably due to their relative the section through ditch 38035 can be applied to the dendritic ditch system as a shallowness. whole (a conclusion currently deriving from a very small sample and which can, therefore, only be provisional), this system may overlie the Roman landscape, or may 8.4.3 The extension of the evaluation across the plot with the opening of Trenches 65, 66 have been adopted and maintained after Roman administration ceased. and 67 clarified and confirmed the initial interpretation. These trenches appeared to lie outside the zone of medieval agricultural activity, and the Romano-British features 8.3.2 The greater number and variety of artefacts retrieved from Trench 37 may suggest were less disturbed. Trenches 65 and 66 identified aspects of the pattern of rectilinear that this trench lay closer to the settlement core; the large pottery assemblage enclosures initially displayed by the geophysical survey, and indicated internal featured domestic utensils such as mortaria, cooking pots and tableware, but also divisions within the enclosures that had been too slight to cause a geophysical included a fragment of a crucible, suggesting industrial activity. The specialist report response. The results of Trench 67 were less easy to identify, as the geophysical on the fired clay fragments from Trench 37 observed that they were of a different survey was less clear-cut in this area, but they clearly formed part of the same material from that found in the trenches further to the east, and were not associated enclosure complex. with salt production, being probably the remnants of constructional daub, hearths or floors (the fired clay from Trench 38 did not invite individual comment). The fragment 8.4.4 Dating appears to vary across Plots 87 and 88. Trenches 65, 66 and 67 were chiefly of human skull found in ditch 37043, presumably deriving from a disturbed inhumation dated to the late Iron Age, with some potential early Roman material, while the limited burial, may also suggest that a settlement was nearby: the burial may have been finds corpus from Trench 68 included late Iron Age pottery, but was chiefly Roman, isolated, but the possibility of a cemetery must also be considered. and the dating evidence from Trench 69 in Plot 88 appears to have largely been confined to the later Roman period. The evidence provisionally suggests a gradual 8.3.3 Dating evidence from the ditches encountered in Trench 40 was limited, but suggested migration of this settlement to the northwest, possibly to higher ground away from the that the possible enclosures in Plot 31 had been Roman. This area of less intense low, flood-prone land now represented by the North Beck Drain. activity and fewer artefacts may represent the hinterland of the Plot 30 settlement, in cultivation but outside the zone convenient for refuse disposal. 8.5 Possible medieval moated site 8.3.4 Medieval open-field cultivation has resulted in further blurring of a dating record 8.5.1 The features encountered in Trench 80 suggested a medieval moated site: although already disturbed by repeated recutting of features and redeposition of fills, causing a no dating evidence was retrieved, the size of the largest ditch and the layout in plan of high level of intrusive post-Roman and residual pre-Roman finds; the frequency and the features were reminiscent of the possibly manorial moated site in Plot 111 (see

section 8.5). Dating evidence on this site was sparse, and the few artefacts that were 8.6.3 Killingholme was a single settlement at the time of the Domesday Survey (Foster and retrieved from Trenches 79 and 80 were either doubtfully stratified or clearly residual. Longley, 1924, pp.62, 82, 140, 148) and, although North and South Killingholme are 8.5.2 Among the nine landholdings ascribed to Habrough in the Domesday Survey are two now separate parishes, they still form a single ecclesiastical parish of Killingholme, small manors: one among William de Perci’s lands, with a total of 11 households centred on the church of St. Denys in North Killingholme, which contains remnants of farming arable and meadow land under William’s overseer, and one belonging to Norman fabric (Pevsner and Harris, 1989, p. 583). The boundaries of this parish and Alfred of Lincoln, again consisting of both arable and meadow land, with only three the neighbouring parish of East Halton were not established before the second half of tax-paying households, but including a mill (Foster and Longley, 1924, pp.22, 75, 83, the 12th century, and the Domesday Survey of 1086 and the Lindsey Survey of 1115- 100, 124, 130, 148, 151). It is possible, therefore, that the Trench 80 moat does 18 show considerable movement of landholdings within and between the parishes represent the edge of a moated manor, although it is also possible that the feature is (Foster and Longley, 1924, p. lxi). The possibility that the Plot 111 moated site simply part of a redundant drainage network. represents the lost village of ‘Lobingham’, believed to have lain in the vicinity of Killingholme at the time of the Domesday and Lindsey Surveys, can be discounted: 8.5.3 It is unlikely that the large ditch encountered in Trench 79 represents a return of the Lobingham appears in no documentation later than the Lindsey Survey, while the Plot Trench 80 moat: the two features occupy different stratigraphic positions, with one 111 site continued in occupation into at least the 13th century, if not the 14th; cutting the subsoil and the other sealed by it; moreover, the geophysical survey moreover, ‘territory that is described as Lobingham in 1086 is reckoned to be in appears to show two discrete linear features without a traceable connection between Killingholme in 1115-18 and, later, in that place and East Halton’ (Foster and Longley, them, and the ridge-and-furrow appears to continue through the gap (fig. 34). 1924, pp. lx-lxi), suggesting that this settlement lay well to the north of the cable route; it has been provisionally associated with the moated site of North Garth in North 8.6 Medieval manorial site Killingholme parish (HER ref. 1619). The HER records suggest that the Plot 111 8.6.1 Trench 96 was successful in locating the moat known to have surrounded the east moated site may be associated with Holtham Deserted Medieval Village, whose side of Plot 111. The results obtained from Trenches 95, 97 and 98 appear to indicate possible site was recorded in Plot 112, where the HER lists indications of earthworks a palimpsest landscape, with a phase of activity dating from the late Iron Age to the shown on aerial photographs, with both Romano-British and medieval surface finds 2nd century AD, overlain by a settlement with origins in the 9th or 10th century and (N. Lincs HER ref. 1621); however, the evaluation results from Plot 112 encountered lasting until the 14th. The intensity of activity in the sampled area has resulted in a no such settlement and can be of little help in testing this theory. Work presently being high level of redeposition of finds, frequently contradicting the stratigraphic sequence carried out in the area by Hugh Wilmott of Sheffield University, focussing on Thornton and rendering the dating of individual features unreliable. Trench 99 identified only Abbey and its environs, currently suggests that a deserted medieval village ought to mid- to late Roman activity in Plot 112, overlain by the furrows of medieval open-field exist in the vicinity of the abbey, but fieldwalking by the project team has yet to locate cultivation: if the medieval settlement does extend into this plot, the proposed cable a potential site: it is possible that the Plot 111 site could be a candidate, although it lies route does not impinge on it. Trench 94, lying to the west of the moated site apparently a little further from Thornton Abbey than either of the two moated sites of Manor Farm within its agricultural hinterland, proved completely blank, not even encountering the and North Garth in North Killingholme (Dr. Anne Irving, pers. comm.). The site may remnant ridge-and-furrow indicated by the geophysical survey. also be speculatively associated with the ‘great castle called Kelingholme’ whose ruins William Stukeley mentioned in his Itinerarium Curiosum of 1724 as lying ’a mile east of 8.6.2 The field containing the former moat is locally known as ‘Blow Field’: the North Thornton’ (HER ref. 1617): the Plot 111 moat is certainly considerably more Lincolnshire HER records that the site formerly consisted of a dry moat measuring c. substantial than that of the Manor Farm moated site to the north, where a site visit by 140 m east to west and c. 200 m north to south, with internal ditches, double islands in Dr. Kevin Leahy in 2008 found no visible remains that might have indicated the the northern half and a possible third in the south. Areas of earthworks on the north- presence of Killingholme Castle (Dr. Kevin Leahy, pers. comm.). eastern and southern islands can be associated with buildings shown in these areas on OS mapping from 1824. A survey carried out in 1962 recorded no surface 8.6.4 The Domesday Book records four individual landholdings associated with indications of a castle or major building, and no local knowledge of any archaeological Killingholme. The most substantial of these is prefixed ‘Three M’, indicating that it finds (N. Lincs HER ref. 1606). The desk-based assessment carried out for this project contained three manors: at the time of the survey, it belonged to the Norman noted that the moated area formerly encompassed ‘Moat House’, on land now nobleman Ivo Taillebois and was being administered by ‘Odo, Ivo’s man’, but the three occupied by a community centre, and the land to its south, bordered by Greengate manors had previously belonged to individuals named as Briford, Siward and Turgis. Road and now developed (RPS, 2011). The combined population was recorded as 23 households, and the settlement was significant enough to have had its own mill, in whose profits the landlord had a half- share (Foster and Longley, 1924, p. 82). It appears plausible that the three moated

sites of North Garth, Manor Farm and Plot 111, which lie roughly in a north-to-south interpretation of the nature and sequence of the possible structures and other features line relatively close to one another, were once the pre-Conquest manors of Briford, within the enclosure. Siward and Turgis, and that the site consequently lies at the former centre of medieval Killingholme.

8.7 Iron Age site

8.7.1 The sequence of ditches and gullies encountered in Trench 102 suggest a landscape of rectilinear enclosures; possibly a palimpsest landscape with one pattern of enclosures superimposed on another on a different alignment. The narrow confines of the trench could expose too little of this landscape for its pattern to be seen. 8.7.2 The site appears to be well-preserved under a deep layer of subsoil and, in places, alluvial deposits. The geophysical survey showed a group of potentially significant anomalies in this area which defined a possible enclosure (Bunn 2011: 26). It seems likely that the features found in Trench 102 represent and/or are associated with this enclosure. It is possible that it represents part of the agricultural hinterland of the settlement whose focus was the square enclosure encountered in Plot 120, but the absence of any archaeological features in Trench 103, lying between the two Iron Age sites, argues against this speculation.

8.8 Iron Age enclosure

8.8.1 A substantial enclosure ditch, representing the west side of the square enclosure observed on the geophysics plot, was identified; its irregular profile suggested that it had had a long lifespan during which it had been cleaned out or partially recut on occasion. Intercutting and serially overlapping internal features also suggest a relatively long period of occupation. The enclosure ditch may have had an external bank, corresponding to the findings of an archaeological evaluation targeted on a square Iron Age enclosure at Mareham Road, Horncastle, where the presence of an external bank was also deduced from the pattern of deposits in the excavated sections (Tipper, 1994). A large internal annular feature, suggested by the geophysics plot, was not definitely located, although two of the ditches recorded in the trench may have represented parts of this feature; among the other internal features were possible parts of two or three smaller ring-gullies that may hint at the presence of roundhouses. Fragments of fired clay with lath and finger impressions also suggest structures, while agricultural, domestic and possibly industrial activities are attested to by fire-cracked stones, burnt and calcined bone, charred grains of spelt wheat and barley, metalworking slag and traces of probable fuels including coal, charcoal, and charred heather twigs (possibly suggesting that different fuels were being used for different purposes). 8.8.2 Although medieval strip-cultivation has caused superficial disturbance to the enclosure site, it remains in good condition, datable by substantial assemblages of well- preserved pottery. The small size of the excavated area has, however, permitted little

9 EFFECTIVENESS OF METHODOLOGY

9.1.1 An intrusive evaluation was the appropriate next stage in the process of assessing the historic environment of the proposed cable route, building on the information gained from the non-intrusive stages of desk-based assessment, fieldwalking and geophysical survey. The most archaeologically significant areas have been highlighted, and areas of moderate archaeological significance distinguished from plots where the cable route groundworks are likely to have little or no impact on the historic environment. The body of data thus produced is sufficient to inform the planning process and the creation of a targeted scheme of archaeological mitigation before or during development.

10 PROJECT ARCHIVE

10.1.1 The site recording and the finds corpus, currently in the custody of PCAS, will be deposited in its entirety, with a printed and bound copy of this report, at North Lincolnshire Museum within six months of the completion of the report. It may be consulted there by citing the North Lincolnshire Museum accession code NCAC.

11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

11.1.1 Pre-Construct Archaeological Services would like to thank RPS Planning and Development for this commission and for the background information provided by them. Particular thanks are also due to Kieron Havard of FGP for his advice and assistance during the project.

REFERENCES

Air Photo Services (APS), 2011, Hornsea Project 1, Onshore Cable Route, North Coates (c. TA380025) to North Killingholme (TA152188), Lincolnshire: Aerial Photographic Assessment. Unpublished client report on behalf of RPS Group. Albone, J., 1999, Archaeological Excavation Report: A Late Medieval/Early Post-Medieval Saltern at St. Michael’s Lane, Wainfleet St. Mary, Lincolnshire. Unpublished client report for Pre-Construct Archaeology (Lincoln). British Geological Survey (BGS), 1991, Patrington: England and Wales Sheet 81, Solid and Drift Edition, 1:50,000 Series. BGS, Keyworth. British Geological Survey (BGS), 1990, Grimsby: England and Wales Sheet 90, including sheet 91, Saltfleet; Solid and Drift Edition, 1:50,000 Series. BGS, Keyworth. Bunn, D., 2011, Geophysical Survey: Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm (Phase 1) Onshore Cable Route and Substation. Unpublished client report for Pre-Construct Geophysics. Cater, D. and Johnson, M., 2012, Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm: Option 3 (Southern Route) Onshore Cable Route: Archaeological Fieldwalking Survey. Unpublished client report for Pre- Construct Archaeological Services. Foster, C. W. and Longley, T., 1924, reprinted 1976, The Lincolnshire Domesday and the Lindsey Survey: The Lincoln Record Society vol. 19. G. W. Belton, Gainsborough. Grady, D. M., 1998, ‘Medieval and Post-Medieval Salt Extraction in North East Lincolnshire’, in Bewley, R. H. (ed.), 1998, Lincolnshire’s Archaeology from the Air. Occasional Papers in Lincolnshire History and Archaeology 11, Society for Lincolnshire History and Archaeology. Healey, H., 1999, ‘A Medieval Salt-making Site at Bicker Haven’, in Bell, A., Gurney, D. and Healey, H., 1999, Lincolnshire Salterns: Excavations at Helpringham, Holbeach St. Johns and Bicker Haven. East Anglian Archaeology Report no. 89, Heritage Trust of Lincolnshire. North Lincolnshire HER consulted 7/9/12 at http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/gateway/default.aspx Ordnance Survey, Grimsby, Louth and Market Rasen: Landranger Series Sheet 113, scale 1:50 000. The Ordnance Survey, Southampton. Pevsner N. and Harris J., revised by Antram, N., 1989, The Buildings of England: Lincolnshire. Penguin Books, London. RPS Planning and Development, 2011, Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm Onshore Cable Route and Substation: Historic Environment Desk-Based Assessment. Unpublished report. Tipper, J. B., 1994, Mareham Road, Horncastle: An Archaeological Evaluation. Unpublished client report for Lindsey Archaeological Services.

APPENDIX 1 OF ANNEX 6.5.5: COLOUR PLATES

Possible saltern hearth Plate 1: Plate 2: Probable saltern filtration Plate 3: Probable saltern 7004 in the N facing section of unit 8021/8028 in Trench 8, filtration unit 8004/8007 in Trench 7, looking S. looking SW. Trench 8, looking NE.

Plates 4a and 4b: A saltern filtration unit fully exposed in plan and section at St. Michael’s Lane, Wainfleet St. Mary (Albone, 1999).

Plate 5: The complex of intercutting saltern Plate 6: Intercutting Roman ditches in Trench Plate 7: SSW-facing section of Trench 37, features in Trench 16, looking NW. 37, looking S: ditch recut 37006 is on the left showing shallow, undated pit 37048 cutting and ditch 37004 on the right, with truncated the layers overlying Roman ditch 37043, ditch remnant 37045 between. from which a fragment of human bone was retrieved.

Plate 8: Intercutting features 38015/38017 Plate 9: Possible Saxon ditch 38035 in (left) and 38020 (right) in Trench 38, looking Trench 38, part of the dendritic ditch system I NE. 38015/38017 can be seen to be a single Plot 30, looking N. feature, although divided centrally by the cut Plate 10: Section through of a modern field drain. enclosure ditch 65020 in Trench 65, looking NW, showing the unusual ditch profile that may suggest a central palisade.

Plate 11: Intercutting ditches 68013 and Plate 12: Section through ditches 79007 and Plate 13: Partially excavated ditch or moat 68018 at the NE end of Trench 68, looking 79009 in Trench 79, looking NW: ditch 79007 is 80006 in Trench 80, looking E; the junction of NW. The possible redeposited natural 68019, at the near end of the section, with darker fill. ditch 80005 and ditch/moat 80006 can be seen potentially indicating the presence of a bank, in section towards the left-hand edge of the can be seen at the edge closest to the camera. picture.

Plate 14: Post-excavation shot of Trench 95 Plate 15: Modern feature 96006 cutting the Plate 16: Intercutting pits 97052, 97056 and looking E, showing linear features 95012, fills of moat 96008 in Trench 96, looking S. 97058 in the north-facing section of Trench 97. 95014, 95016 and 95018. The oldest pit, 97052, is on the right and the most recent, 97058, on the left.

Plate 17: Section through ditch 97027 in Trench Plate 18: Sondage through the feature complex Plate 19: Sections through ditch 98028 (bottom 97, looking N, showing the channel filled by at the northeast end of Trench 98, looking SE. left) and possible associated pond 98042, looking 97051 in the base of the ditch. The features shown are (left to right): 98055, S. 98052, 98057, 98039 and 98050.

Plate 20: Section through intercutting ditches Plate 21: Ditch 104028 in Trench 104, looking N, showing the Plate 22: Sequence of possible boundary 102019 and 102024 in Trench 102, looking possible slumped bank material 104030 on the west side. ditches 104015, 104019 and 104021 in Trench NNE. The later ditch, 102024, is on the left. 104, looking N.

APPENDIX 2 OF ANNEX 6.5.5: TABLE OF TRENCH LOCATIONS

Trench No. Plot No. Parish Local Planning Authority Trench NGR 3 8 North Cotes East Lindsey, LCC TA 36463 01651 5 9 North Cotes East Lindsey, LCC TA 36335 01583 6 9 North Cotes East Lindsey, LCC TA 36062 01411 7 10 North Cotes East Lindsey, LCC TA 35854 01382 8 11 North Cotes East Lindsey, LCC TA 35646 01391 9 11 North Cotes East Lindsey, LCC TA 35524 01400 10 11 North Cotes East Lindsey, LCC TA 35448 01404 11 11 North Cotes East Lindsey, LCC TA 35262 01419 16 13 Tetney East Lindsey, LCC TA 34342 01527 17 14 Tetney East Lindsey, LCC TA 34055 01589 19 17 Tetney East Lindsey, LCC TA 33572 01718 20 18 Tetney East Lindsey, LCC TA 33462 01754 21 18 Tetney East Lindsey, LCC TA 33297 01798 22 19 Tetney East Lindsey, LCC TA 33203 01828 23 20 Tetney East Lindsey, LCC TA 33042 01866 24 20 Tetney East Lindsey, LCC TA 32912 01822 25 20 Tetney East Lindsey, LCC TA 32704 01706 26 20 Tetney East Lindsey, LCC TA 32574 01648 27 21 Tetney East Lindsey, LCC TA 32476 01772 28 21 Tetney East Lindsey, LCC TA 32449 01928 34 26 Tetney East Lindsey, LCC TA 30975 02266 35 28 Tetney East Lindsey, LCC TA 30465 02028 36 29 Tetney East Lindsey, LCC TA 29732 01938 37 30 Holton Le Clay East Lindsey, LCC TA 29639 01894 38 30 Holton Le Clay East Lindsey, LCC TA 29580 01860 39 31 Holton Le Clay East Lindsey, LCC TA 29478 01820 40 31 Holton Le Clay East Lindsey, LCC TA 29378 01784 41 33 Holton Le Clay East Lindsey, LCC TA 29200 01669 42 56 Barnoldby Le Beck NELUA TA 24565 03741 43 58 Bradley NELUA TA 24612 04197

Trench No. Plot No. Parish Local Planning Authority Trench NGR 44 60 Bradley NELUA TA 24537 04738 45 66 Laceby NELUA TA 23244 05095 46 67 Laceby NELUA TA 23217 05446 47 68 Laceby NELUA TA 23166 06057 48 68 Laceby NELUA TA 23104 06084 49 69 Laceby NELUA TA 22925 06286 50 69 Laceby NELUA TA 22825 06385 55 73 Laceby NELUA TA 22079 07334 56 71f Laceby NELUA TA 21910 07519 57 76 Aylesby NELUA TA 21586 07833 58 76 Aylesby NELUA TA 21428 07957 59 81 Riby West Lindsey, LCC TA 19690 09334 60 82 Riby West Lindsey, LCC TA 19573 09493 61 84 Stallingborough NELUA TA 18820 10396 62 85 Stallingborough NELUA TA 18492 10815 63 85 Stallingborough NELUA TA 18451 10887 65 87 Stallingborough NELUA TA 18202 11429 66 87 Stallingborough NELUA TA 18182 11428 67 87 Stallingborough NELUA TA 18137 11458.5 68 87 Stallingborough NELUA TA 18110 11478 69 88 Stallingborough NELUA TA 18073 11579 70 89 Stallingborough NELUA TA 18072 11619 71 89 Stallingborough NELUA TA 17744 12004 72 90 Stallingborough NELUA TA 17661 12157 73 90 Stallingborough NELUA TA 17644 12204 74 94 Immingham NELUA TA 17215 12857 75 95 Immingham NELUA TA 16903 12945 76 96 Immingham NELUA TA 16658 13031 77 96 Immingham NELUA TA 16167 13174 78 97 Habrough NELUA TA 16174 13493 79 101 Habrough NELUA TA 16157 14400 80 101 Habrough NELUA TA 16130 14437

Trench No. Plot No. Parish Local Planning Authority Trench NGR 81 103 Habrough NELUA TA 15536 15061 82 103 Habrough NELUA TA 15482 15111 83 103 Habrough NELUA TA 15459 15159 84 103 Habrough NELUA TA 15389 15196 85 104 South Killingholme NLUA TA 15344 15239 86 104 South Killingholme NLUA TA 15243 15328 88 106 South Killingholme NLUA TA 14891 15538 89 107 South Killingholme NLUA TA 14599 15748 90 107 South Killingholme NLUA TA 14519 15847 91 109 South Killingholme NLUA TA 14401 16251 93 111 South Killingholme NLUA TA 14493 16509 94 111 South Killingholme NLUA TA 14678 16598 95 111 South Killingholme NLUA TA 14731 16628 96 111 South Killingholme NLUA TA 14717 16646 97 111 South Killingholme NLUA TA 14780 16657 98 111 South Killingholme NLUA TA 14838 16673 99 112 South Killingholme NLUA TA 14886 16728 100 115/112b North Killingholme NLUA TA 14973 17288 101 116 North Killingholme NLUA TA 15013 17460 102 118 North Killingholme NLUA TA 14901 17748 103 119 North Killingholme NLUA TA 14753 18117 104 120 North Killingholme NLUA TA 14778 18235

APPENDIX 3 OF ANNEX 6.5.5: CONTEXT SUMMARY

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating Trench 3 3001 Layer Dark brown silty topsoil, 0.50 m deep Modern 3002 Layer Mid-brown silty sand subsoil 3003 Layer Mid-brown clay below subsoil 3002; 0.25 m deep 3004 Layer Loose greyish-yellow natural sand below layer 3003 Trench 5 5001 Layer Mid- to dark orange-brown sandy silt topsoil, 0.33 m deep Modern 5002 Layer Light- to mid-greyish-orange silty sand subsoil, 0.28 m deep, below sand layer 5003 5003 Layer Spread of loose light- to mid-yellowish-orange silty sand, 0.04 m deep, between topsoil 5001 and

subsoil 5002 5004 Layer Mid-brownish-orange natural silty sand below subsoil 5002 Trench 6 6001 Layer Dark greyish-brown sandy clay topsoil, 0.47 m deep Modern 6002 Layer Dark yellowish-brown silty sand subsoil, 0.21 m deep 6003 Layer Blackish-brown compact sandy clay, 0.10 m deep, below subsoil 5002: possible buried soil 6004 Layer Mottled mid- and dark yellowish-brown clayey sand, 0.14 m deep, below layer 6003 6005 Layer Mid-greyish-brown clayey sand below layer 6004; excavated to a depth of 0.26 m without being

penetrated Trench 7 7001 Layer Dark brownish-grey sandy silt topsoil, 0.40 m deep Modern 7002 Layer Mid-greyish-brown sandy silt subsoil, 0.25 m deep 7003 Layer Natural in Trench 7: believed to lie beneath layer 7023, but not seen 7004 Cut Pit cutting subsoil 7002; 0.60 m wide x 1.05 m deep, with vertical sides; filled by 7006-12; possible

saltern feature, but stratigraphically not associated with features 7005 or 7022 7005 Cut Shallow, sub-round pit, 1.60 m wide x 0.60 m deep, filled by 7016-17: possible saltern feature 7006 Fill Final fill in pit 7004: compact light brown sandy silt with rare charcoal flecks, 0.30 m deep 7007 Fill Light brown sandy clay fill in pit 7004 below fill 7006, 0.10 m deep, no inclusions 7008 Fill Mid-brown sandy silt with occasional inclusions of charcoal, filling pit 7004 below 7007, 0.25 m deep 7009 Fill Light brownish-grey compact silty clay in pit 7004 below fill 7008; 0.04 m deep 7010 Fill Mixed light grey and mid-orange-brown compact sandy silt, 0.06 m deep, in pit 7004 below fill 7009 Sample <7/3>

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 7011 Fill Cemented (but not heat-affected) mid-greyish-brown clay lining within pit 7004, between 90 mm and Sample <7/4> 160 mm thick, below fill 7010 and overlying fill 7012 7012 Fill Light brownish-grey sandy silt fill in the base of pit 7004 below lining 7011, containing occasional charcoal flecks, 0.15 m deep; probably represents a levelling layer 7013 Layer Spread of light greyish-brown compact silty sand, 0.30 m deep, below subsoil 7002: possible washed- out saltern waste 7014 Fill/ Spread of mid-greyish-brown compact sandy silt with occasional charcoal flecks, 0.45 m deep, below Sample <7/1> Layer layer 7013: possible washed-out saltern waste sealing features 7005 and 7022 7015 Fill Mid-orange-brown sandy clay with flecks of charcoal: primary fill in pit 7022 below fill/layer 7014 Sample <7/2> 7016 Fill Mid-orange-brown silty clay with frequent flecks of charcoal up to 20 mm, in pit 7005 below fill/layer 7014 7017 Fill Light grey compact sandy clay primary fill in pit 7005 below fill 7016 7018 Layer Light brownish-grey compact sandy silt below layer 7013 and cut by pits 7005 and 7022; not clearly distinguishable from underlying layer 7023 7019 Layer Mottled mid-orange-brown and mid-brownish-grey compact silty sand with occasional charcoal flecks up to 20 mm; 0.50 m deep; to W of and cut by pit 7022: possible washed-out saltern waste 7020 Layer Mid-greyish-brown silty sand with occasional charcoal flecks up to 20 mm, below layers 7019 and 7021: possible washed-out saltern waste; excavated to 0.30 m depth without being penetrated 7021 Layer Mid-brown compact clayey sand, 0.44 m deep, below subsoil 7002 and layer 7019 towards W end of trench: possible washed-out saltern waste 7022 Cut Shallow pit with vertical sides, partially exposed at W end of trench adjacent to pit 7005, filled by 7014- 15: possible saltern feature 7023 Layer Light brownish-grey compact sandy silt below layer 7018, seen only in sondage at E end of trench;

excavated to 0.48 m depth without being penetrated: possible washed-out saltern waste Trench 8 8001 Layer Mid-orange-brown sandy silt topsoil, 0.45 m deep 8002 Layer Mid-brownish-orange silty sand subsoil, 0.55 m deep 8003 Layer Mid-greyish-brown fine sand, excavated to a depth of 1.0 m without being penetrated, cut by pits 8004, 8007: possible washed-out saltern waste 8004 Cut Circular pit cutting layer 8003, 1.06 m diameter x 0.64 m deep, filled by 8005, 8006 and 8016 8005 Fill Compact light greyish-brown clay lining of pit 8004, up to 0.19 m thick Industrial production residue 8006 Fill Very thin, vertical layer of black sandy clay adhering to the interior of clay pit lining 8005 8007 Cut Partially exposed, very shallow sub-rectangular pit adjacent to pit 8004, 0.08 m deep, containing burnt material 8015 8008 Cut Pit cutting subsoil 8002, seen only in section: 1.00 m wide x 0.36 m deep, filled by 8009-10 8009 Fill Mid-orange-brown sandy silt upper fill in pit 8008

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 8010 Fill Mid-orange-brown sandy silt lower fill in pit 8008 Sample <8/4> 8011 Fill Mid-brown clay containing fired clay fragments and charcoal, filling doubtful shallow pit 8018; probably 12th to mid-14th-century pottery, industrial one of a sequence of interleaving dumped saltern deposits production residue, shell; sample <8/5>; fired clay seen but not retrieved 8012 8012 Large but very shallow pit, 2.25 m x 1.80 m x 0.02 m, filled by 8017: number possibly assigned in error to the base of a small spread of saltern debris. 8013 8013 Mid-brown clay with inclusions of fired clay and industrial production residue, filling doubtful shallow pit 12th- to mid-14th-century pottery; industrial 8014; probably one of a sequence of interleaving dumped saltern deposits production residue and fired clay seen but not retrieved 8014 8014 Partially exposed large but very shallow pit, 2+ m x 1+ m x 0.05 m, filled by 8013: number possibly assigned in error to the base of a dump or spread of saltern debris. 8015 8015 Dark brownish-red heat-affected clayey sand containing fuel ash, industrial production residue and fired Industrial production residue; sample <8/2>; clay, filling shallow pit 8007 fired clay seen but not retrieved 8016 8016 Light greyish-brown clayey sand containing fuel ash, industrial production residue, organic material and Industrial production residue; sample <8/3> fired clay, forming the final fill in clay-lined pit 8004 8017 8017 Mid-brownish-red sand with charcoal inclusions filling doubtful shallow pit 8012; probably one of a Sample <8/1>; industrial production residue sequence of interleaving dumped saltern deposits and shell seen but not recovered 8018 8018 Partially exposed large but very shallow pit, 2+ m x 2+ m x 0.05 m, filled by 8011: number possibly assigned in error to the base of a dump or spread of saltern debris. 8019 8019 Very shallow pit, 0.70 m x 0.62 m x 0.07 m, filled by 8017: number possibly assigned in error to the base of a small dump of saltern debris 8020 8020 Mid-brownish-red sand with charcoal inclusions filling doubtful shallow pit 8019; probably one of a Industrial production residue and shell seen sequence of interleaving dumped saltern deposits but not recovered; sample <8/6> 8021 8021 Sub-circular pit with almost vertical sides, cutting deposit 8029; filled by 8022-7 8022 8022 Mid-brownish-orange silty sand final fill in pit 8021, 0.64 m deep, with occasional charcoal inclusions Industrial production residue and fired clay; sample <8/7> 8023 8023 Thin deposit of mid-grey sandy clay between fills 8022 and 8024 in pit 8021; 0.30 m wide x 0.02 m thick 8024 8024 Mid-orange-grey compact sandy clay lining, 0.32 m deep, on the base of pit 8021: separated from the lining of the pit sides by layer 8025 8025 8025 Thin deposit of mid-grey sandy clay, 0.02 m thick, at the base of pit 8021, overlying the lining of the sides but below the lining of the base 8026 8026 Mixed mid- to light orange-grey sandy clay lining of the sides of pit 8021, up to 0.30 m thick Sample 8/8 8027 8027 Mixed mid- to light orange-grey sandy clay lining of the sides of pit 8021, up to 0.34 m thick: same as 8026, but separated in section. 8028 8028 Wide, shallow sub-rectangular pit, 2.30 m x 0.32 m, cutting layer 8003; extending beyond S trench edge, adjacent to circular pit 8021, filled by 8029 8029 8029 Mid-yellowish-brown silty sand fill in pit 8028, cut by circular pit 8021; contains occasional charcoal and Industrial production residue industrial production residue inclusions

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating Trench 9 9001 Layer Mid-orange-brown sandy silt topsoil, 0.44 m deep 9002 Layer Mid-brownish-orange silty sand subsoil, 0.40 m deep 9003 Layer Mid-brownish-orange silty sand natural 9004 Layer Blackish-brown sandy silt with charcoal and industrial production residue inclusions, below subsoil 9002, 0.03 m deep 9005 Cut Very wide, very shallow pit, 5+ m x 2+ m x 0.01 m, filled by 9006: possible saltern feature, or number possibly assigned in error to the base of a burnt area 9006 Fill Mid-reddish to mid-orange-brown heat-affected clay filling doubtful shallow pit 9005: possibly an area of Industrial production residue and fired clay in situ burning seen but not recovered Trench 10 10001 Layer Dark greyish-brown sandy clay topsoil, 0.43 m deep 10002 Layer Mid- to light brown sandy clay subsoil, up to 0.46 m deep 10003 Layer Compact mid-brown sandy clay natural 10004 Fill Dark brownish-red heat-affected silty sand with frequent charcoal fragments and fuel ash residue filling 12th- to early 13th-century pottery; industrial doubtful shallow pit 10005: probably a dump of salt production waste production residue; sample <10/4> 10005 Cut Supposed cut with flat base extending beyond trench boundaries, filled by 10004: number possibly assigned in error to the base of a dump or spread of saltern debris 10006 Cut Partially exposed, very shallow pit, 1+ m x 1+ m x 0.01 m, filled by 10007: possible saltern feature, or number possibly assigned in error to the base of a burnt area 10007 Fill Mid-orange-brown heat-affected clay, recorded as filling doubtful shallow pit 10006: possibly an area of Sample <10/2> in situ burning 10008 Cut Partially exposed, very shallow pit, 2+ m x 2 m x 0.01 m, filled by 10009: number possibly assigned in error to the base of a burnt area 10009 Fill Mid-orange-brown heat-affected clay, recorded as filling doubtful shallow pit 10008: possibly an area of Fired clay and industrial production residue in situ burning seen but not retrieved 10010 Cut NE-SW aligned linear feature, 2.03 m wide x 0.65 m deep, filled by 10011; possible recut of large post- Post-medieval (dated stratigraphically) medieval ditch 10012 10011 Fill Blackish-brown sandy silt with charcoal inclusions, filling post-medieval ditch 10010 10012 Cut NE-SW aligned linear feature, excavated to a depth of 1.36 m without reaching the base, containing fills Post-medieval 10013, 10014, 10017; truncated on SE side by 10010, but originally more than 3 m wide 10013 Fill Final fill in ditch 10012: mid-brownish-yellow silty sand with charcoal inclusions, 0.55 m deep, cut by ditch 10010 10014 Fill Mid-brownish-grey silty sand with charcoal inclusions, excavated to a depth of 0.77 m without reaching the lowest point, filling ditch 10012 below fill 10013

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 10015 Cut Partially exposed shallow pit, 0.06 m deep, filled by 10016: number possibly assigned in error to the base of a dump or spread of saltern debris 10016 Fill Mid-brownish-red silty sand with charcoal and heat-affected clay, filling doubtful shallow pit 10015: probably a dump of salt production waste 10017 Fill Primary fill in ditch 10012: blackish-brown silty sand with some organic material, excavated to a basal 19th- to 20th-century pottery thickness of 0.14 m without reaching base of feature 10018 Fill Mid-reddish-brown heat-affected clayey sand with frequent charcoal, fired clay and industrial production Fired clay and industrial production residue residue, recorded as filling doubtful shallow pit 10019: probably an area of in situ burning seen but not retrieved 10019 Cut Supposed large, very shallow pit, 2.20 m x 1.60 m x 0.01 m, filled by 10018: number possibly assigned in error to the base of a burnt area 10020 Fill Mid-brown sandy clay with occasional charcoal fragments/flecks up to 20 mm, fired clay and industrial Fired clay and industrial production residue production residue, recorded as filling doubtful shallow pit 10021: probably a dump of salt production seen but not retrieved; sample <10/3> waste 10021 Cut Large, irregular, shallow pit, 0.16 m deep, filled by 10020: number possibly assigned in error to the base of a dump or spread of saltern debris 10022 Fill Pink heat-affected clay with fired clay and industrial production residue, recorded as filling doubtful Fired clay and industrial production residue shallow pit 10023: possibly an area of in situ burning seen but not retrieved 10023 Cut Partially exposed, very shallow pit, 1.26+ m x 1.18 m x 0.01 m, filled by 10022: possible saltern feature, or number possibly assigned in error to the base of a burnt area 10024 Cut Partially exposed large shallow pit, 5.7 m x 1.3 m+ x 0.08 m, filled by 10025: number possibly assigned in error to the base of a dump or spread of saltern debris 10025 Fill Mid-brownish-red silty sand with charcoal and industrial production residue, filling doubtful shallow pit Industrial production residue seen but not 10024: probably a dump of salt production waste retrieved Trench 11 11001 Layer Dark brown sandy silt topsoil, 0.33 m deep 11002 Layer Mid-brown silty sand subsoil, 0.26 m deep 11003 Layer Thin layer of sand, 0.04 m deep, not further recorded, below subsoil 11002 11004 Layer Dark brown natural sand 11005 Fill Reddish-black heat-affected sandy clay with frequent charcoal and fired clay inclusions, recorded as Late 12th- to 14th-century pottery; shell, fired filling doubtful shallow pit 11006: probably an area of in situ burning clay; sample <11/1> 11006 Cut Irregular, partially exposed, very shallow pit, 1,80 m x 1.80 m+ x 0.01 m, filled by heat-affected material 11005: number possibly assigned in error to the base of a burnt area 11007 Fill Mixed mid-brownish-red and mid-brownish-yellow silty clayey sand with charcoal inclusions, filling Sample <11/2> doubtful shallow pit 11008: probably a dump of salt production waste 11008 Cut Partially exposed, very shallow pit, trench width x 1. 80 m x 0.03 m, filled by 11007: number possibly assigned in error to the base of a dump or spread of saltern debris

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating Trench 16 16001 Layer Mid-brown sandy silt topsoil, 0.40 m deep 16002 Layer Yellowish- to greyish-brown compact natural sand 16003 Layer Deposit of fuel waste ash and slag in a matrix of dark brownish-grey sandy silt, 2.5 m x trench width x Industrial production residue; sample <16/2> 0.10 m, below topsoil 16001 and sealing features 16011 and 16013 16004 Cut Sub-rectangular pit with flat base, 1.40 m x 1.30 m x 0.40 m, filled by 16005-16008; cutting gully 16009 and pit 16031, and stratigraphically later than gully 16032 16005 Fill Mid-brownish-orange silty sandy clay final fill in pit 16004, 0.12 m deep, containing charcoal, fired clay Fired clay and industrial production residue and industrial production residue seen but not retrieved 16006 Fill Mid-brownish-grey silty sandy clay containing charcoal and fired clay, 0.10 m deep, in pit 16004 below Fired clay seen but not retrieved fill 16005 16007 Fill Mixed brownish-black and mid-brownish-orange silty sand and silty clay, with inclusions of charcoal and Sample <16/1> fired clay, 0.14 m deep, in pit 16004 below fill 16006 16008 Fill Mid- to dark bluish-grey silty clay fill in base of pit 16004 below fill 16007: may represent the remains of a clay lining 16009 Cut Irregular, roughly NW-SE aligned linear feature with very steep sides and rounded SE terminal, cutting gully 16032 and cut by pit 16031; 0.39 m wide x 0.44 m deep, filled by 16015, 16018, 16020-23 16010 Layer Spread of mid-bluish-grey silty clay, 2.64 m x trench width x 0.07 m, overlying natural 16002 and cut by features 16011 and 16013 16011 Cut Narrow linear feature, aligned roughly E-W, parallel to 16013, 0.15 m wide x 0.05 m deep, filled by 16012 16012 Fill Mixed mid-brownish-grey and light yellow silty sand with moderate fragments of industrial production Industrial production residue seen but not residue, filling linear feature 16011 retrieved; sample <16/3> 16013 Cut Base of E-W aligned linear feature comprising three parallel grooves or channels, 0.40 m wide in total x 0.10 m deep, filled by 16014 16014 Fill Mixed mid-brownish-grey and light yellow silty sand with moderate inclusions of industrial production Industrial production residue seen but not residue becoming frequent towards E end, filling multiple linear feature 16013 retrieved; sample <16/4> 16015 Fill Final fill in cut 16009: mid-brownish-orange silty clay with charcoal inclusions, 0.09 m deep 16016 Fill Mixed mid-brownish-orange and brownish-black silty sand fill in feature 16032, below fill 16034 and above fill 16017; 0.04 m deep 16017 Fill Mid-bluish-grey silty clay fill in base of gully 16032 below fill 16016, 0.12 m deep, with charcoal inclusions: may represent the remains of a clay lining 16018 Fill Mid-greyish-brown silty sand with charcoal and industrial production residue inclusions, 0.14 m deep in gully 16009 below fill 16015 and above fill 16020 16019 Fill Mid-yellowish-brown silty sand with no inclusions, filling gully 16032 and cut by pit 16009 16020 Fill Mixed mid-brownish-orange and brownish-black silty and sandy fill in feature 16009, below fill 16018 Sample <16/5> and above fill 16021; 0.04 m deep

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 16021 Fill Mid-greyish-brown silty sandy clay with inclusions of fired clay and industrial production residue, 0.05 m deep, in gully 16009 below fill 16020 and above fill 16022 16022 Fill Mid-greyish-brown silty sand with inclusions of ash and industrial production residue, 0.03 m deep, in gully 16009 below fill 16021 and above fill 16023 16023 Fill Light greyish- to brownish-blue silty sandy clay basal fill in gully 16009, 0.07 m deep: possible remnant of a clay lining 16024 Cut Large N-S aligned linear feature at E trench end, full width and depth not exposed (exceeded 10 m wide x 1.10 m deep), with multiple fills 16025-29 and 16044-48: probably a natural watercourse 16025 Fill Light brown sandy clay with a lens of blue clay, in ditch 16024 below fills 16045 and 16047 and above fills 16026 and 16048 16026 Fill Mid-brown clay with inclusions of charcoal, fired clay and industrial production residue in ditch 16024 Fired clay, industrial production residue below fill 16025 and above fill 16028 16027 Fill Mid-brown sandy clay with no inclusions, overlying the cut of the west side of ditch 16024 below fill 16026 and separated from basal fill 16029 by fill 16028 16028 Fill Block of light brown sandy clay filling cut 16030 within the fills of ditch 16024 16029 Fill Laminated deposit comprising thin layers of mid-brown clay and light grey sand, forming the lowest encountered fill on the west side of ditch 16024 below fill 16028 16030 Cut Small, vertically-sided feature, 0.30 m wide x 0.40 m deep, filled by 16028, separating fills 16027 and 16029 in ditch 16024: may represent a feature such as a post-hole, cut into the partially silted ditch 16031 Cut Truncated remnants of sub-circular pit, 0.70 m x 0.60 m x 0.20 m, cutting fill 16015 in gully 16009, filled by 16035, 16036, 16038 16032 Cut Roughly NW-SE aligned, truncated, linear feature with flat base, filled by 16016, 16017, 16034 and 16043 16033 Cut Small sub-circular pit cut into upper fill 16043 of feature 16032; 0.42 m diameter x 0.12 m deep; filled by 16037 16034 Fill Mid-brown silty sand final fill in gully 16032, above fill 16016, 0.06 m deep 16035 Fill Mid- to light brownish-grey sandy silty clay basal fill of pit 16031, below fill 16036, 0.10 m deep 16036 Fill Mid-greyish-brown friable sandy clay upper fill of pit 16031, 0.10 m deep 16037 Fill Mixed mid-brown and bluish-grey sandy silty clay filling small pit 16033 16038 Fill Duplicate number for fill 16035 16039 Fill Duplicate number for fill 16005 16040 Fill Duplicate number for fill 16007 Fired clay; industrial production residue; sample <16/6> 16041 Fill Deposit of mottled mid-greyish-brown and orange heat-affected silty sand with occasional charcoal, 0.70 m wide x 0.10 m deep, in pit 16004 between fills 16040 and 16042 16042 Fill Duplicate number for fill 16008

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 16043 Fill Disturbed-looking uppermost fill in feature 16032: mixed brown and bluish-grey friable silty clay, 0.08 m thick, cut by features 16009 and 16033 16044 Fill Mid-brown sandy silt final fill in the centre of feature 16024, overlying fills 16045 and 16046 16045 Fill Deposit of greyish-blue clay in feature 16024, underlying fill 16044 to the west of a modern land-drain

cut and overlying fill 16025 16046 Fill Compact yellow sand incorporating a lens of heat-affected clay fragments, underlying fill 16044 in

feature 16024 and overlying fill 16027 16047 Fill Deposit in feature 16024 consisting of laminated layers of mid-brown and yellow silt and sand,

underlying fill 16046 and overlying fill 16025 16048 Fill Mid-brownish-grey clayey sand basal fill on E side of feature 16024: equivalent to fill 16029, but no

connection could be shown 16049 Fill Mid-bluish-grey silty clay basal fill of feature 16032, 0.10 m deep; same as 16017 Trench 17 17001 Layer Dark brown friable silty topsoil, 0.36 m deep 17002 Layer Mid-brownish-orange natural silty clay at either end of trench 17003 Layer Light orange-brown sand in centre of trench, possibly representing a silted-up watercourse; not

excavated, relationship to 17002 not ascertained Trench 19 19001 Layer Blackish-brown organic silty clay topsoil, 0.13 m deep 19002 Layer Mid-brown silty clay subsoil, 0.12 m deep 19003 Layer Compact light brown natural clay Trench 20 20001 Layer Dark greyish-brown sandy silt topsoil, 0.42 m deep 20002 Layer Mid-brownish-orange silty sand subsoil, 0.30 m deep 20003 Layer Mid-brownish-grey silty clay natural Trench 21 21001 Layer Mid-greyish-brown sandy silt topsoil 21002 Layer Mid-orange-grey clayey silt natural Trench 22 22001 Layer Topsoil, 0.28 m deep 22002 Layer Subsoil, up to 0.47 m deep above features 22003 Layer Natural 22004 Cut Large, E-W aligned linear feature with convex sides, 2.94 m wide, excavated to a depth of 0.67 m

(water table) without reaching base; filled by 2205-09; same as 22035

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 22005 Fill Light brown clay with no inclusions forming the lowest fill reached in ditch 22004: possible slumped or

eroded deposit against N side of ditch 22006 Fill Mottled blue and orange clay deposit in ditch 22004, forming a main basal fill above slumped deposits

22005 and 22009; 0.37 m deep (deposit penetrated, but underlying deposit not recorded) 22007 Fill Light orange-brown silty sandy clay with no inclusions, forming a main upper fill in ditch 22004 above fill Sample <22/1> 22006; 0.35 m deep 22008 Fill Mid-brown silty clay with no inclusions, forming a partial final fill in ditch 22004 above fill 22007; 1.07 m wide x 0.08 m deep: possible subsoil infill into subsidence above feature 22009 Fill Mid-brownish-orange clay with no inclusions, overlying the N side of ditch 22004 above fill 22005: possible slumped or eroded deposit (suggesting the former presence of a bank on N side?) 22010 Layer Compact light brown silty clay forming the uppermost of a sequence of layers on N side of and cut by ditch 22017; 0.19 m deep 22011 Layer Blackish-brown silty sand with frequent charcoal fragments up to 20mm and fragments of fired clay, Animal bone below layer 22010; 0.04 m deep 22012 Layer Mid-brown sandy clay with abundant oyster shell and occasional charcoal fragments up to 20 mm, 0.11 Industrial production residue; shell m deep, below layer 20111 22013 Layer Mid-brown clayey sand with occasional charcoal inclusions, 0.10 m deep, below layer 22012 Shell 22014 Fill Final fill of feature 22017: mid-brown silty clay with occasional charcoal fragments up to 20 mm; 0.53 m Industrial production residue deep 22015 Fill Mottled greyish-blue and light orange compact silty clay filling feature 22017 below fill 22014; 0.18 m Shell deep 22016 Fill Basal fill of feature 22017, below fill 22015: mid-brown compact silty clay with occasional charcoal 1 sherd late 12th- to mid-15th-century pottery, flecks (similar to fill 22014) shell; sample <22/3> 22017 Cut E-W aligned linear feature near centre of trench, with irregular but generally rounded profile; 1.10 m Mid- to late Iron Age pottery wide x 0.55 m deep, filled by 22014-16 22018 Cut E-W aligned linear feature, truncated (recut?) on S side by feature 22019. Remaining width 1.50 m, depth 0.55 m; base slopes down to S. Filled by 22021-22. 22019 Cut Roughly E-W aligned linear feature with bowl-shaped profile; possible recut of ditch 22018. 1.5 m wide x 0.36 m deep, filled by 22020 and 22023. 22020 Fill Mottled mid-orange-brown and blue clay principal fill in ditch 22019, 0.32 m deep, overlying fill 22023 Industrial production residue; sample <22/2> 22021 Fill Upper fill in ditch 22018: blue clay with mid-orange-brown mottling and no inclusions, 0.40 m deep Sample <22/4> 22022 Fill Basal fill in ditch 22018: blue clay with mid-orange-brown mottling and no inclusions, 0.14 m deep 22023 Fill Small deposit of blue clay, 0.30 m wide x 0.04 m deep, on S side of base of ditch 22019 below fill 22020 22024 Layer Mid-greyish-brown silty clay layer 0.74 m thick, below layer 22041 in a sequence of probable salt production waste deposits, overlying sequentially on a south-to-north slope

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 22025 Layer Deposit of industrial production residue and fired clay fragments (identified on site as briquetage) in a Fired clay associated with salt production; matrix of mid-greyish-brown silty clay, 0.18 m thick, below layer 22030 in a sequence of probable salt sample <22/5> production waste deposits 22026 Layer Black, friable mixture of silt and charcoal forming the lowest in a sequence of probable salt production Fired clay associated with salt production; waste deposits and deposited at a shallower angle than subsequent layers; 0.16 m deep; below layer sample <22/6> 22027 and overlying natural 22003 22027 Layer Light yellowish-brown silty clay overlying probable salt production waste deposit 22026 and also deposited at a shallower angle than subsequent layers 22028 Layer Black, friable mixture of silt and charcoal similar to layer 22026, below layer 22031 in a sequence of Fired clay associated with salt production probable salt production waste deposits 22029 Layer Mid-greyish-brown silty clay with inclusions of industrial production residue and fired clay (identified on Fired clay associated with salt production site as briquetage), below layer 22025 in a sequence of probable salt production waste deposits 22030 Layer Deposit of mid-greyish-brown silty clay with abundant fragments of industrial production residue and Industrial production residue; fired clay fired clay (identified on site as briquetage), below layer 22024 in a sequence of probable salt production associated with salt production waste deposits 22031 Layer Relatively deep (0.54 m) layer of light yellowish-brown silty clay with clean appearance, below layer Sample <22/7> 22029 in a sequence of probable salt production waste deposits 22032 Layer Greenish-blue clay with charcoal flecks, overlying layers 22026 and 22027 in a sequence of probable Sample <22/8> salt production waste deposits; this layer and all subsequent layers overlie on a marked south-to-north downward slope, indicating sequential dumping of saltern waste 22033 Cut Severely truncated remnant of a large ditch, cutting the saltern waste layer sequence on N side and largely cut away by later ditch 22035; c. 3.3 m wide; not excavated below a depth of 0.30 m; filled by 22034 22034 Fill Mid- to light brown silty clay fill in exposed upper portion of ditch 22033, sealed by alluvial layer 22042 22035 Cut Roughly E-W aligned linear feature, on the same alignment as and truncating ditch 22033, but cutting alluvial layer 22042 which seals the earlier ditch. Same as 22004: recorded again with different context numbers after the trench was re-machined to a greater depth. Filled by 22036-40. 22036 Fill Dark grey silty clay final fill in the centre of ditch 22035, probably equivalent to fill 22008 in original recording as ditch 22004 22037 Fill Dark brown silty clay below fill 22036 in ditch 22035: cannot be equated to any deposit in original recording as ditch 22004 22038 Fill Deposit of mid-brown silty clay interleaved between fills 22037 and 22039 on N side of ditch 22035; possibly equivalent to fill 22009 in original recording as ditch 22004 22039 Fill Mid- to light brown silty clay fill in ditch 22035 below deposit 22038: cannot be equated to any deposit in original recording as ditch 22004 22040 Fill Light bluish-green clay underlying fill 22039 in ditch 22035. Lowest fill reached: cannot be equated to any deposit in original recording as ditch 22004.

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 22041 Layer Bluish-grey clay forming the uppermost layer in a sequence of probable salt production waste deposits overlying sequentially on a south-to-north slope; identified on site as an alluvial deposit sealing the saltern mound and cut by ditch 22033. 22042 Layer Yellowish-brown clay, probably alluvial, 0.26 m deep, sealing ditch 22033 and cut by ditch 22035 22043 Cut Postulated cut dividing the more level-lying salt production waste layers 22026 and 22027 from the

sloping layers above, interpreted as erosion caused by tidal incursion Trench 23 23001 Layer Dark greyish-brown plastic clayey silt topsoil, 0.40 m deep 23002 Layer Mid-brown sandy clayey silt subsoil with clean appearance, 0.20 m deep 23003 Layer Mid-brown clay natural with silt patches Trench 24 24001 Layer Dark greyish-brown plastic clayey silt topsoil, 0.35 m deep 24002 Layer Mid- to dark brown clayey silt subsoil, 0.20 m deep 24003 Layer Clay natural with silt patches Trench 25 25001 Layer Dark greyish-brown plastic clayey silt topsoil, 0.30 m deep 25002 Layer Mid- to dark brown clayey silt subsoil, 0.20 m deep 25003 Layer Natural silty clay, greyish-brown mottled blue Trench 26 26001 Layer Mid-brownish-grey silty clay topsoil, 0.50 m deep 26002 Layer Mid-greyish-brown silty clay subsoil, 0.25 m deep 26003 Layer Light yellowish-grey natural clay Trench 27 27001 Layer Dark greyish-brown clayey silt topsoil, 0.30 m deep 27002 Layer Mid-brown clayey silt subsoil, 0.12 m deep 27003 Layer Mixed bluish-brown and bluish-grey clay natural Trench 28 28001 Layer Dark greyish-brown sandy clayey silt topsoil, 0.35 m deep 28002 Layer Light brownish-yellow fine sand, possibly wind-blown, 0.10 m deep, below topsoil 28001 28003 Layer Mixed bluish-brown and bluish-grey clay natural Trench 34 34001 Layer Mid-brown sandy clay topsoil, 0.20 m deep 34002 Layer Mid-orange-brown sandy clay subsoil, 0.23 m deep

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 34003 Layer Natural sandy clay: mid-orange-brown with dark grey veins and patches 34004 Fill Mid- to dark brown clay fill of small feature 34005 34005 Cut Small, isolated oval feature, 0.37 m x 0.30 m x 0.11 m, filled by 34004 34006 Cut NW-SE aligned, slightly curvilinear feature, at least 1.5 m wide (disturbed by land drain); depth 0.41 m 34007 Fill Disturbed-looking, compact dark orange-brown sandy clay in the base of ditch 34006 34008 Fill Very dark brown to black compact sandy clay above fill 34007 in ditch 34006; shape in section suggests

the fill of a recut, but recording in this feature was severely hampered by adverse conditions 34009 Cut Small circular feature with vertical sides, probably a post-hole, 0.20 m diameter x 0.23 m deep, in the

base of ditch 34006; filled by 34016 34010 Cut Circular pit with V-shaped profile at N end of trench, 0.64 m diameter x 0.23 m deep, filled by 34011 34011 Fill Mottled dark grey and orange sandy silty clay with occasional flint fragments, filling pit 34010 34012 Cut Shallow, E-W aligned linear feature near N end of trench, 3.68 m wide x 0.18 m deep, filled by 34013:

probably a furrow 34013 Fill Light- to mid-brown silty sandy clay with rare chalk flecks and flint chips, filling furrow 34012 34014 Cut Partially exposed, probably circular feature with bowl-shaped profile, c. 0.50 m diameter x 0.16 m deep 34015 Fill Mid- to dark grey sandy clay fill in small pit 34014 34016 Fill Mid-grey sandy clay fill in post-hole 34009: probably overlain by fill 34008, but relationship could not be

confidently ascertained due to adverse weather conditions during excavation Trench 35 35001 Layer Mid-greyish-brown silty clay topsoil, 0.38 m deep 35002 Layer Mid-yellowish-brown silty clay subsoil, 0.27 m deep 35003 Layer Mid-greyish-brown natural silty clay Trench 36 36001 Layer Mid-greyish-brown silty clay topsoil, 0.40 m deep 36002 Layer Mid-yellowish-grey silty clay subsoil at SW end of trench, 0.26 m deep 36003 Layer Mid-brownish-grey silty clay natural 36004 Layer Mid-orange-brown clayey silt colluvial layer below topsoil 36001 in centre and at NE end of trench: stratigraphic relationship to subsoil 36002 and natural 36003 not recorded 36005 Fill Mid-orange-brown silty clay fill in gully 36006 36006 Cut Narrow NW-SE running linear feature, perpendicular to and cut by gully 36008; 0.25 m wide x 0.13 m deep 36007 Fill Mid-brownish-red silty clay with occasional small angular stones, filling linear feature 36008 Sample <36/1> 36008 Cut Narrow NE-SW running linear feature, 0.30 m wide x 0.24 m deep; parallel to 36010

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 36009 Fill Mid-brownish-red silty clay with occasional small angular stones, filling linear feature 36010 1 sherd 12th- to mid-14th-century pottery; sample <36/2> 36010 Cut Narrow NE-SW running linear feature, 0.40 m wide x 0.19 m deep; parallel to 36008 36011 Fill Fill in additional section through linear feature 36006 at junction with 36008: same as 36005 Animal bone 36012 Cut Additional number assigned to feature 36006 in secondary section 36013 Fill Fill in additional section through linear feature 36008 at junction with 36006: same as 36007 36014 Cut Additional number assigned to feature 36008 in secondary section

Trench 37 37001 Layer Dark brown silty clay topsoil, 0.35 m deep 37002 Layer Mid- to light brown silty clay subsoil, 0.42 m deep 37003 Layer Natural reddish-brown glacial till 37004 Cut NW-SE running linear feature with shallow, bowl-shaped profile, towards W end of trench; 1.36 m wide x 0.40 m deep; stratigraphically later than ditches 37008 and 37045, filled by 37005 37005 Fill Mid-grey sandy clay with occasional rounded stones, some heat-affected, filling ditch 37004 Early 3rd-century pottery; sample <37/1> 37006 Cut NNW-SSE running linear feature with steep, regular sides, towards W end of trench; 1.40 m wide x 0.60 m deep; stratigraphically later than ditch 37045; filled by 37007 37007 Fill Mid-grey sandy clay with occasional small sub-rounded stones, filling ditch 37006 Mid-3rd-century pottery; animal bone 37008 Cut NE-SW running linear feature, partially exposed at extreme W end of trench; 0.40 m deep; filled by 37009; stratigraphically below ditch 37004 37009 Fill Mid-greyish-brown clayey silt fill in ditch 37008, containing rare charcoal flecks and rounded gravel Mid- to late 3rd century and medieval pottery; shell; animal bone; flint 37010 Cut Additional number given out to a further section through ditch 37004 37011 Fill Fill in ditch section 37010: mid-grey silty clay, stratigraphically the same as 37005 2nd century pottery; animal bone 37012 Cut NW-SE linear feature at E end of trench; only partially excavated due to unresolved stratigraphic relationships in this area; filled by 37014-37019; stratigraphically above features 37013 and 37026 37013 Cut Remnant of NW-SE running linear feature truncated by ditch 37012; filled by 37020-22 1 sherd Roman pottery 37014 Fill Light brownish-grey sandy clay forming the lowest exposed fill in ditch 37012: occupies entire height of Animal bone; Roman pottery NE side, probably indicating slumping from a bank 37015 Fill Light brownish-grey sandy clay overlying fill 37014 towards the base of ditch 37012, 0.25 m deep 37016 Fill Mid-brownish-grey sandy clay with occasional charcoal flecks, 0.27 m deep, overlying fill 37015 in ditch 37012 37017 Fill Light brownish-grey sandy clay with occasional chalk flecks, 0.29 m deep, overlying fill 37016 in ditch 2nd century or later pottery; shell 37012 37018 Fill Mid- to dark greyish-brown sandy clay, 0.36 m deep, overlying fill 37017 in ditch 37012 2nd century or later pottery; animal bone

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 37019 Fill Final fill in ditch 37012: light- to mid-greyish-brown sandy clay with occasional chalk flecks and sub- rounded stones, 0.27 m deep 37020 Fill Primary fill in ditch 37013: mid-orange-grey friable sandy clay, 0.35 m deep Roman pottery; animal bone 37021 Fill Mid- to dark grey sandy clay with occasional sub-rounded stones, 0.26 m deep, overlying fill 37020 in ditch 37013 37022 37022 Mottled greyish-orange sandy clay, 0.37 m deep, with occasional chalk flecks and sub-rounded stones, overlying fill 37021 in ditch 37013; cut by ditches 37012 and 37023 37023 37023 E-W running linear feature partially exposed at E end of trench; 0.63 m deep, apparently with steep sides and flat base; filled by 37024-25; stratigraphically above 37013 37024 37024 Lower fill in ditch 37023: mid-grey sandy clay with rare sub-rounded stones, 0.18 m deep 37025 37025 Upper fill in ditch 37023: mid grey sandy clay mottled mid-orange-brown with occasional chalk flecks, Late 1st- to 2nd-century pottery; shell charcoal flecks and sub-rounded stones, 0.45 m deep 37026 37026 NW-SE running linear feature partially exposed at extreme E end of trench; stratigraphically below ditch 37012; filled by 37027-30; 0.50 m deep 37027 37027 Mid-greyish-brown sandy clay primary fill in ditch 37026, 0.13 m deep 2nd century or later pottery (1 sherd) 37028 37028 Mid-greyish-brown sandy clay above layer 37027 in ditch 37026, 0.20 m deep 37029 37029 Mid-greyish-brown sandy clay above layer 37028 in ditch 37026, 0.24 m deep 37030 37030 Mid- to light brown sandy clay final fill in ditch 37026 above layer 37029, 0.16 m deep 37031 37031 Dark bluish-grey silty clay with occasional small sub-rounded stones, 0.25 m deep, below layer 37047 Small finds 37/1-3 (knife, coin, iron object); and above layer 37039 in central area of trench: part of a sequence of overlapping layers between late 3rd- to 4th-century pottery; fired clay; subsoil and features animal bone; shell 37032 37032 Shallow, ENE-WSW running linear feature, partially exposed and heavily truncated by features at W end of trench; probably terminates within trench; filled by 37033; c. 0.40 m deep 37033 37033 Mid-grey clay mottled greenish-grey, with occasional sub-rounded stones, filling linear feature 37032 2nd- to 3rd-century pottery; shell 37034 37034 Additional number for a further section through ditch recut 37006; filled by 37044 and 37035 37035 37035 Upper fill in section 37034: very dark grey clay with occasional small sub-rounded stones. All finds from Mid- to late 2nd-century pottery; animal bone; fills in 37034 and 37045 were ascribed to this number, as the fills were not distinguished until shell; sample <37/2> excavation was largely complete. 37036 37036 Void 37037 37037 Void 37038 37038 Separate number for the portion of layer 37039 that does not overlie ditch 37043 Mid- to late 3rd-century pottery 37039 37039 Mid-orange-grey silty clay with occasional chalk flecks, 0.27 m deep, below layer 37031 in central area Late 1st- to 2nd-century pottery including a of trench; overlies and sinks into ditch 37043 above fill 37040 crucible fragment 37040 37040 Dark grey silty clay upper fill in ditch 37043, with occasional small sub-rounded stones and chalk flecks, Pottery only identifiable as Roman; animal 0.22 m deep; sealed by layer 37039 bone; fired clay; disarticulated human bone 37041 37041 Mid-greyish-yellow silty clay below fill 37040 on W side of ditch 37043, 0.20 m deep

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 37042 37042 Mid-greyish-yellow silty clay below fill 37040 on E side of ditch 37043, 0.14 m deep 37043 37043 NE-SW running linear feature near centre of trench, with shallow sides and flat base, 0.30 m deep, stratigraphically below pit 37048 37044 37044 Lower fill in section 37034, below fill 37035; no description 37045 37045 N-S running linear feature, 0.72 m deep, apparently truncated and recut on E side by ditch 37006 37046 37046 Mid-grey clay fill in truncated linear feature 37045, apparently cut by ditch 37006 37047 Layer Mid-brown silty clay layer below subsoil 37002, 0.20 m deep, overlying layer 37031 and the fill of ditch recut 37043 37048 Cut Partially exposed, probably circular pit at N side of trench, 0.56 m deep with flat base; cuts layer 37031 and pit fill 37052; filled by 37049 and 37051 37049 Fill Lower fill of pit 37048: dark grey silty clay with orange mottling towards base, 0.29 m deep 37050 Fill Additional number given to locate those finds retrieved from a section through ditch 37006 that were Roman pottery, possibly 2nd century securely stratified within fill 37007 and not possible contamination from associated features 37051 Fill Dark yellowish-grey silty clay filling pit 37048 above fill 37049 37052 Fill Dark grey silty clay fill of pit 37053, cut by pit 37048 37053 Cut Partially exposed, probably circular pit at S side of trench, filled by 37052 Trench 38 38001 Layer Mid-brown clayey silt topsoil, 0.40 m deep 38002 Layer Mid-yellowish- to orange-brown clayey silt subsoil, 0.10 m deep 38003 Layer Natural silty clay: light- to mid-yellowish-brown mottled light grey, with frequent chalk flecks 38004 Cut NNW-SSE running linear feature with shallow, bowl-shaped profile, 1.0 m wide x 0.25 m deep, filled by 38005-6 38005 Fill Thin layer of mid-brown silty clay with occasional chalk and charcoal flecks, 0.05 m deep, at the base of ditch 38004 below fill 38006 38006 Fill Dark greyish-brown clayey silt with occasional charcoal flecks, 0.20 m deep, forming the principal fill of Animal bone, shell ditch 38004 38007 Cut Shallow, NE-SW aligned linear feature with sloping base, disturbed by a land drain on the same 1 sherd Roman pottery (residual?) alignment; cuts subsoil 38002; 0.90 m wide x 0.11 m deep, filled by 38008; probably a furrow 38008 Fill Mid-orange-brown clayey silt fill in feature 38007 13th- to 15th-century pottery 38009 Cut Sub-circular pit with shallow bowl-shaped profile, 1.95 m diameter x 0.20 m deep 38010 Fill Dark orange-grey clayey silt with occasional small angular stones, filling pit 38009 Roman pottery, late 2nd century or later; shell 38011 Cut Circular pit with steep sides and rounded base, adjacent to but not intercutting pit 38009; 0.70 m diameter x 0.30 m deep 38012 Fill Dark orange-grey clayey silt with occasional small angular stones, filling pit 38011: similar in nature and Roman pottery (residual?); 8th- to mid-9th- in type of finds to fill 38010 century pottery; shell

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 38013 Cut Shallow, NE-SW aligned linear feature, disturbed by a land drain on the same alignment; 1.06 m wide x 0.07 m deep, filled by 38014; probably a furrow 38014 Fill Mid-brownish-grey clayey silt with occasional small rounded stones, filling feature 38013 Medieval pottery 38015 Cut NNE-SSW aligned linear feature, 1.58 m wide x 0.62 m deep with flat base; stratigraphic relationship with feature 38017 (if any) destroyed by a land drain 38016 Fill Mid-greyish-brown sandy silty clay with moderate chalk flecks, filling linear feature 38015 Mid- to late 3rd-century pottery; animal bone 38017 Cut Linear feature envisaged on SE side of linear feature 38015, divided from it by a recent land drain and filled by 38018-19: seems more likely in post-ex to be the other side of the same feature 38018 Fill Mid-greyish-brown sandy silt with occasional sub-rounded stones, 0.18 m deep, in the base of hypothetical linear feature 38017: no such fill is recorded in linear feature 38015, but it can be seen in photographs to be present. 38019 Fill Sandy silty clay, mid-greyish-brown with orange mottling, 0.46 m deep, filling hypothetical linear feature Mid- to late 3rd-century pottery; animal bone; 38017 above fill 38018: probably corresponds to fill 38016 shell 38020 Cut Truncated, partially exposed linear feature, probably aligned E-W, 0.48 m deep, filled by 38021; stratigraphically below linear feature 38015/38017 38021 Fill Mid-grey silty clay fill in feature 38020, cut by linear feature 38015/38017 Animal bone, shell 38022 Fill Mid brownish-grey silty clay fill, with occasional small stones and chalk/mineral flecks, in ditch 38023; Mid- to late 3rd-century pottery; animal bone; cut by furrow 38025 shell; flint; sample <38/03> 38023 Cut NE-SW aligned linear feature, c. 1.9 m wide x 0.50 m deep, truncated by furrow 38025 on S side and with unclear relationship to 38034 on N side 38024 Fill Mid-orange-brown clayey silt fill in feature 38025 38025 Cut Shallow, NE-SW aligned linear feature with sloping base, disturbed by a land drain on the same alignment; c. 2 m wide x 0.15 m deep, filled by 38024 and cutting 38023; probably a furrow 38026 Cut Large, NE-SW aligned linear feature, full profile not excavated; stratigraphically below feature 38031; filled by 38027-30 38027 Fill Bluish-grey sandy clay fill at excavated depth of feature 38026, below fill 38028 38028 Fill Grey and orange mottled, mineral-flecked sandy clay fill below 38029 and above 38027 in feature Sample <38/02> 38026 38029 Fill Mid-brownish-grey, orange-mottled sandy clay fill below 38030 and above 38028 in feature 38026 Stone 38030 Fill Grey and orange mottled sandy clay final fill in feature 38026; similar to fill 38028 38031 Cut Small NE-SW aligned linear feature with bowl-shaped profile and flat base, 1.01 m wide x 0.34 m deep, cutting the SE side of larger ditch 38026 38032 Fill Dark greyish-brown sandy clay with occasional sub-rounded stones and charcoal/chalk/mineral flecks, Early Saxon pottery; 1 sherd Roman pottery filling ditch 38031 (residual?); animal bone 38033 Fill Compact mid-brownish-grey silty clay with moderate chalk flecks, filling ditch 38034 38034 Cut Additional number given to ditch 38031 to distinguish a separate section: stratigraphic relationship with feature 38023 could not be ascertained in spite of the excavation of this section

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 38035 Cut Large NE-SW aligned linear feature with generally V-shaped profile, 3.30 m wide x 1.30 m deep, filled by 38036-39 38036 Fill Mid-bluish-grey clayey silt primary fill in ditch 38035, containing rare charcoal flecks, chalk flecks and Sample <38/01> small sub-rounded sandstone fragments, 0.40 m deep 38037 Fill Mid-orange-brown clayey silt with rare charcoal flecks, chalk flecks, pebbles and small sub-rounded sandstone fragments, 0.40 m deep, filling ditch 38035 above fill 38036 38038 Fill Mid-orange-brown clayey silt with rare charcoal flecks and small pebbles and moderate chalk flecks, Early to middle Saxon pottery; fired clay 0.36 m deep, filling ditch 38035 above fill 38037 provisionally identified as briquetage; struck flint 38039 Fill Dark brownish-grey sandy clayey silt with moderate charcoal flecks and rare small pebbles and chalk Early to middle Saxon pottery 1 sherd mid-2nd flecks, 0.12 m deep, forming the final fill in ditch 38035 above fill 38038 century or later samian ware; fired clay provisionally identified as briquetage; struck flint; sample <38/4> Trench 39 39001 Layer Mid- to dark greyish-brown clayey silt topsoil 39002 Layer Mid-orange-brown silty clay subsoil 39003 Layer Natural clay, changing across the trench from heavy reddish-brown clay to orange-brown sandy clay

with some gravel (probably accounting for geophysical anomaly) Trench 40 40001 Layer Mid-brown silty clay topsoil, 0.34 m deep 40002 Layer Mid- to light brown clay subsoil, 0.30 m deep 40003 Layer Natural glacial till: sandy clay with chalk flecks 40004 Fill Final fill in ditch 40007: mottled mid-grey and mid-orange-brown compact silty clay with occasional Late Iron Age to Roman pottery (1 sherd); small stones and common mineral flecking, 0.32 m deep industrial production residue 40005 Fill Mid-orange-brown silty clay with mineral flecking and small lenses of grey clay, 0.07 m thick, below fill 40004 on S side of ditch 40007 40006 Fill Mid-orange-brown silty clay with mineral flecking and small lenses of grey clay, 0.14 m thick, below fill 40004 on N side of ditch 40007 40007 Cut Roughly E-W running linear feature with broad V-shaped profile, 1.40 m wide x 0.34 m deep, filled by 40004-06 40008 Cut Partially exposed, probably N-S aligned shallow linear feature at N end of E trench side; 0.14 m deep; apparently terminating to S within trench 40009 Fill Mid-yellowish-brown slightly sandy silty clay filling feature 40008 1 sherd Roman pottery 40010 Cut Large E-W aligned linear feature, 4m wide, excavated to a depth of 1.2 m without base being reached; filled by 40011-13 40011 Fill Mid-greyish-brown silty clay final fill in ditch 40010, containing occasional chalk flecks and rare charcoal Roman pottery; animal bone flecks

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 40012 Fill Mid- to light brownish-grey silty clay with reddish-brown mineralisation streaks, occasional chalk flecks, Sample <40/01> rare charcoal flecks and occasional small angular stones, filling ditch 40010 below fill 40011 40013 Fill Mid-reddish-brown clay with frequent chalk flecks and rare charcoal inclusions, in the base of ditch 40010 below fill 40012 Trench 41 41001 Layer Mid- to dark brown sandy clay topsoil, 0.32 m deep 41002 Layer Dark orange-brown compact sandy clay subsoil with rare flint pebbles, 0.16 m deep 41003 Layer Natural light orange-brown sandy clay with gravel and river pebbles 41004 Fill Mid-brown sandy clay with occasional sub-rounded stones, filling linear feature 41005 41005 Cut Shallow, NE-SW running linear feature, 1.24 m wide x 0.14 m deep, filled by 41004: probable furrow 41006 Cut Shallow, NE-SW running linear feature, 2.05 m wide x 0.28 m deep, disturbed by land drain, filled by 41007: probable furrow 41007 Fill Mid-brown sandy clay with occasional sub-rounded stones, filling linear feature 41006 41008 Cut Shallow, E-W running linear feature, 2.20 m wide x 0.41 m deep, filled by 41009: possible boundary ditch associated with r + f 41009 Fill Mid-brown sandy clay with occasional sub-rounded stones, filling linear feature 41008 Small fragments of Iron Age to Romano- British pottery; flint Trench 42 42001 Layer Friable dark brown clayey silt topsoil, 0.30 m deep 12th- to mid-14th-century pottery, flint 42002 Layer Mid-orange-grey natural clayey silt Trench 43 43001 Layer Dark brown sandy silt topsoil, 0.20 m deep 43002 Layer Mid-brown sandy silt subsoil, 0.18 m deep 43003 Layer Natural yellow sand 43004 Fill Mid-greyish-brown silty sand fill in feature 43005 43005 Cut Shallow linear feature at NNE end of trench, aligned N-S with wide V-shaped profile and rounded

terminal to S; 1.00 m wide x 0.16 m deep 43006 Fill Mid-brown silty sand fill in feature 43007 43007 Cut Circular post-hole or small pit, 0.42 m diameter x 0.14 m deep with V-shaped profile Trench 44 44001 Layer Dark greyish-brown topsoil, 0.33 m deep 44002 Layer Mid-brown subsoil, 0.20 m deep 44003 Layer Light yellowish-brown clayey sand natural 44004 Fill Dark brown fill in feature 44005

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 44005 Cut Small irregular feature, 0.34 m x 0.25 m x 0.04 m: possible truncated pit or post-hole, at S end of trench 44006 Cut Partially exposed, probably sub-circular feature, 0.19 m deep, at N end of trench 44007 Fill Fill of pit 44007: grey silty sand containing heat-affected stones Trench 45 45001 Layer Mid- to dark brown sandy silt topsoil, 0.30 m deep 45002 Layer Mid-yellowish-brown silty sand subsoil, 0.10 m deep 45003 Layer Natural glacial till: reddish-brown clay with blue-grey patches, containing frequent chalk flecks and

occasional sub-rounded stones 45004 Cut NW-SE running linear feature towards E end of trench, 0.59 m wide x 0.16 m deep, with bowl-shaped

profile becoming deeper towards SW side 45005 Fill Mid-yellowish-brown sandy clay with rare sub-rounded stones, filling gully 45004 Trench 46 46001 Layer Mid-greyish-brown sandy clayey silt topsoil, 0.35 m deep 46002 Layer Mid-yellowish-brown sandy clayey silt subsoil, 0.20 m deep 46003 Layer Mottled grey and brown natural sandy clay Trench 47 47001 Layer Mid- to dark brown clayey silt topsoil, 0.32 m deep 47002 Layer Mid-brown clayey sand subsoil, 0.22 m deep 47003 Layer Mid-orange-brown clayey sand and gravel natural with c. 30% sub-rounded stones 47004 Cut Remnant of linear or curvilinear feature near SE end of trench, largely cut away by 47006 47005 Fill Mottled dark grey/mid-orange-brown sandy clay fill, containing occasional sub-rounded stones, in

feature remnant 47004 47006 Cut Curvilinear feature near SE end of trench, truncating (probably recutting) feature 47004; 0.83 m wide x

0.24 m deep 47007 Fill Mottled mid-greyish-brown/mid-orange-brown sandy clay fill, containing occasional large sub-rounded

stones, in feature 47006 47008 Cut Sub-square, steep-sided pit, 0.62 m x 0.60 m x 0.11 m, at NE side of trench 47009 Fill Compact dark brown sandy clay fill of pit 47008 47010 Cut Oval NE-SW aligned pit or possible terminal of NE-SW running feature, at SW side of trench; 0.68 m

wide x 0.16 m deep 47011 Fill Mid-greyish-brown sandy clay fill in feature 47010 47012 Layer Dark greyish-brown silty sandy clay, 0.07 m thick, between subsoil and natural Trench 48 48001 Layer Dark brownish-grey silty topsoil, 0.30 m deep

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 48002 Layer Void 48003 Layer Yellowish-grey natural clay 48004 Fill Orange-grey clay final fill in gully 48007 48005 Fill Bluish-grey clay fill in gully 48007 below fill 48004 48006 Fill Mid-orange-grey clay fill at base of gully 48007 below fill 48005 48007 Cut N-S aligned linear feature with steep sides and rounded base, 0.60 m wide x 0.35 m deep Trench 49 49001 Layer Topsoil, 0.33 m deep 49002 Layer Subsoil, 0.27 m deep 49003 Layer Natural Trench 50 50001 Layer Dark brown clayey silty sand topsoil, 0.25 m deep 50002 Layer Mid-brown silty clayey sand subsoil, 0.12 m deep 50003 Layer Deposit of sand and gravel underlying subsoil 50002, 0.10 m deep 50004 Layer Natural bluish-grey clay Trench 55 55001 Layer Dark brown silty sand topsoil, 0.20 m deep 19th- to 20th-century pottery, flint, metal objects 55002 Layer Mid-brown silty sand subsoil, 0.25 m deep 55003 Layer Mid-brown sandy silt colluvial deposit, 0.40 m deep 55004 Layer Natural glacial till: mixture of sand, sandy gravel and clayey sand 55005 Fill Light brown sand with veins of darker brown silty sand, forming the upper fill of pit 55007, 0.18 m deep 55006 Fill Dark, charcoal-rich lower fill of pit 55007, 0.37 m deep 55007 Cut Partially exposed, probably sub-circular pit 2.5 m diameter x 0.65 m deep Trench 56 56001 Layer Mid-brownish-grey sandy silt topsoil, 0.40 m deep 56002 Layer Mid-greyish-brown silty clay subsoil extending across 12.5 m of E end of trench; not removed to full

depth 56003 Layer Light greyish-yellow natural silty sand Trench 57 57001 Layer Dark brown clayey silt topsoil, 0.22 m deep 57002 Layer Natural orange-brown sandy clay

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating Trench 58 58001 Layer Mid-orange-brown clayey silt topsoil, 0.38 m deep 58002 Layer Mid- to dark brownish-orange sandy silt subsoil, 0.10 m deep 58003 Layer Mid-yellow natural clayey sand

Trench 59 59001 Layer Dark greyish-brown silty clay topsoil, 0.24 m deep Flint 59002 Layer Mid-brownish-grey clayey silt subsoil, 0.08 m deep 59003 Layer Light orange-grey compact natural silty sand 59004 Cut Small, truncated pit with steep sides and probable bell-shaped profile, 0.53 m deep, surviving

dimensions in plan roughly 1.20 m x 0.80 m, filled by 54005-6, truncated by larger pit 59007 59005 Fill Mixed grey and mid-brown waterlogged silty sand basal fill of pit 59004, 0.20 m deep 59006 Fill Mid-grey waterlogged silty sand upper fill of pit 59004, 0.33 m deep, cut by pit 59007 59007 Cut Partially exposed large oval pit or terminal of E-W aligned linear feature, c. 1.8 m wide (S edge unclear)

x 0.45 m deep, filled by 59007-8, cutting pit fill 59006 59008 Fill Mid-grey waterlogged sand, 0.05 m deep, in base of feature 59007 59009 Fill Dark brown silty sand principal fill in feature 59007, 0.40 m deep 59010 Cut ENE-WSW aligned linear feature towards N end of trench, 1.2 m wide x 0.72 m deep, with steep,

regular sides and slightly concave base, filled by 59011: possible post-medieval field boundary 59011 Fill Mid-orange-brown clayey silt fill in ditch 59010 Trench 60 60001 Layer Dark brown clayey silt topsoil, 0.54 m deep 60002 Layer Light greyish-brown silty sand subsoil, 0.08 m deep 60003 Layer Natural till deposits: mottled orange and grey sand overlying chalk-flecked reddish-brown clay 60004 Cut Sub-circular pit with bowl-shaped profile and flat base, 0.84 m x 0.78 m x 0.28 m, filled by 60006-7 60005 Cut E-W aligned linear feature with irregular V-shaped profile, 1.40 m wide x 0.70 m deep, filled by 60008-

10 60006 Fill Compact dark grey sandy clay basal fill in pit 60004, 0.17 m deep 60007 Fill Dark bluish-grey compact sandy clay overlying fill 60006 in pit 60004, 0.12 m deep 60008 Fill Dark grey sandy clay basal fill in ditch 60005, 0.30 m deep 60009 Fill Dark grey sand fill in ditch 60005, overlying 60008, 0.30 m deep 60010 Fill Yellow-grey mottled loose sand: final fill in ditch 60005; 0.30 m deep Trench 61

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 61001 Layer Brownish-black clayey sand topsoil, 0.44 m deep 61002 Layer Dark orange-brown sandy clay subsoil, 0.20 m deep 61003 Layer Dark orange-brown chalk-flecked natural clay with a wide band of gravel towards SE end of trench Trench 62 62000 Layer Mid-greyish-brown sandy clay topsoil, 0.60 m deep 62001 Layer Light reddish-brown sandy clay subsoil with frequent sub-rounded and sub-angular stones, 0.34 m deep 62002 Layer Mid-yellowish-brown silty clay colluvial deposit below subsoil 62001, 0.66 m deep 1 sherd Iron Age pottery 62003 Layer Separate number assigned to finds from a sondage through deposit 62002 Flint; 1 sherd prehistoric pottery, probably Iron Age 62004 Layer Mid-brownish-grey natural clayey silt (alluvial?), 0.08 m deep, below layer 62002/3 62005 Layer Natural mid-yellowish-grey silty sand with frequent stone fragments Trench 63 63001 Layer Mid- to dark brown silty topsoil containing sub-angular flint fragments, 0.23 m deep 63002 Layer Dark reddish-brown silty clay subsoil, 0.15 m deep 63003 Layer Irregular deposit of mottled mid- to dark grey chalk-flecked silty clay within natural 63004 below subsoil

63002, 0.40 m deep 63004 Layer Natural glacial till deposits: mottled orange/grey, chalk-flecked clay with patches of mid-orange sand

and occasional angular flint fragments Trench 65 65000 Layer Mid- to dark grey compact silty clay topsoil, occasional small flint inclusions and chalk flecks, 0.28 - 0.35 m deep. 65001 Layer Mid orange brown compact chalk-flecked silty clay natural. 65002 Fill Fill of 65003; Mid brownish grey compact chalk-flecked silty clay. 65003 Cut NW-SE aligned gully, terminates within trench. 1.15 m+ x 0.35 m x 0.09 m; shallow concave sides break gradually to flattish base. 65004 Cut Oval pit, aligned N-S. 0.65 m x 0.6 m x 0.3 m; steep c70° sides break gradually to ‘U’-shaped base. 65005 Fill Upper fill of pit 65004. 0.18 m-0.25 m thick. Mid greyish brown compact chalk-flecked silty clay. 2 fragments of fired clay including a possible mould fragment; animal bone 65006 Cut NW-SE aligned ditch at N end of Trench. 1 m-1.4 m wide, 0.28-0.35 m deep; regular concave c60° sides break gradually to ‘U’-shaped base. Cuts pit 65004 65007 Fill Fill of ditch 65006 in relationship segment with pit 65004. Mid orange brown compact silty clay, with Middle Iron Age to early Roman pottery; sandy patches and chalk and charcoal flecks. animal bone 65008 Fill Fill of 65009; Mid brownish grey compact chalk-flecked silty clay 65009 Cut NE-SW aligned gully. 0.35 m x 0.09 m; shallow concave sides break gradually to flattish base.

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 65010 Fill Upper fill of pit 65011; Mid orange greyish brown compact silty clay, rare small rounded pebbles, 0.22 m deep 65011 Cut Oval pit, aligned NW-SE. 1.1 m+ x 1.2 m x 0.22 m. Steep c60° regular sides break gradually to flat base. Cuts Gully 65013 65012 Fill Fill of 65013; Mid greyish brown compact chalk-flecked silty clay 1 sherd 1st-2nd century pottery; Flint 65013 Cut NE-SW aligned gully. 1.4 m+ x 0.4 m x 0.2 m; Concave c45° sides break gradually to ‘U’-shaped base. 65014 Fill Primary fill of pit 65011, below 65010. Mid orange brown compact silty clay, rare small angular pebbles, 1 sherd mid Iron Age-early Roman pottery 0.18 m deep 65015 Layer Mid reddish orange brown compact silty clay subsoil occasional chalk-flecks and small natural flint, 0.11 m – 0.19 m deep 65016 Cut NE-SW aligned ditch at N end of Trench. 1.95 m wide x 0.38 m deep; concave 45-60° sides break gradually to flattish base 65017 Fill Primary fill of 65016, in relationship segment with pit 65004. Mid orange brown compact chalk-flecked 1 sherd of late Iron Age to early Roman sandy clay, rare small rounded pebbles, 0.38 m deep pottery animal bone 65018 Fill Upper fill of ditch 65020; Mid greyish brown compact silty clay, common small angular pebbles, 0.4 m 1st-2nd century pottery deep 65019 Fill Lower fill of ditch 65020; Mid orange brown compact slightly silty clay, rare small angular pebbles, 0.1 m deep 65020 Cut NW-SE aligned ditch at S end of trench; 1.25 -1.6m wide x 0.5m deep; Concave c45° sides break gradually to ‘U’-shaped base with shallow ‘ankle-breaker’. 65021 Fill Primary fill of pit 65004, below 65005; Mid orange brown compact chalk-flecked sandy clay, rare small rounded pebbles, 0.08 m in thickness 65022 Fill Upper fill of ditch 65016, above 65023; Mid orange brown compact chalk-flecked silty clay, 0.2 m deep. Redeposited natural backfill of ditch. 65023 Fill Fill of ditch 65016, above 65017 and below 65022; Mid greyish brown compact silty clay, common small Heat affected stone, animal bone rounded pebbles and small and medium flint; 0.1 m in thickness 65024 Fill Fill of ditch 65006 in relationship segment with ditch 65016, same as 65007 65025 Fill Lower fill of ditch 65016 in relationship segment with ditch 65006, same as 65017 65026 Fill Upper fill of ditch 65016 in relationship segment with ditch 65006, same as 65023 Trench 66 66001 Layer Mid- to dark grey friable silty clay topsoil, occasional small flint inclusions and chalk flecks, 0.25 m deep 66002 Layer Mid reddish orange brown compact silty clay subsoil occasional chalk flecks and small natural flint, 0.10 – 0.15 m deep, thinner on E side of trench. 66003 Layer Mid orange brown compact chalk-flecked silty clay natural 66004 Cut NW-SE aligned ditch at S end of Trench; 1.4 m wide x 0.31 m deep; Concave c30° N side and convex c45° S side break gradually to flat base.

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 66005 Fill Primary fill of ditch 66004. Mid reddish-orange brown compact silty clay with occasional chalk flecks appears to have slumped in from north side. 0.08 m in thickness. 66006 Fill Upper fill of ditch 66004, above 66005. Mid grey plastic silty clay with patches of redeposited natural. Mid 1st – early 2nd century pottery; animal 0.31 m max thickness. bone, fired clay 66007 Cut NW-SE aligned ditch 1.2m to N of 66004. 1.28 m wide x 0.43 m deep. Convex c45° sides break gradually to ‘U’-shaped base with shallow ‘ankle-breaker’. 66008 Fill Fill of ditch 66007. Mid grey plastic silty clay with occasional chalk flecks and some charcoal flecks Mid-late Iron Age pottery; fired clay towards base. 66009 Cut Elongated oval pit, aligned NW-SE; located between ditches 66007 and 66011. 0.9 m x 0.28 m x 0.09m. Concave c30° sides break imperceptibly to ‘U’-shaped base. 66010 Fill Fill of pit 66009. Mid grey clean plastic silty clay. 66011 Cut NW-SE aligned ditch c1m to N of 66007; 1.54 m wide x 0.46 m deep. Concave c45° sides break gradually to flat base. 66012 Fill Primary fill of ditch 66011 (Same as 66026 and 66028). Mid brown silty clay with occasional chalk and charcoal flecks and natural flint. 0.23 m in thickness. 66013 Cut NE-SW aligned gully, terminates within trench. 1.35 m+ x 0.38 m x 0.06 m. Shallow c30° sides break imperceptibly to flat base. Cuts ditches 66015 and 66011. 66014 Fill Fill of gully 66013 in relationship segment with ditch 66011 (Same as 66030). 66015 Cut NW-SE aligned ditch, cut by 66011. 0.47 m deep. Truncated on S side by Ditch 66011. 66016 Fill Fill of ditch 66015 (Same as 66027 and 66026).Light brown friable chalk-flecked sandy clay. 66017 Fill Upper fill of ditch 66011. Mid grey plastic silty clay with occasional charcoal flecks. Late Iron Age pottery 66018 Cut Void 66019 Fill Void 66020 Cut NE-SW aligned ditch 0.6 m to N of gully 66013. 1.95 m wide x 0.33 m deep. Regular slightly concave c45° sides break gradually to flat base. 66021 Fill Fill of ditch 66020 in relationship segment with 66011(Same as 66031). Mid 1st-late 2nd century pottery 66022 Cut Modern pit, cuts ditch 66015 at east side of trench.1.34 m x 0.3 m+ x 0.4 m. Steep c60° sides break sharply to flat base. 66023 Fill Primary fill of pit 66022. Mottled brown and grey plastic silty clay with occasional chalk flecks. 0.2 m in thickness. 66024 Fill Upper fill of pit 66022. Mid orange compact chalk-flecked silty clay with frequent natural flint fragments. 66025 Fill Fill of ditch 66011 in relationship segment with gully 66013 (same as 66012) 66026 Fill Fill of ditch 66015 in relationship segment with ditch 66020 (same as 66016) 66027 Fill Fill of ditch 66015 in relationship segment with ditch 66011 (same as 66016) 66028 Fill Fill of ditch 66011 (same as 66012)

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 66029 Fill Primary fill of ditch 66020. Mid orange brown compact silty clay with occasional natural flint fragments 66030 Fill Fill of gully 66013 (same as 66014). Mid brown plastic clean silty clay. 66031 Fill Upper fill of ditch 66020 (same as 66021). Mid grey plastic silty clay with occasional chalk flecks and animal bone natural flint fragments. 66032 Fill Void 66033 Fill Void 66034 Fill Fill of gully 66035. Mid greyish brown compact silty clay with occasional chalk flecks and natural flint 1 sherd 1st- to 2nd-century pottery fragments. 66035 Cut NW-SE aligned shallow gully at N end of trench. 0.8 m wide x 0.06 m deep. Shallow c30° sides break imperceptibly to flat base. 66036 Fill Fill of gully 66037. Mid brown compact silty clay with occasional chalk and charcoal flecks and natural Mid-1st to early 2nd century pottery; animal flint fragments. bone 66037 Cut NNE-SSW aligned gully at N end of trench. 1.02 m wide x 0.37 m deep. Irregular c45° sides break sharply to ‘U’-shaped base. Cuts gully 66035. 66038 Fill Same as 66034 in relationship segment with gully 66037 66039 Fill Same as 66036 in relationship segment with gully 66035 Trench 67 67001 Layer Mid- to dark grey compact silty clay topsoil, occasional small flint inclusions and chalk flecks, 0.22-0.25 m deep 67002 Layer Mid reddish orange brown compact silty clay subsoil occasional chalk-flecks and small natural flint, 0.28 m deep 67003 Layer Mid orange brown compact chalk-flecked silty clay natural 67004 Fill Fill of Ditch 67007 in relationship segment with ditch 67005. (same as 67006) Animal bone 67005 Cut NE-SW aligned ditch on N side of trench. 1.2 m+ wide x 0.52 m deep. Regular concave c45° sides break gradually to flat base. 67006 Fill Fill of ditch 67007 (same as 67004) Mid/light grey compact silty clay with occasional charcoal flecks. 67007 Cut NW-SE aligned ditch on W side of trench. 1.58 m wide x 0.48 m deep. Convex c45° sides break gradually to ‘U’-shaped base with shallow ‘ankle-breaker’. 67008 Fill Fill of Ditch 67005 in relationship segment with ditch 67007. Dark grey mottled brown plastic silty clay with occasional chalk and charcoal flecks 67009 Fill Fill of Ditch 67005 in slot to NE of 67010 (Same as 67008 and 67010) Mid-late Iron Age pottery; animal bone; fired clay 67010 Fill Fill of 67005 in slot to NE of 67008 (Same as 67008 and 67009) Mid Iron Age-early Roman pottery; animal bone 67011 Cut NW-SE aligned ditch on E side of trench. 1.60 m wide x 0.80 m deep. Irregular SW side breaks sharply to flat base; NE side cut away by ditch 67012.

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 67012 Cut Curvilinear ditch on E side of trench. 1.28 m wide x 0.59 m deep. Irregular convex sides break sharply to flat base; cuts ditch 67011 67013 Cut Cut of ditch in relationship segment with ditch 67011 (same as 67005) 67014 Fill Primary fill of 67012. Mottled orange and brown chalk-flecked sandy clay, 0.2 m in thickness. 67015 Fill Upper fill of 67012. Mottled light grey and brown chalk-flecked compact silty clay, 0.4 m in thickness. ?2nd century pottery 67016 Fill Same as 67014 in NE trench section. 67017 Fill Same as 67015 in NE trench section. 67018 Fill Primary fill of ditch 67011. Mid-dark grey plastic silty clay, occasional natural flint fragments. 0.3 m in thickness. 67019 Fill Upper fill of ditch 67011. Mottled light grey and brown chalk-flecked compact silty clay, 0.4 m in Animal bone thickness. 67020 Fill Same as 67018 in relationship segment with Ditch 67013. 67021 Fill Same as 67019 in relationship segment with Ditch 67013. 67022 Cut Pit or ditch terminal, S side of trench. 0.8 m wide, 0.15 m deep.Concave c30° sides break imperceptibly to flat base. 67023 Fill Fill of pit 67022. Mid grey plastic clean silty clay. Trench 68 68001 Layer Dark brownish-grey clayey silt topsoil, 0.26 m deep 68002 Layer Void – subsoil absent 68003 Layer Mid-orange-brown compact natural clayey silt 68004 Cut NW-SE aligned linear feature at SW end of trench, 1.50 m wide x 0.40 m deep, with wide, bowl-shaped profile, filled by 68005-6 68005 Fill Mixed mid-orange and mid-greyish-brown silty clay basal fill in ditch 68004, below fill 68006; 0.20 m deep 68006 Fill Mid-greyish-brown silty clay upper fill in ditch 68004, 0.20 m deep Roman pottery, late 3rd century or later 68007 Cut Shallow, NW-SE aligned linear feature NE of and parallel to ditch 68004, 1.9 m wide x 0.40 m deep with wide, bowl-shaped profile, filled by 68008 68008 Fill Mid-greyish-brown clayey silt with occasional small stones, filling ditch 68007; cut by pit 68009 13th- to 15th-century pottery; Roman pottery (residual?); sample <68/2> 68009 Cut Partially exposed, probably sub-circular pit at SE trench edge, cutting ditch fill 68008; 1.10 m diameter, 0.19 m deep with shallow, bowl-shaped profile, filled by 68010 68010 Fill Dark greyish-brown clayey silt with occasional charcoal inclusions, filling pit 68009 Mid- to late 3rd-century pottery; animal bone; sample <68/1> 68011 Cut NW-SE aligned linear feature directly NE of and parallel to ditch 68007; 3.68 m wide x 0.28 m deep; identified as a furrow; filled by 68012. Relationship to pit 68009 unclear, but appears to cut its edge; disturbed by a field drain running centrally down its length.

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 68012 Fill Mid-greyish-brown clayey silt fill in furrow 68011 Roman pottery, 3rd century or later 68013 Cut NW-SE aligned linear feature directly NE of and cut by ditch 68018; 2.2 m wide x 0.85 m deep with irregular profile suggesting maintenance or recutting; filled by 68014-17 68014 Fill Primary fill in ditch 68013: mixed dark grey, brown and orange clay with no inclusions, 0.22 m deep 68015 Fill Dark grey silty clay with charcoal flecks, 0.40m deep, filling ditch 68013 above fill 68014 Iron Age to Roman pottery; sample <68/4> 68016 Fill Dark grey silty clay with charcoal flecks, 0.20m deep, filling ditch 68013 above fill 68015 68017 Fill Mid-brown silty clay, 0.40 m deep, final fill in ditch 68013 above fill 68016 Sample <68/5>; Roman pottery 68018 Cut NW-SE aligned linear feature NE of furrow 68011, cutting SW edge of ditch 68013; 2.0 m wide, 0.50 m deep, with concave sides and flat base; filled by 68019-21 68019 Fill Primary fill in ditch 68018: deposit of mid-orange-brown silty clay overlying SW ditch side, 0.24 m deep (slumped from a bank?) 68020 Fill Mid-greyish-brown silty clay fill in ditch 68018 above fill 68019, 0.20 m deep 68021 Fill Mid-brown silty clay, 0.30m deep, forming the final fill in ditch 68018 above fill 68020 Late 2nd century pottery (residual?) ;13th- to 15th-century pottery; sample <68/3> Trench 69 69001 Layer Dark reddish-brown silty clay topsoil, 0.22 m deep 69002 Layer Mid- brown silty clay subsoil, becoming mid- to dark reddish-brown towards S end of trench, 0.24 m deep 69003 Layer Mid-yellowish-brown natural silty and sandy clays 69004 Cut NE-SW aligned linear feature, terminating to SW, at SE end of trench; 0.36 m wide x 0.20 m deep with bowl-shaped profile, filled by 69005, cuts ditch fill 69006 69005 Fill Mottled mid-grey/mid-brown clayey silt fill in gully 69004; site recording notes that the flint was found 3rd to 4th-century pottery; flint lower in the fill than the pottery 69006 Fill Upper fill in feature 69008: blackish-brown silty clay with rare charcoal flecks, 0.10 m deep. Cut by Iron object (sf 69/1); 3rd to 4th-century pottery; features 69004 and 69016. sample <69/1> 69007 Fill Dark greyish-brown silty clay lower fill in feature 69008, 0.12 m deep 69008 Cut Linear feature with irregular outline in plan, running roughly NW-SE along trench; SW side only exposed. Exposed portion 23.5 m long x 1.35 m wide x 0.38 m deep; filled by 69006-7; cuts fill of feature 69010. 69009 Fill Dark orange-brown silty clay fill in feature 69010; cut by 69008 69010 Cut N-S aligned linear feature towards SE end of trench, full width and depth unknown, filled by 69009, truncated to N by feature 69008 69011 Cut Partially exposed pit, probably oval or circular; 1.4 m wide as exposed x 0.20 m deep, filled by 69012. Relationship to feature 69008 could not be ascertained. 69012 Fill Mid-orange-brown silty clay fill in pit 69011 69013 Cut Additional number given to a further section through feature 69008

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 69014 Fill Mid-orange-brown silty clay fill in section 69013: closely resembles pit fill 69012 Pottery only identifiable as Roman 69015 Fill Mid-greyish-brown silty clay fill with rare small to medium stones in ditch 69016 Pottery provisionally identified as Roman; industrial production residue; sample <69/2> 69016 Cut NNE-SSW aligned linear feature towards NW end of trench, cutting ditch fill 69018; 1.90 m wide x 0.46 m deep, with concave sides and flat base, filled by 69015 69017 Cut Additional number given to a further section through feature 69008 69018 Fill Mid-brownish-grey silty clay fill with moderate small stones and chalk flecks in ditch section 69017 Roman pottery, mid-to late 3rd century or later; Roman CBM; flint Trench 70 70001 Layer Dark brown friable clayey silt topsoil, 0.23 m deep 70002 Layer Mid-orange-brown plastic clayey silt subsoil, 0.18 m deep 70003 Layer Mid-orange plastic clayey silt natural 70004 Cut N-S aligned linear feature at W end of trench; 1.36 m wide x 0.64 m deep with steep sides and concave

base, filled by 70005 70005 Fill Mid-greyish-brown friable silty clay with occasional small stones and flint fragments, filling ditch 70004 Trench 71 71001 Layer Dark brown silty clay topsoil, 0.30 m deep 71002 Layer Mid-yellowish-brown friable silty clay subsoil, 0.32 m deep, disturbed by roots 71003 Layer Natural mid-yellowish-brown clayey silt 71004 Cut N-S aligned linear feature at NE end of trench, 1.70 m wide x 0.18 m deep with generally flat base, filled

by 71005 71005 Fill Light grey silty clay with orange mottling, filling ditch base 71004 Trench 72 72001 Layer Dark greyish-brown silty clay topsoil, 0.22 m deep 72002 Layer Mid-brownish-grey friable silty clay subsoil, 0.22 m deep 72003 Layer Orange-grey plastic clayey silt natural Trench 73 73001 Layer Dark greyish-brown friable silty clay topsoil, 0.24 m deep 73002 Layer Mid-brown friable silty clay subsoil, 0.18 m deep 73003 Layer Orange-grey plastic clayey silt natural Trench 74 74001 Layer Dark greyish-brown silty sand topsoil, 0.34 m deep 74002 Layer Mid-yellowish-brown sandy clay subsoil, 0.24 m deep

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 74003 Layer Light orange-brown sandy clay natural Trench 75 75001 Layer Mid greyish-brown silty topsoil, 0.30 m deep 75002 Layer Mid-brownish-orange sandy clay subsoil with frequent small sub-angular stones, 0.22 m deep 75003 Layer Mid-greyish-red clay natural with frequent small to medium stones Trench 76 76001 Layer Mid-brownish-grey clayey topsoil, 0.28 m deep 76002 Layer Mid-brownish-orange sandy clay subsoil with occasional flint fragments, 0.34 m deep 76003 Layer Mid-greyish-brown natural sandy clay Trench 78 78001 Layer Mid/Dark grey humic silty clay topsoil, occasional small rounded pebbles. 0.30 m deep 78002 Layer Light yellowish orange silty clay subsoil, occasional small rounded pebbles and chalk flecks, 0.25 m

deep 78003 Layer Natural in Trench 78: Mid orange-brown chalk-flecked silty clay, occasional medium and small rounded

pebbles. Trench 79 79001 Layer Very dark brown humic silty clay topsoil, occasional chalk flecks and small rounded pebbles 0.45 m Early 13th-mid 14th century pottery deep 79002 Layer Mid-orange brown compact silty clay subsoil, occasional chalk flecks and small rounded pebbles 0.55 m deep 79003 Layer Natural in Trench 79: Mid yellowish orange chalk-flecked compact silty clay. 79004 Fill Upper fill of ditch 79007, above 79005. Very dark brown clean friable silty clay. 0.18 m in thickness. 79005 Fill Lower fill of ditch 79007, below 79004. Compact mid brown friable silty clay. 0.24 m in thickness. 79006 Fill Primary fill of ditch 79007. Mid greyish brown compact clean clay silt. 0.24 m+ in thickness. 79007 Cut Linear drainage ditch with c.45° sides, oriented N-S, probably modern. 1.1 m wide x 0.8 m+ deep. Filled by 79004, 79005, 79006. 79008 Fill Mid yellowish brown compact silty clay single fill of ditch 79009. Cut by 79007 to East. Late 13th-15th century pottery; animal bone; late 11th -13th century horseshoe fragment 79009 Cut Large linear ditch, aligned N-S. 3.2 m+ wide x 1.04 m deep. Contains 79008. c45° concave sides break gradually towards base. Not bottomed within trench – auger established base at 1.56 m below EGL. Trench 80 80001 Layer Dark grey humic silty clay topsoil, occasional chalk flecks and small rounded pebbles 0.30 m deep 80002 Layer Mid-reddish brown silty clay subsoil, occasional chalk flecks and small rounded pebbles 0.40 m deep 80003 Layer Natural in Trench 80: Mid yellowish orange chalk-flecked compact silty clay, occasional grey mottles.

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 80004 Fill Mid brown, friable silty clay fill of ditch 80005 80005 Cut N-S aligned ditch, 1.70 m wide, depth 0.30 m deepening to 0.70 m at outfall, intersects large ditch

80006 80006 Cut Very large E-W aligned ditch, not fully excavated, 8.20 m wide x 1.4 m+ deep, filled by 80009-80019 80007 Cut Partially exposed pit at S trench side, cutting subsoil 80002; 2.0 m wide x 0.40 m deep 80008 Fill Fill of probably post-medieval pit 80007: very dark brown silty clay 1 sherd Roman greyware (residual) 80009 Fill Final fill in possible moat 80006: light orange-brown clay, 0.06 m deep. Possible levelling layer above subsided fills. 80010 Fill Brownish-black clayey silt fill in possible moat 80006 below 80009, 0.04 m deep. Possible levelling layer 80011 Fill Dark grey silty clay fill in possible moat 80006 below 80019, 0.09 m deep. Possible levelling layer. 80012 Fill Mid-orange-brown silty clay fill in possible moat 80006 below 80014 and 80017 and above 80013; 0.70 Animal bone; fired clay m deep 80013 Fill Lowest fill reached in possible moat 80006: very dark grey clayey silt below 80012, excavated to a Sample <80/1> depth of 0.56 m without being penetrated. 80014 Fill Small deposit of mid-grey silty clay, 0.05 m deep, in possible moat 80006 below 80015 and above 80012. Possible levelling deposit. 80015 Fill Possible levelling deposit in possible moat 80006 below 80019 and above 80012: mid-yellowish-brown clayey silt, 0.15 m deep 80016 Fill Mixed material – patches of reddish-brown organic material in a matrix of bluish-grey clayey silt, against SW side of possible moat 80006 below 80017 and above 80013, up to 0.48 m thick at base. May represent material slumped or eroded from a bank. 80017 Fill Mixed light- to mid-grey and orange-brown silty clay deposit, 0.26 m thick, overlying deposits 80016 and 80012 against SW side of possible moat 80006. May represent material slumped or eroded from a bank. 80018 Fill Brownish-orange silty clay silt fill in possible moat 80006 below 80011, 0.26 m deep: may represent the final naturally accumulated layer or the first levelling layer 80019 Fill Mid-grey clayey silt with greenish patches, 0.12 m deep: probable levelling layer in possible moat 80006 below 80010 and above 80011. 80020 Fill Dark greyish-brown silty clay fill in pit 80021 80021 Cut Small oval pit, 0.80 m x 0.50 m x 0.08 m, cut by 80023 80022 Fill Mid-yellowish-brown silty clay fill in gully 80023 80023 Cut Narrow, N-S running feature, up to 0.70 m wide and 0.04 m deep: intersects (is cut by?) ditch 80031. 80024 Fill Mid-yellowish-brown silty clay fill in linear feature 80025 80025 Cut Ditch intersecting 80006, 1.09 m wide x 0.31 m deep, flaring towards outfall 80026 Fill Mid-yellowish-brown silty clay basal fill in ditch 80027, below 80028 80027 Cut Heavily truncated N-S aligned linear feature, cutting 80025 and cut by 80029 and 80031

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 80028 Fill Mid-yellowish-brown silty clay fill in ditch recut 80031, cutting 80030 80029 Cut Truncated N-S aligned linear feature, cut by 80031 and cutting 80026 80030 Fill Mid-yellowish-brown silty clay fill in ditch recut 80029 80031 Cut Final recut in ditch sequence, 0.18 m deep, cutting 80030 Trench 81 81001 Layer Mid grey silty loam topsoil, occasional small rounded pebbles and chalk flecks; 0.32 m deep 81002 Layer Mid brown silty clay subsoil, occasional natural flints; 0.44 m deep 81003 Layer Natural in Trench 81: Mid orange-brown chalk-flecked clay, occasional medium and small rounded

pebbles and sandy patches. 81004 Cut N-S aligned shallow ditch at NW end of trench. 2.2 m wide x 0.22 m deep; shallow concave sides break

gradually to flattish base. Filled by 81005 81005 Fill Fill of ditch 81004. Mottled mid grey and orange compact chalk flecked silty clay.

Trench 82 82001 Layer Mid grey silty loam topsoil, occasional small rounded pebbles and chalk flecks; 0.28 m deep 82002 Layer Mid brown silty clay subsoil, occasional natural flints; 0.22 m deep 82003 Layer Natural in Trench 82: Mid orange-brown chalk-flecked clay, occasional medium and small rounded

pebbles and sandy patches. 82004 Fill N-S aligned shallow ditch towards NE end of trench. 1.2 m wide x 0.18 m deep; shallow concave sides

break gradually to flattish base. Filled by 82005 82005 Cut Fill of ditch 82004. Light brown compact chalk flecked silty clay. Trench 83 83001 Layer Mid grey silty loam topsoil, occasional small rounded pebbles and chalk flecks; 0.22 m deep 83002 Layer Natural in Trench 83: Mid orange-brown chalk-flecked clay, occasional medium and small rounded

pebbles and sandy patches. Trench 84 84001 Layer Mid grey silty loam topsoil, occasional small rounded pebbles and chalk flecks; 0.43 m deep 84002 Layer Mid brown silty clay subsoil, occasional natural flints; 0.44 -0.5 m deep 84003 Layer Natural in Trench 84: Mid orange-brown chalk-flecked clay, occasional medium and small rounded

pebbles and sandy patches. 84004 Layer Mottled yellow and mid grey clayey silt, no inclusions; 0.36 m deep – colluvial deposit 84005 Layer Mid orange silty gravel; 0.16 m+ deep – colluvial deposit Trench 85 85001 Layer Dark greyish-brown silty clay topsoil, 0.20 m deep

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 85002 Layer Mid-orange-brown silty clay subsoil, 0.25 m deep 85003 Layer Light yellowish-brown natural silty clay 85004 Layer Mid-greyish-brown silty clay colluvial deposit below layer 85006, 0.34 m deep Iron Age pottery; flint 85005 Layer Light orange-grey silty clay colluvial deposit below subsoil 85002, 0.15 m deep 1 sherd Iron Age pottery 85006 Layer Mid-brown silty clay colluvial deposit below layer 85005, 0.38 m deep Flint Trench 88 88001 Layer Dark brown silty clay topsoil, 0.28 m deep 88002 Layer Mid-brown silty clay subsoil, 0.50 m deep 88003 Layer Natural orange-brown sandy clay with flint and chalk pebbles Trench 89 89001 Layer Dark grey humic clayey silt topsoil, occasional small rounded pebbles. 0.18 – 0.17 m deep 89002 Layer Mid orange brown compact silty clay subsoil, occasional small rounded pebbles and chalk flecks, 0.41

m deep 89003 Layer Natural in Trench 89: Mid orange-brown chalk-flecked silty clay with light grey sandy patches,

occasional medium and small rounded pebbles. Trench 90 90001 Layer Dark grey humic clayey silt topsoil, occasional small rounded pebbles. 0.30 – 0.35 m deep 90002 Layer Mid orange brown compact silty clay subsoil, occasional small rounded pebbles and chalk flecks, 0.25

m deep 90003 Layer Natural in Trench 90: Mid orange-brown chalk-flecked silty clay with light grey sandy patches,

occasional medium and small rounded pebbles. 90004 Fill Fill of 90005. Mottled mid orange grey compact silty clay, concentration of charcoal flecks at north side,

also a single cobble c100 mm in size. 90005 Cut Oval shallow pit at W end of trench; aligned NE-SW. 0.8 m x 0.6 m x 0.18 m; shallow c30° sides break

gradually to uneven base. Trench 91 91001 Layer Dark greyish-brown friable silty clay topsoil, 0.24 m deep 91002 Layer Light brownish-grey clayey silt subsoil, 0.26 m maximum depth, but only intermittently present 91003 Layer Light orange-brown compact clayey silt natural 91004 Cut Narrow NE-SW aligned linear feature, 0.30 m wide x 0.12 m deep, filled by 91005 91005 Fill Mid-brown silty clay fill in gully 91004 91006 Cut Very narrow NE-SW aligned linear feature, parallel and adjacent to gully 91004, 0.12 m wide x 0.08 m

deep, filled by 91007 – both features may be plough-derived 91007 Fill Mid-grey silty clay fill in gully 91006

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 91008 Cut NE-SW aligned furrow, 2.54 m wide x 0.21 m deep, filled by 91009 91009 Fill Mid-brownish-grey clayey silt fill of furrow 91008 91010 Cut NE-SW aligned furrow, 2.40 m wide x 0.16 m deep, filled by 91011 91011 Fill Mid-greyish-brown clayey silt fill of furrow 91008 Trench 93 93001 Layer Dark brownish-grey sandy clay topsoil, 0.50 m deep 93002 Layer Mid-yellowish-brown silty clay subsoil, 0.20 m deep 93003 Layer Mid-greyish-brown silty clay natural Trench 94 94001 Layer Topsoil, 0.20 m deep 94002 Layer Subsoil, 0.24 m deep 94003 Layer Light yellowish-brown clay natural Trench 95 95001 Layer Dark brown clayey silt topsoil, 0.30 m deep 95002 Layer Mid- to dark greyish-brown clayey silt subsoil, 0.45 m deep 95003 Layer Natural 95004 Cut N-S aligned linear feature running most of trench length, terminating towards S end of trench; 1.18 m wide x 0.54 m deep, with steep sides and largely flat base; filled by 95005; terminal cuts fill of 95018 95005 Fill Mid-brownish-grey silty clay fill, with occasional sub-rounded stones and rare charcoal flecks, in ditch Animal bone; 1 sherd Roman pottery 95004; cut by pit 95008 95006 Fill Dark yellowish-grey silty clay fill, with occasional chalk fragments and small sub-rounded stones, in Late Saxon and 13th-15th century pottery; 1 ditch section 95007 sherd residual early Roman pottery; animal bone; sample <95/1> 95007 Cut Additional number assigned to a further section through ditch 95004 95008 Cut Sub-circular pit, 0.67 m x 0.63 m x 0.27 m with bowl-shaped profile, filled by 95009 95009 Fill Mid-brownish-grey compact silty clay fill, with occasional sub-angular stones and chalk fragments, in pit Sample <95/5> 95008 95010 Cut Additional number assigned to a further section through ditch 95004 95011 Fill Mid-orange-grey compact silty clay fill in ditch section 95010 95012 Cut Possible pit or terminal of E-W running linear feature, towards S end of trench; 0.97 m wide x 0.56 m deep with steep sides and concave base; filled by 95013; cuts 95029 95013 Fill Mid-reddish-grey silty clay fill with occasional small angular stones and chalk/charcoal flecks in feature Sample <95/4> 95012; cut by 95028

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 95014 Cut E-W aligned linear feature, 0.53 m deep, at S end of trench; filled by 95015 and 95033; truncated (recut?) on N side by 95016; cutting fill of remnant feature 95032 95015 Fill Mid-orange-grey compact silty clay fill in ditch 95014, below fill 95033 Sample <95/2> 95016 Cut E-W aligned linear feature, 0.78 m deep, truncating (recutting?) ditch 95014 on N side; truncated in turn by 95018; filled by 95017 95017 Fill Mid-orange-grey silty clay fill with occasional chalk flecks, filling ditch 95016, cut by 95018 Sample <95/3>; mid-11th to early 13th century pottery; animal bone 95018 Cut E-W aligned linear feature, 0.63 m deep, truncating (recutting?) ditch 95016 on N side; truncated in turn by terminal of ditch 95004 and ditch/pit 95028; filled by 95019 95019 Fill Mid-reddish-grey silty clay fill with occasional flint fragments and chalk and charcoal flecks in ditch 95018, cut by terminal of ditch 95004 and ditch/pit 95028 95020 Fill Number assigned to cover finds that could not be confidently ascribed to either fill 95017 or 95019 Early 12th- to early 13th-century pottery 95021 Cut Additional number assigned to a further section through ditch 95004: relationship with feature 95023 could not be established 95022 Fill Mid-greyish-brown clay fill in ditch section 95021 Animal bone, CBM 95023 Cut Partially exposed, N-S aligned linear feature, 0.43 m deep, filled by 95024, on W side of and at a slight angle to ditch 95004: the two ditches intercut at a very oblique angle, and their relationship could not be established 95024 Fill Mid-greyish-brown chalk-flecked clay fill in ditch 95023 95025 Fill Generalised context number for finds from the fills of ditch section 95021 and ditch 95023, which could 13th- to mid-14th-century pottery, animal bone no longer be distinguished above the basal cuts of the features 95026 Fill Final fill in feature 95028: mid-greyish-brown silty clay with occasional small angular stones, 0.46 m Sample <95/6>; animal bone deep 95027 Fill Primary fill in feature 95028: dark brownish-grey silty clay with occasional small chalk fragments, 0.16 m 12th- to early 13th-century pottery, shell deep 95028 Cut Large pit or terminal of E-W aligned linear feature, partially exposed at E trench edge, cutting fills of features 95012 and 95018; filled by 95026-7 95029 Fill Mid-greyish-orange silty clay fill in small, truncated feature 95030 95030 Cut Remnant of E-W aligned linear feature, cut by ditch 95012 and severely truncated by ditch/pit 95028; filled by 95029 95031 Fill Mid-greyish-orange silty clay fill in feature remnant 95032 95032 Cut Remnant of possible pit or E-W aligned linear feature, severely truncated by ditch 95014 and seen only in section; filled by 95031 95033 Fill Mid-reddish-brown clay fill in ditch 95014 above fill 95015 95034 Fill Deposit of mid-reddish-grey silty clay in the terminal of ditch 95007 above fill 95008 Trench 96

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 96001 Layer Mid-reddish to mid-greyish-brown silty clay topsoil, 0.24 m deep 12th- to early 13th-century pottery 96002 Layer Mid-yellowish-brown silty clay subsoil, 0.38 m deep 12th- to early 13th-century pottery 96003 Layer Natural 96004 Cut E-W aligned linear feature with V-shaped profile and rounded base, 0.87 m wide x 0.36 m deep, filled by 96005 96005 Fill Mid-brownish-grey silty clay with occasional chalk flecks, in ditch 96004 Sample <96/1> 96006 Cut N-S running linear feature, on the same line as and possibly recutting 96008, with widely flared profile, c. 5 m wide at the top, stepping down to almost vertical sides; excavated to a depth of 1.30 m without base being reached. Filled by 96007 and 96014; appears to be a large modern pipe-trench or culverted post-medieval drain. 96007 Fill Mid-yellowish-brown silty clay principal fill in ditch 96006: finds included a tooth broken off an excavator Medieval pottery; 19th to 20th-century CBM; bucket, confirming the modern date of the back-filling of this feature. animal bone; iron objects 96008 Cut Very large, N-S running linear feature, at least 6 m wide, excavated to a depth of 1.30 m without base being reached. Sides appear to be irregular, but were not fully exposed due to unsafe working conditions. Filled by 96009, 96015, 96016; cuts ditch fill 96005; recut by ditch 96006. May correspond to the ditch of a medieval moated manor. 96009 Fill Mid-greyish-brown silty clay with occasional flint fragments, forming the principal fill in possible moat 12th- to early 13th-century pottery; animal 96008, overlying 96015, cut by ditch 96006: excavated to a depth of 1.30 m without base being bone; samples <96/2> and <96/3> reached. 96010 Cut Small N-S aligned oval feature, 0.35 m x 0.24 m x 0.20 m, in NE corner of trench, filled by 96011, cut by adjacent feature 96012 96011 Fill Charcoal-flecked orange clay fill in possible post-hole 96010 96012 Cut Small E-W aligned oval feature, 0.30 m x 0.24 m x 0.12 m, in NE corner of trench, filled by 96013, cutting adjacent feature 96010 96013 Fill Charcoal-flecked orange clay fill in possible post-hole 96012 96014 Fill Dark grey silty clay fill in post-medieval ditch 96006, on both sides of the ditch below fill 96007, up to CBM seen but not retrieved 0.40 m deep 96015 Fill Dark grey silty clay fill in possible moat 96008, underlying fill 96009 on W side, 0.15 m deep 96016 Fill Mid-brown silty clay, possible alluvial deposit, 0.04 m deep, on W side of 96008 below fill 96015 Trench 97 97001 Layer Dark brown clayey silt topsoil, 0.20 m deep 97002 Layer Mid-yellowish-brown silty clay subsoil, 0.10 m deep, at E end of trench only 97003 Layer Natural clay, orange mottled blue 97004 Cut Shallow, sub-circular pit with bowl-shaped profile, towards E end of trench, 0.50 m wide x 0.12 m deep; intersected by and probably associated with gully 97006; filled by 97005 97005 Fill Mid-brown plastic silty clay filling pit 97004 – same as fill 97007 in adjoining gully 97006 Late 10th- to 12th-century pottery; animal bone

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 97006 Cut Narrow, very shallow E-W aligned linear feature, 0.80 m x 0.20 m x 0.03 m, intersecting W edge of pit 97004 and probably forming a unified structure 97007 Fill Mid-brown plastic silty clay filling gully 97006 – same as fill 97005 in adjoining pit 97004 – overlain by alluvial layer 97043 97008 Cut Void: number given out to a supposed feature that proved to be the edge of alluvial layer 97043 Early 12th- to early 13th-century pottery 97009 Fill Void: number given out to a supposed feature that proved to be the edge of alluvial layer 97043 97010 Cut Shallow, sub-circular pit, 0.65 m diameter x 0.06 m deep, filled by 97011: no associated features 97011 Fill Mid-grey plastic silty clay fill in pit 97010 97012 Cut Small, shallow oval pit, NNE-SSW aligned, at N edge of western pit complex, cutting pit fill 97015; 1.00 m x 0.50 m x 0.12 m, filled by 97013 97013 Fill Mid-greyish-brown silty clay with rare charcoal flecks and fired clay fragments, filling pit 97012 Early 12th- to early 13th-century pottery 97014 Cut Shallow oval pit, roughly E-W aligned, forming part of western pit complex: 0.78 m x 0.54 m x 0.10 m; cuts fills of pits 97052, 97056 and 97062, cut by pit 97012, filled by 97015 97015 Fill Mid-brown clay with charcoal inclusions, filling pit 97014 Animal bone 97016 Fill Upper fill of pit 97062: mid-greyish-brown clay with a lens of charcoal. Cut by pit 97014; overlies fill 97017. 97017 Fill Lower fill of pit 97062: mid-grey clay with charcoal inclusions 97018 Layer Deposit of mid-brown silty clay overlying deposit 97019, 0.30 m deep, sealing but not filling linear feature 97020 97019 Fill Deposit of dark brown silty clay below deposit 97018, 0.20 m deep: both deposits seal but do not fill Late 10th- to 12th-century pottery linear feature 97020, and were probably back-filled or naturally deposited in a hollow above it. 97020 Cut Partially exposed N-S aligned linear feature at W end of trench: exposed to a width of c. 1.6 m, 0.35 m deep, filled by 97021. Possible recut of 97023. 97021 Fill Yellow/brown mottled silty clay fill in linear feature 97020; 0.20 m deep; overlain by layer 97019 97022 Fill Mid-greyish-brown clay fill in cut 97023, possible predecessor of linear feature 97020; 0.30 m deep 97023 Cut Possible remnant of earlier feature recut by 97020, although the site recording presents no compelling evidence that a recut is present here, rather than 97021 and 97022 being successive fills in a single feature. 97024 Cut N-S aligned linear feature with wide, irregular V-shaped profile, 1.26 m wide x 0.40 m deep, filled by 97034, truncating curvilinear feature 97025 97025 Cut Curvilinear feature, width varies from 0.34 m to 0.52 m, max. 0.16 m deep, filled by 97035; possible ring-gully. Truncated by ditch 97024; relationship with pit 97032 uncertain. 97026 Cut Additional number assigned to a further section through possible ring-gully 97025 97027 Cut Large, N-S aligned linear feature near E end of trench, sealed below alluvial layer 97043; 2 m wide, 0.77 m deep, with irregular sides and base possibly indicating cleaning or recutting, filled by 97044-51

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 97028 Cut Small, sub-oval pit with roughly bowl-shaped profile, 0.49 m x 0.40 m x 0.16 m, cutting inside edge of curvilinear feature 97026, filled by 97037 97029 Cut Additional number assigned to a further section through possible ring-gully 97025 97030 Cut Small, probably oval pit with irregular profile, 0.61 m x 0.52 m x 0.20 m, intersecting outer edge of curvilinear feature 97026 – relationships with feature 97026 and adjoining pit 97028 uncertain due to similarity in fills 97031 Cut Additional number assigned to a further section through possible ring-gully 97025 97032 Cut Small, sub-oval feature, indistinctly seen on outer edge of curvilinear feature 97026 adjacent to pit 97030; c. 0.7 m x 0.57 m x 0.08 m; relationship with feature 97026 uncertain due to similarity in fills 97033 Cut Additional number assigned to a further section through possible ring-gully 97025 97034 Fill Mid-greyish-brown silty clay with occasional chalk and charcoal flecks and rare small sub-rounded 12th- to 14th-century pottery; animal bone; stones, filling linear feature 97024 sample <97/1> 97035 Fill Mid-greyish-brown silty clay with occasional chalk and charcoal flecks, filling curvilinear feature 97025; Animal bone corresponds to 97036, 97038, 97040 and 97041 in further sections 97036 Fill Additional fill number assigned to section 97026 through possible ring-gully 97025 97037 Fill Mid-brownish-grey silty clay with occasional charcoal flecks, filling small pit 97028 Mid-9th to 10th-century pottery 97038 Fill Additional fill number assigned to section 97029 through possible ring-gully 97025 97039 Fill Mid-greyish-brown silty clay with occasional chalk and charcoal flecks, filling possible post-hole 97030 Pottery provisionally identified as pre-Roman; animal bone 97040 Fill Additional fill number assigned to section 97031 through possible ring-gully 97025 97041 Fill Additional fill number assigned to section 97033 through possible ring-gully 97025 Mid-11th- to early 13th-century pottery 97042 Fill Mid-greyish-brown silty clay with occasional charcoal flecks in possible post-hole 97032, possibly cut by Late 10th- to 12th-century pottery ring-gully section 97033 97043 Layer Mid-greyish-brown friable silty clay below topsoil, 0.20m deep – alluvial spread in E trench end 97044 Fill Mid-greyish-brown silty clay final fill in ditch 97027 above deposit 97045, 0.20 m deep, sealed by Late 13th- to mid-14th-century pottery; animal alluvial layer 97043 bone 97045 Fill Light- to mid-greyish-brown silty clay fill in ditch 97027 above deposit 97046, 0.18 m deep 14th-century pottery; animal bone 97046 Fill Mid- to dark brownish-grey silty clay fill in ditch 97027 above deposit 97047, 0.10 m deep 97047 Fill Mid-brown silty clay deposit forming a tip line on the E side of ditch 97027 above deposit 97048/9, 0.12 m deep 97048 Fill Mid-yellowish-brown silty clay, apparently forming an upper part of deposit 97049 in ditch 97027: unclear whether this is slumped material overlying the edge of the silted fill or merely a change in its colour giving the impression of a separate deposit. 97049 Fill Mid-greyish- to mid-yellowish-brown friable silty clay with occasional small stones, filling the base of Mid-12th- to 14th-century pottery; animal ditch 97027 above deposit 97051, 0.26 m deep bone; sample <97/2>

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 97050 Fill Mixed yellowish-brown and greyish-brown silty clay deposit on E side of ditch cut 97027, 0.16 m deep, partially overlying basal fill 97051 – probably slumped material 97051 Fill Mixed mid-greyish-brown and light grey silty clay with occasional small stones, flecks/fragments of heat- Heat-affected clay provisionally interpreted as affected clay and fragments of industrial production residue, filling an irregularity, possibly a deliberately kiln furniture/oven lining; industrial production dug channel or a remnant of cleaning/recutting, in the base of ditch 97027, 0.42 m wide x 0.08 m deep residue; sample <97/3> 97052 Cut Truncated remnant of pit, possibly with V-shaped profile, representing the earliest of the group of Iron Age to early Roman pottery, assigned cut intercutting pits near W end of trench: filled by 97053, 97054 and possibly 97055 number only 97053 Fill Primary fill in pit 97052, below fill 97054: mottled orange/grey clay, 0.20 m deep Animal bone 97054 Fill Dark greyish-brown clay with a lens of charcoal, filling pit 97052 above primary fill 97053; either below Animal bone fill 97055 or cut by a later pit containing 97055 97055 Fill Mid-grey clay with charcoal inclusions, either forming the final fill in pit 97052 or the sole fill of a later pit Animal bone cutting fill 97054, cut by pit 97056 97056 Cut Sub-oval or sub-circular pit, surviving side displaying regular bowl-shaped profile, 0.50 m deep, filled by 97057, cutting pit fill 97055, truncated on E side by pit 97058 and on SW side by pit 97014 97057 Fill Mid-grey friable silty clay with occasional charcoal inclusions, filling pit 97056, cut by pits 97058 and 13th- to mid-14th-century pottery; animal bone 97014 97058 Cut Partially exposed, probably sub-oval pit, one of the stratigraphically latest of the cluster of intercutting pits at W trench end, 1.04 m long x 0.36 m deep, cutting pit fill 97057, filled by 97059 97059 Fill Mid-brown clay with occasional charcoal, filling pit 97058 97060 Cut Partially exposed feature at N trench edge, immediately W of ditch 97027: probably a large pit, but may be the rounded terminal of a wide linear feature. 1.78 m wide x 0.38 m deep, filled by 97061 97061 Fill Mid- to light brown silty clay fill in feature 97060, sealed by alluvial layer 97043 10th- to late 11th-century pottery; animal bone 97062 Cut Number assigned during post-ex to an additional pit in western pit complex, c. 0.40 m deep, filled by 97016-7 and cut by pit 97014 Trench 98 98001 Layer Dark brown clayey silt topsoil, 0.30 m deep 98002 Layer Mid-yellowish-brown silty clay subsoil, present in S half of trench only, 0.12 m deep 98003 Layer Natural clay, light orange-brown to yellowish-brown with bluish-grey mottling 98004 Fill Fill in feature 98005: mixed orange-brown and greyish-brown silty clay with frequent charcoal flecks, Mid-9th- to 10th-century pottery, animal bone closely resembling adjacent fills 98006 and 98008 98005 Cut Shallow, sub-circular feature at E end of a group of three intercutting pit or post-hole bases, 0.30 m diameter x 0.04 m deep (stratigraphic relationships could not be distinguished, identification uncertain: could also have been a single very irregular feature or a natural disturbance) 98006 Fill Fill in feature 98007: similar to 98004 Early 12th- to early 13th-century pottery 98007 Cut Shallow, sub-circular feature in centre of a group of three intercutting pit or post-hole bases, 0.30 m diameter x 0.04 m deep (see 98005) 98008 Fill Fill in feature 98009: similar to 98004 Small scraps of Iron Age to Roman pottery

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 98009 Cut Shallow, sub-circular feature in centre of a group of three intercutting pit or post-hole bases, 0.30 m diameter x 0.04 m deep (see 98005) 98010 Fill Upper fill in linear feature 98011: mixed orange-brown and greyish-brown silty clay with rare angular stones and charcoal flecks, sealed by subsoil 98002; could not clearly be distinguished from 98012 98011 Cut Narrow E-W aligned linear feature with rounded terminal to E, 0.38 m wide x 0.09 m deep, filled by 98010 and 98017; intercuts pit 98013, but relationship could not be ascertained 98012 Fill Mixed orange-brown and greyish-brown silty clay with rare angular stones, flint fragments and charcoal flecks, filling small pit 98013 98013 Cut Possibly sub-circular pit on S side of gully 98011: probably truncated by gully, but the fills were too alike for confident interpretation 98014 Fill Upper fill in feature 98016: mixed mid-greenish-grey and mid-orange-grey silty clay with charcoal and chalk flecks and lenses of organic material suggesting cess, 0.21 m deep 98015 Fill Basal fill in feature 98016: mixed mid-greenish-grey and mid-orange-brown compact silty clay with Possible Early Roman pottery, animal bone charcoal and chalk flecks, lenses of organic material suggesting cess and lenses of redeposited natural, 0.40 m deep 98016 Cut Circular pit with U-shaped profile, 0.60 m diameter x 0.40 m deep, adjacent to small linear features 98011 and 98019, filled by 98014-5 98017 Fill Mid-orange-brown compact silty clay with rare small angular stones and flint fragments – very similar to natural 98003 – forming the basal fill of gully 98011, 0.05 m deep 98018 Fill Light orange-brown to light greyish-brown silty clay in linear feature 98019, cut by ditch 98039 98019 Cut Narrow, N-S aligned linear feature with U-shaped profile, 0.26 m wide x 0.19 m deep; on same alignment as field drains in Trench 98, but proved on excavation not to contain one. Filled by 98018. 98020 Cut Partially exposed feature at NE end of trench, probably a large NW-SE aligned ditch, 1.3 m deep, filled by 98023-25 98021 Fill Fill of section 98022 98022 Cut Number given to additional section through linear feature 98011 98023 Fill Mid-brown silty clay primary fill in feature 98020, 0.30 m deep Mid-1st- to 2nd-century pottery 98024 Fill Dark brown silty clay fill in feature 98020, 0.50 m deep, above primary fill 98023 13th- to mid-14th-century pottery 98025 Fill Mid-orange-brown clay with chalk flecks (redeposited natural?), 0.30 m deep, final fill of feature 98020 above fill 98024, cut by 98026 98026 Cut Small feature with U-shaped profile, seen only in section, 0.30 m wide x 0.50 m deep, cutting fill 98025 98027 Fill Mixed dark brown and black loose silty clay in small, probably modern feature 98026 98028 Cut N-S aligned linear feature towards SW end of trench, 0.96 m wide x 0.21 m deep: cuts fill of feature 9830; intercuts large feature 98042, which may truncate this feature, but the relationship could not be confidently established, and they may be contemporary 98029 Fill Mid-greyish-brown clayey silt with occasional small sub-rounded stones, filling ditch 98028 Mid-9th- to 10th-century pottery; fired clay loom-weight; animal bone

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 98030 Cut Shallow, truncated, probably sub-rectangular pit towards centre of trench; 0.94 m long x 0.06 m deep; filled by 98031, truncated by ditch 98028 98031 Fill Mid- to dark greyish-brown silty clay with occasional chalk flecks, filling pit base 98030 98032 Cut Void 98033 Cut Void 98034 Cut Void 98035 Cut Void 98036 Fill Mottled orange and light greyish-brown silty clay fill in linear feature 98037 98037 Cut E-W aligned linear feature adjacent and parallel to but not intercutting 98039/41; 0.49 m wide x 0.19 m deep with bowl-shaped profile, filled by 98036 98038 Fill Mid- to dark greyish-brown silty clay, mottled orange, with occasional pebbles, filling linear feature Mid-1st to early 2nd-century pottery; animal 98039 bone 98039 Cut E-W aligned linear feature with bowl-shaped profile and flat base, 0.74 m wide, max. 0.40 m deep but becoming shallower towards E, filled by 98038 and 98067-8 in separate sections, truncating feature 98041 98040 Fill Dark greyish-brown silty clay filling truncated feature 98041; cut by linear feature 98039 98041 Cut Remnant of heavily truncated feature, shape in plan no longer identifiable; filled by 98040 98042 Cut Very wide feature at SW end of site; only one roughly E-W aligned edge exposed; investigated to a Late 12th- to mid-14th-century pottery and breadth of 6.25 m and a depth of 0.70 m without encountering the opposite side or the base. Exposed 13th- to 15th-century CBM attributable to portion of N edge shallow and irregular. Filled by 98043-46; ditch 98047 cuts its fills; relationship with feature only linear feature 98028 not ascertained (possibly contemporary). 98043 Fill Blackish-grey clayey silt fill with frequent charcoal flecks, at lowest excavated extent of feature 98042 12th- to early 13th-century pottery; 1 sherd early Roman pottery 98044 Fill Mid-brownish-orange silty clay 0.32 m deep, overlying deposit 98043 in feature 98042: appears to be Iron Age to Roman pottery an erosion or slump deposit sinking sharply downwards into the partially excavated feature, possibly indicating the presence of a bank 98045 Fill Light bluish-grey clayey silt fill in feature 98042, 0.34 m deep, overlying deposit 98044 98046 Fill Mid-brownish-grey silty clay, 0.36 m deep, forming the final fill in large feature 98042; cut by ditch 13th- to 14th-century pottery; disarticulated 98047 human bone 98047 Cut NW-SE aligned linear feature with V-shaped profile, 1.26 m wide x 0.58 m deep, filled by 98048, cutting fills of large feature 98042 98048 Fill Mid- to dark brownish-grey silty clay with rare charcoal flecks, filling linear feature 98047 98049 Cut Number given to additional section through linear feature 98019 98050 Cut N-S aligned linear feature towards NE end of trench, 0.80 m wide x 0.92 m deep with steep sides and slightly concave base; cuts fill of feature 98037; filled by 98069-70 and 98085 in separate sections 98051 Cut Number given to additional section through linear feature 98037

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 98052 Cut Roughly N-S aligned linear feature at NE end of trench, 1.08 m+ wide x 1.10 m deep, with wide, shallow V-shaped to bowl-shaped profile; filled by 98075-6/98082 and 98063-6 in separate sondages 98053 Cut Roughly E-W aligned linear feature, only seen in sondage, c.1 m wide x 0.46 m deep with V-shaped profile, cutting uppermost fill of ditch 98052, filled by 98079 98054 Cut Roughly N-S aligned linear feature, only seen in sondage, 0.95 m wide x 0.41 m deep with wide V- shaped to bowl-shaped profile, cutting fill of linear feature 98053, filled by 98080-1 98055 Cut Partially exposed pit on SE trench edge, 0.90 m deep with steep sides and bowl-shaped profile, cutting fills of ditch 98052; filled by 98060-62 and 98083-84 in separate sondages 98056 Cut Truncated feature seen only in NW facing section of NE sondage through ditch 98052, possibly a remnant of a NE-SW running linear feature; 0.40 m deep, filled by 98077-78, truncated at either end by 98020 and 98052 98057 Cut Truncated NW-SE aligned linear feature, seen in both sondages, survives to a width of 0.84 m and a depth of 0.22 m; filled by 98058 and possibly 98059, cut by 98052, 98039 and later features 98058 Fill Primary fill in ditch 98057: mid-brownish-grey silty clay with frequent lenses of yellow clay and rare animal bone charcoal flecks, 0.16 m deep 98059 Fill Truncated remnant of mixed yellow and light blue silty clay deposit, 0.20 m deep, overlying fill 98058: interpreted on site as an upper fill in feature 98057, but this seems unlikely unless 98057 has a sharply stepped base 98060 Fill Blackish-grey clayey silt primary fill in pit 98055, 0.18 m deep, containing rare charcoal flecks 98061 Fill Mixture of mid-grey clayey silt with yellow patches of redeposited natural, probably representing a deliberate back-fill in pit 98055; 0.24 m deep, overlying primary fill 98060 98062 Fill Mixture of blackish-grey clayey silt with yellow patches of redeposited natural, 0.36 m deep, overlying fill 98061 in pit 98055 98063 Fill Mixture of light- to mid-brown silty clay with yellow patches of redeposited natural, 0.28 m deep, filling animal bone base of ditch 98052 in SW sondage 98064 Fill Deposit of mid- to dark greyish-brown clayey silt with rare charcoal flecks above fill 98063 in NW facing baulk only of SW sondage in ditch 98052 98065 Fill Mixture of mid-brown silty clay with yellow patches of redeposited natural, 0.30 m deep, filling ditch Mid- to late 1st century pottery 98052 above fills 98063/4 98066 Fill Final fill in SW sondage through ditch 98052: mid- to dark grey clayey silt, 0.25 m deep 98067 Fill Basal fill in linear feature 98039 where it appears in SE sondage: mid-brownish-grey silty clay with rare 11th- to mid-12th-century pottery yellow patches of redeposited natural and patches of greenish organic material, 0.07 m deep 98068 Fill Mixed yellow and light blue silty clay overlying fill 98067 in sondage section through 98039 98069 Fill Mid-orange-brown silty clay with occasional chalk flecks, filling base of linear feature 98050 to a depth of 0.16 m 98070 Fill Mid-brownish-grey clayey silt with occasional small angular stones and charcoal flecks, 0.74 m deep, Mid-9th to 10th-century pottery; animal bone filling linear feature 98050 above primary fill 98069

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 98071 Cut Truncated pit with bowl-shaped section, survives to a width of 0.35m and a depth of 0.16 m, cuts deposit 98059, filled by 98072, truncated by 98052 98072 Fill Fill of pit 98071: dark brownish-grey silty clay with abundant flecks/fragments of charcoal, containing a lens of heat-affected clay and an adjoining lens of charcoal 98073 Fill Fill of section 98051 98074 Fill Fill of section 98049 98075 Fill Greenish-grey silty clay primary fill in NE sondage through ditch 98052, containing small fragments of Iron Age pottery; animal bone degraded stone; 0.50 m deep 98076 Fill Light greyish-brown, orange-mottled silty clay with occasional charcoal flecks and small fragments of 13th- to mid-14th-century pottery; early degraded stone, filling ditch 98052 above primary fill 98075 in NE sondage, 0.50 m deep Roman pottery 98077 Fill Blackish-grey, orange-mottled clayey silt lower fill 0.24m deep, in feature remnant 98056, below 98078 98078 Fill Mid-reddish-brown silty clay, mottled dark brown, with occasional small rounded stones, 0.22 m deep, Mid- to late 1st-century pottery filling truncated feature 98056 above fill 98077 98079 Fill Dark greyish-brown, orange-mottled silty clay fill in feature 98053, cut by 98054 1 sherd mid- to late 1st century pottery 98080 Fill Primary fill in linear feature 98054: mixed black and orange clay and silty sand, 0.05 m deep 98081 Fill Mid- to dark greyish-brown silty clay with occasional charcoal flecks, filling feature 98054 above primary fill 98080; cut by 98055 98082 Fill Final fill in ditch 98052: dark brown silty clay with occasional sub-rounded stones, charcoal flecks and animal bone small fragments of degraded stone; 0.20 m deep 98083 Fill Mid-yellowish-grey clayey silt lower fill in additional section through pit 98055 98084 Fill Blackish-grey clayey silt overlying 98083 in additional section through pit 98055 98085 Fill Dark greyish-brown silty clay filling an additional section through linear feature 98050 Trench 99 99001 Layer Mid-brown friable silty clayey sand topsoil, 0.30 m deep 99002 Layer Mid- to light brownish-yellow friable silty clay subsoil, 0.20 m deep 99003 Layer Light yellowish-brown friable silty clay layer with occasional chalk flecks, 0.20 m deep, below subsoil 99002, possibly cut by all features although recording ambiguous (appears to both overlie and be cut by feature 99009). 99004 Layer Light yellowish-brown compact natural silty clay with frequent chalk flecks 99005 Fill Dark greyish-brown friable silty clay with occasional stone fragments and chalk flecks, 0.40 m deep, 4th century pottery; animal bone; industrial filling feature 99007 above fill 99006 production residues; iron object; shell 99006 Fill Dark greyish-brown friable silty clay with ash, industrial production residue granules and crushed oyster Sample <99/2>; 3rd- to 4th-century pottery; shell fragments, 0.34 m deep: primary fill in feature 99007 shell 99007 Cut Linear feature with steep sides and bowl-shaped profile, probably running ENE-WSW, but partially obscured by a furrow; filled by 99005-6; cuts fill of feature 99009

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 99008 Fill Mid-brownish-grey cemented silty clay with occasional chalk and mineral flecks, filling feature 99009, Pottery identifiable only as Roman; animal cut by ditch 99007 bone; flint; sample <99/1> 99009 Cut Partially exposed feature, probably linear, running NNW-SSE along SW trench side. Exposed to a Animal bone length of 15 m: either terminates or turns through 90° at both ends. 0.62 m deep; filled by 99008. Stratigraphically below ditch 99007. 99010 Fill Dark greyish-brown friable silty clay with occasional stones and chalk flecks, filling feature 99011 3rd- to 4th-century pottery; worked stone; sample <99/3> 99011 Cut Roughly N-S aligned linear feature partially exposed at E corner of trench; 0.40 m deep with one steep, regular side and slightly sloping base; filled by 99010; cuts fill of feature 99013 99012 Fill Light yellowish-brown friable silty clay with occasional chalk and charcoal flecks, filling truncated linear feature 99013; cut by 99011 99013 Cut Remnant of roughly N-S aligned linear feature, truncated on E side by deeper ditch 99011; 0.27 m deep with one steep, regular side and slightly uneven base; filled by 99012 Trench 100 100001 Layer Dark brown silty clay topsoil, 0.24 m deep 100002 Layer Mid-brown clay subsoil, 0.34 m deep 100003 Layer Natural mid-orange-brown silty clay Trench 101 101001 Layer Dark orange-brown silty clay topsoil, 0.35 m deep 101002 Layer Mid-orange-brown silty clay subsoil, 0.20 m deep 101003 Layer Natural clay, mid-pinkish-orange mottled bluish-grey Trench 102 102001 Layer Mid grey humic clayey silt topsoil, occasional small rounded pebbles. 0.47 m deep 102002 Layer Mid orange brown compact silty clay subsoil, occasional small rounded pebbles and chalk flecks, depth varies from 0.10 m to 0.48 m 102003 Layer Natural in Trench 89: Mid orange-brown chalk-flecked silty clay, occasional medium and small rounded pebbles; some areas mottled grey. 102004 Cut N-S aligned small linear feature, 0.50 m wide x 0.32m deep, terminating to S within trench 102005 Fill Dark grey silty clay principal fill of gully terminal 102004, below 102013 and above 102014 Mid-late Iron Age pottery; animal bone 102006 Cut Remnant of small circular post-hole, 0.10 m deep, truncated by ditch 102008 102007 Fill Black silty clay fill in post-hole 102006 102008 Cut NNE-SSW aligned ditch running across centre of trench; 0.80 m wide x 0.25 m deep 102009 Fill Dark grey plastic silty clay lower fill of ditch 102008 102010 Cut NNE-SSW aligned ditch towards NW trench end, tapering from 0.80 m to 0.50 m in width, 0.20 m deep 102011 Fill Mid-reddish-brown silty clay filling ditch 102010 Mid-late Iron Age pottery

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 102012 Fill Mid-brownish-orange plastic silty clay upper fill in ditch 102008 102013 Fill Mid-orange-brown plastic silty clay upper fill in part of gully 102004, above 102005 102014 Fill Mid-orange-brown plastic silty clay basal fill on NW side of gully 102004, below 102005; possible slump of excavated material 102015 Cut Partially excavated, probably N-S aligned linear feature, disturbed by modern drain, filled by 102016 102016 Fill Bluish-grey silty clay filling ditch 102015 Mid-late Iron Age pottery 102017 Cut Narrow, partially exposed linear feature sealed by alluvial layer 102032, 0.26 m deep 102018 Fill Bluish-grey silty clay filling ditch 102017 102019 Cut Possible recut of ditch 102017, 0.90 m deep, truncated in turn by 102024, filled by 102020-23 102020 Fill Basal fill of large ditch 102019: mid-orange-brown sandy silty clay, 0.16 m deep 0.14 m deep Animal bone 102021 Fill Light- to mid-orange-brown sandy clay fill in large ditch 102019 above basal fill 102020, 0.10 m deep 102022 Fill Mid-greyish-brown compact silty clay fill in large ditch 102019 above deposit 12021, 0.52 m deep 102023 Fill Mid-orange-brown sandy clay fill in large ditch 102019 above layer 102022 102024 Cut Large ditch, 1.6 m wide x 0.95 m deep, probably recut of 102019, filled by 102025-31 102025 Fill Mid-brown silty clay primary fill in large ditch 102024, 0.19 m deep, below 102026 102026 Fill Light orange-brown sandy clay fill in large ditch 102024, 0.10 m deep, below 102027 102027 Fill Mid-greyish-brown compact silty clay fill in large ditch 102024, 0.24 m deep, below 102028 102028 Fill Mid-greyish-brown compact silty clay fill in large ditch 102024, 0.40 m deep, below 102029 102029 Fill Mid-bluish-grey plastic silty clay fill in large ditch 102024, 0.12 m deep, below 102030 102030 Fill Mid-orange-brown sandy clay fill in large ditch 102024 above layer 102029, 0.10 m deep 102031 Fill Mid-bluish-grey plastic silty clay final fill in large ditch 102024, 0.32 m deep 102032 Layer Greenish-grey alluvial layer sealing small ditch 102017, 0.20 m deep 102033 Cut Large, N-S oriented linear feature at NW trench end, 2.30 m wide x 1.00 m deep, filled by 10243 and 10245-7 102034 Cut Partially exposed, possibly E-W aligned linear feature cut by ditch 102033 102035 Cut E-W running linear feature at NW trench end, cut by or possibly contemporary with 102033, 1.10 m wide x 0.41 m deep 102036 Fill Mid-greyish-brown compact silty clay fill in large ditch 102034, 0.40 m deep Animal bone 102037 Layer Dark brown peat and silt layer, 0.16 m deep, in palaeochannel between silty clay deposits 102040 and Animal bone; Sample <102/1> 102041 102038 Fill Mottled grey/light brown silty clay second fill in ditch 102033, 0.70 m deep: same as 102045 1 sherd of Mid-late Iron Age pottery 102039 Fill Light grey plastic silty clay fill in feature 102034: same as 102048 102040 Layer Bluish-grey silty clay uppermost fill of palaeochannel 102049; similar to 102041 Animal bone

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 102041 Layer Silty clay deposit below peat layer 102037 in palaeochannel 102042 VOID VOID 102043 Fill Mid- to light grey silty clay final fill in ditch 102033, convex surface, 0.33 m deep Late Iron Age pottery; animal bone; slag 102044 Fill Same as 102023 102045 Fill Additional number given to the secondary fill in 102033, in a further section through 102046 Fill Mid-brown and grey mottled silty clay with patches of redeposited natural at NW side and base of ditch

102033 102047 Fill Reddish-brown silty clay fill in ditch 102033 between fills 102043 and 102045: 0.15 m deep 102048 Fill Same as 102039 102049 Cut Cut of palaeochannel at SE end of trench Trench 103 103001 Layer Mid grey humic clayey silt topsoil, occasional small rounded pebbles. 0.42 m deep 103002 Layer Mid orange brown compact silty clay subsoil, occasional small rounded pebbles and chalk flecks, 0.15

m deep 103003 Layer Natural in Trench 89: Mid orange-brown chalk-flecked silty clay, occasional medium and small rounded

pebbles; some areas mottled grey. Trench 104 104001 Layer Dark greyish-brown clayey silt topsoil, 0.36 m deep 104002 Layer Mid-orange-grey clayey silt subsoil, up to 0.32 m deep but not uniformly present 104003 Layer Mid-orange-brown clay natural with frequent chalk flecks 104004 Cut Narrow NE-SW aligned linear feature, 0.23 m wide x 0.08 m deep with wide V-shaped profile, filled by 104005 104005 Fill Mid-orange-brown silty clay with no inclusions, filling gully 104004 104006 Cut NW-SE aligned linear feature, 0.77 m wide x 0.33 m deep with irregular profile, filled by 104007 104007 Fill Mid-orange-grey silty clay with occasional small rounded stones and rare chalk flecks, filling ditch Iron Age pottery; animal bone 104006 104008 Cut NE-SW running linear feature, 0.46 m wide x 0.25 m deep but tapering towards SW, with bowl-shaped profile; filled by 104009 104009 Fill Mid-orange-brown clayey silt, mottled mid-greyish-brown, with rare small angular stone and flint fragments, filling gully 104008 104010 Cut Additional number given out to a further section through gully 104008 104011 Fill Fill of gully section 10410: same as 104009; cut by possible furrow 10412 104012 Cut Roughly NNW-SSE aligned shallow linear feature, 0.71 m wide x 0.07 m deep, filled by 10413, cutting fill of gully 104008: possible furrow

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 104013 Fill Mid-brown silty clay with occasional flint fragments and chalk flecks, filling possible furrow 10412 Mid-9th- to 11th-century pottery 104014 Fill Mid-brownish-grey friable silty clay with frequent heat-affected stones, filling feature 10415 Late 10th- to 12th-century pottery; mid- to late Iron Age pottery; animal bone; sample <104/1> 104015 Cut Partially exposed feature at N trench edge towards E end of trench, probably the S terminal of a N-S aligned gully; 0.28 m wide x 0.25 m deep with irregular profile; cutting fills of feature 104019 104016 Fill Dark brownish-grey friable silty clay with frequent heat-affected stones, 0.18 m deep, filling feature Mid-11th- to early 13th-century pottery; mid- 10419 above fill 104017 Iron Age pottery; sample <104/2> 104017 Fill Mid-yellowish-brown friable silty clay, 0.08 m deep, filling feature 10419 above fill 104018 104018 Fill Primary fill of feature 104019: mid-reddish-grey friable silty clay with occasional heat-affected stones, Mid-Iron Age pottery; animal bone; flint 0.08 m deep 104019 Cut NE-SW running linear feature, 0.65 m wide x 0.30 m deep, lying between possible gully terminals 104015 and 104021: stratigraphically above 104021 and below 104015. Filled by 104016-18. 104020 Fill Dark brownish-grey friable silty clay with occasional heat-affected stones, filling possible gully terminal Mid-Iron Age pottery; animal bone 10421; cut by ditch 104019 104021 Cut Short length of linear feature at N trench edge towards E end of trench, NE-SW aligned with rounded terminal to SW; 0.32 m wide x 0.32 m deep, with roughly U-shaped profile; filled by 104020 104022 Cut Curvilinear feature towards W end of trench, parallel to and cutting the southern edge of curvilinear feature 104025, possibly representing a recut. The two features could be distinguished only after excavation. 0.42 m wide x 0.44 m deep with U-shaped profile; filled by 10423-4. 104023 Fill Basal fill in feature 10422: mid-orange-brown silty clay with rare charcoal flecks, 0.28 m deep Mid-9th- to 11th-century pottery; mid-Iron Age pottery; animal bone; sample <104/4> 104024 Fill Mid-greyish-brown silty clay with frequent chalk flecks and rare charcoal flecks, filling feature 104022 above fill 104023; 0.18 m deep 104025 Cut Curvilinear feature towards W end of trench, parallel to and cut by the northern edge of curvilinear feature 104022. The two features could be distinguished only after excavation. 0.57 m wide x 0.30 m deep with steep sides and roughly basin-shaped profile; filled by 10426-7. 104026 Fill Basal fill in feature 10425: mid-orange-brown silty clay with rare charcoal flecks, 0.16 m deep Sample <104/5> 104027 ill Mid-greyish-brown silty clay with rare chalk flecks, filling feature 104025 above fill 104026; 0.15 m deep Iron Age pottery 104028 Cut Wide, N-S aligned linear feature with irregular sides, representing one side of a square enclosure identified by geophysical survey; 3.90 m wide x 1.45 m deep, filled by 104029-33; may incorporate a recut not recorded on site 104029 Fill Primary fill of enclosure ditch 104028: mid-grey, orange-mottled compact plastic silty clay with Mid-Iron Age pottery; animal bone; fired clay; occasional chalk and charcoal flecks and flint gravel, 0.50 m deep sample <104/3> 104030 Fill Mid-brownish-orange compact plastic silty clay with occasional chalk flecks, lying against W side of Iron Age pottery enclosure ditch 104028 above primary fill 104029, 0.52 m deep: may represent slumped material from a bank

Context Type Description Finds and samples; dating 104031 Fill Mixed grey and orange compact plastic silty clay with moderate small pebbles, charcoal and chalk Mid- to late Iron Age pottery; fired clay flecks, filling enclosure ditch 104028 above fill 104030, 0.55 m deep 104032 Fill Mid-brownish-orange silty clay with moderate small stones, flint fragments and chalk flecks and Animal bone, fired clay occasional heat-affected stones, filling enclosure ditch 104028 above fill 104031, 0.20 m deep 104033 Fill Dark grey silty clay final fill in enclosure ditch 104028 above fill 104032, 0.35 m deep Iron Age pottery 104034 Cut Depression with shallow, concave sides and level base, on the same NE-SW orientation as the (unrecorded) furrows overlying the archaeology, c. 7 m wide x 0.32 m deep; lying between ditch 104006

and feature 104015; filled by 104035; appears to be cut by 104021. Possible trackway, or just a more strongly marked furrow? 104035 Fill Light orange-brown clayey silt fill in feature 104034: very similar to subsoil 104022 104036 Cut Narrow, curvilinear feature exposed by the partial removal of a furrow fill, 0.25 m wide x 0.12 m deep: may actually be the continuation of curvilinear feature 104022, if 104022 and 104025 diverge in the area masked by the furrow fill. 104037 Fill Dark orange-brown silty clay with occasional large sub-rounded stones and rare charcoal flecks, filling

feature 104036; cut by 104038 104038 Cut Narrow, curvilinear feature with rounded terminal to E, 0.20 m wide x 0.12 m deep, cutting fill of

curvilinear feature 104036 104039 Fill Blackish-brown silty clay with frequent charcoal flecks and occasional lenses of redeposited natural,

filling feature 104038

APPENDIX 4 OF ANNEX 6.5.5: ASSESSMENT OF THE PHASE I PREHISTORIC AND ROMAN POTTERY curated in an Access database, available from the author in a digital format. The report By Ian Rowlandson was produced on the basis of trench locations and a context list provided by PCAS Ltd. 1.0 Introduction 1.0.2 A total of 870 sherds, weighing 19.273 g total RE 12.35, from the scheme of archaeological evaluation along the proposed cable route were studied. Each site is 1.0.1 The pottery has been archived using count and weight as measures according to the discussed in sequence and conclusions about the significance of the assemblage as a guidelines laid down for the minimum archive by The Study Group for Roman Pottery whole has been drawn together at the end of this report. It should be noted that as (Darling 2004) using the codes developed by the City of Lincoln Archaeological Unit - further investigations are anticipated a limited synthesis is offered for this assessment CLAU (see Darling and Precious forthcoming) and the fabric series under stage. The table below summarises the assemblage by plot. The pottery from plots 30, development for North Lincolnshire Museum (Rowlandson forthcoming a). Where 111, 112 and 120 suggests the highest potential for further investigations producing appropriate terminology from the PCRG guidelines (1997) and the Trent and Peak further significant groups. The project has produced groups ranging from the middle prehistoric pottery manual (Knight 1998) have been used for recording the earlier Iron Age through to the end of the Roman period further excavations along this route pottery. Rim equivalents (RE) have been recorded and an attempt at a ‘maximum’ have the potential to produce a synthesis of pottery production in the region. vessel estimate has been made following Orton (1975, 31). The pottery has been bagged by fabric and vessels selected as suitable for illustration have been bagged separately for ease of future reference. The fabric descriptions and archive record (tabulated below at the end of the report) is an integral part of this report and will be

Dating summary by Plot number

Plot Trench Parish Date Range Comments Sherd Weight (g) Total RE % 19 22 Tetney IA-Roman A small assemblage 9 73 10

30 37, 38, 41 Holton le Clay Roman- mostly 2nd- A good assemblage 451 11199 722 3rd 31 40 Holton le Clay Roman A small assemblage 5 9 0 33 41 Holton le Clay IA- Roman A small assemblage 3 5 0 85 62 Stallingborough Iron Age A small assemblage 2 12 0 87 68 Stallingborough Roman- mostly 2nd 28 504 39 to 3rd century 88 69 Stallingborough Roman 26 582 4 104 85 South Killingholme Iron Age A small assemblage 3 28 0 111 95, 97, 98 South Killingholme Roman- mostly mid A good early group 90 1578 130 1st to mid 2nd 112 99 North Killingholme Roman-3rd -4th Includes a large 132 3488 229 century group. 120 104 North Killingholme Mid to Late Iron Age A good fresh group 121 1795 101 including ‘finewares’

Plot 19 Trench 22- Tetney

1.0.3 A total of 9 sherds (weight 73 g, RE 0.1) were retrieved from Plot 19 Trench 22. Little more can be said about this group.

Plot 19 – Dating summary

F No F Type Context Spot date Comments Sherd Weight (g) Total RE % 22017 Ditch 22015 ML-LIA A small group 5 21 10 including a handmade shell- gritted jar with an everted rim. 22US Unstrat. 22US ROM A small group 4 52 0 including shell-gritted and greyware sherds from trench 22.

Fabrics and Forms

Plot 19 – Fabric summary

Fabric code Fabric group Fabric details Sherd Sherd % Weight Weight % Total RE % GREY1 Reduced Reduced fabric 1 3 33.33% 47 64.38% 0 IAGR Reduced Native 1 11.11% 5 6.85% 0 tradition/transitional grit-tempered wares IASH? Calcareous Native tradition shell- 5 55.56% 21 28.77% 10 tempered

Plot 19 – Form summary

Form Form Type Form Description Sherd Sherd % Weight Weight % Total RE % CLSD Closed Form 1 11.11% 5 6.85% 0 JEV Jar Everted rim 5 55.56% 21 28.77% 10 JB Jar/Bowl Unclassified form 3 33.33% 47 64.38% 0

Plot 30 Trenches 37, 38 and 41 - Holton-le-Clay continued to be manufactured into at least into the middle of the 2nd century AD on the basis of a large bowl with a triangular rim from context 37050 (D4). Of note 1.0.4 A total of 451 sherds (weight 11.199 kg, RE 7.22) were retrieved from Plot 30. amongst the assemblage is a large proportion of a bag shaped beaker in a local 1.0.5 The pottery from this plot produced a good range of 2nd and 3rd century Roman greyware fabric from context 37007 (D7). This vessel is in large fresh sherds and pottery. The majority of pottery from this site was retrieved from ditches. There are a appears to have been deposited nearly whole. number of good medium sized groups dating to the 3rd century AD (37005 and 37007) 1.0.7 The only rock tempered sherd presented for study was a handmade crucible from and a good large group from layer 37031. context 37039 (D5). This suggests that whilst production of handmade vessels was 1.0.6 The pottery contains a typical range of mid to late Roman pottery for the area with mostly abandoned by this period specialist vessels were sometimes manufactured limited quantities of amphorae, samian, colour coated finewares and mortaria. The utilising the local clays and rock tempering tradition. assemblage mostly consists of jars or large bowls in local greyware fabrics (GREY1-4) 1.0.8 A total of six vessels (D4-9) have been selected that could illustrate these groups in or in gritty ‘Iron Age tradition fabrics’ (IAGR) and grog tempered fabrics. A range of the event of publication. This group suggests further excavations in this area have the jars and large bowls appear to have been made in these fabrics (see D9) and they potential to produce large groups of pottery dating to the 2nd to 3rd centuries AD.

Plot 30 – Dating summary

F No F Type Context Spot date Comments Sherd Weight Total RE % 37004 Ditch 37005 E3 A small group including a shell-gritted sherd, a fragment from a 24 764 79 greyware wide-mouth bowl, a B334 carinated bowl/beaker, a dish with a plain rim and a fragment from a shell-gritted large native tradition bowl. 37006 Ditch 37007 M3 A good fresh medium sized group including a range of L2-M3 29 1755 78 pottery fragments of a greyware lid-seated jar, a grog tempered storage jar, a Dalesware jar rim, a fragment from a samian form 33 cup/small bowl, large proportion of a bag shaped beaker with an everted rim. 37006 Ditch 37050 2C? A small group including half of an unusual very large bowl in a 3 1434 45 coarse grog gritted fabric. 37008 Ditch 37009 ML3* A good medium-sized group of Roman pottery including two 88 1588 52 post-Roman sherds. The majority of the pottery present dates to the 2nd century AD including fragments of a shell-gritted lid seated jar, a sherd from a large grog gritted storage jar and a greyware 37010 Ditch 37011 2C A small group including fragments of greyware from a bowl with 9 154 7 a bifurcated rim, a fine greyware carinated bowl and a shell- gritted fragment. 37012 Ditch 37013 ROM A single shell-gritted sherd. 1 5 0 37012 Ditch 37014 ROM A small group including a greyware sherd 2 133 0 37012 Ditch 37017 2C+ A small group including sherds from a greyware jar and a 5 124 2 native tradition gritty vessel. 37012 Ditch 37018 2C+ A small group including greyware and shell-gritted sherds 9 79 0 37012 Ditch 37019 2C A small group including greyware and a fragment from a native 3 134 13 tradition bowl.

F No F Type Context Spot date Comments Sherd Weight Total RE % 37013 Ditch 37021 ROM A small group including a fragment of greyware and a shell- 2 14 0 gritted sherd 37023 Ditch 37025 L1-2 A small group including fragment of greyware and a native 5 132 17 tradition shell-gritted cook pot. 37026 Ditch 37027 2C+ A single greyware sherd 1 32 0 37031 Layer 37031 L3-4 A large group including fragments from: a samian dish or bowl, 149 2540 227 A colour coated folded beaker with scale decoration, a fragment of a Mancetter/ Hartshill mortarium, and a greyware plain rimmed dish and large wide mouthed bowl. 37032 Ditch 37033 2-3C A small group including greyware and a fine greyware sherd 18 565 12 from a closed vessel. 37034 Ditch 37035 ML2 A small group including fragments from a samian form 31 dish, 16 426 35 a large greyware bowl, a Dressel 20 amphora sherd and a handmade shell-gritted sherd. 37038 Layer 37038 ML3 A small group including fragments from a greyware dish with a 10 138 22 plain rim and a jar with an everted rim. The group also contains a fragment from a shell-gritted Dalesware jar. 37039 Layer 37039 L1-2 A small group including a fragment from a handmade rock 5 79 20 tempered jar and a greyware jar with a hooked everted rim. 37043 Ditch 37040 ROM A small group including greyware and shell-gritted sherds 8 179 0 37US Unstrat. 37US M2-3 A medium sized unstratified group from trench 37. forms 23 339 54 present include a beaker with an everted rim, a bowl with a triangular rim and a grog gritted bead rimmed jar 38007 Furrow 38008 ROM* A single roman residual sherd. 1 3 0 38009 Pit 38010 L2+ A small group of greyware from a wide-mouthed bowl with a 9 195 14 short neck and a single shell-gritted sherd. 38011 Posthole 38012 ROM* A small group of residual greyware. 2 63 0 38015 Gully 38016 ML3 A small group of greyware and a Dalesware jar rim. 10 94 0 38017 Gully 38019 ML3 A small groups with fragments of a greyware jar and Dalesware 11 103 19 shell-gritted pottery. 38023 Ditch 38022 ML3 A small group of greyware and a Dalesware jar rim. 6 105 11 38031 Ditch 38032 ROM A single coarse greyware sherd. 1 13 0 38035 Ditch 38039 M2+ A large fragment from a samian form 27 cup/small bowl 1 9 15 (AD120-160).

Fabrics and Forms

Plot 30 – Fabric summary

Fabric code Fabric group Fabric details Sherd Sherd % Weight Weight % Total RE % SAMCG Samian Central Gaulish 4 0.89% 43 0.38% 23 SAMEG Samian East Gaulish 3 0.67% 56 0.50% 33 DR20 Amphora Dr 20 amphorae 1 0.22% 74 0.66% 0 MOMH Mort Mancetter-Hartshill mortaria 1 0.22% 9 0.08% 5 MORT Mort Mortaria; undifferentiated 1 0.22% 35 0.31% 0 CC Fine Other colour-coated wares 1 0.22% 3 0.03% 0 NVCC1 Fine Nene Valley Colour-coat- light firing fabric 4 0.89% 20 0.18% 0 OX Oxid Misc. oxidized wares 2 0.44% 37 0.33% 0 GFIN Reduced Miscellaneous fine grey wares 17 3.77% 355 3.17% 0 GREY1 Reduced Reduced fabric 1 195 43.24% 3175 28.35% 294 GREY2 Reduced Reduced fabric 2 9 2.00% 443 3.96% 34 GREY3 Reduced Reduced fabric 3 26 5.76% 448 4.00% 77 GREY4 Reduced Reduced fabric 4 50 11.09% 1444 12.89% 36 GREYB Reduced High fired late Roman greywares 3 0.67% 57 0.51% 12 GROG Reduced Grog-tempered wares 2 0.44% 1462 13.05% 45 GRRO Reduced Greyware with Greensand Quartz 7 1.55% 120 1.07% 15 IAGR Reduced Native tradition/transitional grit-tempered wares 74 16.41% 2682 23.95% 68 DWSHT Calcareous Dalesware shell-gritted types 35 7.76% 360 3.21% 45 IASH Calcareous Native tradition shell-tempered 1 0.22% 107 0.96% 7 SHEL Calcareous Miscellaneous undifferentiated shell-tempered 14 3.10% 246 2.20% 17 ETW Rock temper Erratic pebbles broken up as temper 1 0.22% 23 0.21% 11

Plot 30 – Form summary

Form Form Type Form Description Sherd Sherd % Weight Weight % Total RE % A Amphora Unclassified form 1 0.22% 74 0.66% 0 BK Beaker Unclassified form 4 0.89% 16 0.14% 0 BKCAR Beaker Carinated 2 0.44% 17 0.15% 0 BKCOR Beaker Cornice rim 6 1.33% 232 2.07% 0

Form Form Type Form Description Sherd Sherd % Weight Weight % Total RE % BKEV Beaker Everted rim 2 0.44% 24 0.21% 42 BKFN Beaker Funnel necked; form unknown 1 0.22% 3 0.03% 0 BKFOS Beaker Folded scaled beaker 2 0.44% 7 0.06% 0 B333 Bowl Bifid rim as Gillam 301 2 0.44% 30 0.27% 7 B334 Bowl Carinated jar/bowl with flat cordon - Petch 1962 5.8 3 0.67% 65 0.58% 0 BCAR Bowl Carinated 3 0.67% 57 0.51% 0 BFB Bowl Bead and flange bowl 1 0.22% 30 0.27% 8 BFL Bowl Flange rimmed 2 0.44% 86 0.77% 18 BTR Bowl Triangular rimmed 5 1.11% 130 1.16% 44 BL Bowl- large Large 1 0.22% 27 0.24% 7 BNAT Bowl- large Native tradition bowl eg. D and P No.700 1 0.22% 173 1.54% 15 BNATV Bowl- large Native tradition bowl variant of D and P No.700 1 0.22% 107 0.96% 7 BNNK Bowl- large Large bowl with no neck 1 0.22% 67 0.60% 16 BTRL Bowl- large Triangular rimmed 1 0.22% 1418 12.66% 45 BTRL Bowl- large Triangular rim- large 1 0.22% 1418 12.66% 45 BWM Bowl- large Wide-mouthed; D and P No 1225-30 5 1.11% 110 0.98% 27 BWM1 Bowl- large Wide-mouthed; D and P No.1225-7 12 2.66% 531 4.74% 36 BWM2 Bowl- large Wide-mouthed; D and P No. 1228 2 0.44% 89 0.79% 12 BWM3 Bowl- large Wide-mouthed; D andP No. 1229-30 4 0.89% 188 1.68% 15 BD Bowl/dish - 15 3.33% 384 3.43% 9 CLSD Closed Form 102 22.62% 1701 15.19% 0 27 Cup Samian form- see Webster 1996 1 0.22% 9 0.08% 15 33 Cup Samian form- see Webster 1996 3 0.67% 56 0.50% 33 18/31 Dish Samian form- see Webster 1996 2 0.44% 26 0.23% 2 31 Dish Samian form- see Webster 1996 1 0.22% 8 0.07% 6 DPR Dish Plain rim 6 1.33% 132 1.18% 46 CPN Jar Native tradition 1 0.22% 39 0.35% 8 J Jar Unclassified form 27 5.99% 394 3.52% 22 J105 Jar Lid seated; as Rigby and Stead 1976 Roxby form A 12 2.66% 129 1.15% 42 JBR Jar Bead rimmed 2 0.44% 23 0.21% 4 JDW Jar Dales ware 10 2.22% 129 1.15% 45 JEV Jar Everted rim 14 3.10% 229 2.04% 121

Form Form Type Form Description Sherd Sherd % Weight Weight % Total RE % JHER Jar Hooked everted rim as Rigby and Stead 1976 Fig 1 0.22% 22 0.20% 6 64.4 JL Jar Large 21 4.66% 1010 9.02% 0 JRUST Jar Rusticated 1 0.22% 29 0.26% 0 JS Jar Storage 11 2.44% 682 6.09% 0 JBK Jar/Beaker Small jar or beaker 3 0.67% 51 0.46% 5 JBKNK Jar/Beaker Necked 3 0.67% 32 0.29% 18 JB Jar/Bowl Unclassified form 17 3.77% 429 3.83% 10 JBL Jar/Bowl Large 20 4.43% 1005 8.97% 2 JBNK Jar/Bowl Necked 2 0.44% 17 0.15% 6 L Lid Unclassified form 1 0.22% 17 0.15% 7 CRUC Misc. Crucible 1 0.22% 23 0.21% 11 M Mortaria Unclassified Form 2 0.44% 44 0.39% 5 OPEN Open Form 2 0.44% 50 0.45% 0 - Unknown Form uncertain 108 23.95% 1048 9.36% 0

Plot 31 Trench 40 – Holton-le-Clay

1.0.9 A total of five sherds (weight 0.009 kg, RE 0.00) were retrieved from Plot 31. The tabulated summary below provides the basic information. Little more can be said about this small group.

Plot 31 – Dating summary

Spot F No F Type Context Comments Sherd Weight Total RE % date 40007 Ditch 40004 LIA-ROM A small shell-gritted basal sherd 1 1 0 40008 Ditch 40008 ROM A single oxidised sherd. 1 2 0 40010 Ditch 40011 ROM A small group of greyware 3 6 0

Plot 33 Trench 41- Holton-le-Clay

1.0.10 A total of three sherds (weight 0.005k g, RE 0.00) were retrieved from Plot 33.These handmade sherds can only be broadly dated to the Iron Age to Roman periods.

100

Plot 33 – Dating summary

Spot F No F Type Context Comments Sherd Weight Total RE % date 41008 Ditch 41009 IA-ROM Small fragments of handmade pottery including rock-gritted sherds. 3 5 0

Plot 85 Trench 62 - Stallingborough

1.0.11 A total of two sherds (weight 0.012 kg, RE 0.00) were retrieved from Plot 85. These sherds probably date to the Iron Age; little more can be said about such a small assemblage.

Plot 85 – Dating summary

Spot F No F Type Context Comments Sherd Weight Total RE % date 62002 Layer 62002 IA A single handmade sand tempered sherd 1 4 0 62003 Layer 62003 PREHIST A single handmade erratic tempered sherd 1 8 0 (IA)

Plot 87 Trench 68 - Stallingborough 1.0.13 There are no imports or finewares. The composition of this assemblage is similar to Condition other late Roman groups already known from this parish (Rowlandson 2011). This group shows potential for finding evidence of further Roman activity in the area but 1.0.12 A total of 28 sherds (weight 0.504 kg, RE 0.39) were retrieved from Plot 87. This small any further interpretation on the basis of this small assemblage would be spurious. assemblage contains a range of Dalesware shell-gritted types and late Roman greyware forms.

Dating

Plot 87- Dating summary no feature

Spot F No F Type Context Comments Sherd Weight Total RE % date 68004 Ditch 68006 L3+ A small group including a fragment from a greyware bead and flanged bowl and a shell- 8 153 29 gritted Dalesware jar 68007 Ditch 68008 ROM* A small ?residual group containing shell-gritted and greyware sherds. 3 17 0 68009 Pit 68010 ML3 A small group including a fragment from a shell-gritted Dalesware jar. 3 49 10 68011 Furrow 68012 3C+ A small group including shell-gritted and greyware sherds. 2 11 0 68013 Ditch 68015 IA-ROM A single shell-gritted sherd. 1 7 0

101

Spot F No F Type Context Comments Sherd Weight Total RE % date 68013 Ditch 68017 ROM A single greyware sherd 1 12 0 68018 Ditch 68021 L2* A small ?residual group of Roman pottery including sherds from a copy of a samian dish 10 255 0 form 18/31 in a oxidised fabric. Also present are greyware, grog gritted and shell-gritted sherds.

Fabrics and Forms

Plot 87- Fabric summary

Fabric Fabric Fabric details Sherd Sherd % Weight Weight % Total RE % code group OX1 Oxid Oxidised fabric 1 3 10.71% 57 11.31% 0 GREY1 Reduced Reduced fabric 1 11 39.29% 143 28.37% 22 GREY3 Reduced Reduced fabric 3 1 3.57% 12 2.38% 0 IAGR Reduced Native tradition/transitional grit-tempered wares 3 10.71% 167 33.13% 0 IASA Reduced IA type sandy wares 1 3.57% 9 1.79% 0 DWNEL Calcareous Dalesware - North East Lincolnshire 4 14.29% 65 12.90% 17 DWSHT Calcareous Dalesware shell-gritted types 3 10.71% 31 6.15% 0 IASH2 Calcareous Iron Age Shell-Gritted: Site Fabric 2 1 3.57% 7 1.39% 0 SHEL Calcareous Miscellaneous undifferentiated shell-tempered 1 3.57% 13 2.58% 0

Plot 87- Form summary

Form Form Form Description Sherd Sherd % Weight Weight % Total RE % Type BFB Bowl Bead and flange bowl 2 7.14% 72 14.29% 22 CLSD Closed Form 6 21.43% 60 11.90% 0 D Dish Unclassified form 3 10.71% 57 11.31% 0 J Jar Unclassified form 4 14.29% 42 8.33% 0 JDW Jar Dales ware 3 10.71% 62 12.30% 17 JBL Jar/Bowl Large 3 10.71% 167 33.13% 0 - Unknown Form uncertain 7 25.00% 44 8.73% 0

102

1.0.15 The group of pottery present all dates to the late Roman period. This group is a typical Plot 88 Trench 69- Stallingborough late Roman assemblage similar to pottery from other excavations in this parish 1.0.14 The ceramics presented for assessment totalled 26 sherds, weighing 0.582 kg total (Rowlandson 2011). There is a limited quantity of colour-coated pottery present in this RE 0.04, from 4 context from evaluation Trench 69. The majority of the sherds are group and the majority of the sherds of pottery present are local reduced kitchen abraded. All of the pottery in this assemblage can be dated to the late Roman period. wares. This group suggests that the further excavations in this area will encounter evidence of late Roman occupation. .

Plot 88- Dating summary

F No F Type Context Spot date Comments Sherd Weight (g) Total RE % 69004 Gully 69005 3-4C A small group of greyware from large jars or bowls 5 160 0 69008 Ditch 69006 3-4C A small group of grey and oxidised sherds 6 120 0 69013 Ditch 69014 ROM A single abraded greyware sherd 1 11 0 69017 Ditch 69018 ML3+ A small group including a fragment from a colour-coated beaker, a greyware 7 172 4 colander, a wide mouthed bowl and fragments from a shell-gritted Dalesware jar.

Fabrics and Forms

Fabric summary

Fabric Fabric Fabric details Sherd Sherd % Weight (g) Weight % Total RE % code group NVCC1 Fine Nene Valley Colour-coat- light firing fabric 1 3.85% 4 0.69% 0 OX1 Oxidised Oxidised fabric 1 2 7.69% 28 4.81% 0 GREY1 Reduced Reduced fabric 1 17 65.38% 431 74.05% 0 GREY2 Reduced Reduced fabric 2 2 7.69% 64 11.00% 0 DWSHT Calcareous Dalesware shell-gritted types 4 15.38% 55 9.45% 4

Form summary

Form Form Form Description Sherd Sherd % Weight (g) Weight % Total RE % Type BWM2 Bowl- large Wide-mouthed; D andP No. 1228 1 3.85% 66 11.34% 0 BD Bowl/dish - 1 3.85% 24 4.12% 0 CLSD Closed Form 6 23.08% 64 11.00% 0 J Jar Unclassified form 1 3.85% 25 4.30% 0

103

Form Form Form Description Sherd Sherd % Weight (g) Weight % Total RE % Type JDW Jar Dales ware 1 3.85% 10 1.72% 4 JL Jar Large 3 11.54% 115 19.76% 0 JB Jar/Bowl Unclassified form 1 3.85% 17 2.92% 0 JBL Jar/Bowl Large 2 7.69% 81 13.92% 0 COL Misc. Colander 2 7.69% 64 11.00% 0 - Unknown Form uncertain 8 30.77% 116 19.93% 0

Plot 104 Trench 85 - South Killingholme

Condition

1.0.16 A total of three sherds (weight 0.028 g, RE 0.00) were retrieved from Plot 85. A small group of handmade pottery including rock-gritted and tempered sherds that can be broadly dated to the Iron Age. Little more can be said about this assemblage. Dating

Plot 104 - Dating summary

Spot Total F No F Type Context Comments Sherd Weight date RE % 85004 Layer 85004 IA A small group including a handmade sand gritted sherd. 2 6 0 85005 Layer 85005 IA A single handmade erratic tempered sherd. 1 22 0

Plot 111 Trenches 95, 97 and 98 - South Killingholme wedge shaped rimmed large bowl and the jar with the hooked everted rim. Also present in this group are a range of greywares and a base from a jar or beaker in a 1.0.17 A total of 90 sherds (weight 1.578kg, RE 1.30) were retrieved from Plot 111. Although cream fabric, probably from Lincoln. Other than this it appears that all of the pottery small quantities of later Roman pottery are present in the unstratified groups from from this site is from northern Lincolnshire and is a utilitarian pottery assemblage trenches 97 and 98 the majority of the pottery from this plot can be dated to the middle typical of rural groups of this period in the area. Three vessels from this group would of the 1st century AD through into the first half of the 2nd century AD. A single bead be suitable for illustration to show the range of forms present for a final report on this rimmed jar from context (98065, D10) suggests the possibility of some occupation of project (D10-12). This assemblage suggests the potential for further evidence of the site immediately before the Roman conquest. The assemblage has a high Roman occupation to be found in the vicinity of these trenches. proportion of IAGR ‘native’ type transitional fabrics including the large native tradition

104

Plot 111- Dating summary

Spot Total F No F Type Context Comments Sherd Weight date RE % 95004 Ditch 97005 ROM A single greyware sherd. 1 11 0 95007 Ditch 95006 EROM* A single residual Iron Age tradition grog gritted basal sherd. 1 45 0 97052 Pit 97052 IA-EROM A small group including shell-gritted sherds. 2 22 0 97US Unstrat. 97US 3-4C* A medium sized unstratified group of Roman pottery including fragments from a greyware plain 20 227 25 rimmed dish and a wide-mouthed bowl. 98009 Pit 98008 IA-ROM Small scraps of shell-gritted pottery 3 6 0 98016 Pit 98015 EROM? A shell-gritted lid-seated jar. 5 31 12 98020 Ditch 98023 L1-2 A small group including a fragment from a jar with a hooked rim in a transitional shell-gritted fabric. 11 303 32 98020 Ditch 98023 M1-E2 A small group including fragments from a greyware, a grog gritted storage jar and a fragment from a 11 303 32 shell-gritted native tradition cooking pot. 98020 Ditch 98024 L1-2 A small group including a fragment from a jar with a hooked everted rim in an transitional shell-gritted 2 61 0 fabric. 98040 Ditch 98039 M1-E2 A small group including greyware, shell-gritted and grog gritted sherds. 4 57 0 98042 Moat 98043 EROM A single shell and grog gritted sherd. 1 16 0 98042 Moat 98044 IA-?ROM Erratic gritted sherds only 3 72 0 98052 Ditch 98065 ML1 A small group including a handmade and burnished shell-gritted jar with an inturned beaded rim. 2 46 12 98052 Ditch 98075 IA A small group including erratic and shell-gritted sherds. 2 8 0 98052 Ditch 98076 EROM A small group 1 12 0 98053 Ditch 98079 ML1 The base from an early cream ware flask, small flagon or beaker. 1 39 0 98056 Ditch 98078 ML1 A small group including the base from an early Roman jar. 2 60 0 98US Unstrat. 98US M1-2/3C+ Small unstratified groups from trench 98 including a fragment from a wide-mouthed bowl. A small 29 562 49 group including transitional shell-gritted and grog gritted types and greyware. The forms in the 98024/98076 group present include the typical native tradition

Fabrics and Forms

Plot 111- Fabric summary

Fabric Fabric Total Fabric details Sherd Sherd % Weight Weight % code group RE % CR Oxid Roman cream wares (various) 1 1.11% 39 2.47% 0 GREY1 Reduced Reduced fabric 1 28 31.11% 314 19.90% 28

105

Fabric Fabric Total Fabric details Sherd Sherd % Weight Weight % code group RE % GREY2 Reduced Reduced fabric 2 2 2.22% 26 1.65% 0 GREY3 Reduced Reduced fabric 3 4 4.44% 132 8.37% 8 GRRO Reduced Greyware with Greensand Quartz 1 1.11% 10 0.63% 6 GYMS Reduced Grey wheel-made with minimal fine shell 1 1.11% 15 0.95% 0 IAGR Reduced Native tradition/transitional grit-tempered wares 24 26.67% 656 41.57% 56 IASA1 Reduced Iron Age Sandy: Site Fabric 1 1 1.11% 14 0.89% 0 NELGR1 Reduced North East Lincolnshire Early Roman wheel made 1 3 3.33% 39 2.47% 0 IASH1 Calcareous Iron Age Shell-gritted: Site Fabric 1 15 16.67% 143 9.06% 20 IASH2 Calcareous Iron Age Shell-gritted: Site Fabric 2 1 1.11% 6 0.38% 0 IASH3 Calcareous Iron Age Shell-gritted; Site Fabric 3 1 1.11% 32 2.03% 12 SHGR Calcareous NE Lincs Shell and Grog fabric 2 2.22% 61 3.87% 0 ETW Rock Erratic pebbles broken up as temper 5 5.56% 66 4.18% 0 temper ETWSH Rock Erratic pebbles broken up as temper with shell 1 1.11% 25 1.58% 0 temper

Plot 111- Form summary

Form Total Form Form Description Sherd Sherd % Weight Weight % Type RE % BK? Beaker Unclassified form 1 1.11% 39 2.47% 0 BPR Bowl Plain rimmed 1 1.11% 55 3.49% 8 BL Bowl- large Large 2 2.22% 31 1.96% 4 BNAT Bowl- large Native tradition bowl eg. D and P No.700 2 2.22% 84 5.32% 16 BWM2 Bowl- large Wide-mouthed; D and P No. 1228 1 1.11% 38 2.41% 7 BWM3 Bowl- large Wide-mouthed; D and P No. 1229-30 1 1.11% 24 1.52% 4 BD Bowl/dish - 2 2.22% 28 1.77% 0 CLSD Closed Form 10 11.11% 125 7.92% 0 DPR Dish Plain rim 1 1.11% 23 1.46% 6 CPN Jar Native tradition 1 1.11% 15 0.95% 7 J Jar Unclassified form 12 13.33% 257 16.29% 10 JBR Jar Bead rimmed 1 1.11% 32 2.03% 12

106

Form Total Form Form Description Sherd Sherd % Weight Weight % Type RE % JCH Jar Channel rim- Iron Age type 3 3.33% 27 1.71% 12 JHER Jar Hooked everted rim as Rigby and Stead 1976 Fig 64.4 4 4.44% 208 13.18% 37 JL Jar Large 4 4.44% 128 8.11% 0 JBKNK Jar/Beaker Necked 1 1.11% 12 0.76% 0 JB Jar/Bowl Unclassified form 5 5.56% 98 6.21% 0 JBL Jar/Bowl Large 5 5.56% 146 9.25% 0 - Unknown Form uncertain 32 35.56% 180 11.41% 0

Plot 112 Trench 99 - North Killingholme including large jars, plain rimmed dishes and wide-mouthed bowls, an oxidised late Roman dish (form as Darling 1999, Fig. 41.533) and Dalesware jars (DWSHT). Also Condition present in this group are sherds from two mortaria: a Nene Valley mortarium probably of 4th century date (D2, as Perrin 1996, Fig. 115.M77) and a ‘Swanpool type’ 1.0.18 The ceramics presented for assessment totalled 132 sherds, weighing 3.488 kg total mortarium with a bead and flanged rim similar to examples published from Chase RE 2.29, from 4 context from Trench 99. The sherds are from a maximum of 24 Farm, North Killingholme and Lincoln (Didsbury 2001, Fig. 6.14.18, Darling and vessels. The majority of the sherds are in a fresh condition. A significant 4th century Precious forthcoming No. 1508). There is a typically low quantity of colour-coated group was retrieved from context 99005 with evidence of use wear on a mortarium, pottery from this group as is common in contemporary groups from this part of internal calcareous deposits from boiling water or urine on jar sherds and carbonised Lincolnshire. residues from cooking on shell-gritted Dalesware jars. Nearly all of the pottery from this site can be dated to the late Roman period. 1.0.21 The vast majority of the pottery is typical of later 3rd to 4th century groups from the area at Chase Farm, North Killingholme (Didsbury 2001), Poor Farm, Barton upon 1.0.19 The range of pottery within this group is broadly similar to other late Roman groups Humber (Rowlandson 2010), Deepdale, Barrow on Humber (Whitwell 1982), from the area. There are a couple of sherds that may represent some 2nd century Wellowgate, Grimsby (Rowlandson forthcoming b), Stallingborough (Rowlandson activity in the area: a greyware native tradition cook pot context 99006 and a sherd of 2011), Kirmington (survey by author NLM site code- KMAA) and collections from the samian from context 99005. The erratic tempered sherd from context 99008 probably Immingham Museum (Rowlandson et al. forthcoming). dates to the Iron Age to early Roman period (Rowlandson with Gray 2011) but may also be late Roman as similar fabrics have been found in late Roman groups from 1.0.22 It is likely that further excavations near this trench will encounter Late Roman remains, Stallingborough (Rowlandson 2011). perhaps including further good groups of Roman pottery. There are three vessel present in this group, highlighted in the archive (D01-03), that would be worthy of 1.0.20 The majority of the pottery is a typical range of late Roman pottery including high fired consideration for illustration as part of any final publication. burnished greyware types typical of late Roman groups in the East Midlands (GREYB) including a full profile from a dish with a plain rim (99006, D1). One group, context 1.0.23 The detailed archive of the pottery is presented at the end of this report. The dating 99005, contains a good large group of late Roman pottery including: greywares summary is tabulated below.

Plot 112 - Dating summary

Total F No F Type Context Spot date Comments Sherd Weight RE % 99009 Ditch 99008 ROM A small group including greyware and a sherd of erratic tempered ware. 3 38 0 99011 Ditch 99010 3-4C A small group including a sherd from a large greyware base. 1 152 0 99007 Ditch 99006 3-4C A small group including a fragment from a greyware plain rimmed dish and shell- 12 220 37 gritted sherds.

107

Total F No F Type Context Spot date Comments Sherd Weight RE % 99007 Ditch 99005 4C A good fresh group including a range of greywares sherds including fragments from: a 116 3078 192 plain rimmed dish, a wide-mouthed bowl and a narrow necked jar. A small quantity of saman, Swanpool type and Nene Valley type mortaria are also present along with Dalesware.

Fabrics and Forms

Plot 112 - Fabric summary

Weight Total Fabric code Fabric group Fabric details Sherd Sherd % Weight % (g) RE % SAMEG Samian East Gaulish 1 0.76% 13 0.37% 0 MONV? Mort Nene Valley mortaria 1 0.76% 72 2.06% 11 MOSPT Mort Swanpool type 1 0.76% 138 3.96% 17 OX Oxidised Misc. oxidized wares 1 0.76% 7 0.20% 4 OX? Oxidised Misc. oxidised wares 6 4.55% 45 1.29% 0 GFIN Reduced Miscellaneous fine grey wares 1 0.76% 2 0.06% 0 GREY1 Reduced Reduced fabric 1 55 41.67% 1750 50.17% 123 GREY3 Reduced Reduced fabric 3 22 16.67% 790 22.65% 19 GREYB Reduced High fired late Roman greywares 4 3.03% 118 3.38% 28 DWSHT Calcareous Dalesware type 39 29.55% 541 15.51% 27 ETW Rock temper Erratic pebbles broken up as temper 1 0.76% 12 0.34% 0

Plot 112 - Form summary

Weight Total Form Form Type Form Description Sherd Sherd % Weight % (g) RE % B Bowl Unclassified form 1 0.76% 15 0.43% 0 B428 Bowl As Darling 1999 Fig. 41. 533 1 0.76% 7 0.20% 4 BFL Bowl Flange rimmed 1 0.76% 25 0.72% 8 BWM3 Bowl- large Wide-mouthed; D and P No. 1229-30 3 2.27% 163 4.67% 16 BD Bowl/dish - 4 3.03% 227 6.51% 0 CLSD Closed Form 44 33.33% 504 14.45% 0

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Weight Total Form Form Type Form Description Sherd Sherd % Weight % (g) RE % DPR Dish Plain rim 7 5.30% 214 6.14% 46 CPN Jar Native tradition 1 0.76% 26 0.75% 12 J Jar Unclassified form 14 10.61% 281 8.06% 24 JDW Jar Dales ware 4 3.03% 54 1.55% 21 JEV Jar Everted rim 1 0.76% 57 1.63% 35 JL Jar Large 20 15.15% 900 25.80% 0 JNN Jar Narrow-necked 1 0.76% 7 0.20% 5 JB Jar/Bowl Unclassified form 3 2.27% 34 0.97% 0 JBL Jar/Bowl Large 6 4.55% 563 16.14% 0 JBNK Jar/Bowl Necked 4 3.03% 67 1.92% 30 MBF Mortaria Bead-and-flange rimmed 2 1.52% 210 6.02% 28 - Unknown Form uncertain 9 6.82% 61 1.75% 0

similar to those encountered by previous investigations at and near Killingholme Plot 120 Trench 104 - North Killingholme (Darling 2006, 2008 Rowlandson with Gray 2010). The potters making these vessels Condition have a very traditional range of ‘Middle Iron Age’ forms. Elsewhere in Eastern Yorkshire, rock-gritted fabrics continue to be produced well into the Roman period 1.0.24 A total of 121 sherds (weight 1.795 kg, RE 1.01) were retrieved from Plot 104. The (Rowlandson 2012) therefore it can be difficult to date these forms. In the case of this group was fresh and from no more than 68 vessels with an average sherd weight of site, it is not certain if these traditional rock-gritted forms represent middle Iron Age 14.83 g per sherd. There is a cross context join between contexts 104014 and activity prior to the introduction of the more developed shell-gritted fabrics to this part 104029. of Lincolnshire or, more likely, that both traditions continued alongside each other prior to the conquest. Further work on the large assemblage of pottery from Weelsby 1.0.25 This good, fresh assemblage dates to the mid to late Iron Age. This can be compared Avenue (Rowlandson in prep.) will help to resolve these issues for this part of north with the pottery from Dragonby ceramic phases 1-5 (Elsdon 1996b) and the rock- eastern Lincolnshire. gritted forms from Weelsby Avenue (Elsdon 1996b, C6 and C6a-b, Sills and Kingsley1978, Rowlandson in prep.). A small number of Late La Tène ‘fine ware’ type 1.0.26 There are six vessels (D13-18, full parallels in the archive below) that are suitable for vessels are present in the group including jars with cordons and everted rims and illustration from this group to show the range of Iron Age pottery forms present in a globular bead rimmed jars. Also present are a range of rock-gritted sherds (ETW, final report. The dating, fabric and form summaries are presented below. ETWF, ETWSH). These fabrics are well known from sites situated on the Boulder Clay in Northern Lincolnshire. The forms present are traditional middle Iron Age types Dating

Plot 120 - Dating summary

Sum of Sum of Sum of F No F Type Context Spot date Comments Sherd Weight Rim eve 104006 Ditch 104007 IA A small group including erratic gritted sherds. 3 10 0

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Sum of Sum of Sum of F No F Type Context Spot date Comments Sherd Weight Rim eve 104015 Gully 104014 MLIA A small group including fragments from handmade shell-gritted jars with a bead rim and an in- 8 287 25 turned rounded rim. Also present is a fine shell-gritted sherd with cordoned decoration. 104019 Gully 104016 MIA A medium sized group of handmade shell-gritted and erratic tempered sherds. 29 413 8 104019 Gully 104018 MIA A small group including shell-gritted pottery. Also present are sherds from erratic tempered jars 20 245 10 with a inturned rim and another with a flattened top. 104021 Gully 104020 MIA A small group of shell-gritted sherds. 6 94 0 104022 Ditch 104023 MIA A small group of erratic tempered sherds. 3 22 0 104025 Ditch 104026 IA A small group including an erratic tempered sherd 11 77 6 104028 Ditch 104029 MIA A small group containing sherds from a handmade shell-gritted jar with a squared off bead rim. 9 193 17 104028 Ditch 104030 IA A small group. 2 51 0 104028 Ditch 104031 MLIA A medium sized group of handmade shell-gritted and erratic tempered sherds. Also present is a 28 399 35 fragment from a fine shell-gritted necked jar. 104028 Ditch 104032 IA A small group of shell-gritted sherds. 2 4 0

Fabrics and Forms

Plot 120 - Fabric summary

Fabric Total Fabric code Fabric details Sherd Sherd % Weight Weight % group RE % IASH1 Calcareous Iron Age Shell-gritted: Site Fabric 1 41 33.88% 768 42.79% 24 IASH2 Calcareous Iron Age Shell-gritted: Site Fabric 2 4 3.31% 20 1.11% 6 IASH3 Calcareous Iron Age Shell-gritted; Site Fabric 3 1 0.83% 7 0.39% 0 IASH4 Calcareous Iron Age Shell-gritted; Site Fabric 4 12 9.92% 126 7.02% 35 IASH5 Calcareous Iron Age Shell-gritted; Site Fabric 5 6 4.96% 57 3.18% 0 ETW Rock Erratic pebbles broken up as temper 45 37.19% 773 43.06% 36 temper ETWF Rock Erratic pebbles broken up as temper- fine 12 9.92% 44 2.45% 0 temper

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Plot 120 - Form summary

Form Weight Total Form Form Description Sherd Sherd % Weight % Type (g) RE % CLSD Closed Form 3 2.48% 24 1.34% 0 J Jar Unclassified form 15 12.40% 377 21.00% 19 JBR Jar Bead rimmed 3 2.48% 24 1.34% 6 JEV Jar Everted rim 5 4.13% 42 2.34% 14 JIR Jar In-turned rim 2 1.65% 231 12.87% 20 JNK Jar Necked 11 9.09% 115 6.41% 35 JB Jar/Bowl Unclassified form 1 0.83% 14 0.78% 0 JBL Jar/Bowl Large 11 9.09% 383 21.34% 0 - Unknown Form uncertain 70 57.85% 585 32.59% 7

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The Pottery from the evaluation 1.0.29 There are very few imported vessels amongst this assemblage as is typical of Iron Age and Roman pottery assemblages from this part of Lincolnshire. There are very Taphonomy low levels of amphorae sherds present amongst this assemblage including the typical Dressel 20 olive oil amphorae. This is similar to other assemblages from this region (Precious and Vince 2005). This would suggest a limited use of amphorae borne goods although it is possible that exotica were imported in barrels or other containers. 1.0.30 Very little samian or colour coated pottery is present and judging from the occurrence of samian on very late Roman sites in this region (Rowlandson 2011) it appears that finewares were probably not abundantly used in the area and those vessels that were in circulation were often curated into the late Roman period. It is possible that little ceramic tableware was used in this area with a more collective style of dining practised or that plate or treen was utilised for many of the tablewares that are not well represented in this assemblage. Mortaria sherds are also scarce and it appears likely that they ware curated or other bowls were used if grinding of foodstuffs was undertaken (see large bowl from context 37050, D4 with internal wear marks). 1.0.31 There are few oxidised wheelmade sherds present amongst the assemblage of note are a small early Roman flask or beaker that might be from Lincoln. The remaining oxidised sherds (OX) are mostly small fragments with similar inclusions to the GREY 1 fabric. The only vessel of note in the OX fabric is a fragment of a wheel made dish with a foot-ring copying samian form 18/31 (context 68021). 1.0.32 The vast majority of this assemblage is composed of local reduced greywares typically large jars and bowls of the typical northern Lincolnshire forms. Some greyware small bowls and dishes may also have functioned as tableware. Kilns in the Market Rasen area or possibly to the east of the Lincolnshire Wold probably provided the bulk of the pottery to most sites during the Roman period. Also of note is the continued use of 1.0.27 The vast majority of the pottery in this assemblage was retrieved from ditches or other ‘Iron Age Tradition/native’ gritty wares well into the 2nd century AD. Although many of linear features (see charts below). Very little pottery was retrieved from pits or these jars and large bowls show some signs of wheel finishing or being wheel thrown structural features. Although many of the groups are small and abraded, a few notable this shows a continuation of many of the forms in use in the 1st century AD despite the larger groups in excess of 100 sherds are present from Holton le Clay (37031) and rise of many fast wheel thrown ‘greyware’ industries in the region. It may be that these North Killingholme (99007), both dating to the late Roman period. However there are coarse durable IAGR vessels continued to be favoured for use in the kitchen. also significant assemblages from Plot 111 and Plot 120. A few very fresh vessels 1.0.33 A typical range of Iron Age shell-gritted fabrics and Dalesware shell-gritted jars are appear to be present including a large proportion from a greyware beaker from Holton present in the assemblage. These vessels were probably brought from west of the le Clay (37007, D7) but there is no evidence for any ‘structured’ or ‘ritual’ deposition on Lincolnshire Wolds but remained an important part of most of the assemblages the basis of this assemblage. Most of the groups appear to be rubbish disposal to probably for use on the fire as the shell-gritted vessels would have had a good backfill pits or ditches. Sooting is present on a number of the vessels from use on the resistance to thermal shock. On the whole there is a strong continuity, jars and large fire but unfortunately no residues could be found on the possible crucible from context bowls being the most abundant ceramic forms in rural assemblages from the Iron Age 37039 (D5). through to the end of the Roman period in this region. Discussion 1.0.34 As discussed above, it appears that the use of rock-gritted vessels had died out in this part of Lincolnshire by the end of the 1st century AD with only a few rare vessels such 1.0.28 The range of pottery present is similar to a number of assemblages from this region as crucibles (37039, D5) being used and perhaps a resurgence in some late Roman (eg. Beeby and Precious 2009; Darling 2006, 2008; Darling and Rowlandson 2008; assemblages in the region (Rowlandson 2011). Most of the vessels in this assemblage Didsbury, 2006, 2005a and b, 2001; Precious and Vince 2005; Rowlandson in prep., are similar to other vessels found at Killingholme (Darling 2006) and are either of a forthcoming b, 2012b, 2011; Rowlandson et al forthcoming, Rowlandson with Gray mid or late Iron Age date. The Iron Age potters utilised the rocks from the local 2011, 2010 etc.). Regrettably few of these groups have been published. This Boulder Clay deposits as they helped to produce sturdy pottery. It is possible that assemblage is broadly similar to these groups in range of vessels and relative much of the shell-gritted Iron Age pottery in use on these sites was brought from frequency of ware types. Further more detailed comparisons should be drawn at the production centres to the west of the Wolds so it is perhaps unsurprising that they conclusion of this scheme. A brief outline is presented below. continued to make their own pottery locally in a more traditional style into the later Iron Age.

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Recommendations Darling, M.J., 1999, ‘Roman Pottery’, in C. Colyer, B.J.J. Gilmour and M.J. Jones, The Defences of the Lower City. Excavations at The Park and West Parade 1970-2, CBA 1.0.35 On current evidence all of the pottery should be retained and deposited in the relevant Research Report 114, 52-135. museum. This should be reassessed at the end of the scheme and prior to deposition. Darling, M. J., 1984, Roman Pottery from the Upper Defences, The Archaeology of The most important elements of the assemblage are the vessels selected as suitable Lincoln, 16/2. for illustration, the samian, amphorae, mortaria and the fabric type sherds. Darling, M.J. and Precious, B.J., forthcoming, Corpus of Roman Pottery from Lincoln, 1.0.36 Further investigations on this site may produce more substantial groups which should Lincoln Archaeological Studies No. 6, Oxbow Books, Oxford. be integrated into this report. Darling, M.J. and Rowlandson, I.M., 2008, ‘Prehistoric and Roman Pottery’, in Mason, 1.0.37 A total of 18 vessels would be suitable for illustration to accompany the final report in P., Archaeological trial excavation and topographic survey of land at East Halton, the on this project. It should be noted that better examples of these forms may be Lincolnshire, unpublished developer report for Nothamptonshire Archaeology. subsequently found and the number of illustrations from this phase of work may be reduced. Subsequent investigations may produce more unusual vessels or good Didsbury, P, 2006, ‘Pottery Assessment’, in ASWYAS, Clough Road Realignment, groups suitable for illustration. north Killingholme, North Lincolnshire: Archaeological Strip and Record Excavation, ASWYAS Report No. 1636, unpublished developer funded report. 1.0.38 A final report on this project should consider the pottery from all excavations along the scheme and consider comparanda from unpublished reports from the area to put the Didsbury, P., 2005b, ‘The pottery’, in ASWYAS, Vehicle Redistribution and Storage groups in their local and regional context. Facility Areas D4, D5, D6 and D7 Killingholme, North Lincolnshire: Archaeological Evaluation; Report No. 1425, Unpublished developer report for ASWYAS. 1.0.39 Given the relative lack of Iron Age and Roman pottery publications from this region in comparison to East Yorkshire, it would be helpful to have a synthesis of the pottery Didsbury, P., 2005a, ‘An Assessment of the pottery from excavations at South from this project published in a monograph format (as discussed above). The pottery Killingholme, Grimsby (KIL 04)’, in ASWYAS, Vehicle Redistribution and Storage from this phase of work should be integrated with pottery produced by further Facility Areas D2 and D3, Killingholme, North Lincolnshire: Archaeological Evaluation; excavations undertaken as part of this scheme. A final report ought to draw together Report No. 1380, Unpublished developer report for ASWYAS. information from unpublished reports to place this assemblage in context. Didsbury, P., 2001, ‘Appendix 1: The Romano-British pottery [Chase Hill Farm, North 1.0.40 The Iron Age pottery from Trench 104 offers the potential for C14 dating on the Killingholme]’, in Ellis et al eds., 85-91. residue (context 104029). Refining Iron Age ceramic chronologies has been Ellis, S., Fenwick, H., Lillie, M. and Van de Noort, R. (eds), 2001, Wetland Heritage of highlighted as a priority in the recent updated research agenda for the East Midlands the Lincolnshire Marsh: An Archaeological Survey, Humber Wetlands Project, (Knight et al., 2012, Objective 4B). Work on other sites in North Lincolnshire is Kingston upon Hull. beginning to build a resource of C14 dates to help to refine problems with dating the handmade Iron Age pottery from this region (Rowlandson 2012b); further dates from Elsdon, S.M., 1996a, Iron Age Pottery in the East Midlands: A Handbook. Dept of the vessel highlighted in this report or preferably from larger assemblages produced Classics and Archaeology, University of Nottingham. by further excavations may help with this regional and national problem. Elsdon, S.M., 1996b, ‘Iron Age Pottery’, in May, J, Dragonby: Report on Excavations at an Iron Age and Romano-British Settlement in North Lincolnshire, Oxbow Bibliography Monograph 61, Oxford, 317-512. Beeby, A. and Precious, B., 2009, ‘The Roman Pottery’, in Archaeological evaluation, Gillam, J. P., 1970, Types of Coarse Roman Pottery Vessels Found in Northern proposed Able Humber ports facility, East Halton, North Lincolnshire, APS Britain, 3rd ed, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne. Unpublished Archaeological Report 133/09. Knight, D. 1998, Guidelines for the Recording of Later Prehistoric Pottery from the Bryant, G F, 1977, A Romano-British pottery kiln at Claxby, Lincolnshire: excavation, East Midlands, unpublished Trent and Peak Archaeology report. discussion and experimental firings, LHA, 12, 5-18. Knight, D., Vyner, B. and Allen, C., 2012, East Midlands Heritage: An Updated Darling. M.J. 2008, Report 272 on Pottery from Evaluation on land at Vehicle Research Agenda and Strategy for the Historic Environment of the East Midlands, Redistribution and Storage Facility, North Killingholme, North Lincolnshire, NKE07, Nottingham Archaeological Monographs 6, University of Nottingham and York unpublished developer report for Lindsey Archaeological Services. Archaeological Trust. Darling, M.J., 2006, Report 217 on pottery from evaluation on land at Vehicle Monaghan, J., 1997, Roman Pottery from York, The Archaeology of York The Pottery Redistribution and Storage Facility, North Killingholme, N. Lincolnshire, NKE05, 16/8, Council for British Archaeology, York. unpublished developer report for Lindsey Archaeological Services. Orton, C. R., 1975, Quantitative pottery studies, some progress, problems and Darling, M.J., 2004, Guidelines for the archiving of Roman Pottery. Journal of Roman prospects. Science and Archaeology 17, 30-5. Pottery Studies 11, 67-74. Petch, D. F., 1962, Excavations at Lincoln, 1955-58, Archaeol J, 117, 40-70.

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Perrin, J.R., 1996, ‘The Roman Pottery’, in Mackreth, D.F., Orton Hall Farm: A Roman Samuels, J., 1983, The Production of Roman Pottery in the East Midlands, and Early Anglo-Saxon Farmstead, East Anglian Archaeology 76, Nene Valley Unpublished PhD, Nottingham University. Archaeological Trust. Sills, J. A. and Kinsley, G. 1978, Grimsby, Weelsby Avenue, Lincolnshire Hist. and PCRG, 1997, The Study of Later Prehistoric Pottery: General Policies and Guidelines Archaeol., 13, 77-8. for Analysis and Publications, Prehistoric Ceramic Research Group, Occasional Paper Steadman, K., 1993, Barton-Upon-Humber, Glebe Farm, Lincolnshire Hist. and No1 and No2, Revised 1997. Archaeol., 28, 69-70. Precious, B and Vince, A., 2005, An Assessment of the Iron Age and Roman Pottery Todd, M., 1968, The commoner late Roman coarse wares of the East Midlands, Antiq from the Conoco Pipeline, Immingham (CNK 2000), Unpublished developer report for J, 48, 192-209. Humber Field Archaeology. Tomber, R. and Dore, J., 1998, The National Roman Fabric Reference Collection: A Rigby, V., 2004, Pots in Pits: The British Museum East Yorkshire Settlements Project Handbook, MoLAS Monograph 2, Museum Of London. 1988-1992, East Riding Archaeologist, 11. Whitwell. J.B., 1982, A Romano-British aisled building at Deepdale, Barrow-on- Rowlandson, I.M., in prep, The Iron Age pottery from Weelsby Avenue. Humber, LHA, 17, 94-5. Rowlandson, I.M., forthcoming a, A Fabric Series for Late Iron Age and Roman Pottery in North Lincolnshire, Unpublished research report for North Lincolnshire Museum. Rowlandson, I.M., forthcoming b, A report on Roman pottery found by J. Sills at Wellowgate, Grimsby, unpublished research report . Rowlandson, I.M., 2012a, ‘Later Prehistoric and Roman pottery’, in Richardson, J., Iron Age and Roman Settlement at Newbridge Quarry, Pickering, North Yorkshire, Archaeological Services WYAS Publication 12, 40-50. Rowlandson, I.M., 2012b, The Prehistoric and Roman ceramics from excavations at land off Falkland Way, Barton-upon-Humber (BAFW09/BAFW10), Unpublished developer report for Allen Archaeology Ltd. Rowlandson, I.M., 2011, A report on the Roman pottery from excavations north of Old Fleet Drain, Stallingborough, NE Lincs (SBP07, NGR: TA234 129), Unpublished report for Naomi Field Archaeological Consultancy. Rowlandson, I.M., 2010, An Appraisal of the Pottery from the SHWAP fieldwalking project and Geoff Bryant’s excavations at Poor Farm, Barton, North Lincolnshire, Unpublished developer report for North Lincolnshire Museum. Rowlandson, I.M. with Firth, S., Fry, H. and West, H., forthcoming, An investigation of the Immingham Museum archaeological collections, unpublished research report for Immingham Museum. Rowlandson, I.M. with Gray, J., 2011, The Iron Age and Roman pottery from archaeological investigations to the east of Cartergate, Grimsby, North East Lincolnshire (CGNL09 and CGRM09, TA 2654 0919), Unpublished report for Pre Construct Archaeology Services. Rowlandson, I.M. with Gray, J., 2010, A report on the Iron Age and Roman pottery from an archaeological evaluation for the Port of Immingham A160 Upgrading, North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire (POI, TA 136 143- TA 145 163) Unpublished developer report for ASWYAS. Samuels, J, 1979, The excavation of two Romano-British pottery kilns at Barnetby Top, South Humberside, LHA, 14, 11-22.

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APPENDIX 4.1 OF ANNEX 6.6.5: PREHISTORIC AND ROMAN FABRIC DESCRIPTIONS

Prehistoric and Roman fabric descriptions

Fabric Latest Fabric Fabric details National code Earliest date Description group date SAMEG Samian East Gaulish ARG SA; BLW 150 300 Darling and Precious forthcoming SA; CHF SA; HGB SA; MAD SA; RHZ SA;etc SAMCG Central Gaulish LEZ SA 2 120 200 Darling and Precious forthcoming MOMH Mancetter-Hartshill MAH WH 100 350 Darling and Precious forthcoming mortaria MONV? Mort Nene Valley LNV WH 100 400 Darling and Precious forthcoming. See archive description. mortaria MORT Mort Unknown source - 50 410 A single sherd, probably from a local source the fabric is mid orange brown with darker brown burned surfaces. The inclusions are as GREY1 with a few additional rounded quartz grains up to 1.2 mm. The trituration is poorly sorted angular ferrous slag between 2-5mm. The sherd present appears worn and the trituration grits were probably moderately common on the internal surfaces. On the basis of the evidence from context a date either in the Antonine or the mid to late 3rd century appears likely. MOSPT Mort Swanpool type - 270 410 Similar to Swanpool mortaria (see Tomber and Dore 1998) but with a clay matrix and coarser sand than the majority of Lincoln examples. No mica evident on the white slip on this example. NVCC1 Fine Nene Valley Colour- LNV CC 150 410 Darling and Precious forthcoming. Light firing, cream core. coat- light firing fabric OX Oxid Misc. oxidized wares - 50 410 This coding comprises all miscellaneous oxidized sherds, usually in varying red-brown shades and degrees of grittiness, for which no significant fabric groupings are evident. OX? Oxid Misc. oxidised wares - 50 410 Possibly misfired or burnt greyware. OX1 Oxid Oxidised fabric 1 - 100 410 As GREY1 with oxidised orange surface colours GFIN Reduced Miscellaneous fine - 50 410 Darling and Precious forthcoming. grey wares GREY1 Reduced Reduced fabric 1 - 100 410 Wheel thrown. Mid green grey occasionally with dark grey core, wheel made. Quartz moderate to common subrounded with some glassy grains, 0.2-0.8 mm. Ferrous inclusions sparse, sub rounded, 0.25-0.5 mm. Some sherds have rare, angular grey flint up to 2.5 mm. No mica evident. The range of forms present is typical of the late Roman kilns at Barnetby Top (Samuels 1979) were some of the vessels have occasional flint inclusions and other late Roman kilns in the Market Rasen area (Bryant 1977 and Samuels 1983). It is unclear were the sherds in this assemblage were produced although the range of forms suggests a local Lincolnshire source.

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Fabric Latest Fabric Fabric details National code Earliest date Description group date GREY2 Reduced Reduced fabric 2 - 100 410 As GREY1 with Fossil shell sparse 0.25-1.2 mm. Includes a fragment from a colander. Probably from a similar source to GREY1

GREY3 Reduced Reduced fabric 3 - 50 410 Mid to dark grey surfaces often with oxidised (orange margins). Common to abundant sub rounded and angular quartz 0.2-0.5 mm, common red or black angular or sub rounded ferrous rich grains 0.2-0.8 mm with no mica is evident. Probably from a local source? This may be the same fabric erroneously attributed to SFGR from Stallingborough (Rowlandson 2011) GREY4 Reduced Reduced fabric 4 - 70 410 Wheel thrown. Commonly light grey surfaces with dark grey core although some examples are fired to a dark grey throughout. This fabric is very similar to the fabrics produced at Market Rasen and a number of the kilns in the vicinity such as Legsby. GREYB Reduced High fired burnished - 250 410 Mid grey, hard high fired, wheel made, burnished externally and internally on open late Roman vessels. Quartz moderate subrounded with some glassy grains, 0.1-0.8 mm. Ferrous greywares inclusions sparse, sub rounded, 0.25-0.5 mm. Probably from a similar source to GREY1. A similar burnished fabric was seen by this author at the Stallingborough Old Fleet Drain site (2011), in the collections of Immingham Museum (Immingham) and in the North Lincolnshire Museum collections from the Roman site at Kirmington. A local or near local Lincolnshire source is likely for the sherds from this project as the fabric is similar to the common GREY1 fabric.

Similar high fired and burnished greywares have been found elsewhere in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire. In the East Midlands Todd has classified this as 'East Midlands burnished ware' (Todd 1968). Most of the examples he illustrates are extremely similar to the products of the Swanpool industry perhaps the source for much of that group. A similar high fired product was manufactured by the Holme on Spalding Moore industry in the late Roman period (Tomber and Dore 1998. HSM RE). The East Yorkshire fabrics have been isolated at York using the codes B16 and B17 although the author acknowledges the problems with attributing these groupings to production centres (Monaghan 1997, 900-1). The sherds from this project are sandier than the distinctive high fired Holme on Spalding Moore fabric variant (see Tomber and Dore 1998). GRRO Reduced Greyware with - 70 410 This is a more generic greyware fabric ‘group’ with an unspecified matrix and quartz coarse glassy quartz tempering but with the with the addition of rare to sparse Polished Green Sand Quartz- 0.6-2 mm. A source along the edge of the Lincolnshire Wold Scarp is likely for all of these sherds although it is possible that streams running west from the Wold Scarp might also contain the Green Sand Quartz (as perhaps is the case at Linwood Warren). The sherds inthis fabric are similar to those in the GREY1 category from this site with the addition of sparse to common glassy quartz up to 3 mm GYMS Reduced Grey wheel-made - 50 120 Darling and Precious forthcoming. An early Roman fabric group. with minimal fine shell IASA Reduced IA type sandy wares - -700 100 Misc. Iron Age/transitional sand tempered ware. Handmade or wheel finished

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Fabric Latest Fabric Fabric details National code Earliest date Description group date NELGR1 Reduced North East - 70 200 North East Lincolnshire Early Roman wheel made greyware 1. A pale grey wheel made Lincolnshire Early reduced fabric with rounded quartz 0.3-0.5 mm and rare ?grog and calcareous inclusions Roman wheel made (0.3-0.8 mm), less than 1 mm which has been recognised from an assemblage from 1 Grimsby (Rowlandson 2010, GREY 1 and CGG4- context 40- NE Lincs Museum) no diagnostic forms are present to confirm the presumed early Roman date. This fabric has also been recognised in an assemblage from Immingham (Rowlandson with Gray 2010). A source in north-eastern Lincolnshire for these sherds is presumed. An example of a rusticated jar with an everted rim in this fabric has been found at the site of Roxton deserted medieval village near Immingham in the collections of Immingham Museum (Rowlandson forthcoming, bag ref 277) and Thornton-le-Moor where a rusticated jar, a jar with a bifucated rim and a dish broadly copying samian dish form 36 (collections of North East Lincolnshire Museum). On this basis a Flavian to 2nd century date range for this fabric is proposed. DWNEL Calcareous Dalesware- North - 230 350 Manufacturing style is the same as the shell-gritted Dalesware from north western East Lincolnshire Lincolnshire with a similar range of hand built/ wheel finished jars and dish forms but with a distinctively more sandy fabric. Firing colours vary from dark grey brown to irregularly fired examples with light orange brown surfaces. Moderate sub-rounded clear quartz c. 0.5 mm; sparse fine silver mica 0.1-0.25 visible on the surfaces. Shell, moderate poorly sorted 0.3-5 mm, mostly leached. Rare clay pellets c.1-3 mm. Although the shell grits probably derive from Jurrasic deposits to the west of the Wolds it is possible that the filler is transported for inclusion in the pottery. There is some similarity between the DWNEL and SHGR fabrics. Further work will hopefully establish a production site. DWSHT Calcareous Dalesware shell- DAL SH* 200/230 350 Dark grey to brown irregular surface colours, hand made/ turntable manufactured. Fossil gritted types shell, common, poorly sorted between 0.25-3mm. Quartz moderate, poorly sorted sub rounded translucent 0.3-0.8 mm. No mica evident. Probably produced by potters utilising Jurrasic deposits to the west of this site. Forms are mostly Dalesware jars (Gillam 1970, Type 157) and simple dishes. IASH1 Calcareous Iron Age Shell- -700 100 Handmade with variable firing colours ranging from moderate to abundant coarse fossil gritted: Site Fabric 1 shell. Standard fabric for Iron Age large bowls and jars. IASH2 Calcareous Iron Age Shell- -700 100 Handmade, mostly reduced. Moderate to sparse fine to medium shell. Some have rare gritted: Site Fabric 2 quartz sand. Thin walled La Tène handmade or?wheel finished fineware vessels. IASH3 Calcareous Iron Age Shell- -400 50 Handmade, mostly reduced smooth fabric. Moderate to sparse fine to medium shell. gritted: Site Fabric 3 Moderate angular grog 0.5- 1 mm. Rare quartz sand. La Tène handmade or?wheel finished fineware vessels. Similar fabrics are evident at Kirmington and Dragonby G and M Wares (Elsdon 1996b, 418-9) IASH4 Calcareous Iron Age Shell- -400 50 Handmade, mostly reduced smooth fabric. Moderate to sparse fine to medium shell. gritted: Site Fabric 4 Moderate sub rounded Ferrous ?slag inclusions 0.5- 1 mm. La Tène handmade or?wheel finished fineware vessels. IASH5 Calcareous Iron Age Shell- -400 50 Handmade, mostly reduced. Moderate to sparse fine to medium shell. Common . Thin gritted: Site Fabric 4 walled La Tène handmade or?wheel finished fineware vessels.

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Fabric Latest Fabric Fabric details National code Earliest date Description group date SHEL Calcareous Miscellaneous - 50 410 Used for Roman shell-gritted wares. Includes handmade, wheel finished and wheel made undifferentiated types shell-tempered SHGR Calcareous NE Lincs Shell and - 50 200 Most vessels in this fabric appear wheelmade with the commonest form being an early Grog fabric Roman jar/bowl (see D4, D25 and Rigby and Stead 1976, Fig. 64.4). The vessels generally have very dark grey-black surfaces (Munsell 2000, 3/N- 2.5/N) with similar coloured cores, some closed vessels have slightly lighter internal surfaces (10Y 2.5/1 and 6/1). Vessels appear to have greenish grey to light greenish margins (10Y 6/1-7/1). One vessel shows evidence of patchy oxidisation (reddish-yellow 5YR 6/6) near the base possibly the result of poorly controlled or clamp firing.The fabric has a clay matrix, Quartz, common- moderate, poorly sorted, sub-rounded to sub-angular, 0.3- 1 mm, Shell, sparse poorly sorted 0.3-5 mm, Grey grog, sparse, sub angular, 0.5 mm- 1.5 mm, Silver mica, rare, up to 0.3 mm, Large quartz, rare, poorly sorted, 1.2-15 mm The grog was of a similar range in colour to the vessels with poorly sorted quartz evident. This fabric was made at South Ferriby but probably also at other Wold edge sites.

ETW Rock temper Erratic pebbles -- -1000 100/410 Handmade fabrics tempered with a variety of igneous and metamorphic boulders occurring broken up as temper naturally in plough soil and stream beds, and easy to collect. This process is discussed by Rigby (2004, 25) and it appears likely that these pebbles were broken up using heat thus resulting in angular rock fragments used for tempering this fabric group. Common in the Boulder Clay areas of northern Lincolnshire and East Yorkshire. This sherd has coarse rock inclusions and moderate medium quartz sand temper. Similar material to this is commonly found on First Millennium BC sites in North Lincolnshire and East Yorkshire. On the north bank of the Humber rock tempers continues to be used deep into the first Millennium AD (Rowlandson 2012a). In Lincolnshire it appears that this temper is less commonly used in the Roman period although examples have recently been found in late Roman contexts at Stallingborough (Rowlandson 2011, No.67 and 68). Most of these sherds have moderate to abundant fine to medium sand. ETWF Rock temper Erratic pebbles -1000 100/410 As ETW with rare to sparse rock temper up to 2 mm and moderate to abundant fine to broken up as medium sand. temper- fine ETWSH Rock temper Erratic pebbles - -100 100 Shell-gritted with erratic rocks. In this instance the sherd has poorly sorted fossil shell and broken up as temper sparse fragments of calcareous sandstone up to 3 mm. Similar sherds where found at with shell Killingholme Darling 2005. It is unclear if these sherds are from a Jurassic source, perhaps in eastern Yorkshire or were produced to the east of the Lincolnshire Wold.

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APPENDIX 4.2 OF ANNEX 6.6.5: PREHISTORIC AND ROMAN POTTERY ARCHIVE

HWFE12 - Roman pottery archive

Rim Rim Area Context Fabric Form Decoration Vessels Alt Drawing Comments Join Sherd Weight diam eve 104 85004 ETW - 1 ABR BS; R 1 4 0 0 104 85004 IASA - 1 VAB BS 1 2 0 0 104 85005 ETW - 1 ABR BS; IRF 1 22 0 0 111 95006 IAGR JBL 1 ABR BASE 1 45 0 0 111 97005 GREY1 - 1 ABR BS 1 11 0 0 111 97052 IASH1 - HM 2 BS IRF 2 22 0 0 111 97US GREY1 - 14 ABR BS 14 58 0 0 111 97US GREY1 BWM2 1 ABR RIM 1 38 30 7 111 97US GREY1 J 1 RIM 1 7 18 4 111 97US GREY1 JBL 1 ABR BS 1 46 0 0 111 97US GREY3 BPR 1 ABR RIM BASE 1 55 24 8 111 97US GREY3 JB CORD 1 BS CORDON 1 13 0 0 111 97US GRRO J 1 RIM 1 10 18 6 111 98008 ETW - 1 VAB BS 1 1 0 0 111 98008 IASH1 - 2 ABR BS 2 5 0 0 111 98015 IASH1 - 2 BS SCRAPS 2 4 0 0 111 98015 IASH1 JCH 1 SOOT OVER RIM 3 27 13 12 RIM 111 98023 GREY2 CLSD 1 ABR BS 2 26 0 0 111 98023 IAGR - 1 BS; ?NEAR RIM 1 19 0 0 111 98023 IAGR BNAT WF 1 D12 RIM 1 58 26 12 111 98023 IAGR JB 1 ABR BS 1 16 0 0 111 98023 IAGR JBL 1 ABR BS 1 25 0 0 111 98023 IAGR JHER 1 RIM SHLDR 1 84 21 16 111 98023 IAGR JL STAB 1 BS 1 14 0 0 111 98023 IASH1 BNAT HM 1 ABR RIM 1 26 30 4 111 98023 NELGR1 CLSD 1 BS 1 23 0 0 111 98023 NELGR1 JBKNK 1 FTS BS NECK; SAMPLE 5/98/6 1 12 0 0 111 98024 SHGR JHER 1 D11 RIM SHLDR 2 61 0 0

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Rim Rim Area Context Fabric Form Decoration Vessels Alt Drawing Comments Join Sherd Weight diam eve 111 98039 IAGR - HM 1 ABR; SOOT BS 1 7 0 0 111 98039 IAGR J WM 1 BS 1 28 0 0 111 98039 IAGR J HM 1 BS 1 18 0 0 111 98039 NELGR1 - 1 BS 1 4 0 0 111 98043 IAGR JBL 1 ABR BS; IRF; SAMPLE 5/98/2 1 16 0 0 111 98044 ETW J HM 1 FTS BS SHLDR 1 50 0 0 111 98044 IASA1 - 1 ABR BS 1 14 0 0 111 98044 IASH1 - 1 ABR BS 1 8 0 0 111 98065 IASH1 JBL HM 1 SOOT BS; R/OX 1 14 0 0 111 98065 IASH3 JBR HM; B EXT 1 D10 RIM; INTURNED BEAD RIM AS 1 32 14 12 DRAGONBY TYPE 5 GLOBULAR BEAD RIM TYPE; SEE ALSO ELSDON 1996A KIRMINGTON C12 THIRD ROW DOWN MIDDLE 111 98075 ETW - 1 ABR BS SCRAP 1 2 0 0 111 98075 IASH1 - 1 BS SCRAP 1 6 0 0 111 98076 IAGR J 1 SOOT BS 1 12 0 0 111 98078 GREY3 J 1 BASE; FTM; DARK GREY 1 54 0 0 BURNISHED EXTERNAL SURFACES 111 98078 IASH2 J CORD 1 BS; CORDONED ?NECK SHERD 1 6 0 0 111 98079 CR BK? 1 ABR BASE; FTM; MOULDED BASE 1 39 0 0 111 98US ETW - HM 1 ABR FTS BS 2 13 0 0 111 98US ETWSH JB HM 1 BS 1 25 0 0 111 98US GREY1 BD 1 BASE 1 18 0 0 111 98US GREY1 BWM3 1 RIM 1 24 36 4 111 98US GREY1 CLSD 1 BS 1 11 0 0 111 98US GREY1 CLSD 1 BS 3 17 0 0 111 98US GREY1 CLSD 1 BS 2 33 0 0 111 98US GREY1 DPR 1 ABR RIM 1 23 22 6 111 98US GREY1 GREY1 1 ABR RIM 1 28 30 7 111 98US GREY3 BD 1 ABR BASE 1 10 0 0

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Rim Rim Area Context Fabric Form Decoration Vessels Alt Drawing Comments Join Sherd Weight diam eve 111 98US GYMS CLSD WF? 1 ABR BS 1 15 0 0 111 98US IAGR - 1 ABR BS SCRAP 1 6 0 0 111 98US IAGR CPN HM 1 RIM 1 15 17 7 111 98US IAGR J HM 1 BS THIN WALLED 1 21 0 0 111 98US IAGR J 1 BS SHLDR HIGH SHOULDER 2 31 0 0 111 98US IAGR J WF 1 BS 1 20 0 0 111 98US IAGR JB 2 BS 2 44 0 0 111 98US IAGR JHER 1 RIM SHLDR 1 63 17 21 111 98US IAGR JL 1 ABR BS 1 19 0 0 111 98US IAGR JL WF 1 BS 2 95 0 0 111 98US IASH1 BL HM 1 RIM; LARGE BEAD RIM 2 31 32 4 112 99005 DWSHT CLSD 15 BS 15 160 0 0 112 99005 DWSHT DPR 1 RIM 1 6 16 6 112 99005 DWSHT J 1 SOOT EXT BS SHLDR 1 9 0 0 112 99005 DWSHT J 1 BS SHLDR 1 15 0 0 112 99005 DWSHT J BWL 1 BS SHLDR 1 24 0 0 112 99005 DWSHT J 1 ABR BS 5 79 0 0 112 99005 DWSHT J 1 BS 1 75 0 0 112 99005 DWSHT J 6 SOOT EXT BS 6 73 0 0 J 112 99005 DWSHT JDW 1 SOOT INT RIM SOOT INSIDE RIM 1 11 18 3 112 99005 DWSHT JDW 1 RIM; OXIDISED 1 14 18 7 112 99005 DWSHT JDW 1 SOOT EXT RIM; SOOT UNDER RIM 1 14 16 3 112 99005 DWSHT JDW 1 SOOT EXT RIM SOOT ON RIM 1 15 20 8 112 99005 GFIN CLSD 1 ABR BS; PALE GREY; MODERATE 1 2 0 0 FINE QUARTZ WITH SPARSE MEDIUM FE 112 99005 GREY1 B 1 BASE 1 15 0 0 112 99005 GREY1 BD 1 BS 1 31 0 0 112 99005 GREY1 BFL 1 RIM 1 25 20 8 112 99005 GREY1 BWM3 1 VAB RIM SHLDR 3 163 30 16 112 99005 GREY1 CLSD 1 BASE 1 46 0 0

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Rim Rim Area Context Fabric Form Decoration Vessels Alt Drawing Comments Join Sherd Weight diam eve 112 99005 GREY1 CLSD 1 BASE; FTM 1 14 0 0 112 99005 GREY1 CLSD 22 BS 22 193 0 0 112 99005 GREY1 CLSD 1 BS 1 12 0 0 112 99005 GREY1 DPR 1 ABR RIM 2 7 18 5 112 99005 GREY1 DPR 1 RIM BASE 1 88 18 8 112 99005 GREY1 DPR 1 RIM 1 22 16 12 112 99005 GREY1 J 1 RIM SHLDR 1 33 13 24 112 99005 GREY1 JB 1 TS BS; SEPERATED AS FABRIC 1 8 0 0 SAMPLE 112 99005 GREY1 JBL 1 BS 1 152 0 0 112 99005 GREY1 JBL 1 ABR BASE 1 224 0 0 112 99005 GREY1 JBL 1 BS 4 187 0 0 112 99005 GREY1 JEV 1 RIM SHLDR 1 57 13 35 112 99005 GREY1 JL 1 ABR BASE 2 231 0 0 112 99005 GREY1 JNN CORD 1 ABR RIM; NORTH KILLINGHOLME 1 7 9 5 DIDSBURY 2001 FIG. 6.14.16; SEE ALSO CLAXBY BRYANT 1977 and SAMUELS 1983 112 99005 GREY3 CLSD 1 BASE 1 60 0 0 112 99005 GREY3 JBNK 1 RIM; PROBABLY CARINATED 2 35 16 7 FORM AS DARLING AND PRECIOUS 1160 112 99005 GREY3 JL 1 CALC DEP TS BS; LARGE JAR PROBABLY 18 669 0 0 INT SAME VESSEL AS CONTEXT 99006 112 99005 GREYB CLSD 1 TS BS; SEPERATED AS FABRIC 1 5 0 0 SAMPLE 112 99005 GREYB JBNK 1 RIM; PROBABLY CARINATED 1 22 13 13 FROM AS DARLING AND PRECIOUS FORTHCOMMING NO.1160

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Rim Rim Area Context Fabric Form Decoration Vessels Alt Drawing Comments Join Sherd Weight diam eve 112 99005 MONV? MBF 1 D02 RIM; STANGROUND TYPE 1 72 30 11 FABRIC PATCHY ORANGE BUFF FABRIC NO TRITURATION GRITS SURVIVE; FORM AS REEDED RIM TYPE WITHOUT REEDING SEE PERRIN 1996 FORM FIG.115 M77 FROM PHASE V- DATED AFTER AD375 OR AS DARLING 1999 FIG. 43.574 112 99005 MOSPT MBF 1 ABR; WORN D03 RIM; FORM AS DIDSBURY 2001 1 138 28 17 INT FIG. 6.14.18 AND DARLING AND PRECIOUS FORTHCOMMING NUMBER 1508; 4th C 112 99005 OX B428 B EXT 1 RIM; SIMILAR TO GREY1 BUT 1 7 20 4 BURNISHED 112 99005 OX? - 6 ABR BS; MISFIRED GREYWARE? 6 45 0 0 112 99005 SAMEG BD 1 VAB BS 1 13 0 0 112 99006 DWSHT J 4 ABR BS 4 46 0 0 112 99006 GREY1 - 3 ABR BS 3 16 0 0 112 99006 GREY1 BD 1 BASE 1 31 0 0 112 99006 GREY1 JBNK 1 RIM 1 10 14 10 112 99006 GREY3 CPN 1 RIM; COARSER FABRIC 1 26 15 12 R/OX/R/OX/R; TRACES OF ?RED CHALK NO MICA EVIDENT; FORM WHEELMADE BROADLY AS DARLING FIG16.88; RIM FORM SHAPE AS DIDSBURY 2001 FIG. 6.14.19 BUT NOT AS WIDE AS RIM; PROBABLY 2nd CENTURY AD; VESSEL ? SAME AS CONTEXT 99005 112 99006 GREYB DPR 1 D01 RIM BASE 2 91 17 15 112 99008 ETW CLSD HM 1 ABR BS; IRF 1 12 0 0 112 99008 GREY1 JB 1 ABR BS 2 26 0 0 112 99010 GREY1 BD 1 ABR BASE; HALF OF A LARGE BASE 1 152 0 0 120 104007 ETW - HM 2 BS 3 10 0 0 120 104014 ETW - HM 1 BS; R 1 9 0 0

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Rim Rim Area Context Fabric Form Decoration Vessels Alt Drawing Comments Join Sherd Weight diam eve 120 104014 ETW JBR HM; SLASH 1 D14 RIM; R; HANDMADE FORM 3 24 14 6 BROADLY AS ELSDON 1996B 19.20.14-15 WITH SLASHED RIM TOP AS DARLING 2005 NO.9 120 104014 ETW JIR HM 1 D16 RIM; R; INTURNED INTERNAL 1 209 14 12 BEVEL RIM; EXTERNAL WIPES 120 104014 IASH1 - HM 1 D13 BS; IRF 1040290 1 16 18 7 120 104014 IASH5 - HM 1 VAB BS SCRAP 1 3 0 0 120 104014 IASH5 J HM; CORD 1 BS NECK; R; CORDONS 1 26 0 0 BELOW ?NECK 120 104016 ETW - HM 2 BS; OX/R/OX 3 61 0 0 120 104016 ETW - HM 4 BS; IRF 4 63 0 0 120 104016 ETW J HM 1 BASE; SCRAPS 5 20 0 0 120 104016 ETW J HM 1 BASE; OX/R/OX; PLAIN 1 52 0 0 120 104016 ETW J HM; WIPE 1 BS; IRF; VERTICAL WIPES 3 76 0 0 EXTERNAL 120 104016 ETW JEV HM; STAB 1 RIM SHLDR; EVERTED RIM 2 29 18 4 EXTERNAL BEVEL SLASHED RIM AS DARLING 2005 NO. 9 120 104016 ETW JEV HM 1 ABR RIM; EVERTED ROUNDED RIM 1 4 14 4 SCRAP 120 104016 ETWF - HM 1 ABR BS; OX/R/OX 1 9 0 0 120 104016 IASH1 - HM 5 BS; OX/R 6 80 0 0 120 104016 IASH2 - HM; B EXT 1 ABR BS; R 2 11 0 0 120 104016 IASH5 - HM 1 BS; R; THIN WALLED 1 8 0 0 120 104018 ETW - HM 6 BS; IRF 6 50 0 0 120 104018 ETW J HM 1 D17 RIM SHLDR; IRF; INTERNAL 1 37 20 2 BEVELLED RIM ELLIPSOIDAL VESSEL BROADLY AS CHALLIS AND HARDING 1975 FIG13.8 BREEDON ON THE HILLAND LEVISHAM MOOR ENCLOSURE D FIG 50.10 120 104018 ETW JIR HM 1 D18 RIM; IRF; INTURNED 'BARREL 1 22 18 8 SHAPED JAR' WITH INTERNAL BEVELLED RIM

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Rim Rim Area Context Fabric Form Decoration Vessels Alt Drawing Comments Join Sherd Weight diam eve 120 104018 ETWF - HM 1 BS; OX/R/OX 8 26 0 0 120 104018 IASH1 JBL HM 1 BS; OX/R 2 96 0 0 120 104018 IASH5 - HM 1 BS; OX/R/OX 2 14 0 0 120 104020 ETW - HM 2 ABR BS; IRF 2 20 0 0 120 104020 ETWF - HM 1 BS; R; THIN WALLED 1 4 0 0 120 104020 IASH1 JBL HM 1 BS; IRF 3 70 0 0 120 104023 ETW - HM 1 BS; IRF 1 17 0 0 120 104023 ETWF - HM 1 FTS BS; R; THIN WALLED 2 5 0 0 120 104026 ETW - HM 1 ABR BS 1 2 0 0 120 104026 ETW - HM 1 BS; R 2 15 0 0 120 104026 IASH1 - HM 1 BS; OX/R 5 34 0 0 120 104026 IASH1 - HM 1 BS; SCRAP 1 3 0 0 120 104026 IASH4 CLSD HM 1 BS; OX/R/OX 1 11 0 0 120 104026 IASH4 JNK HM; B EXT 1 RIM; R; ROUNDERD RIM 1 12 18 6 120 104029 ETW - HM 1 ABR BS 2 13 0 0 120 104029 IASH1 - HM 2 BS; R 3 18 0 0 120 104029 IASH1 J HM 1 SOOT EXT D13 RIM SHLDR; SOOT OVER RIM 104014 3 148 18 17 AND SHOULDER; SQUARE SECTIONED RIM WITH A ROUNDED SHOULDER BROADLY SIMILAR TO TO DRAGONBY 1996A FIG.19.21.21 AND WEELSBY AVE ELSDON 1996A C.6. LARGE VESSEL BOTTOM LEFT 120 104029 IASH1 JB HM 1 SOOT EXT BS; R/OX 1 14 0 0 120 104030 ETW - HM 1 BS; IRF 1 33 0 0 120 104030 IASH1 J HM 1 BASE; IRF; PLAIN BASE 1 18 0 0 120 104031 ETW - HM 1 BS; VESSEL? 1 7 0 0 120 104031 IASH1 - HM 1 VAB BS; IRF 5 35 0 0 120 104031 IASH1 - HM 2 FTS BS; OX/R 2 15 0 0 120 104031 IASH1 JBL HM 1 BS; OX/R 6 217 0 0 120 104031 IASH2 JEV HM 1 RIM; OX; THIN WALLED 2 9 16 6 120 104031 IASH3 CLSD HM 1 BS; R 1 7 0 0

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Rim Rim Area Context Fabric Form Decoration Vessels Alt Drawing Comments Join Sherd Weight diam eve 120 104031 IASH4 JNK HM; CORD 1 D15 RIM SHLDR; IRF; AS 7 68 18 21 DRAGONBY TYPES LA TENE 'FINEWARE TYPE'; AS ELSDON 1996B FIG. 19.53.629 120 104031 IASH4 JNK HM 1 RIM SHLDR; IRF; ROUNDED 3 35 18 8 SHOULDER AS ELSDON 1996B FIG.19.47.500 120 104031 IASH5 CLSD HM 1 BS; THIN WALLED 1 6 0 0 120 104032 IASH1 - HM 1 BS; SCRAP 2 4 0 0 19 22015 IASH? JEV HM? 1 RIM; ?ID 5 21 20 10 19 22US GREY1 JB 1 ABR BS SHLDR 2 24 0 0 19 22US GREY1 JB 1 BS 1 23 0 0 19 22US IAGR CLSD 1 VAB BS 1 5 0 0 30 37005 GFIN BK 1 ABR BS SHLDR 2 9 0 0 30 37005 GREY1 - 1 ABR BS 1 12 0 0 30 37005 GREY1 BWM 1 RIM 1 43 24 8 30 37005 GREY1 BWM1 SHG 1 ABR RIM SHLDR; LARGE 1 218 30 7 FRAGMENT 30 37005 GREY1 DPR 1 RIM 1 27 16 17 30 37005 GREY1 JEV 1 RIM SHLDR 3 29 14 17 30 37005 GREY1 JEV 1 RIM SHLDR; BEADED EVERTED 1 21 12 15 RIM SLACK SHOULDER 30 37005 GREY4 B334 1 BS CARINATION 3 65 0 0 30 37005 GREY4 CLSD 1 BS 7 80 0 0 30 37005 IAGR - 1 BS 1 17 0 0 30 37005 IAGR BNAT WF 1 RIM SHLDR; GROG AND SHELL 1 173 28 15 30 37005 SHEL - 1 BS 1 9 0 0 30 37005 SHEL CLSD HB 1 BASE 1 61 0 0 30 37007 CC BKFN 1 RIM; PALE CORE ORANGE CC; 1 3 0 0 SHORT NECK AS EARLY 3rd CENTURY EXAMPLES 30 37007 DWSHT JDW 1 ABR RIM 1 6 0 0 30 37007 GFIN CLSD 1 BS 1 5 0 0 30 37007 GFIN CLSD 1 BASE; FTG 5 154 0 0

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Rim Rim Area Context Fabric Form Decoration Vessels Alt Drawing Comments Join Sherd Weight diam eve 30 37007 GREY1 J105 1 RIM 1 17 16 11 30 37007 GREY1 JEV 1 ABR RIM 1 9 0 0 30 37007 GREY2 JEV 1 D08 RIM SHLDR 2 74 15 34 30 37007 GREY2 JL 1 BASE 1 221 0 0 30 37007 GREY4 BKCOR 1 D07 RIM BASE FULL PROF; BAG 6 232 0 0 SHAPED 30 37007 IAGR - 1 BS 1 6 0 0 30 37007 IAGR J RILL EXT 1 BS 1 37 0 0 30 37007 IAGR J 2 ABR BS 2 25 0 0 30 37007 IAGR JBL HB/WF 1 ATTRITION BS 1 475 0 0 INT? 30 37007 IAGR JBL HB/WF 1 ATTRITION BS 1 46 0 0 INT? 30 37007 IAGR JS 1 ATTRITION BS 1 389 0 0 INT 30 37007 SAMEG 33 1 RIM 3 56 15 33 30 37009 DWSHT - 1 ABR BS; INTRUSIVE? 1 4 0 0 30 37009 DWSHT JDW HB/WF 1 ABR; SOOT RIM; FLAT TOP AS MONAGHAM 1 8 16 5 JD2; ?INTRUSIVE 30 37009 GREY1 - 1 BS 1 15 0 0 30 37009 GREY1 - 1 BS 1 7 0 0 30 37009 GREY1 CLSD SHG 1 BS 1 47 0 0 30 37009 GREY1 CLSD 1 ABR BS 3 12 0 0 30 37009 GREY1 CLSD 1 BASE; FTG 16 40 0 0 30 37009 GREY1 JBL 1 ABR BASE 1 38 0 0 30 37009 GREY2 CLSD 1 BASE; FTM 2 110 0 0 30 37009 GREY3 CLSD 1 ABR BS 1 7 0 0 30 37009 GREY3 CLSD 1 BS 1 4 0 0 30 37009 GREY3 CLSD 1 ABR BS 5 34 0 0 30 37009 GREY3 JEV CORD 1 RIM SHLDR; CORDON BELOW 1 17 13 16 EVERTED RIM 30 37009 GREY3 JL 1 BASE; DARK GREY 7 147 0 0 30 37009 GREY3 JRUST RLIN 1 ABR BS 1 29 0 0

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Rim Rim Area Context Fabric Form Decoration Vessels Alt Drawing Comments Join Sherd Weight diam eve 30 37009 IAGR CLSD 1 BS 2 30 0 0 30 37009 IAGR CLSD 1 ABR BASE 1 8 0 0 30 37009 IAGR CLSD 1 ABR BS 1 2 0 0 30 37009 IAGR J 4 BS 4 101 0 0 30 37009 IAGR J105 1 SOOT EXT D09 RIM SHLDR; SOOT ON 11 112 18 31 SHOULDER 30 37009 IAGR JB 1 BS 2 27 0 0 30 37009 IAGR JB 5 BS 5 237 0 0 30 37009 IAGR JBL 1 BS 4 73 0 0 30 37009 IAGR JL 1 BASE 3 116 0 0 30 37009 IAGR JS STAB 1 BS; STABED 'WHEATSHEAF' 10 293 0 0 TYPE MOTIF AS R and S 1976 Fig 65.1 30 37009 MORT M 1 WORN INT; FTS BS; SEE REPORT FOR 1 35 0 0 BURNT DESCRIPTION FABRIC OXID VERSION OF GREY1 WITH ANGULAR FERROUS SLAG TRITS 2-5MM. 30 37009 OX JBL 1 ABR BASE 1 35 0 0 30 37011 GREY1 B333 1 ABR RIM 2 30 30 7 30 37011 GREY1 BKCAR 1 BS; THIN WALLED 2 17 0 0 30 37011 GREY1 CLSD 1 BS 1 5 0 0 30 37011 IAGR JBL 1 ABR BS 1 37 0 0 30 37011 IAGR JBL 1 ABR BS 2 61 0 0 30 37011 SHEL J 1 BS 1 4 0 0 30 37013 SHEL - 1 BS 1 5 0 0 30 37014 GREY3 JL 1 BS 1 82 0 0 30 37014 IAGR JL 1 ABR BS 1 51 0 0 30 37017 GREY1 JBL 1 RIM 2 35 28 2 30 37017 GREY3 J CORD 1 BS; CORDON 1 30 0 0 30 37017 IAGR JL 2 BS 2 59 0 0 30 37018 GFIN CLSD 1 BS 3 3 0 0 30 37018 GREY2 JBNK 1 FTS BS 1 11 0 0

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Rim Rim Area Context Fabric Form Decoration Vessels Alt Drawing Comments Join Sherd Weight diam eve 30 37018 GREY4 CLSD 1 FTS BS 1 9 0 0 30 37018 GREY4 CLSD 1 ABR BS 1 4 0 0 30 37018 SHEL - 3 BS 3 52 0 0 30 37019 GREY1 CLSD 1 BS 1 12 0 0 30 37019 GRRO J 1 RIM 1 15 18 6 30 37019 IASH BNATV HM 1 D06 RIM SHLDR; IRF; AS BNAT 1 107 30 7 FORM WITH ADDITIONAL INTERNAL CHANNEL AS NORHANTS. TYPE JARS 30 37021 GREY1 CLSD 1 BS 1 9 0 0 30 37021 SHEL - 1 ABR BS 1 5 0 0 30 37025 GREY1 CLSD 1 BS 1 33 0 0 30 37025 GREY4 JL 1 BS 1 50 0 0 30 37025 IAGR CLSD 1 BS; IRF 1 21 0 0 30 37025 SHEL J 1 RIM 1 13 12 11 30 37025 SHEL JEV 1 RIM 1 15 18 6 30 37027 GREY4 OPEN 1 BASE 1 32 0 0 30 37031 DWSHT J 1 BASE 1 40 0 0 30 37031 DWSHT J 12 BS 13 100 0 0 30 37031 DWSHT J 1 ABR BS SHLDR 1 16 0 0 30 37031 DWSHT JDW 1 ABR RIM; SCRAP 1 11 0 1 30 37031 DWSHT JDW 1 RIM 2 22 14 16 30 37031 DWSHT JDW 1 ABR RIM 1 5 18 4 30 37031 DWSHT JDW 1 ABR RIM 1 10 19 4 30 37031 GFIN BK 1 ABR BS SHLDR; SMOOTH FABRIC 1 6 0 0 RARE FINE SHELL 30 37031 GREY1 - 57 ABR BS 57 534 0 0 30 37031 GREY1 - 1 BS SCRAP 1 5 0 0 30 37031 GREY1 BCAR 1 ABR BS 1 28 0 0 30 37031 GREY1 BD 1 BASE 1 11 0 0 30 37031 GREY1 BD 1 BASE 1 32 0 0 30 37031 GREY1 BD 1 BASE 1 49 0 0

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Rim Rim Area Context Fabric Form Decoration Vessels Alt Drawing Comments Join Sherd Weight diam eve 30 37031 GREY1 BFB 1 BURNT RIM 1 30 22 8 30 37031 GREY1 BKEV 1 VAB RIM SHLDR 1 13 8 12 30 37031 GREY1 BNNK 1 RIM SHLDR 1 67 22 16 30 37031 GREY1 BTR 1 ABR RIM BASE CHAMFER 3 83 18 29 30 37031 GREY1 BWM 1 RIM 1 13 28 4 30 37031 GREY1 BWM 1 RIM 1 20 30 4 30 37031 GREY1 BWM 1 RIM 1 18 26 4 30 37031 GREY1 BWM2 1 ABR RIM 1 61 30 8 30 37031 GREY1 BWM3 1 ABR RIM SHLDR 3 127 34 8 30 37031 GREY1 BWM3 1 RIM 1 61 40 7 30 37031 GREY1 CLSD 1 BS 3 31 0 0 30 37031 GREY1 CLSD 1 BASE 1 49 0 0 30 37031 GREY1 CLSD 1 BASE; FTM 1 13 0 0 30 37031 GREY1 CLSD 1 ABR BS 1 11 0 0 30 37031 GREY1 CLSD 1 ABR BASE 1 9 0 0 30 37031 GREY1 DPR 1 RIM BASE 1 16 22 3 30 37031 GREY1 JB 1 ABR BS 1 16 0 0 30 37031 GREY1 JBKNK 1 RIM 1 19 11 10 30 37031 GREY1 JBL 1 ABR; BURNT BS 1 36 0 0 30 37031 GREY1 JBL 1 ABR BS 1 36 0 0 30 37031 GREY1 JBL 1 ABR; BURNT BS 1 35 0 0 30 37031 GREY1 JBL 1 BS 1 31 0 0 30 37031 GREY1 JBL 1 BASE; FIRING BLISTER 1 14 0 0 30 37031 GREY1 JBL 1 ABR BASE 1 35 0 0 30 37031 GREY1 JEV 1 RIM 1 4 14 6 30 37031 GREY1 JEV 1 SOOT RIM SOOT OVER RIM 1 15 17 7 30 37031 GREY1 OPEN 1 BASE 1 18 0 0 30 37031 GREY2 CLSD 1 BS 1 7 0 0 30 37031 GREY3 JBKNK 1 ABR RIM 1 6 10 3 30 37031 GREY3 L 1 RIM 1 17 20 7 30 37031 GREY4 - 2 BS 2 26 0 0

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Rim Rim Area Context Fabric Form Decoration Vessels Alt Drawing Comments Join Sherd Weight diam eve 30 37031 GREY4 BFL 1 ABR RIM 1 8 22 3 30 37031 GREY4 BFL 1 RIM 1 78 25 15 30 37031 GREY4 BTR 1 ABR RIM 1 11 16 2 30 37031 GREY4 BWM 1 RIM 1 16 26 7 30 37031 GREY4 BWM2 1 RIM 1 28 28 4 30 37031 GREY4 CLSD 1 DISC BASE WHOLE BASE TRIMMED 1 264 0 0 TO DISC 11CM 30 37031 GREY4 CLSD 2 ABR BS 2 32 0 0 30 37031 GREY4 CLSD 1 BS 1 4 0 0 30 37031 GREY4 JBKNK 1 RIM 1 7 12 5 30 37031 GREY4 JL 1 BASE 1 71 0 0 30 37031 GREYB BD 1 BASE 1 21 0 0 30 37031 GREYB DPR 1 RIM 1 16 19 5 30 37031 IAGR - 2 ABR BS; ?ID 2 16 0 0 30 37031 IAGR - 1 ABR BS 1 10 0 0 30 37031 IAGR CLSD 1 ABR BS 1 9 0 0 30 37031 IAGR CPN 1 ABR RIM 1 39 20 8 30 37031 IAGR JB 1 ABR BS 1 11 0 0 30 37031 IAGR JBR 1 ABR RIM SHLDR 1 11 0 0 30 37031 IAGR JEV HB 1 RIM 1 27 20 10 30 37031 MOMH M 1 RIM SCRAP; DIAM?; FINE 'PIPE 1 9 30 5 CLAY' TYPE FABRIC; LATE ROMAN; ? HAMMER-HEAD TYPE 30 37031 NVCC1 BD 1 ABR BASE 1 12 0 0 30 37031 NVCC1 BK 1 ABR BS 1 1 0 0 30 37031 NVCC1 BKFOS 1 ABR BS 2 7 0 0 30 37031 SAMCG 18/31 1 RIM; ?DIAM 2 26 0 2 30 37033 GFIN CLSD 1 BASE; FTM 3 154 0 0 30 37033 GFIN CLSD 1 BS; FINE FE RICH INCLUSIONS 1 18 0 0 AND SILVER MICA- ?NORTH WEST LINCS FABRIC A FINE ROXBY TYPE?

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Rim Rim Area Context Fabric Form Decoration Vessels Alt Drawing Comments Join Sherd Weight diam eve 30 37033 GREY1 BCAR 1 BS CARINATION 1 20 0 0 30 37033 GREY1 BL 1 RIM 1 27 30 7 30 37033 GREY1 J 1 RIM 1 13 12 5 30 37033 GREY1 JL 1 BS 1 60 0 0 30 37033 GREY4 CLSD 1 BS 5 95 0 0 30 37033 GREY4 JL 1 BS 1 89 0 0 30 37033 IAGR - 2 ABR BS 3 69 0 0 30 37033 IAGR - 1 BS 1 20 0 0 30 37035 DR20 A 1 VAB BS 1 74 0 0 30 37035 GREY1 BD 2 BASE 2 32 0 0 30 37035 GREY1 BWM1 1 RIM SHLDR 3 145 26 15 30 37035 GREY1 CLSD 4 ABR BS 4 53 0 0 30 37035 GREY1 DPR 1 RIM 1 18 10 7 30 37035 GREY4 CLSD 1 BASE 2 53 0 0 30 37035 GREYB JB 1 RIM 1 20 25 7 30 37035 SAMCG 31 1 RIM 1 8 24 6 30 37035 SHEL CLSD HM 1 BS; OX/R 1 23 0 0 30 37038 DWSHT JDW 1 CARBON DEP RIM; CARBONISED DEPOSIT 1 14 23 4 INT OVER RIM 30 37038 GREY1 - 1 BS 1 10 0 0 30 37038 GREY1 - 1 BS 1 2 0 0 30 37038 GREY1 CLSD 1 BASE 1 19 0 0 30 37038 GREY1 DPR 1 RIM CHAMFER 1 25 22 7 30 37038 GREY1 JB 1 BS NEAR RIM AND SHLDR 1 9 0 0 30 37038 GREY1 JBK 1 RIM 1 3 12 5 30 37038 GREY1 JBNK 1 RIM 1 6 12 6 30 37038 GREY2 CLSD 1 BS 1 7 0 0 30 37038 IAGR JL 1 BS; IRF 1 43 0 0

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Rim Rim Area Context Fabric Form Decoration Vessels Alt Drawing Comments Join Sherd Weight diam eve 30 37039 ETW CRUC HM 1 D05 RIM TO BASE; IRF; MOD 1 23 8 11 POORLY SORTED CALC CEMENTED SANDSTONE; BASIC IGNEOU S ROCK; CHALK AND COARSE QUARTZ 1-4MM AND MOD. QUARTZ SAND; NO SIGNS OF INTERNAL DEPOSITS PRESENT ON THIS VESSEL BUT FORM SUGGESTS CRUCIBLE 30 37039 GREY3 JB 1 RIM 1 6 20 3 30 37039 GREY3 JHER 1 RIM; 1 22 18 6 30 37039 GREY4 - 1 ABR BS 1 12 0 0 30 37039 GRRO JB 1 FTS BS SHLDR 1 16 0 0 30 37040 - 1 0 0 0 0 30 37040 GREY4 BD 1 BASE 1 48 0 0 30 37040 GREY4 BD 1 ABR BASE 1 40 0 0 30 37040 GREY4 CLSD 3 BS 3 16 0 0 30 37040 GROG JB 1 BS 1 44 0 0 30 37040 OX - 1 ABR BS 1 2 0 0 30 37040 SHEL - 1 ABR BS; ?DWSHT 1 29 0 0 30 37050 GREY1 JB 1 BS SHLDR 2 16 0 0 30 37050 GROG BTRL HB/WF 1 WORN INT D04 RIM BASE; FULL PROF; USE 1 1418 35 45 BASE WEAR INTERNAL ON BASECOARSE GROG AND QUARTZ SIMILAR TO IAGR FABRIC A COARSER VARIENT OF GREY4?; HAND BUILT AND TURNTABLE FINISHED?; DIAMETER BETWEEN 28 AND 35CM 30 37US DWSHT - 3 BS 3 35 0 0 30 37US GREY1 - 7 ABR BS 7 52 0 0 30 37US GREY1 - 1 ABR BS 1 23 0 0 30 37US GREY1 BCAR 1 BS CARINATION 1 9 0 0 30 37US GREY1 BD 1 BASE 1 13 0 0 30 37US GREY1 BTR 1 RIM 1 36 19 13

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Rim Rim Area Context Fabric Form Decoration Vessels Alt Drawing Comments Join Sherd Weight diam eve 30 37US GREY1 CLSD 1 BS 1 28 0 0 30 37US GREY1 JBL 1 ABR BASE 1 18 0 0 30 37US GREY2 CLSD 1 BS 1 13 0 0 30 37US GREY3 BKEV 1 RIM 1 11 9 30 30 37US GREY3 DPR 1 RIM 1 30 24 7 30 37US GREY4 CLSD 1 BS 1 11 0 0 30 37US GRRO JBK 1 ABR BASE; PED 2 48 0 0 30 37US IAGR JBR 1 RIM 1 12 22 4 30 38008 SHEL - 1 ABR BS 1 3 0 0 30 38010 GREY1 BWM1 1 RIM 8 168 28 14 30 38010 SHEL JB 1 ABR BS; OX 1 27 0 0 30 38012 GREY4 BD 1 BASE 2 63 0 0 30 38016 DWSHT - 1 BS 2 10 0 0 30 38016 DWSHT CLSD 1 BS 2 19 0 0 30 38016 DWSHT JDW 1 VAB RIM SCRAP; GILLAM 1 26 0 0 157; ?DIAM 30 38016 GREY1 - 5 BS 5 39 0 0 30 38019 DWSHT - 1 BS 2 7 0 0 30 38019 GREY1 - 3 BS 3 12 0 0 30 38019 GREY1 BD 1 VAB BASE 1 35 0 0 30 38019 GREY1 JEV 1 RIM 1 15 23 5 30 38019 GREY3 CLSD 1 ABR BS 1 3 0 0 30 38019 GREY3 JEV 1 ABR RIM 1 3 12 5 30 38019 GRRO BD 1 RIM; ROUNDED FLARED RIM 2 28 22 9 30 38022 DWSHT JDW 1 RIM 1 27 20 11 30 38022 GFIN CLSD 1 BS 1 6 0 0 30 38022 GREY1 CLSD 2 BS 2 32 0 0 30 38022 GREY1 JL STAB 1 BS; 'WHEATSHEAF' MOTIF 1 21 0 0 30 38022 IAGR CLSD HM 1 CONCRETION BS 1 19 0 0 INT 30 38032 GRRO CLSD 1 BS 1 13 0 0 30 38039 SAMCG 27 1 RIM 1 9 9 15

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Rim Rim Area Context Fabric Form Decoration Vessels Alt Drawing Comments Join Sherd Weight diam eve 31 40004 SHEL - HM 1 ABR BASE; FTM; TINY SCRAP 1 1 0 0 31 40008 OX - 1 ABR BS 1 2 0 0 33 40011 GREY3 - 2 ABR BS 1 5 0 0 33 40011 VESIC - 1 VAB BS 1 1 0 0 33 41009 ETW - 1 ABR BS SCRAPS 3 5 0 0 87 68010 GREY1 J 1 BS SHLDR 1 11 0 0 85 62002 IASA - 1 VAB BS; R 1 4 0 0 85 62003 ETW - HM 1 ABR BS; R 1 8 0 0 87 68006 DWNEL JDW 1 FTS RIM; AS GILLAM 157; SAME AS 68010 1 24 20 7 87 68006 DWSHT J 1 BS 3 31 0 0 87 68006 GREY1 BFB 1 ABR RIM; NARROW DIAM; STEEP 2 72 16 22 SIDEDED 87 68006 GREY1 CLSD 1 BASE 1 17 0 0 87 68006 IASA - 1 ABR BS; R 1 9 0 0 87 68008 GREY1 - 1 ABR BS 2 4 0 0 87 68008 SHEL - 1 ABR BS 1 13 0 0 87 68010 DWNEL JDW 1 ABR RIM; AS GILLAM 157 68006 2 38 20 10 87 68012 DWNEL - 1 ABR BS 1 3 0 0 87 68012 GREY1 - 2 ABR BS 1 8 0 0 87 68015 IASH2 - HM 1 BS; R; ?ID 1 7 0 0 87 68017 GREY3 CLSD 1 ABR BS 1 12 0 0 87 68021 GREY1 CLSD 3 BS 3 22 0 0 87 68021 GREY1 CLSD 1 BURNT? BS; OXIDISED ?POSTFIRING 1 9 0 0 87 68021 IAGR JBL 1 ABR BS 2 45 0 0 87 68021 IAGR JBL 1 ATTRITION BS; ATTRITION INTERNAL 1 122 0 0 INT 87 68021 OX1 D 1 BASE; FTR; ?COPY OF 3 57 0 0 FLAVIAN TYPE 18/31; FABRIC AS GREY1 WITH ORANGE OXID AND GREY CORE 88 69005 GREY1 CLSD 1 BS 1 17 0 0 88 69005 GREY1 JBL 1 ABR BASE 1 28 0 0 88 69005 GREY1 JL 1 BASE 3 115 0 0

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Rim Rim Area Context Fabric Form Decoration Vessels Alt Drawing Comments Join Sherd Weight diam eve 88 69006 GREY1 - 1 BS; DRK GRY/OX/DRK GRY; 1 11 0 0 SAME FABRIC DARKER FIRING COLOURS 88 69006 GREY1 - 1 ABR BS 1 4 0 0 88 69006 GREY1 BD 1 ABR BASE 1 24 0 0 88 69006 GREY1 JBL 1 ABR BASE 1 53 0 0 88 69006 OX1 - 2 ABR BS 2 28 0 0 88 69014 GREY1 - 1 ABR BS 1 11 0 0 88 69015 DWSHT CLSD 1 ABR BS 1 17 0 0 88 69015 GREY1 - 1 ABR BS 1 15 0 0 88 69015 GREY1 - 1 ABR BASE 1 44 0 0 88 69015 GREY1 JB SHL 1 VAB BS SHLDR 1 17 0 0 88 69018 DWSHT - 1 ABR BS 1 3 0 0 88 69018 DWSHT J 1 ABR BASE; DIMPLE FROM SLOW 1 25 0 0 WHEEL 88 69018 DWSHT JDW 1 ABR RIM 1 10 18 4 88 69018 GREY1 BWM2 1 VAB RIM SHLDR 1 66 0 0 88 69018 GREY2 COL 1 ABR BASE OPEN 2 64 0 0 88 69018 NVCC1 CLSD 1 ABR BS 1 4 0 0 88 99010 GREY1 CLSD 3 ABR BS 3 26 0 0

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APPENDIX 5 OF ANNEX 6.6.5: ASSESSMENT OF THE PHASE II PREHISTORIC AND ROMAN POTTERY

Date Comme Weight Total By Ian Rowlandson Plot Trench Parish Sherd Range nts (g) RE % 1.1 Introduction 1st century 1.1.1 The pottery has been archived using count and weight as measures according to the AD guidelines laid down for the minimum archive by The Study Group for Roman Pottery (Darling 2004) using the codes developed by the City of Lincoln Archaeological Unit- 101 80 Habrough Roman A single 1 33 2 CLAU (see Darling and Precious forthcoming) and the fabric series under small development for North Lincolnshire Museum (Rowlandson forthcoming a). Where group appropriate terminology from the PCRG guidelines (1997) and the Trent and Peak 118 102 North Mid-Late 49 659 0 prehistoric potter manual (Knight 1998) have been used for recording the earlier Killingholme Iron Age pottery. Rim equivalents (RE) have been recorded and an attempt at a ‘maximum’ vessel estimate has been made following Orton (1975, 31). The pottery has been Plot 87 Trench 65, 66 and 67- Stallingborough bagged by fabric, and vessels selected as suitable for illustration have been bagged separately for ease of future reference. The fabric descriptions and archive record Condition (tabulated at the end of the report) are an integral part of this report and will be curated in an Access database, available from the author in a digital format. The report was 1.1.3 A total of 52 sherds (weight 1.005 kg, RE 0.27) were presented for study from produced on the basis of trench locations and a context list provided by PCAS Ltd. Trenches 65, 66 and 67 from Plot 87. Form parallels for the vessels present in this This report follows on from the assessment of the pottery from the initial evaluation assemblage have been made and better examples of these common forms have trenches. Much of the content of this report has been drawn from the previous already been selected for illustration from other trenches from this scheme. No assessment (Rowlandson 2012c). The recommendations from that assessment have illustrations are recommended for the pottery from these trenches. been duplicated at the end of this document as, ultimately, the pottery from 1.1.4 The majority of the pottery dates to the middle of the 1st century AD through into the investigations along the whole of the route should be considered together as one final early 2nd century AD. Present are the transitional and early Roman fabrics IAGR and report. SHGR including the typical large bowl with the wedge shaped rim (BNAT) and the 1.1.2 A total of 104 sherds, weighing 1.722 kg total RE 0.29, from additional evaluation hooked everted rim form (JBHER) that probably appears in the Flavian period. Also trenches along the proposed cable route were studied. This report focuses upon the present are wheelmade greyware fabrics NELGR1 and SFGR that probably date from pottery from Area 87 Trenches 65, 66 and 67 (but not trench 68 - see Rowlandson the Flavian period into the 2nd century AD. A considerable proportion of the 2012c), Area 101 Trench 80 and Area 118 Trench 102. Each plot is discussed in assemblage is made up of handmade shell-gritted wares representing the continued sequence and conclusions about the significance of the assemblage as a whole has use of such fabrics throughout much of the 1st century AD. The presence of a been drawn together at the end of this report. It should be noted that as further handmade burnished late La Tène III ‘fineware’ necked jar in a fine shell and grog investigations are anticipated a limited synthesis is offered for this assessment stage. gritted fabric (context 66011) would support the assertion that this site was also The table below summarises the assemblage by plot. The pottery reported on from occupied prior to the Roman conquest. Very few none soluble rock-gritted sherds these trenches dates from the Iron Age through to the 2nd century AD. The majority of (ETW, ETWSH) are present in this group and those present appear to also contain these groups date to the 1st century AD. It should be noted that the majority of groups fragments of fossil shell (ETWSH). This may indicate that the use of the ETW fabric are small with few vessels and therefore the dates given are broad. declined before the Roman conquest although this is too smaller sample on which to support this assertion; the absence of the ETW fabric may merely be due to the Dating summary by Plot number relatively small group from this site or regional variations in supply from the north to the south of this study area. Date Comme Weight Total Plot Trench Parish Sherd 1.1.5 A further 28 sherds (weight 0.504 kg, RE 0.39) were retrieved from Trench 68, Range nts (g) RE % discussed in the previous assessment and not included in this quantification (Rowlandson 2012c). That group predominantly dates to the 2nd and 3rd centuries 87 65, 66, Stallingborough Broadly 52 1005 27 AD. A small quantity of the IASA, IAGR and IASH2 fabrics amongst that assemblage 67 Iron Age- also provide evidence for activity in the 1st century AD. The assemblage contained a 2nd range of Dalesware shell-gritted types and late Roman greyware forms. There were no century imports or finewares AD. Mostly

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1.1.6 To summarise, the pottery found from Plot 87 suggests activity from some time in the basic utilitarian assemblages of local coarsewares with little evidence of access to Iron Age, probably beginning in the 1st century AD on current evidence into the 3rd pottery imports from the continent or from beyond the East Midlands. century AD on the basis of the pottery from Trench 68. All trenches produced very

Dating

Plot 87 – Dating summary

Area F No F Type Context Spot date Comments Sherd Weight (g) Total RE % 87 65006 Ditch 65007 MIA-EROM A small group of shell-gritted sherds 5 32 0 87 65011 Pit 65014 MIA-EROM Includes a shell-gritted sherd. 4 12 0 87 65013 Ditch 65012 L1-2 The rim from a shell-gritted jar with a hooked 1 42 8 everted rim. 87 65016 Ditch 65017 LIA-EROM Includes a shell-gritted sherd. 1 2 0 87 65020 Ditch 65018 L1-2 A small group including a fragment from a 7 121 9 greyware jar with an everted rim. 87 66004 Ditch 66006 M1-E2 A fragment from a large shell-gritted native 2 79 5 tradition bowl. 87 66007 Ditch 66008 M-LIA A small group including shell-gritted sherds. 3 19 0 87 66011 Ditch 66017 LIA A small group including a fragment from a 13 13 2 handmade necked jar 87 66020 Ditch 66021 M1-E2 A fragment from a large hadnmade shell-gritted 2 43 3 native tradition bowl 87 66035 Ditch 66034 ML1-2 A basal fragment from a greyware jar. 1 23 0 87 66037 Gully 66036 M1-E2 A small group of handmade sherd 4 65 0 87 67005 Ditch 67010 MIA-EROM Includes a shell-gritted sherd. 1 9 0 87 67009 Ditch 67009 M-LIA A small group of handmade shell-gritted pottery 1 75 0 87 67012 Ditch 67015 2C? A small group including greyware and a large 7 470 0 proportion of the base of a shell-gritted jar.

Fabrics and forms

Plot 87 – Dating summary

Fabric Fabric group Fabric details Sherd Sherd % Weight (g) Weight % Total RE % GREY3 Reduced Reduced fabric 3 3 5.56% 119 11.55% 0 IAGR Reduced Native tradition/transitional grit-tempered 6 11.11% 144 13.98% 5 wares

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Fabric Fabric group Fabric details Sherd Sherd % Weight (g) Weight % Total RE % NELGR1 Reduced North East Lincolnshire Early Roman 1 1.85% 23 2.23% 0 wheel made 1 SFGR Reduced South Ferriby greyware 2 3.70% 11 1.07% 9 IASH1 Calcareous Iron Age Shell-gritted: Site Fabric 1 18 33.33% 172 16.70% 0 IASH3 Calcareous Iron Age Shell-gritted; Site Fabric 3 11 20.37% 8 0.78% 2 IASH4 Calcareous Iron Age Shell-gritted; Site Fabric 4 1 1.85% 9 0.87% 0 IASH5 Calcareous Iron Age Shell-gritted; Site Fabric 5 1 1.85% 7 0.68% 0 SHEL Calcareous Miscellaneous undifferentiated shell- 6 11.11% 440 42.72% 0 tempered SHGR Calcareous NE Lincs Shell and Grog fabric 4 7.41% 92 8.93% 11 ETWSH Rock temper Erratic pebbles broken up as temper with 1 1.85% 5 0.49% 0 shell

Plot 87 – Form summary

Form Form Type Form Description Sherd Sherd % Weight (g) Weight % Total RE % BNAT Bowl - large Native tradition bowl eg. D and P 4 7.41% 122 11.84% 8 No.700 BD Bowl/dish - 1 1.85% 49 4.76% 0 CLSD Closed Form 5 9.26% 92 8.93% 0 J Jar Unclassified form 12 22.22% 545 52.91% 0 JEV Jar Everted rim 2 3.70% 11 1.07% 9 JNK Jar Necked 11 20.37% 8 0.78% 2 JBHER Jar/Bowl Hooked everted rim as Rigby and 1 1.85% 42 4.08% 8 Stead 1976 Fig 64.4 JBL Jar/Bowl Large 1 1.85% 75 7.28% 0 - Unknown Form uncertain 17 31.48% 86 8.35% 0

Plot 101 Trench 80 - Habrough Plot 118 Trench 102 - North Killingholme

1.1.7 A single greyware sherd (GREY3) from a lid was retrieved from context 80008 (weight Condition 0.033 kg, RE 0.02). This sherd is abraded. Although it appears likely that there was Roman occupation in the vicinity, little more can be said on the basis of this single 1.1.8 A total of 49 sherds (weight 0.659 kg, RE 0) were retrieved from Plot 118. Most of the sherd. There is little point in illustrating this vessel. groups are very small with very few vessels represented. The largest group, context 102005, consists of fresh sherds from only two handmade jars. No vessels from Plot 118 are suitable for illustration.

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1.1.9 The dating of this group is hindered by the absence of diagnostic rims. As discussed in later Iron Age but closer dating of the other contexts on this evidence is currently the previous report (Rowlandson 2012c, see also fabric descriptions for fabric dates difficult in comparison to larger groups such as those from the nearby Plot 120 below), the dating of featureless body sherds in many of the handmade fabrics is (Rowlandson 2012c). However, given the proximity of this trench to those from Plot difficult to do with any clarity beyond a broad mid to late Iron Age date. A single sand 120 it is likely that both groups represent occupation of a similar mid to late Iron Age gritted sherd with a burnished external surface suggests activity on the site into the date. Dating

Plot 118 – Dating summary

F No F Type Context Spot date Comments Sherd Weight (g) Total RE % 102004 Gully 102005 M-LIA Sherds from two handmade jars one in a shell-gritted fabric 39 561 0 and another tempered with erratic rocks. 102010 Gully 102011 M-LIA Includes handmade erratic gritted sherds. 2 15 0 102015 Gully 102016 M-LIA A small group of handmade shell-gritted sherds. 4 23 0 102033 Ditch 102038 M-LIA A shell-gritted sherd. 1 25 0 102033 Ditch 102043 LIA A small group including a handmade sherds in sand and 3 35 0 shell-gritted fabrics.

Fabrics and forms

Plot 118 – Fabric summary

Fabric Fabric group Fabric details Sherd Sherd % Weight (g) Weight % Total RE % IASA Reduced IA type sandy wares 1 2.04% 28 4.25% 0 IASH1 Calcareous Iron Age Shell-gritted: Site Fabric 1 31 63.27% 227 34.45% 0 ETW Rock temper Erratic pebbles broken up as temper 16 32.65% 379 57.51% 0 ETWSH Rock temper Erratic pebbles broken up as temper 1 2.04% 25 3.79% 0 with shell

Plot 118 – Form summary

Form Form Type Form Description Sherd Sherd % Weight (g) Weight % Total RE % CLSD Closed Form 4 8.16% 68 10.32% 0 J Jar Unclassified form 14 28.57% 364 55.24% 0 JL Jar Large 25 51.02% 197 29.89% 0 - Unknown Form uncertain 6 12.24% 30 4.55% 0

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potters utilised the rocks from the local Boulder Clay deposits as they helped to The Pottery from the evaluation produce sturdy pottery. It is possible that much of the shell-gritted Iron Age pottery in Taphonomy use on these sites was brought from production centres to the west of the Wolds so it is perhaps unsurprising that they continued to make their own pottery locally in a more 1.1.10 The vast majority of the pottery in this assemblage was retrieved from ditches or other traditional style into the later Iron Age. linear features (see also Rowlandson 2012c). Much of the pottery from these trenches shows signs of abrasion and the groups retrieved are all small and represent a limited Recommendations number of vessels. A single handmade sherd has a carbonised internal deposit 1.1.14 Recommendations 1-6 presented below are taken from the previous assessment (65007) but the fragmentary nature of this group suggests submission of the sherd for (Rowlandson 2012c) and have been updated to include the material considered here. C14 dating would be futile and misleading. There is no evidence for any ‘structured’ or This additional assemblage offers few more important groups but does demonstrate ‘ritual’ deposition on the basis of this assemblage. Most of the groups appear to be evidence of Iron Age and Roman period activity was present and further investigation from general rubbish disposal to backfill pits or ditches. Pottery previously studied by on these sites may produce more substantial groups. this author from other trenches along this scheme produced more significant groups but little more can be said by this assemblage. 1. On current evidence all of the pottery should be retained and deposited in the relevant museum. This should be reassessed at the end of the scheme and Discussion prior to deposition. The most important elements of the assemblage are the 1.1.11 The range of pottery present is similar to a number of assemblages from this region vessels selected as suitable for illustration, the samian, amphorae, mortaria and (e.g. Beeby and Precious 2009; Darling 2006, 2008; Darling and Rowlandson 2008; the fabric type sherds. Didsbury, 2006, 2005a and b, 2001; Precious and Vince 2005; Rowlandson in prep., 2. Further investigations on these sites may produce more substantial groups forthcoming b, 2012b 2012c, 2011; Rowlandson et al., forthcoming, Rowlandson with which should be integrated into this report. Gray 2011, 2010 etc.). Regrettably few of these groups have been published. This 3. A total of 18 vessels would be suitable for illustration to accompany the final assemblage is broadly similar to these groups in range of vessels and relative frequency of ware types. Further more detailed comparisons should be drawn at the report in the on this project. It should be noted that better examples of these conclusion of this scheme. A brief outline for the pottery from these trenches is forms may be subsequently found and the number of illustrations from this presented below; see the previous assessment (Rowlandson 2012c) for a preliminary phase of work may be reduced. Subsequent investigations may produce more discussion of the pottery from trenches excavated prior to June 2012. unusual vessels or good groups suitable for illustration. No additional vessels 1.1.12 Very few wheelmade Roman sherds are present amongst this group. A small number from these trenches need to be considered as better examples are present of local wheelmade greyware sherds in the GREY3 and SFGR make up the only amongst the groups already studied. examples. A key constituent of this assemblage are the ‘Iron Age Tradition/native’ 4. A final report on this project should consider the pottery from all excavations gritty wares (IAGR, SHGR) which were in use into the 2nd century AD. Many of these along the scheme and consider comparanda from unpublished reports from the jars and large bowls are handmade but some show some signs of wheel finishing or area to put the groups in their local and regional context. being wheel thrown. This shows a continuation of many of the forms in use in the 1st century AD into the 2nd despite the availability of many fast wheel thrown ‘greyware’ 5. Given the relative lack of Iron Age and Roman pottery publications from this pots. It may be that these coarse durable IAGR vessels continued to be favoured for region in comparison to East Yorkshire it would be helpful to have a synthesis of use in the kitchen. In this period, rural assemblages from this area commonly had a the pottery from this project published in a monograph format. The pottery from restricted range of ceramics, always including these ‘transitional’ types of utilitarian this phase of work should be integrated with pottery produced by further large jars and bowls. excavations undertaken as part of this scheme. A final report ought to draw 1.1.13 There is a large proportion of Iron Age type shell-gritted fabrics amongst this together information from unpublished reports to place this assemblage in assemblage but in the absence of any diagnostic rim forms for the coarser wares it is context. difficult to date these sherds closely. A fragment from a wheel finished necked jar in the fine grog and shell-gritted IASH3 fabric suggest that some of the assemblages 1.1.15 The Iron Age pottery from Trench 104 offers the potential for C14 dating on the may date to the later part of the Iron Age. Much of the Iron Age type pottery present is residue (context 104029, Rowlandson 2012c). Refining Iron Age ceramic chronologies gritted with none soluble rock fragments, primarily derived from the local Boulder Clay has been highlighted as a priority in the recent updated research agenda for the East deposits (ETW). On current evidence it appears that the use of rock-gritted jars had Midlands (Knight et al. 2012, Objective 4B). Work on other sites in North Lincolnshire died out in this part of Lincolnshire by the end of the 1st century AD perhaps with a is beginning to build a resource of C14 dates to help to refine problems with dating the resurgence sometime in the late Roman period (Rowlandson 2011). Most of the handmade Iron Age pottery from this region (Rowlandson 2012b): further dates from vessels in this assemblage are similar to other vessels found at Killingholme (Darling the vessel highlighted in this report or preferably from larger assemblages produced 2006, Rowlandson 2012c) and are either of a mid or late Iron Age date. The Iron Age by further excavations may help with this regional and national problem.

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Bibliography Gillam, J. P., 1970, Types of Coarse Roman Pottery Vessels Found in Northern Britain, 3rd ed, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne . Beeby, A. and Precious, B., 2009, ‘The Roman Pottery’, in Archaeological evaluation, proposed Able Humber ports facility, East Halton, North Lincolnshire, APS Unpublished Knight, D. 1998, Guidelines for the Recording of Later Prehistoric Pottery from the East Midlands, unpublished Trent and Peak Archaeology report. Archaeological Report 133/09. Knight, D., Vyner, B. and Allen, C., 2012, East Midlands Heritage: An Updated Research Bryant, G F, 1977, ‘A Romano-British pottery kiln at Claxby, Lincolnshire: excavation, Agenda and Strategy for the Historic Environment of the East Midlands, Nottingham discussion and experimental firings’, LHA, 12, 5-18. Archaeological Monographs 6, University of Nottingham and York Archaeological Trust. Darling. M.J. 2008, Report 272 on Pottery from Evaluation on at Vehicle Redistribution and Monaghan, J., 1997, Roman Pottery from York, The Archaeology of York The Pottery 16/8, Storage Facility, North Killingholme, North Lincolnshire, NKE07, unpublished developer report Council for British Archaeology, York. for Lindsey Archaeological Services. Orton, C. R., 1975, ‘Quantitative pottery studies, some progress, problems and prospects’. Darling, M.J., 2006, Report 217 on pottery from evaluation on land at Vehicle Redistribution Science and Archaeology 17, 30-5. and Storage Facility, North Killingholme, N. Lincolnshire, NKE05, unpublished developer report for Lindsey Archaeological Services. Petch, D. F., 1962, ‘Excavations at Lincoln, 1955-58’, Archaeol J, 117, 40-70. Darling, M.J., 2004, ‘Guidelines for the archiving of Roman Pottery’. Journal of Roman Pottery Perrin, J.R., 1996, ‘The Roman Pottery’, in Mackreth, D.F., ‘Orton Hall Farm: A Roman and Studies 11, 67-74. Early Anglo-Saxon Farmstead’, East Anglian Archaeology 76, Nene Valley Archaeological Darling, M.J., 1999, ‘Roman Pottery’, in C. Colyer, B.J.J. Gilmour and M.J. Jones, The Trust. Defences of the Lower City. Excavations at The Park and West Parade 1970-2, CBA Research PCRG, 1997, The Study of Later Prehistoric Pottery: Gerneral Policies and Guidelines for Report 114, 52-135. analysis and Publications, Prehistoric Ceramic Research Group, Occasional Paper No1 and Darling, M. J., 1984, ‘Roman Pottery from the Upper Defences’, The Archaeology of Lincoln, No2, Revised 1997. 16/2. Precious, B and Vince, A., 2005, An Assessment of the Iron Age and Roman Pottery from the Darling, M.J. and Precious, B.J., forthcoming, Corpus of Roman Pottery from Lincoln, Lincoln Conoco Pipeline, Immingham (CNK2000), Unpublished developer report for Humber Field Archaeology. Archaeological Studies No. 6, Oxbow Books, Oxford. Rigby, V., 2004, Pots in Pits: The British Museum East Yorkshire Settlements Project 1988- Darling, M.J. and Rowlandson, I.M., 2008, ‘Prehistoric and Roman Pottery’, in Mason, P., Archaeological trial excavation and topographic survey of land at East Halton, Lincolnshire, 1992, East Riding Archaeologist, 11. unpublished developer report for Nothamptonshire Archaeology. Rowlandson, I.M., in prep, The Iron Age pottery from Weelsby Avenue. Didsbury, P, 2006, ‘Pottery Assessment’, in ASWYAS, Clough Road Realignment, north Rowlandson, I.M., forthcoming a, A Fabric Series for Late Iron Age and Roman Pottery in Killingholme, North Lincolnshire: Archaeological Strip and Record Excavation, ASWYAS North Lincolnshire, Unpublished research report for North Lincolnshire Museum. Report No. 1636, unpublished developer funded report. Rowlandson, I.M., forthcoming b, A report on Roman pottery found by J. Sills at Wellowgate, Didsbury, P., 2005a, ‘An Assessment of the pottery from excavations at South Killingholme, Grimsby, unpublished research report. Grimsby (KIL04)’, in ASWYAS, Vehicle Redistribution and Storage Facility Areas D2 and D3, Rowlandson, I.M., 2012a, ‘Later Prehistoric and Roman pottery’, in Richardson, J., Iron Age Killingholme, North Lincolnshire: Archaeological Evaluation; Report No. 1380, Unpublished and Roman Settlement at Newbridge Quarry, Pickering, North Yorkshire, Archaeological developer report for ASWYAS. Services WYAS Publication 12, 40-50. Didsbury, P., 2005b, ‘The pottery’, in ASWYAS, Vehicle Redistribution and Storage Facility Rowlandson, I.M., 2012b, The Prehistoric and Roman ceramics from excavations at land off Areas D4, D5, D6 and D7 Killingholme, North Lincolnshire: Archaeological Evaluation; Report Falkland Way, Barton-upon-Humber (BAFW09/BAFW10), Unpublished developer report for No. 1425, Unpublished developer report for ASWYAS. Allen Archaeology Ltd. Didsbury, P., 2001, Appendix 1: ‘The Romano-British pottery [Chase Hill Farm, North Rowlandson, I.M., 2012c, An Assessment of the prehistoric and Roman ceramics from the Killingholme]’, in Ellis et al eds, 85-91. Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm Cable Route evaluation, HWFE12, NLM Acc. NCAC, Ellis, S., Fenwick, H., Lillie, M. and Van de Noort, R. (eds), 2001, Wetland Heritage of the Unpublished developer funded report for PCAS Ltd. Lincolnshire Marsh: An Archaeological Survey, Humber Wetlands Project, Kingston upon Hull. Rowlandson, I.M., 2011, A report on the Roman pottery from excavations north of Old Fleet Elsdon, S.M., 1996a, Iron Age Pottery in the East Midlands. A Handbook. Dept of Drain, Stallingborough, NE Lincs (SBP07, NGR: TA234 129), Unpublished report for Naomi Classics and Archaeology, University of Nottingham. Field Archaeological Consultancy. Elsdon, S.M., 1996b, ‘Iron Age Pottery’, in May, J, Dragonby, Report on Excavations at Rowlandson, I.M., 2010, An Appraisal of the Pottery from the SHWAP fieldwalking project and an Iron Age and Romano-British Settlement in North Lincolnshire, Oxbow Monograph 61, Geoff Bryant’s excavations at Poor Farm, Barton, North Lincolnshire, Unpublished developer Oxford, 317-512. report for North Lincolnshire Museum.

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Rowlandson, I.M. with Firth, S., Fry, H. and West, H., forthcoming, An investigation of the Immingham Museum archaeological collections, unpublished research report for Immingham Museum. Rowlandson, I.M. with Gray, J., 2011, The Iron Age and Roman pottery from archaeological investigations to the east of Cartergate, Grimsby, North East Lincolnshire (CGNL09 and CGRM09, TA 2654 0919), Unpublished report for Pre Construct Archaeology Services. Rowlandson, I.M. with Gray, J., 2010, A report on the Iron Age and Roman pottery from an archaeological evaluation for the Port of Immingham A160 Upgrading, North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire (POI, TA 136 143- TA 145 163) Unpublished developer report for ASWYAS. Samuels, J, 1979, ‘The excavation of two Romano-British pottery kilns at Barnetby Top, South Humberside’, LHA, 14, 11-22. Samuels, J., 1983, The Production of Roman Pottery in the East Midlands, Unpublished PhD, Nottingham University. Sills, J. A. and Kinsley, G. 1978, ‘Grimsby, Weelsby Avenue’, Lincolnshire Hist. and Archaeol., 13, 77-8. Steadman, K., 1993, ‘Barton-Upon-Humber, Glebe Farm’, Lincolnshire Hist. and Archaeol., 28, 69-70. Todd, M., 1968, ‘The commoner late Roman coarse wares of the East Midlands’, Antiq J, 48, 192-209. Tomber, R. and Dore, J., 1998, The National Roman Fabric Reference Collection: A Handbook, MoLAS Monograph 2, Museum Of London. Whitwell. J.B., 1982, ‘A Romano-British aisled building at Deepdale, Barrow-on-Humber’, LHA, 17, 94-5.

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APPENDIX 6 OF ANNEX 6.6.5: PHASES I AND II COMBINED POST-ROMAN POTTERY, CBM AND FIRED CLAY ASSESSMENT were examined visually and using x20 magnification where necessary; this information by Dr. Anne Irving and Tom Lane was then added to an Access database. 1.1.4 The pottery, ceramic building material and fired clay is presented below in order of plot 1.1 Introduction number and trench, as assigned during excavation. Spot dates are shown by plot.

1.1.1 All the material was recorded at archive level in accordance with the guidelines laid Summaries out in Lincolnshire County Council’s Archaeology Handbook (2010), Slowikowski et al. (2001) and the ACBMG (2001). Pottery 1.1.2 All the codenames (Cname) for both the pottery and ceramic building material are in 1.1.5 Most of the ware types present in the assemblage are known to be produced locally or accordance with the established type series for North Lincolnshire and Lincolnshire are recognised as common regional imports in Lincolnshire. Of interest are the (Boyle et al., 2009). presence of Early to Middle Saxon types and the lack of Humberware and continental imports. These issues are discussed more fully in the plot summaries below. Methodology

1.1.3 The material was laid out and viewed in context order. Sherds and fragments were counted and weighed by individual vessel within each context. All the ceramic finds

Table 1 Summary of the Pottery

Period Cname Full name Earliest date Latest date NoS NoV W (g) Early to Middle EMSAX Early or Middle 400 870 5 2 37 Saxon Saxon wares (generic) ESGS Early to mid Anglo- 550 800 1 1 7 Saxon Greensand quartz tempered LIMES Limestone-tempered 400 850 5 4 66 Anglo-Saxon SST Early to mid Saxon 550 800 1 1 8 sandstone-tempered Middle Saxon IPS Ipswich-type ware 730 850 2 1 29 MAX Northern Maxey-type 680 870 4 2 43 ware Late Saxon LKT Lincoln kiln-type 850 1000 4 4 4 shelly ware LSH Lincoln shelly ware 850 1000 17 12 112 NLLSG North Lincolnshire 850 1050 2 2 46 Late Saxon Grey ware

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Period Cname Full name Earliest date Latest date NoS NoV W (g) Saxo-Norman to TORK Torksey ware 850 1080 2 2 27 early medieval LFS Lincolnshire Fine- 970 1200 7 6 28 shelled ware NLFS North Lincolnshire 975 1100 59 33 233 Fine-Shelled ware NLG North Lincolnshire 1050 1200 1 1 5 Gritty ware NLQC North Lincolnshire 1050 1220 15 11 82 Quartz and Chalk- tempered ware ST Stamford Ware 970 1200 5 4 25 THETT Thetford-type fabrics 1000 1150 1 1 7 Early medieval BEVO1T Beverley Orange- 1100 1230 13 10 118 type ware Fabric 1 LEMS Lincolnshire Early 1130 1230 1 1 4 Medieval Shelly NLEMS North Lincolnshire 1130 1230 33 18 233 Early Medieval Shelly EMHM Early Medieval 1100 1250 2 2 9 Handmade ware Medieval BEVO Beverley Orange 1100 1350 1 1 18 wares BEVO2T Beverley Orange- 1230 1350 5 5 16 type ware Fabric 2 BEVOT Beverley Orange- 1100 1350 4 3 10 type wares BOUA Bourne-type Fabrics 1150 1400 3 3 18 A, B, C, E, F and G ELY Ely-type ware 1175 1350 1 1 3 GRIM Grimston ware 1200 1550 1 1 6 MEDLOC Medieval local fabrics 1150 1450 7 7 29 NLCS North Lincolnshire 1175 1400 3 3 44 Coarse Sandy ware NLFSW North Lincolnshire 1150 1320 1 1 15 Fine Sandy ware

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Period Cname Full name Earliest date Latest date NoS NoV W (g) NLRISW North Lincolnshire 1200 1450 1 1 14 Reduced Interior Sandy ware NLSFE North Lincolnshire 1100 1400 2 2 14 Shell and Iron NLST North Lincolnshire 1180 1450 11 5 86 Shell-tempered BOU Bourne D ware 1350 1650 3 2 18 HUM Humberware 1250 1550 5 4 32 Post-medieval BERTH Brown glazed 1550 1800 2 1 4 earthenware Early Modern BS Brown stoneware 1680 1850 1 1 18 (generic) ENPO English Porcelain 1750 1900 1 1 3 Nk MISC Unidentified types - - 18 17 50 TOTAL 250 177 1521

Ceramic Building Material Briquetage and Fired Clay 1.1.6 Eleven fragments of brick and tile were retrieved from the cable route. These span the Table 3 Summary of the Briquetage and Fired Clay Roman to early modern periods.

Table 2 Summary of the Ceramic Building Material Classification NoF W (g) AMORPHOUS 136 898 Cname Full name NoF W (g) BRIQ 107 2483 BRK Brick 2 14 DAUB 4 5 CBM Ceramic building 2 12 material LOOM 5 128 PANT Pantile 4 1289 MOULD 9 29 PNR Peg, nib or ridge tile 2 45 SURFACE 13 289 TEG Tegula 1 390 TOTAL 274 3832 11 1750

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1.1.7 The term ‘briquetage’ was used in the 18th century to describe deposits of burnt clay period, two were discovered at King’s Lynn, Norfolk. These were described as ‘cone- and ash found in the Seille valley, France (Gouletquer 1974). ‘Briquetage’ has been shaped’ and measured ‘greater than 140 mm and 170 mm tall while base shapes used in Britain to describe the abundant ceramic debris associated with salt making in ranged from 90-140 mm across and 102 mm across’ (Morris forthcoming). This the prehistoric and Roman periods. This includes hearth fragments, but also the compares to greater than 120 mm tall and 75-80 mm at the base for the example from remains of ceramic containers and the pedestals and clips that held them in place on Trench 22. No salt bleaching occurs on the Trench 22 example, unlike those from the hearth (Lane and Morris 2001, 8). King’s Lynn, but the intense heat that the Trench 22 pedestal had been subjected to suggests an industrial process and its provenance, in the known salt-making zone, 1.1.8 Although the term tends not to be used to describe the hearth material in post-Roman would indicate its use in that process. The remaining fired clay from Trench 22 could salterns, particularly from fieldwalking, there are exceptions for the analysis of be either from pedestals or hearths. One piece has evidence of salt bleaching. Others excavated material (e.g. Morris, forthcoming). Therefore, the term is used here to are coloured purple, as on the Willow Tree Fen hearth. denote the presence of fired clay from the medieval saltern sites although this material derives from hearths and pedestals. 1.1.11 The absence of ceramic container pieces from the collection is not surprising given the almost exclusive use of lead containers in the medieval period. In this area, for 1.1.9 On the excavated 14th century medieval saltern at Quadring the hearths were constructed of ‘a substance resembling soft brick when fired….the inner lining had example, the salting equipment left on the death of Edmund Cowper of Marshchapel in 1559 included ‘i salte pane of leade there’ and ‘half a stone of leade’ (Rudkin and been mixed with what appeared to be grass or hay’ (Healey 1999). At Willow Tree Owen 1960, 81). Fen, Pinchbeck, the hearth, dated to the Early Roman period, had been redeposited in a ditch and large fragments were recovered intact. The hearth was a minimum 130 Plot 11 mm thick with white salt bleaching affecting the upper surface, the next 50 mm being a purple colour and from then on the material being a buff colour and crumblier (Lane 1.1.12 Pottery and briquetage, the former dating to the medieval and early modern periods, forthcoming). was recovered from Trenches 8, 10 and 11. 1.1.10 While ceramic pedestals, objects that held the metal containers above the hearth, have not previously been found on excavated Lincolnshire salterns of the medieval

Pottery

Table 4 Archive of the Post-Roman Pottery from Plot 11

Tr Cxt Cname Form NoS NoV W (g) Part Description Date 8 8011 BEVO ? 2 1 4 BS 12th to mid 14th 8 8011 NLFSW Jug/ jar 1 1 15 BS Reduced green Mid 12th to early glaze 14th 8 8013 BEVOT ? 1 1 1 BS ?ID; abraded 12th to mid 14th 10 10004 BEVO1T Jug 1 1 6 BS Splashed glaze 12th to early 13th 10 10017 ENPO Hollow 1 1 3 BS 19th to 20th 11 11005 NLCS Jar/ bowl 1 1 26 BS Externally Late 12th to spalled/heat 14th affected

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Fired Clay

Table 5 Archive of the Fired Clay from Plot 11

Tr Cxt Type Fabric NoF W (g) Description 8 8016 BRIQ Fine sandy 1 14 8 8016 BRIQ Fine sandy + chaff 3 11 10 10004 BRIQ Fine sandy + chaff 6 74 Reduced interior 10 10021 BRIQ Fine sandy + chaff 3 23 Pedestal 11 11005 BRIQ Fine sandy 1 54

Provenance Spot Dating

Trench 8 Table 6 Spot Dating for Plot 11

1.1.13 Two medieval sherds came from (8011) in the area of dumped material [8014], with a Tr Cxt Date Comment single example present in (8013) from the cut of fill [8014]. Three fragments of briquetage came from context (8016). 8 8011 12th to mid 14th Trench 10 8 8013 12th to mid 14th Date on a single sherd 1.1.14 Two sherds were recovered from Trench 10: a single sherd of Beverley ware from fill 10 10004 12th to early 13th Date on a single of cut [10005] and an early modern Porcelain vessel from fill of ditch [10012]. sherd Briquetage fragments which show signs of reduction from heating are present in (10004), with a pedestal fragment present in (10021). 10 10017 19th to 20th Date on a single sherd Trench 11 11 11005 Late 12th to 14th Date on a single 1.1.15 A single medieval sherd and a fragment of briquetage are present in (11005). sherd

Discussion

1.1.16 Trenches 8, 10 and 11 are located in close proximity to North Cotes and Marshchapel, Plot 13 both of which have previously yielded evidence of salt making. The sites lie within the 1.1.19 Seven fragments of briquetage were retrieved from a single trench. area of known medieval saltern mounds. Therefore the presence of briquetage fragments and a square/rectangular pedestal associated with fuel ash deposits (Wood, Fired Clay this report) is unsurprising. 1.1.17 Although medieval pottery, dating to the 12th-14th century, was recovered it is far from Table 7 Archive of the Fired Clay from Plot 13 clear whether this material is contemporary with salt making on the site. A single previous excavation (Ellis et al 2001) and documentary evidence date salt Tr Cxt Type Fabric NoF W (g) Description manufacture at Marshchapel to the Late Saxon period, however that example lies west of the inland extent of the medieval saltern mounds. 16 16003 BRIQ Fine 1 1 sandy Potential 16 16003 BRIQ Fine 1 8 Clinkered 1.1.18 All the material is stable and poses no problems for long-term storage. No further work sandy + is required on the pottery. The briquetage pedestal is worthy of illustration. chaff

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Plot 19 Tr Cxt Type Fabric NoF W (g) Description 16 16003 BRIQ Fine 2 16 Reduced 1.1.23 A single medieval shell-tempered ware vessel and 87 fragments of briquetage and sandy + fired clay were recovered from Trench 22. chaff Pottery 16 16026 BRIQ Fine 2 6 sandy + Table 9 Archive of the Post-Roman Pottery from Plot 19 chaff 16 16040 BRIQ Fine 1 1 Reduced Tr Cxt Cname Form NoS NoV W (g) Part sandy + interior 22 22016 NLST Jar/ 6 1 34 Base + chaff bowl BS

Provenance Fired Clay Trench 16 Table 10 Archive of the Fired Clay from Plot 13 1.1.20 Clinkered and reduced fragments of briquetage came from a burnt clay and cinder deposit (16003), with other briquetage fragments recovered from (16026) fill of natural Tr Cxt Type Fabric NoF W (g) Description water course [16024] and (16040) fill of burnt pit [16004]. 22 22024 BRIQ Fine 3 28 One frag Discussion sandy + heavily chaff reduced 1.1.21 Plot 13 is located close to Plot 11 and the briquetage is constructed from a similar 22 22025 BRIQ Fine 2 544 Clinker fabric; it is probable it relates to the same period of salt manufacturing although, again, sandy + adhering to it is not possible to date with any accuracy. Organic one; 64 x 80mm; Potential pedestal 1.1.22 All the material is stable and poses no problems for long-term storage. No further work 22 22025 BRIQ Fine 43 1189 Three frag is required on the briquetage. sandy + have flat chaff surfaces; Spot Dating one possible pedestal Table 8 Spot Dating for Plot 13 fragment; only three Tr Cxt Date Comment show signs of reduction 16 16003 ? Only contains fired clay 22 22025 BRIQ Fine 3 26 Two frags sandy + have flat 16 16026 ? Only contains fired chaff surfaces; clay two 16 16040 ? Only contains fired clinkered clay 22 22026 BRIQ Fine 17 136 Some light sandy + reduced organic interiors

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Tr Cxt Type Fabric NoF W (g) Description Tr Cxt Date Tr 22 22028 BRIQ Fine 8 133 Reduced 22 22026 ? Only contains fired sandy + interiors; or clay organic HEARTH? 22 22028 ? Only contains fired 22 22029 BRIQ Fine 8 139 clay sandy + 22 22029 ? Only contains fired organic clay 22 22030 BRIQ Fine 3 94 22 22030 ? Only contains fired sandy clay

Plot 29 Provenance 1.1.27 A heavily abraded fragment of medieval pottery came from the fill of gully [36010]. Trench 22 Potential 1.1.24 A single vessel of medieval shell-tempered pottery was retrieved from the lower fill of linear [22016]. Briquetage fragments came from alluvium layer (22024), burnt layers 1.1.28 All the material is stable and poses no problems for long-term storage. No further work (22028) and (22029), with small fragments of fired clay present in layer (22030). Upper is required on the pottery. slag layer (22025) contained briquetage and pedestal fragments. Pottery Discussion Table 12 Archive of the Post-Roman Pottery from Plot 29 1.1.25 Plot 19 (Tetney) is located close to Plots 11 and 13, and the briquetage is constructed from a similar fabric; it is probable it relates to the same period of salt manufacturing Tr Cxt Cname Form NoS NoV W Part Description Date although, as with the material from Plots 11 and 13, it is not possible to date with any (g) accuracy. 36 36009 BEVO Jar 1 1 18 Rim Round 12th Potential everted rim; to very mid 1.1.26 All the material is stable and poses no problems for long-term storage. No further work abraded 14th is required on the pottery or briquetage.

Spot Dating Potential 1.1.29 All the material is stable and poses no problems for long-term storage. No further work Table 11 Spot Dating for Plot 11 is required on the pottery.

Tr Cxt Date Tr Plot 30

22 22016 Late 12th to mid Date on a single 1.1.30 A small but significant assemblage containing Early to Middle Saxon pottery was 15th vessel recovered from Plot 30, close to Holton Le Clay, along with two fragments of ceramic 22 22024 ? Only contains fired building material and 27 fragments of fired clay. clay 22 22025 ? Only contains fired clay

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Pottery

Table 13 Archive of the Post-Roman Pottery from Plot 30

Tr Cxt Cname Fabric Form Nos NoV W (g) Part Description Date 37 37009 EMHM Jar/ bowl 1 1 8 BS Abraded 37 37009 MISC OX/R/OX; ? 1 1 1 BS Very abraded abundant fine sandy 38 38008 HUM Jug/ jar 1 1 20 BS Very abraded 13th to 15th 38 38012 IPS Jar/ bowl 2 1 29 Base + BS External soot and carbonised deposit; ?ID or NLLSG 38 38014 MISC Fine dull ? 1 1 6 BS Very abraded ? oxidised + sparse ca 38 38032 LIMES Jar/ bowl 1 1 18 BS Burnt; abraded; ?ID 38 38038 LIMES + common Jar/ bowl 2 1 38 Rim External rounded fe + carbonised deposit; sparse ca slightly inturned rim with rounded flattened top; internally abraded; external wipe/manufacturing marks 38 38039 EMSAX Jar/ bowl 1 1 4 BS ?ID 38 38039 LIMES Buff outer Jar/ bowl 1 1 6 BS surface 38 38039 MAX Jar/ bowl 1 1 6 BS ?ID 38 38039 MAX Jar/ bowl 3 1 37 BS Heat affected

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Ceramic Building Material

Table 14 Archive of the Ceramic Building Material from Plot 30

Tr Cxt Cname NoF W (g) Description Date 37 37005 BRK 1 11 Flake; ?ID ? 37 37005 PNR 1 28 Very abraded; striations - ? waterworn?

Fired Clay

Table 15 Archive of the Fired Clay from Plot 30

Tr Cxt Form Fabric NoF W (g) Description 37 37031 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy 1 4 37 37031 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + large ca 11 175 Abraded 37 37031 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy 3 5 Dark reduced 37 37031 SURFACE Fine sandy + large ca 4 85 Striations on surface 37 37040 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy 1 4 38 38038 SURFACE Fine sandy + large ca 1 42 Flat surface; thumb impression on underside? 38 38039 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + large ca 6 107

Maxey ware vessels. Although the Limestone-tempered vessels occur from the 5th Provenance century, their association with Maxey wares may suggest a date closer to the late 7th Trench 37 century. This date is bolstered by the presence of a possible Ipswich ware sherd in the fill of posthole [38011], which dates from the early 8th to mid 9th century. 1.1.31 A sherd of early medieval pottery came from fill of ditch [37009], along with a 1.1.34 Seven fragments of fired clay came from two fills (38038 and 38039) of ditch [38035]. miscellaneous sherd. Two sherds of undateable brick and tile came from the fill of linear [37004]. Amorphous fragments of fired clay from layers (37031) and (37040) Discussion may be the remnants of daub, hearths and floors. It is notable that the fired clay from this site contains abundant calcareous inclusions, unlike the briquetage from Plots 11, 1.1.35 Plot 30 is one of a growing number of sites (e.g. Grimsby, Riby and Brigsley) in this 13 and 19 which contains abundant organic material. area revealing deposits containing Early to Middle Saxon and Middle Saxon pottery. Excavation at Peak’s Lane, Grimsby, located 3.5 kilometres north of Plot 30 produced Trench 38 11 Middle Saxon vessels in fairly fresh condition, with five represented by multiple sherds, comprising Maxey and Sandstone-tempered wares (Boyle 2008). Both types 1.1.32 Thirteen sherds from nine vessels weighing 164 grams came from Trench 38. A single are present in the assemblage from Plot 30, but in smaller amounts. Of note is the sherd of medieval Humberware and an unidentified fragment came from (38012) and presence of Limestone-tempered Early to Middle Saxon pottery; its presence at Plot (38014) the fills of furrows. 30 may indicate this site is slightly earlier than that at Peake’s Lane. 1.1.33 Three Limestone-tempered (LIMES) Early to Middle Saxon vessels came from the fill 1.1.36 Rubbish disposal patterns at Flixborough (North Lincs.), indicate domestic waste in of ditch [38035], along with another Early to Middle Saxon vessel (EMSAX) and two this period was discarded directly outside properties and later redeposited into

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features during site clearance (Jane Young pers. comm.). Therefore Middle Saxon Ceramic Building Material pottery was deposited close to its place of use and breakage. This pattern also seems to hold true for Early to Middle Saxon sites. Ipswich ware is a rare regional import and Table 17 Archive of the Ceramic Building Material from Plot 31 is usually confined to large or important Saxon centres, such as ecclesiastical centres, wics or places associated with trade (such as the nearby cross-roads at Riby) Tr Cxt Cname Fabric NoF W (g) Description Date (Didsbury 1994, 246-47). However, Ipswich ware is slightly more common in assemblages from the East Coast than elsewhere, probably due to its distribution via 40 40009 CBM Calcareous 1 9 Flake ? coastal and river trade; the location of Plot 30 (where a single sherd is present) and Peak's Lane fit within this pattern. Fired Clay

Potential Table 18 Archive of the Fired Clay from Plot 17 1.1.37 All the material is stable and poses no problems for long-term storage. All the material should be retained. No further work is required on the ceramic building material or the Tr Cxt Type Fabric NoF W (g) Description Date fired clay. The pottery is worthy of further investigation and would benefit from 40 40008 SURFACE Fine 2 74 Abraded; ? comparison with other sites in the area. sandy + one flat 1.1.38 The presence of Early to Middle Saxon pottery indicates that domestic activity was fe surface occurring close by. It is likely that further excavation in the area will produce further deposits of fresh pottery dating to this period, and retrieval of pottery from Early and Potential Middle Saxon features would help to confirm and possibly refine the dating obtained from the evaluation 1.1.40 All the material is stable and poses no problems for long-term storage. No further work is required on the ceramic building material or fired clay. Spot Dating Plot 56 Table 16 Spot Dating for Plot 30 1.1.41 A single sherd of medieval pottery came from (42001). Tr Cxt Date Comment Pottery 37 37009 Mid 12th to early Date on a single 13th sherd Table 18 Archive of the Post-Roman Pottery from Plot 56 38 38008 13th to 15th Date on a single Tr Cxt Cname Form NoS NoV W Part Description Date sherd (g) 38 38012 8th to mid 9th Date on a single sherd 42 42001 BEVOT ? 1 1 1 BS ?ID; very 12th abraded to 38 38014 ? mid 38 38032 5th to mid 9th Date on a single 14th sherd Potential 38 38038 5th to mid 9th Date on a single sherd 1.1.42 All the material is stable and poses no problems for long-term storage. No further work 38 38039 Late 7th to mid 9th is required on the pottery. Plot 73 Plot 31 1.1.43 A single sherd of early modern stoneware came from topsoil (55001). 1.1.39 A single flake of ceramic building material came from (40009) and two pieces of fired clay with flat surfaces (weighing 74g) came from (40008).

153

Pottery Tr Cxt Type Fabric NoF W (g) Description Table 19 Archive of the Post-Roman Pottery from Plot 73 66 66008 AMORPHOUS Fine 2 5 sandy + Tr Cxt Cname Form NoS NoV W (g) Part Date ca 55 55001 BS Hollow 1 1 18 BS 19th to 67 67009 AMORPHOUS Fine 1 613 20th sandy + ca Potential Potential 1.1.44 All the material is stable and poses no problems for long-term storage. No further work is required on the pottery. 1.1.46 All the material is stable and poses no problems for long-term storage. No further work is required on the pottery or fired clay. Plot 87 Plot 88 1.1.45 Two sherds of 13th to 15th century Humberware and six fragments of fired clay were retrieved from trenches 65, 66 and 67. 1.1.47 A single Roman tegula came from context (69018), fill of ditch [69017=69008=69013].

Pottery Ceramic Building Material

Table 20 Archive of the Post-Roman Pottery from Plot 87 Table 21, Archive of the Ceramic Building Material from Plot 88

Tr Cxt Cname Form NoS NoV W Part Description Date Tr Cxt Cname Fabric NoF W (g) Description Date (g) 69 69018 TEG Fine 1 390 Abraded; Roman 68 68008 HUM ? 2 1 7 BS Very 13th sandy + flange burnt; ?ID to common 15th fe + sparse 68 68021 HUM Jug/ 1 1 4 BS Abraded 13th shale jar to 15th Potential

Fired Clay 1.1.48 All the material is stable and poses no problems for long-term storage. No further work is required on the pottery. Table 21 Archive of the Fired Clay from Plot 87 Plot 101 Tr Cxt Type Fabric NoF W (g) Description 1.1.49 Four sherds of medieval pottery came from topsoil (79001) and (79008) fill of ditch 65 65005 AMORPHOUS Fine 1 3 Mould? [79009], with a single fragment of fired clay present in fill of ditch [80006]. sandy 65 65005 AMORPHOUS Fine 1 6 sandy, reduced 66 66006 AMORPHOUS Fine 1 3 sandy + ca

154

Pottery

Table 23 Archive of the Post-Roman Pottery from Plot 101

Tr Cxt Cname Form NoS NoV W (g) Part Date 79 79001 HUM Jug/ jar 1 1 8 BS Early 13th to mid 14th 79 79008 BEVO2 Jug/ jar 3 2 10 BS Late 13th to 15th

Fired Clay

Table 24 Archive of the Fired Clay from Plot 101

Tr Cxt Type Fabric NoF W (g) Description 80 80012 AMORPHOUS Fine 2 13 sandy + ca + fe

Potential

1.1.50 All the material is stable and poses no problems for long-term storage. No further work is required on the pottery

Plot 111

1.1.51 A substantial collection of medieval pottery comprising 191 sherds from 138 vessels weighing 1190 grams was recovered from four trenches, along with five fragments of ceramic building material and 90 fragments of fired clay.

155

Pottery

1.1.52 A summary of the pottery is shown below, followed by an archive of the material.

Table 22 Summary of the Post-Roman Pottery from Plot 111

Period Cname Full name Earliest date Latest date NoS NoV W (g) Early to Middle EMSAX Early or Middle 400 870 4 1 33 Saxon Saxon wares (generic) ESGS Early to mid Anglo- 550 800 1 1 7 Saxon Greensand quartz tempered LIMES Limestone-tempered 400 850 1 1 4 Anglo-Saxon SST Early to mid Saxon 550 800 1 1 8 sandstone-tempered Late Saxon LKT Lincoln kiln-type 850 1000 1 1 1 shelly ware LSH Lincoln shelly ware 850 1000 14 11 111 NLLSG North Lincolnshire 850 1050 2 2 46 Late Saxon Grey ware Saxo-Norman to ST Stamford Ware 970 1200 4 3 22 Early Medieval TORK Torksey ware 850 1080 2 2 27 LFS Lincolnshire Fine- 970 1200 7 6 28 shelled ware NLFS North Lincolnshire 975 1100 52 32 232 Fine-Shelled ware NLG North Lincolnshire 1050 1200 1 1 5 Gritty ware NLQC North Lincolnshire 1050 1220 11 8 76 Quartz and Chalk- tempered ware THETT Thetford-type fabrics 1000 1150 1 1 7 Early Medieval BEVO1T Beverley Orange- 1100 1230 12 9 112 type ware Fabric 1 BEVOT Beverley Orange- 1100 1350 2 1 8 type ware

156

Period Cname Full name Earliest date Latest date NoS NoV W (g) LEMS Lincolnshire Early 1130 1230 1 1 4 Medieval Shelly NLEMS North Lincolnshire 1130 1230 32 17 230 Early Medieval Shelly EMHM Early Medieval 1100 1250 1 1 1 Handmade ware BEVOT Beverley Orange- 1100 1350 2 1 8 type ware Medieval BEVO2T Beverley Orange- 1230 1350 5 5 16 type ware Fabric 2 BOUA Bourne-type Fabrics 1150 1400 3 3 18 A, B, C, E, F and G BOU Bourne D ware 1350 1650 3 2 18 ELY Ely-type ware 1175 1350 1 1 3 GRIM Grimston ware 1200 1550 1 1 6 HUM Humberware 1250 1550 1 1 1 MEDLOC Medieval local fabrics 1150 1450 7 7 29 NLCS North Lincolnshire 1175 1400 2 2 18 Coarse Sandy ware NLRISW North Lincolnshire 1200 1450 1 1 14 Reduced Interior Sandy ware NLSFE North Lincolnshire 1100 1400 2 2 14 Shell and Iron NLST North Lincolnshire 1180 1450 5 4 52 Shell-tempered HUM Humberware 1250 1550 1 1 1 MISC Unidentified types - - 10 9 39 TOTAL 191 138 1190

157

Table 23 Archive of the Post-Roman Pottery from Plot 111

Tr Cxt Sample Cname Fabric Form NoS NoV W (g) Part Description 95 95006 HUM Jug 1 1 1 BS 95 95006 LSH Jar/ bowl 1 1 18 BS Abraded 95 95006 LSH Jar/ bowl 1 1 5 Rim Diamond roller stamped decoration 95 95006 LSH E Jar/ bowl 2 1 6 BS 95 95006 LSH E Jar/ bowl 1 1 23 Rim Everted rim; soot 95 95006 LSH E Jar/ bowl 1 1 9 BS Soot on rim edge 95 95006 MISC Shell- Jar/ bowl 1 1 5 BS Leached tempered 95 95006 NLFS Jar/ bowl 1 1 4 Base 95 95017 5/95/3 NLQC Jar/ bowl 1 1 1 BS Soot 95 95020 LSH E Bowl 1 1 13 BS Inturned rim; abraded 95 95020 MISC ? 2 1 13 BS Abraded; burnt 95 95020 NLEMS Jar/ bowl 2 1 8 BS Soot 95 95020 NLSFE Jar/ bowl 1 1 5 BS Abraded 95 95025 BEVO2T ? 1 1 1 BS 95 95025 NLEMS Jar/ bowl 2 1 4 BS Flakes 95 95025 ST B ? 1 1 3 BS Flake; burnt; ?ID 95 95026 LSH E Jar/ bowl 1 1 7 BS Abraded 95 95026 MISC Shell- Jar/ bowl 1 1 1 BS Leached; tempered possibly LFS? 95 95026 NLLSG Jar 1 1 13 Rim ?ID or Roman 95 95027 BEVO1T Jug/ jar 1 1 5 BS Splashed glaze 95 95027 NLSFE Jar/ bowl 1 1 9 BS Abraded 96 96001/2 NLEMS Bowl 2 1 46 Rim Long everted rim; abraded 96 96001/2 NLQC Jar/ bowl 2 1 16 BS White deposit; abraded

158

Tr Cxt Sample Cname Fabric Form NoS NoV W (g) Part Description 96 96007 NLST Jar/ bowl 1 1 9 BS Soot 96 96009 BEVO1T ? 3 1 1 BS Traces of splashed glaze; abraded 96 96009 NLFS ? 2 1 1 BS Abraded 97 U/S BEVO2T B Jug 1 1 8 BS CU glaze; ?ID; rectangular roller stamped body

97 U/S BEVO2T C Jug/ jar 1 1 1 BS Very abraded 97 U/S BEVOT Jug 2 1 8 BS Abraded; Applied and roller stamped fe strip 97 U/S MEDLOC Fine sandy + Jar/ bowl 1 1 21 Base Very abraded sparse ca; dull OX/R/OX 97 U/S NLEMS Jar/ bowl 3 1 12 BS 97 U/S NLRISW Jug 1 1 14 BS 97 97005 NLFS Jar/ bowl 1 1 8 Rim Flared rim 97 97005 NLFS Jar/ bowl 1 1 6 BS Soot 97 97008 NLEMS Jar/ bowl 2 1 3 BS Abraded 97 97013 NLEMS Jar/ bowl 1 1 26 Base 97 97019 NLFS Jar/ bowl 3 1 10 Rim + BS Long everted rim; soot 97 97034 BEVO1T Jar/ bowl 1 1 1 BS Splashed glaze 97 97034 BOUA B Jar/ bowl 1 1 3 BS ?ID or ELY; soot 97 97034 EMHM TORK Jar/ bowl 1 1 1 BS 97 97034 MEDLOC Dull Oxid; fine ? 1 1 1 BS SV as sandy + flint (97057); V01 97 97034 MEDLOC Various ? 2 2 2 BS Small and abraded frags 97 97034 NLEMS Jar/ bowl 1 1 5 BS ?ID; possible heat affected

159

Tr Cxt Sample Cname Fabric Form NoS NoV W (g) Part Description 97 97034 NLFS Jar/ bowl 12 1 82 BS Soot; possibly same vessel as NLFS in (97057) 97 97037 LKT Jar/ bowl 1 1 1 BS Soot 97 97041 NLEMS Jar/ bowl 1 1 8 Rim Long everted rim 97 97041 NLQC Jar/ bowl 1 1 14 Rim Flared rim 97 97041 ST C ? 1 1 1 BS No glaze 97 97042 NLFS Jar/ bowl 1 1 1 Base + BS Soot 97 97044 BEVO2T C Jug/ jar 1 1 3 BS Suspension glaze 97 97045 BEVO1T J? 1 1 1 BS 97 97045 BEVO1T Jug 2 1 12 BS Splashed glaze; abraded 97 97045 BOU Smooth Jar/ bowl 2 1 5 BS ?ID 97 97045 BOU Smooth Jug/ jar 1 1 13 Base ?ID 97 97045 BOUA A Jar/ bowl 1 1 11 BS ?ID; abraded; soot 97 97045 NLEMS Jar/ bowl 1 1 5 BS Soot; internally leached 97 97045 NLFS Jar/ bowl 19 19 43 BS Soot 97 97045 NLFS Jar/ bowl 4 1 31 Base + BS Soot 97 97045 NLG Jar/ bowl 1 1 5 Rim Rounded rim; abraded 97 97045 NLQC Jar/ bowl 1 1 1 BS ?ID; abraded 97 97045 NLQC Jar/ bowl 1 1 25 Base Abraded; soot 97 97045 TORK Jar/ bowl 1 1 17 BS Abraded 97 97049 BOUA A + ca Jar/ bowl 1 1 4 BS Soot; ?ID 97 97049 NLEMS Jar/ bowl 3 1 11 BS Abraded 97 97057 BEVO2T Jug 1 1 3 BS Suspension glaze 97 97057 MEDLOC Dull Oxid; fine ? 1 1 1 BS SV as sandy + flint (97034); V01 97 97057 NLEMS Jar/ bowl 3 1 13 Base + BS Soot

160

Tr Cxt Sample Cname Fabric Form NoS NoV W (g) Part Description 97 97057 NLEMS Jar/ bowl 1 1 16 Rim Square everted; soot 97 97057 NLFS Jar/ bowl 1 1 9 BS Soot; possibly same vessel as NLFS in (97034) 97 97061 EMSAX + fossil shell Jar/ bowl 4 1 33 BS Soot 97 97061 MISC ? 2 2 2 BS Abraded 97 97061 NLFS Jar/ bowl 3 1 1 BS 97 97061 TORK Jar/ bowl 1 1 10 Rim Lid seated rim 98 98004 LSH E Jar/ bowl 3 1 7 BS Leached; soot; Diamond roller stamped decoration 98 98006 NLEMS Jar/ bowl 5 1 34 Base + BS Soot + carbonised deposit; leached 98 98024 and BEVO1T Jug/jar 1 1 3 BS Splashed 98076 glaze 98 98024 and NLEMS Jar/ bowl 1 1 24 Base Internally 98076 leached; heat affected 98 98024 and NLEMS Jar/ bowl 2 1 5 BS Flakes; soot 98076 98 98024 and NLEMS Jar/ bowl 1 1 5 Rim Abraded 98076 98 98024 and NLFS Jar/ bowl 1 1 20 Base 98076 98 98024 and NLFS Jar/ bowl 1 1 6 BS Soot 98076 98 98029 ESGS Jar/ bowl 1 1 7 BS Soot 98 98029 LSH E Jar/ bowl 1 1 4 Rim Everted hollow rim; ?ID; soot 98 98042 BEVO1T Jug 1 1 1 BS Splashed glaze 98 98042 ELY Jar/ bowl 1 1 3 BS ??ID 98 98042 LIMES Jar/ bowl 1 1 4 BS

161

Tr Cxt Sample Cname Fabric Form NoS NoV W (g) Part Description 98 98042 LSH E Jar/ bowl 1 1 1 BS Flake; ?ID 98 98042 MEDLOC Fine sandy ? 2 2 4 BS One oxidised; one reduced 98 98042 MISC Fine sandy + ? 2 2 10 BS Abraded; pot large ca or cbm? 98 98042 NLCS Jug/ jar 1 1 14 BS Burnt? 98 98042 NLEMS Jar/ bowl 1 1 5 BS Soot 98 98042 NLQC Jar/ bowl 2 2 5 BS Soot 98 98042 ST C Pitcher 2 1 18 BS + Rim with Thin yellow handle from green rim top 98 98043 5/98/2 NLEMS Jar/ bowl 1 1 3 BS Flake 98 98043 5/98/2 NLQC Reduced Jar/ bowl 2 1 4 BS 98 98067 THETT Jar/ bowl 1 1 7 BS Abraded 98 98070 5/98/4 LSH Jar/ bowl 3 1 1 BS 98 98070 5/98/4 MISC Reduced fine ? 1 1 1 BS sandy + oolite 98 Associated BEVO1T Jug 1 1 13 BS Splashed with (98046) glaze 98 Associated BEVO1T Jug 1 1 75 BS Abraded; with (98046) splashed glaze; ?ID 98 Associated LFS Jar/ bowl 1 1 13 Base Soot with (98046) 98 Associated LSH E Bowl 1 1 18 Rim Inturned rim; with (98046) heat affected 98 Associated NLLSG Jar 1 1 33 Base ?ID or odd with (98046) Roman Greyware; wheelthrown 98 Associated NLQC Jar/ bowl 3 1 12 BS Soot with (98046) 98 Associated NLST Jar/ bowl 1 1 4 BS with (98046) 98 Associated NLST Jar/ bowl 1 1 13 Rim + BS Soot; ?ID with (98046)

162

Tr Cxt Sample Cname Fabric Form NoS NoV W (g) Part Description 98 Associated SST Red tinted Jar/ bowl 1 1 8 BS Abraded with (98046) SST grains + millstone grit + acid igneous and biotite 98 Associated GRIM Jug/ jar 1 1 6 BS ??ID with (98046) 98 Associated LEMS Jar/ bowl 1 1 4 BS Internally with (98046) leached and soot 98 Associated LFS Jar/ bowl 5 4 12 BS Some soot with (98046) 98 Associated LFS Small jar/ bowl 1 1 3 Rim Flared rim; with (98046) soot 98 Associated NLQC Jar/ bowl 1 1 3 BS Soot with (98046) 98 Surface finds MISC Dull OX/R/OX; ? 1 1 7 BS Very [98029] medium sandy abraded; ?ID 98 Surface finds MISC OX/R; fne ? 1 1 1 BS Red slipped [98029] sandy 98 Surface finds NLCS Jar/ bowl 1 1 4 BS [98029] 98 Surface finds NLFS Jar/ bowl 2 1 10 BS Soot [98029] 98 Surface finds NLST Jar/ bowl 2 1 26 Base Soot on lower [98029] body 98 ST B Jar/ Pitcher 1 1 3 BS Thin yellow glaze

163

Ceramic Building Material

Table 24 Archive of the Ceramic Building Material from Plot 111

Tr Cxt Cname NoF W (g) Description Date 96 96007 PANT 4 1289 19th to 20th 98 Associated PNR 1 17 Flat roofer 13th to with [cut 15th 98042]

Fired Clay

Table 25 Archive of the Fired Clay from Plot 111

Tr Cxt Sample Type Fabric NoF W (g) Description 95 95006 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy 1 1 95 95015 5/95/2 MOULD Fine sandy 1 1 Dark reduced 95 95020 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + ca 6 5 Two reduced 95 95022 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + ca 4 10 97 97005 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy 1 1 97 97005 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + ca 2 4 97 97009 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy 2 1 97 97015 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + ca 2 5 Reduced; possible MOULD? 97 97015 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + ca 4 9 97 97034 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + ca 4 18 97 97039 MOULD Fine sandy 1 1 ?ID 97 97043 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + ca 5 27 97 97044 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + ca 1 3 Part reduced; MOULD? 97 97049 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + ca 1 9 97 97051 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + ca 7 65 97 97052 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + ca 3 7 97 97057 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + ca 1 22 Possible stick/lath impression 97 97057 SURFACE Fine sandy 1 6 Reduced interior; organic impressions;

164

Tr Cxt Sample Type Fabric NoF W (g) Description flake 97 97061 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + ca 2 15 98 98015 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + ca 1 2 98 98024 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + ca 1 37 Reduced with oxidised surface? 98 98024 and 98076 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + large ca 5 82 98 98029 LOOM Fine sandy + large ca 5 128 ?ID; one frag has three surfaces 98 98058 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + ca 1 18 98 98060 5/98/7 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + ca 7 2 One oxidised 98 98067 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + ca 1 4 98 98070 5/98/4 DAUB Fine sandy + organic 4 5 Burnt 98 98075 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy 3 2 98 Associated with [cut AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + ca 4 18 98042] 98 Associated with AMORPHOUS Fine sandy 4 8 98046 98 Associated with MOULD Fine sandy 2 9 Dark reduced 98046 internally 98 Associated with MOULD Fine sandy 1 4 Dark reduced interior 98046 98 Associated with SURFACE Fine sandy + ca 2 54 98046

Provenance Trench 97

Trench 95 1.1.55 Context (97061) contained Early to Middle Saxon and Saxo-Norman pottery. A single sherd of Late Saxon pottery came from (97037), fill of [97028]. Three sherds of Saxo- 1.1.53 Pottery of Late Saxon and medieval date was retrieved from ditch [95007], linear Norman/early medieval pottery were present in (97041) fill of [97032], with a single [95016] and [95028]. Twelve fragments of fired clay were also retrieved from this example present in [97033]. A small sherd of medieval Beverley ware and two Trench. fragments of fired clay came from the fills of ditch [97027]. Seven fragments of amorphous fired clay were retrieved from the fill of the drainage slot at the base of Trench 96 [97027]. 1.1.54 Five vessels of medieval pottery, comprising local and regional imports, came from 1.1.56 Contexts (97005), (97008), (97013) and (97034) contained medieval sandy and shelly- contexts (96001/2), (96007) and (96009). Four fragments of early modern pantile also wares and fired clay fragments, as did small pit [97056]; one vessel cross-joins with came from (96007). context (97034). 1.1.57 Pottery of mixed date is present in (97045) and (97049) fills of ditch [97027] and comprises Saxo-Norman, early medieval and medieval ware types.

165

Trench 98 Tr Cxt Date Comment 1.1.58 Early to Middle Saxon pottery and what may be the remains of a loomweight came 95 95026 Mid 9th to mid 11th from linear [98028]. Small pit [98005] contained a single Late Saxon sherd, as did the upper fill of linear [98051]. The latter also contained four fragments of daub. 95 95027 12th to early 13th 1.1.59 Saxo-Norman pottery and a fragment of fired clay came from lower fill of linear 96 96001/2 12th to early 13th [98039]. Small pit [98007] contained medieval shellyware (NLEMS). Pottery spanning 96 96007 19th to 20th Date on CBM the Late Saxon to medieval period, along with a single medieval roofing tile, was recovered from moat [98042]. 96 96009 12th to early 13th 1.1.60 Small amounts of fired clay came from a fill of cess pit [98016], ditch [98020], linears 97 97005 Late 10th to 12th [98052] and [98057], and pit [98055]. 97 97008 Early 12th to early Discussion 13th 97 97013 Early 12th to early 1.1.61 The location of this site is extremely significant: not only does it represent a previously 13th unrecorded deserted medieval village but it is in close proximity to Thornton Abbey. 97 97019 Late 10th to 12th 1.1.62 The pottery present in the assemblage suggests occupation of the site spans the Early Saxon to medieval period. It is notable than no imported pottery is present as are 97 97034 12th to 14th relatively few Humberware sherds. This suggests a cessation in activity at the site 97 97037 Mid 9th to 10th prior to the mid 13th century. Recent excavations at Thornton Abbey revealed deposits spanning the mid 11th century to the Dissolution (Irving 2012). The Abbey 97 97041 Mid 11th to early was founded in the early 12th century and the ceramic data suggest the settlement at 13th Plot 111 survived for around 100 years after this date. Further archaeological 97 97042 Late 10th to 12th investigation at both sites may well provide important information concerning the relationship between the settlement and the monastery. 97 97044 Late 13th to mid 14th Potential 97 97045 14th 1.1.63 All the material is stable and poses no problems for long-term storage. All the material 97 97049 Mid 12th to 14th should be retained. No further work is required at this stage but the pottery may require reassessment in light of further excavation at the site, which is likely to yield 97 97057 13th to mid 14th substantial deposits of Anglo-Saxon and medieval ceramics. 97 97061 10th to late 11th Spot Dating 98 98004 Mid 9th to 10th 98 98006 Early 12th to early Table 26 Spot Dating for Plot 111 13th 98 98024/76 13th to mid 14th Tr Cxt Date Comment 98 98029 Mid 9th to 10th 95 95006 13th to 15th Contains a number of Late Saxon 98 98042 Late 12th to mid sherds 14th 95 95017 Mid 11th to early Date on a single 98 98043 12th to early 13th 13th sherd 98 98067 11th to mid 12th Date on a single 95 95020 Early 12th to early sherd 13th 98 98070 Mid 9th to 10th 95 95025 13th to mid 14th 98 Associated with cut 13th to 15th Date on CBM only

166

Tr Cxt Date Comment Tr Cxt Date Comment [98042] 98 Associated with 13th to 14th 98046 Ceramic Building Material

Table 27 Archive of the Ceramic Building Material from Plot 111

Tr Cxt Cname Fabric NoF W (g) Description Date 99 99008 CBM Fine Very ? oxidised 1 3 abraded + fe

Fired Clay

Table 28 Archive of the Fired Clay from Plot 111

Tr Cxt Cname Fabric NoF W (g) Description 99 99005 AMORPHOUS Fine 1 9 Reduced sandy interior 99 99005 SURFACE Fine 3 28 One flat sandy + surface; all ca frags of same structure? 99 99006 AMORPHOUS Fine 1 5 sandy + ca

Potential

1.1.64 All the material is stable and poses no problems for long-term storage. No further work

is required on the ceramic building material and fired clay.

Plot 120

1.1.65 Ten tiny fragments of Late Saxon and medieval pottery and a flake of brick were associated with 42 fragments of fired clay.

167

Pottery

Table 29 Archive of the Post-Roman Pottery from Plot 120

Tr Cxt Sample Cname Fabric Form NoS NoV W (g) Part Description 104 104013 LKT Jar/ bowl 1 1 1 BS 104 104014 5/104/1 NLFS ? 7 1 1 BS Soot 104 104016 5/104/2 LKT ? 1 1 1 BS Flake 104 104016 5/104/2 MISC Reduced fine ? 5 5 3 BS Flakes sandy 104 104016 5/104/2 NLQC ? 1 1 1 BS Flake; ?ID 104 104023 5/104/4 LKT Jar/ bowl 1 1 1 BS

Ceramic Building Material

Table 30 Archive of the Ceramic Building Material from Plot 120

Tr Cxt Cname Fabric NoF W (g) Description Date 104 104026 BRK Calcareous 1 3 Flake ?

Fired Clay

Table 31 Archive of the Fired Clay from Plot 120

Tr Cxt Sample Form Fabric NoF W (g) Description 104 104014 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + ca 1 7 104 104014 5/104/1 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy 1 1 104 104029 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + ca 7 107 Lath and finger impression 104 104031 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + ca 5 54 104 104032 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + ca 3 25 104 104106 5/104/2 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy 23 5 Two reduced 104 104200 AMORPHOUS Fine sandy + ca 2 15

168

Provenance Tr Cxt Date Comment

Trench 104 104 104106 ? Only contains undateable fired clay 1.1.66 A small sherd of Late Saxon shell-tempered ware (LKT) came from (104013) a fill of shallow ditch [104012]. Seven sherds from a single late 10th to 12th century vessel 104 104200 ? Only contains undateable fired clay and two small fragments of fired clay were retrieved from (104014) a fill of gully terminus [104015]. Context (104016) contained five unidentified sherds, a single sherd of Late Saxon shelly ware (LKT) and a mid 11th to early 13th century sherd, which is Abbreviations the upper fill of gully [104019]. Another Late Saxon sherd came from the lower fill of linear ditch [104022]. A single flake of calcareous brick came from (104026), lower fill ACBMG Archaeological Ceramic Building Materials Group of ditch [104025]. Contexts (104029), (104031), (104032), fills of ditch [104028], and BS Body sherd (104106) and (104200) contained small amounts of fired clay CBM Ceramic Building Material Discussion CXT Context

1.1.67 All of the material comprises small and abraded fragments; it is highly likely all the LHJ Lower Handle Join material is redeposited. NoF Number of Fragments NoS Number of sherds Potential NoV Number of vessels 1.1.68 All the material is stable and poses no problems for long-term storage. No further work is required on any of the ceramic finds. UHJ Upper Handle Join W (g) Weight (grams) Spot Dating

Table 32 Spot Dating for Plot 120 References

Tr Cxt Date Comment 104 104013 Mid 9th to 11th Date on a single 2001, Draft Minimum Standards for the Recovery, Analysis and Publication of Ceramic sherd Building Material, third version [internet]. Available from http://www.geocities.com/acbmg1/CBMGDE3.htm. 104 104014 Late 10th to 12th Date on a single sherd 2010, Lincolnshire Archaeological Handbook [internet]. Available at http://www.lincolnshire.gov.uk/ section.asp?catId=3155. 104 104016 Mid 11th to early 13th Boyle, A., 2008, ‘The Pottery’ in GRPL08, Archaeological Evaluation on land at Peaks Lane, Grimsby, Northeast Lincolnshire. Final Report, Report 110/08, Archaeological Project Services. 104 104023 Mid 9th to 11th Date on a single sherd Boyle, A., Young, J., and R. Kendall, 2009, A Pottery Type-Series for North Lincolnshire, North Lincolnshire Museum Service. 104 104026 ? Only contains Didsbury, P., 1994, 'The pottery from Riby cross roads' in K. Steedman, Excavations at Riby undateable CBM Cross Roads, Lincolnshire, Archaeological Journal 151: 212-306. 104 104029 ? Only contains Ellis, S, Fenwick, H., Lillie, M. and Van de Noort, R., 2001, ‘Marshchapel 2’ in Wetland undateable fired clay Heritage of the Lincolnshire Marsh (Univ of Hull), 137-158. 104 104031 ? Only contains Gouletquer, P.L., The Development of Salt Making in Prehistoric Europe, Essex Journal 8, 2- undateable fired clay 14. 104 104032 ? Only contains Healey, H., 1999, ‘A Medieval Salt-Making site in Bicker Haven, Lincolnshire’, in Bell, A., undateable fired clay Gurney, D. and Healey, H., (eds) Lincolnshire Salterns: Excavations at Helpringham, Holbeach St Johns and Bicker Haven, East Anglian Archaeology 89, 82-101.

169

Irving, A., 2012, ‘The Pottery’ in H. Willmott, Excavations at Thornton Abbey: Interim Report, University of Sheffield. Lane, T. and Morris, E.L., (eds), 2001, A Millennium of Saltmaking: Prehistoric and Romano- British Salt Production in the Fenland, Lincolnshire Archaeology and Heritage Reports Series 4. Lane, T., forthcoming, ‘The Briquetage’, in Cope-Faulkner, P., Excavations at Willow Tree Fen, Pinchbeck, Lincolnshire. Morris, E.L. forthcoming, ‘The Briquetage’ in Cope-Faulkner, P., A medieval salt-making complex in King’s Lynn – Investigations at the former Queen Mary’s Nursing Home, 2002- 2003. Rudkin, E.H. and Owen, D.M., 1960, The Medieval Salt Industry in the Lindsey Marshland. Lincs Architectural and Archaeological Society Reports and Papers Vol 8, 76-84. Slowikowski, A. M., Nenk, B., and Pearce, J., 2001, Minimum Standards for the Processing, Recording, Analysis and Publication of Post-Roman Ceramics, Medieval Pottery Research Group Occasional Paper 2.

170

APPENDIX 7 OF ANNEX 6.6.5: PHASE I PRELIMINARY INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION REPORT

Methodology by M. Wood B.A. (Hons) M.Litt MIfA 1.1.2 The assemblage was cleaned of surface debris, counted, weighed and visually 1.1 Introduction scanned to identify diagnostic material. Reference was made to published guides (Crew 1996). 1.1.1 Two hundred and twenty fragments of slag weighing 9.02 kg were recovered during a programme of trial trenching undertaken as part of the Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm Results project along the route of a proposed onshore cable route from North Cotes to North Killingholme. 1.1.3 A summary of the assemblage is recorded below in Table 1. Scanning the material revealed a mixture of low levels of fuel ash slag within Plots 11, 13 and 31 and probable metal smithing waste associated with Plots 19, 88, 112 and 120.

Table 1

No. Weight Context Tr. Plot Description Provisional Date Recommend Frags (g) 8005 8 11 3 180.1 Fuel ash slag Medieval No further work 8011 8 11 2 11.9 Fuel ash slag Medieval No further work 8015 8 11 3 14.4 Fuel ash slag Medieval No further work 8016 8 11 2 2 Fuel ash slag Medieval No further work 10004 10 11 8 67.1 Fuel ash slag Medieval No further work 10021 10 11 1 1.6 Fuel ash slag Medieval No further work 16003 16 13 13 67.8 Fuel ash slag Medieval No further work 16026 16 13 9 42.2 Fuel ash slag Medieval No further work 16040 16 13 11 96.2 Fuel ash slag Medieval No further work 22012 22 19 1 10.2 Fuel ash slag Roman Specialist analysis 22014 22 19 2 24.4 Fuel ash slag Roman Specialist analysis 22015 22 19 1 6 Fuel ash slag Roman Specialist analysis 22021 22 19 4 33 Fuel ash slag Roman Specialist analysis 22024 22 19 13 749 Metalworking slag Roman? Specialist analysis 22025 22 19 90 3265.4 Metalworking slag Roman? Specialist analysis 22028 22 19 12 176 Fuel ash slag Roman? Specialist analysis 22029 22 19 6 563 Metalworking slag Roman? Specialist analysis 22030 22 19 5 506 Metalworking slag Roman? Specialist analysis 40004 40 31 1 12.2 Fuel ash slag unknown No further work 62003 62 87 2 3 Clinker Undated No further work

171

No. Weight Context Tr. Plot Description Provisional Date Recommend Frags (g) Consider specialist 69015 69 88 1 709.4 Metalworking slag? Roman analysis Includes smithing 99005 99 112 11 988.3 hearth fragment Roman Specialist analysis 99006 99 112 16 827.7 Smithing and fuel ash Roman Specialist analysis 104018 104 120 1 3 Fuel ash slag IA/RB Specialist analysis 104031 104 120 4 660 Metalworking slag IA/RB Specialist analysis

to mitigation excavation, it would be advisable to involve an archaeological metallurgist Discussion in any future sampling strategies.

1.1.4 Plots 11 (Trenches 8 and 10) and 13 (Trench 16) both contained fuel ash slag 1.1.10 The fuel ash slag recovered from Plots 11, 13 and 31 is of less obvious value, beyond recovered from contexts associated with medieval salt-making. Fuel ash slag is noting its presence and the undated clinker from Plot 87 can be discarded. The fuel typically light-coloured, vesicular and formed from high temperature firing of organic ash from the salt-making sites (Plots 11 and 13) should however be retained and matter, and may be fused with surrounding material. Whilst the presence of fuel ash is considered alongside any further material recovered during subsequent archaeological of interest, there is probably little more that may be profitably gained from further study mitigation within these plots. at this stage other than noting its presence on the salt-making sites. Similarly the single fragment of fuel ash slag recovered from Plot 31 is of little further interest as is References the undated clinker from Plot 87. Crew, P. 1996 Bloom refining and smithing slags and other residues The Historical 1.1.5 Plot 69 contained a single, albeit fairly large, fragment of probable Roman Metallurgy Society Data sheet 6. metalworking slag. Plots 19 (Trench 22), 112 (Trench 99) and 120 (Trench 104) English Heritage, 2011 Pre-industrial ironworks Introductions to Heritage Assets. produced considerably more material, including over 5 kg of slag from Plot 19 and just under 2 kg from Plot 112. Wood, M 2012 HWFE12 Phase I preliminary industrial production residue (slag) catalogue. Unpublished client report for PCAS. 1.1.6 The slag from Plot 19 was again associated with a salt-making site, though this has been provisionally dated to the Roman period. Such large quantities of slag suggest both fuel ash associated with the proposed salt making and potentially iron working in the vicinity of the trench. High levels of fired clay/briquetage were also recovered from this trench and should be considered in conjunction with the slag data in any further analysis. 1.1.7 Plot 112 produced strong evidence for metalworking including a probable smithing hearth bottom, with residual fired clay fused to one large piece of slag. This trench produced high levels of Roman artefacts and the hearth bottom fragment suggests a Roman smithy was probably located nearby. 1.1.8 Plot 120 contained further large fragments of slag and suggests metalworking within a probable Iron Age to Roman square enclosure, which the trench bisects.

Recommendations

1.1.9 The material from Plots 19, 112 and 120 should be assessed by an appropriate archaeological metallurgist in conjunction with the study of any fired clay hearth lining or kiln furniture from these plots. Slag and hammerscale recovered from relevant bulk samples should also be included in any analysis work. Should these plots be subject

172

APPENDIX 8 OF ANNEX 6.6.5: PHASE II PRELIMINARY INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION REPORT

Methodology by M. Wood B.A. (Hons) M.Litt MIfA 1.1.2 The assemblage was cleaned of surface debris, counted, weighed and macroscopically examined to identify diagnostic material. A small magnet was also 1.1 Introduction utilised to test for a ferric response. Full reference was made to published guides (Crew 1996). 1.1.1 Three fragments of suspected metal-working material weighing 420 g were recovered during a programme of trial trenching undertaken as part of the Hornsea Offshore Results Wind Farm project along the route of a proposed onshore cable route from North Cotes to North Killingholme. 1.1.3 A summary of the assemblage is recorded below in Table 1: all the material was derived from a single ditch on plot 118 of probable Iron Age date.

Table 1

No. Context Trench Plot Weight (g) Description Provisional Date Recommendations Frags 102043 102 118 3 420 Probable iron ore Iron Age-Roman Specialist Analysis

trenches. Slag and hammerscale recovered from relevant bulk samples should also be Discussion included in any analysis work. Should these plots be subject to mitigation excavation, it would be advisable to involve an archaeological metallurgist in any future sampling 1.1.4 Plot 118 contained three fragments of probable iron ore, all from context 102043, the strategies. fill of a possible Iron Age ditch. The material has a poor magnetic response and does not resemble typical metalworking slag seen across the previously examined References assemblage from the first phase of trenching (Wood 2012). It is perhaps significant that the material has been discarded and may have been collected for possible Crew, P. 1996 Bloom refining and smithing slags and other residues The Historical smelting and discarded due to low quality. The largest piece does exhibit signs of Metallurgy Society Data sheet 6. oxidized corrosion on one area which suggests it may contain a low ferric potential. English Heritage, 2011 Pre-industrial ironworks Introductions to Heritage Assets. 1.1.5 Nearby plots include Plot 112 which produced strong evidence for Roman Wood, M 2012 HWFE12 Phase I preliminary industrial production residue (slag) metalworking including a probable smithing hearth bottom, with residual fired clay catalogue. Unpublished client report for PCAS. fused to one large piece of slag. Plot 120 also contained large fragments of slag and suggested metalworking within a probable Iron Age to Roman square enclosure. As such it is not unreasonable to consider low level metal smithing and perhaps smelting were occurring within settlements in the immediate area in the Iron Age-Roman period. 1.1.6 Humberside contains a seam of Jurassic Frodingham ironstone which was opencast mined from the mid-19th century around Scunthorpe c.30 miles west of Plot 118. Whilst it is uncertain where these pieces originated, a local outcrop of ironstone may be the most likely source.

Recommendations

1.1.7 The material from Plot 118 should be assessed by an appropriate archaeological metallurgist in conjunction with the study of other metalworking debris from nearby

173 APPENDIX 9 OF ANNEX 6.6.5: PHASE I LITHIC MATERIALS REPORT

Plot 31 by Dr David Underhill 1.1.6 Four pieces examined and found to be natural. 1.1 Introduction Plot 33 1.1.1 Eighty pieces of flint were recovered during a programme of archaeological field work conducted to evaluate the archaeological potential of the Hornsea Offshore Wind 1.1.7 Just one piece was recovered from Plot 33; a secondary flake of black/brown flint. The Farm cable route. Sixteen of these pieces were found to be struck flints, with the piece is damaged through removals on both faces, mainly from the proximal. These remaining 64 being formed naturally, mainly through thermal fracturing. The majority of are distinct as their compression waves are far more pronounced than those of the the genuine artefacts are simple chips or flakes with just three tools present: an end anthropogenic removals. Other than this damage the artefact is in mint condition. scraper, a core scraper and a small section of scraper retouch. This limited number of retouched tools makes dating difficult but suggests an Iron Age presence at the very Plot 56 latest, with the distinct probability that the material is earlier, most likely Bronze Age or 1.1.8 One piece examined and found to be natural. Neolithic. Plot 73 Methodology 1.1.9 Just one of the five pieces recovered from Trench 55 in Plot 73 has been retained. As 1.1.2 All of the artefacts were examined and their attributes recorded and compiled to form a with the other plots a range of flint is found; blue/grey, black/grey, beige/white and digital archive. Both macroscopic analysis and the use of a x3 spectacle magnifier or brown/orange. However, all have been subject to edge crushing and nibbling. The x6 hand lens identified evidence of deliberate modification and established its position artefact is a simple secondary flake with earlier stepped removals from one lateral in the reduction sequence, any observable characteristics of the reduction technology evident on the dorsal, the rest of which is cortextual. and an assessment of functional potential. Metrical data was recorded for each genuine archaeological piece. Plot 81

Archive List 1.1.10 Just one piece was recovered from Trench 59 in Plot 81: a secondary flake on brown/orange translucent material. It is from a discoidal knapping sequence and 1.1.3 See Appendix 9.1. resembles a secondary thinning flake. Although the platform is plain, the dorsal shows chipping in preparation for the removal. The distal end, where the flake slightly Plots plunges, reveals an older oxidising surface. Plot 26 Plot 85 1.1.4 One piece examined and found to be natural. 1.1.11 One piece examined and found to be natural. Plot 30 Plot 87 1.1.5 21 pieces of flint were recovered from two trenches (37 and 38) in Plot 30. 18 were 1.1.12 Two pieces were recovered from Plot 87, both grey flints with evidence of crushing, discarded and three retained. Most of the material is either translucent black or although only one is a genuine artefact. On the genuine flake, the dorsal is composed brown/grey flint. Two of the archived pieces are from Trench 37 with just one piece of three separate pot lid scars. There is every chance that this piece was formed from Trench 38; a complete flake from secondary core working. The material from naturally, yet it is a percussion flake and caution dictates it is retained. Trench 37 also includes a single flake which not only is plunged but has broken on the distal, possibly reflecting the use of a natural surface as the platform. Additionally Plot 88 there is a shapeless core with evidence for both single and parallel removals up to 50 mm in length, far in excess of either of the flakes found in the plot. All of the pieces are 1.1.13 Three of the eight pieces recovered from Plot 88 (Trench 69) have been retained. All quite heavily battered although none of them show much re-cortication, oxidisation or of the material recovered is a shade of brown, although several different types of flint staining. are present. Most of the material was generated through thermal fracturing, although there are two flakes and a core scraper. One of the flakes is just the distal section of what may have been a blade, making interpretation impossible; the other is a

174 secondary flake with a lateral break on the right side. The core scraper is evidence as it stands is most suggestive of a Bronze Age presence over the manufactured on a pebble ecofact formed through thermal fracturing. An undetected landscape. pot lid can be seen on the natural face with the other face formed from frost fractures, the surfaces of which are differentially discoloured. The unifacial retouch is sub- parallel, scraper and scalar in type. It is generally much fresher than the other surfaces References it does appear to be discoloured, hinting at re-use. Deyer, J. (ed). 1993. Discovering Prehistoric England. Princes Risborough: Shire Plot 104 Publications Limited. 1.1.14 Two pieces examined and found to be natural. Humphrey, J. and Young, R. 1999. Flint Use in Later Bronze Age and Iron Age England – Still a Fiction? Lithics 20: 57-61. Plot 111 Kooyman, B.P. 2000. Understanding Stone Tools and Archaeological Sites. Calgary: 1.1.15 Six pieces were recovered from three trenches in Plot 111, with all three pieces from University of Calgary Press. trenches 95 and 97 being thermal generated and subject to battering. The remaining Toth, N. 1985. The Oldowan Reassessed: A Close Look at Early Stone Artefacts. three pieces are all from trench 98 and are genuine artefacts. These are produced on Journal of Archaeological Science 12: 101-20. both translucent and opaque brown flint whilst the other trenches produced both translucent brown and grey material. Present is a single hinged secondary flake and two chips. The chips both appear to be soft hammer removals although the same landmarks can be produced with a hard hammer (Kooyman 2000: 79). Although both are chips they are also broken. One, which is blade like, has hinged and the other shows both a distal body break and a lateral break on the left edge, with both showing evidence for crushing. Indeed the crushing, combined with horizontal fractures, makes the blade-like chip appear worked.

Plot 120

1.1.16 The most material from a single plot are the 26 pieces recovered from trench 104, although the vast majority (n=23) are natural. All show evidence of crushing, and some battering is also present (although most of the natural is thermal in origin). Again there are several different coloured materials represented including; grey, black/brown, grey/brown, grey/black/ grey/white, brown, black/blue, orange/brown and blue/grey. The artefacts consist of a single siret fractured secondary flake and two pieces bearing retouch. One of these reveals what is most likely direct sub-parallel scraper retouch on the proximal right margin, and although there is a high level of damage to the edges, there is an 11mm section that appears genuine. The other piece is far more certain being a concavo-convex end scraper, the retouch is mainly direct sub-parallel and scalar although there is also a small area of inverse sub-parallel retouch.

Discussion

1.1.17 Unfortunately, there are only three artefacts in this assemblage that are at all diagnostic, a core, a core scraper and an end scraper. The typo-technology of all of these pieces is not indicative of any particular age; the methods of core reduction used, and the scraper typologies are found from the Oldowan to the Iron Age. However, the core scraper also reveals probably reuse of an earlier artefact, something that is seen in many periods but is expected in the late Bronze Age or Iron Age (Humphrey and Young 1999). Added to this is the presence locally of Fordington Bronze Age barrows at Ulceby, within five miles of Immingham and although several Neolithic long barrows are found between 10 and 20 miles distant (Dyer 1993) the

175 APPENDIX 9.1 OF ANNEX 6.6.5: LITHIC ARCHIVE LIST

Plot Trench Material Typology Size (mm) Platform cortex Scar Pattern Post Comments (mm) depositional damage 30 37 Grey / Beige Ecofact 75x45x20 75% Yes Natural – one removal is frost and the others are almost random in their directionality 30 37 Brown / Grey Flake (Toth 14x21x6 Cortical 4x2 10% Yes Hard hammer flake - Possibly natural – Type II) platform appears prepared but is actually damage also broken at the distal 30 37 Black Globular / 68x55x54 30% Yes Single and parallel removals. Battered Shapeless with some percussion bruising, stepping Non PCT and a removal from the middle of one Core face 30 38 Brown Flake (Toth 15x17x4 Plain 6x2 1% From Lateral Yes Hard hammer flake – might be natural – Type V) remnant frost removal on dorsal and lateral removal could be damage. Arêtes (horizontal to long axis) is battered and bruised 33 41 Black / Brown Flake (Toth 20x23x3 Plain 15x3 5% From Proximal Yes Hard hammer flake - Mint condition apart Type V) from a few pieces of damage – massive erraillure scar (12.8 mm) – deep compression waves over the ventral - distal is not broken 73 55 Blue / Grey Flake (Toth 25x24x8 Cortical 9x3 50% From Lateral Yes Hard hammer flake – lateral removals Type II) are stepped 81 59 Brown / Flake (Toth 24x14x3 Plain 4x2 5% From Proximal Yes Hard hammer flake – remnant of Orange Type V) discoidal knapping (looks like a secondary thinning flake) 87 68 Grey Flake (Toth 31x41x8 1x0.8 25% Yes Hard hammer flake – possibly natural – Type V) meets two scars at the distal with a small plunge – the other edges are crushed. the laterals curve into the proximal giving the piece a D shaped plan 88 69 Grey / Brown Core scraper 80x39x22 50% Unifacial sub-parallel, scalar and scraper retouch on a pebble with no convincing core removals. The retouch is not stained unlike the rest of the piece. Edge is concavo convex 88 69 Grey / Black Flake (Toth 34x?x8 Mixed 14x7 20% From Proximal Yes Hard hammer flake – lateral body break Type II) on right edge – large erraillure scar caused by fracturing on next to the point of percussion

176 Plot Trench Material Typology Size (mm) Platform cortex Scar Pattern Post Comments (mm) depositional damage 88 69 Brown / Flake ?x6x3 From Proximal Yes Distal fragment of flexion/body broken Orange and Distal piece, possibly a blade (?) 111 98 Dark Brown Soft Hammer 9x6x2 Facetted From Proximal Yes Blade-like and hinged. Originally marked Chip (Toth 4x2 as worked this is actually crushing Type VI) damage. 111 98 Brown Opaque Soft Hammer ?x?x2 Dihedral 8x2 From Proximal Yes Chipping at the distal, on top of a flexion (?) Chip (Toth body break. Also a lateral break on the Type VI) left edge. Maybe soft hammer but impossible to be sure 111 98 Brown Flake (Toth 19x25x4 Plain 8x2 10% From Proximal Yes Hard hammer flake – very thin and Translucent Type V) hinged 120 104 Dark / Light End scraper 57x37x14 Natural 5% From Proximal Yes Concavo-convex end scraper made by Grey 15x14 and Distal direct sub-parallel and scalar retouch. Although there is some edge crushing present this is a genuine tool. 120 104 Black / Brown Flake (Toth 21x?x4 From Proximal Yes Siret fractured. Could be natural as there Type V) is much damage 120 104 Grey / Brown Scraper 35x23x5 From Proximal Yes The platform has been destroyed through retouch knapping breaks and the edges are all crushed. However there appears to be 11.42 mm of direct sub-parallel retouch on the proximal right margin

177 APPENDIX 10 OF ANNEX 6.6.5: PHASE I LITHIC MATERIALS REPORT 1.1.6 One piece was examined, found to be natural and discarded. by Dr David Underhill Trench 102 1.1 Introduction 1.1.7 One piece was examined, found to be natural and discarded. 1.1.1 Six pieces of flint were recovered during a programme of archaeological field work conducted to evaluate the archaeological potential of the Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm Discussion cable route, after the period of main excavations. Four of these pieces were found to be formed naturally, mainly through thermal fracturing. Of the two genuine artefacts just one 1.1.8 Unfortunately, the material here can in no way further elucidate the conclusions already is a humanly produced flake with the other being a burnt granite cobble. The lack of drawn, although the presence of a fragment of burnt granite suggests that occupation anything diagnostic makes pronouncing on the material’s age impossible and in no way would probably not have been too far from Trench 65. alters the earlier suggestion that the material is Iron Age as the very latest with the References distinct probability that it may be earlier, most likely Bronze Age or Neolithic. Crandell, O. (2007) “Fire” Cracked Rocks – An Archaeological Experiment. Corviniana Methodology 10. 1.1.2 All of the artefacts were examined and their attributes recorded and compiled to form a digital archive. Both macroscopic analysis and the use of a x3 spectacle magnifier or a x6 hand lens identified evidence of deliberate modification and established its position in the reduction sequence, any observable characteristics of the reduction technology and an assessment of functional potential. Metrical data was recorded for each genuine archaeological piece.

Archive List

1.1.3 See Appendix 1

Trenches

Trench 65

1.1.4 Three pieces were recovered from the excavation of trench 65, including the only genuine archaeological material in this analysis. The discarded natural piece was frost- created but subject to crushing around its edges, however it was on a material only so far seen in trench 104 of the HWFE12 material, a caramel toffee-coloured flint. The single archaeological flake in this material is found on a dark grey/brown flint with a thick white cortex, indeed the cortex completely covers its dorsal face and platform, except for areas of post-depositional damage. The final piece from this trench is a burnt cobble of what I believe is granite. The piece still retains a portion of the cobbles original outer surface, which appears to be worn, but has otherwise fractured apart, probably as a result of the burning. The temperatures needed to transform granite in this way, c.540oC (Crandell 2007), suggest an anthropogenic origin for this piece, possibly as a hearth stone.

Trench 67

1.1.5 One piece was examined, found to be natural and discarded.

Trench 80

178 APPENDIX 10.1 OF ANNEX 6.6.5: LITHIC ARCHIVE LIST

Post depositional Trench Material Typology Size (mm) Platform (mm) Cortex Scar Pattern Comments damage Some crushing has the look of retouch but 65 Black/brown Flake (Toth Type I) 24x25x9 7x20 65% Cortextual Yes is not – might be a natural percussion flake? Burnt cobble, fractured as a result of the 65 Granite Natural stone 48x37x31 30% burning

179 APPENDIX 11 OF ANNEX 6.6.5: THE PHASE I RECORDED AND OTHER SMALL FINDS

Provenance by Gary Taylor and Steve Malone 1.1.3 The other finds were recovered from (37031), (69006), (97001) and (98004). 1.1 Introduction Range 1.1.1 Five recorded and other small finds weighing a total of 384 g were recovered. 1.1.4 Most of the metal finds are of iron. From (37031) there is a cleaver or knife with a fairly Condition short (85 mm) but wide (38 mm) blade. Cleavers appear to have functional specificity and occur more frequently on some sites than others. Examples are not uncommon at the 1.1.2 The small finds are in moderate condition, although the iron is corroded and/or encrusted. Romano-British town of Aldborough, Yorkshire (Bishop 1996, 86-9), Dragonby in North Lincolnshire (Manning and McDonald 1996, 303-4) and Baldock in Hertfordshire Results (Manning and Scott 1986, 152-5).

Table 1: The Other Finds 1.1.5 A probable linch pin was recovered from the same context. Although heavily corroded and encrusted this appears to have a spatulate head and loop, of Manning’s type 2b (Manning 1985, fig 9). Linch pins, including spatulate-headed examples, are not common Trench Small Cxt Material Description NoF W (g) Date but several were found in Roman levels at Dragonby (Manning and McDonald 1996, 297- find no. 8). They were vehicle fittings, used to keep wheels affixed to axles. 37 37/01 iron Cleaver/knife, 1 79 Roman 1.1.6 A brooch was retrieved from (69006). Although of iron and highly corroded, this is T- Roman shaped with a fairly straight bow. As such, it strongly resembles a Colchester-derivative 37031 brooch. Iron brooches generally occur most frequently on pre-conquest sites (Hull 1968, 37/03 iron Linch pin? 1 270 77). Emphasising this, hinged, T-shaped, iron brooches appear in the first quarter of the Roman 1st century and occur most commonly before 70AD at Baldock (Stead 1986, 119-124). 69 69/01 iron brooch 1 29 1st An iron Colchester type brooch of 1st century date was also recovered from Bradwell, 69006 century Norfolk (Hattatt 2007, no. 1460). AD 1.1.7 A small buckle, probably from a shoe, was also recovered. It is near-identical to one 97001 97 97/01 Copper D-looped 1 5 17th found in Norwich in 17th century levels (Margeson 1993, 28, fig. 14, no 144). alloy buckle and century 1.1.8 There is also a small splinter of worked bone. Too little of this survives for it to be attached identifiable but it may be something like a needle/pin or, more probably, working waste. buckle plate 98004 98 - bone Splinter, 1 1 Potential exterior knife- 1.1.9 The other finds are of moderate potential and indicate Roman, and probably late pre- trimmed with Roman Iron Age, activity at the site. A scarce example of an iron brooch indicates 1st facetted cuts. century, perhaps pre-conquest activity at the site. The cleaver may imply butchery Several (at practices in the area during the Roman period. There is also a post-medieval buckle that least 3) is perhaps a casual loss. saw/knife cuts, 1 Recommendations possible drilled hole; 1.1.10 The brooch and probable linch pin should be X-rayed and re-examined. It would be working advisable to X-ray the cleaver at the same time. waste?

180 Roman Coin

By Steve Malone

Table 2 The Coin Abbreviations

SF No. Cxt Ruler/Denomination Cat Date of C Corroded issue Cat Catalogue

37/02 37031 Antoninianus RIC 87- Diam: Obv: IMP 241-3 CXT Context Gordian III 90 20mm goRDiaN[vs NoF Number of Fragments Wt: pivs fel avg RIC Roman Imperial Coinage, Mattingly and Sydenham 1923-94 2.7g Rev: pm tr Axis: 6 p…cos] II PP VW Very worn Wear: W (g) Weight (grams) C/VW constitutional reverse References Apollo seated Bishop, MC, 1996 Finds from Roman Aldborough A Catalogue of Small Finds from the Romano- holding British Town of Isurium Brigantum, Oxbow Monograph 65. branch Brickstock, R J, 2004 The Production, Analysis and Standardisation of Romano-British Coin Reports, English Heritage. 1.1.11 Catalogue references by RIC volume and mint (where relevant). Hattatt, R, 2007 A Visual Catalogue of Richard Hattatt’s Ancient Brooches, Oxbow Books 1.1.12 Corroded, silver-washed copper. Obverse radiate bust corroded and largely Hull, MR, 1968 ‘The brooches’, in BW Cunliffe (ed), Fifth Report on the Excavations of the Roman uninformative. Reverse largely illegible but appears to be seated figure with constitutional Fort at Richborough, Kent, The Society of Antiquaries Reports of the Research Committee XXIII, reverse, listing tribuniciae potestatis, consulships etc. and ending p(ater) p(atriae). 74-93. Modelling of seated figure and chair suggests Apollo issue of Gordian III, RIC 87-90, Manning, WH, 1985 Catalogue of the Romano-British Iron Tools, Fittings and Weapons in the depending on number of tribuniciae and consulships (not fully legible here). This is British Museum (London). consistent with what can be discerned of the obverse. X-ray might be informative if more precision is desired but little additional comment can be made on the basis of a single Manning, WH and McDonald, JA, 1996 ‘Iron artefacts (other than brooches)’, in J May, Dragonby coin. Report on Excavations at an Iron Age and Romano-British Settlement in North Lincolnshire, vol 1, Oxbow Monograph 61, 286-310. Spot Dating Manning, WH and Scott, IR, 1986 ‘Iron objects’, in IM Stead and V Rigby, Baldock The Excavation of a Roman and Pre-Roman Settlement, 1968-72, Britannia Monograph Series 7, 145- 1.1.13 The dating in Table 3 is based on the evidence provided by the finds detailed above. 162. Table 3 Spot dates Margeson, S, 1993 Norwich Households: The Medieval and Post-Medieval Finds from Norwich Survey Excavations 1971-1978, East Anglian Archaeology 58. Cxt Date Comments Reece, R, 1970 Roman Coins, London. + 37031 Mid 3rd Based on 1 coin Reece, R, 1995 ‘Site finds in Roman Britain’, Britannia 26, 179-206. 69006 1st century AD Based on 1 metal Stead, IM, 1986 ‘The brooches’, in IM Stead and V Rigby, Baldock The Excavation of a Roman 97001 17th century Based on 1 metal and Pre-Roman Settlement, 1968-72, Britannia Monograph Series 7, 109-125. 98004 undated

181

APPENDIX 12 OF ANNEX 6.6.5: THE PHASE II RECORDED FINDS an earliest date for the deposit it was recovered from, the actual chronology of the context could be considerably later than the period of use of the shoe. by Gary Taylor Spot Dating 1.1 Introduction 1.1.5 The dating in Table 3 is based on the evidence provided by the find detailed above. 1.1.1 One find weighing a total of 41 g was recovered.

Condition Table 3 Spot dates

1.1.2 The iron is corroded and/or encrusted. Cxt Date Comments Results 79008 Late 11th-13th century Based on 1 metal; moderate Table 1 The Other Find possibility that this is redeposited/residual

Trench Small Cxt Material Description NoF W (g) Date find no. Abbreviations

- iron One branch 1 41 Late C Corroded of a 11th- horseshoe; 13th Cat Catalogue 79008 79 probably century CXT Context Clark’s type 2 NoF Number of Fragments W (g) Weight (grams)

Provenance References

1.1.3 The find was recovered from (79008). Clark, J (ed), 1995 The Medieval Horse and its Equipment c. 1150-c. 1450, Medieval Finds from Excavations in London. Discussion

1.1.4 Almost half a horseshoe was recovered from (79008). This is very corroded and encrusted but seems to be an example of Clark’s Type 2 horseshoe as it appears to have a slightly wavy edge. This is not certain, however, as there is some evident fragmentation at the outer edge. This form of horseshoe perhaps appeared in the very late Saxon period but occurs much more commonly in Norman dated contexts, from the late 11th through the 13th centuries (Clark 1995, 95-96). Previous study of this horseshoe type has found that the nail holes are round on some examples while on others they are rectangular. Moreover, these differing types of perforation are chronologically distinct, with round holes predominating in the mid 11th – mid 12th centuries and rectangular ones appearing in the later 12th century and becoming the commoner form after AD1200 (ibid.). It is not possibly to see the nail hole shape in the present example, however, and it is likely that the shoe is too corroded for X-radiography to determine the hole form. Although this type of horseshoe has a fairly concise date range, is is an artefact type that can exhibit significant residuality and redeposition, being cast from horse’s hooves and remaining in the area almost indefinitely. As a consequence, although the shoe provides

182 APPENDIX 13 OF ANNEX 6.6.5: THE PHASE I FAUNAL REMAINS

by Jennifer Wood Table 1 Quantification, by Plot 1.1 Introduction Hand Collected Sieve Collected 1.1.1 A total of 578 (9456 g) refitted fragments of bone were recovered by hand during archaeological works undertaken by Pre-Construct Archaeology Services Ltd along the Plot N= (g) N= (g) Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm cable route. A further 192 (45g) fragments of bone were 19 11 205 recovered from sieved deposits. 29 6 2 Methodology 30 191 3287 1.1.2 Identification of the bone was undertaken with access to a reference collection and 31 1 14 published guides. Where fresh breaks were observed, fragments were refitted and 87 4 24 32 12 counted as one. The entire assemblage has been fully recorded into a database archive. All animal remains were counted and weighed, and where possible identified to species, 88 11 249 element, side and zone (Serjeantson 1996). Also fusion data, butchery marks (Binford 111 259 3084 82 12 1981), gnawing, burning and pathological changes were noted when present. Ribs and vertebrae were only recorded to species when they were substantially complete and 112 19 689 could accurately be identified. Undiagnostic bones were recorded as micro (rodent size), 120 76 1902 78 21 small (rabbit size), medium (sheep size) or large (cattle size). The separation of sheep and goat bones was done using the criteria of Boessneck (1969), and Prummel and Frisch (1986), in addition to the use of the reference material. Where distinctions could not be made, the bone was recorded as sheep/goat (S/G). Plot 19 1.1.3 The condition of the bone was graded using the criteria stipulated by Lyman (1996), with 1.1.7 A total of 13 (453 g) refitted fragments of animal bone were recovered from Plot 19, grade 0 being the best preserved bone and grade 5 indicating that the bone had suffered Trench 22. The remains were recovered from undated deposits from ditch [22019], layers such structural and attritional damage as to make it unrecognisable. (22011), (22025) and (22027) and as un-stratified finds. The remains were of a good 1.1.4 The quantification of species was carried out using the total fragment count, in which the overall condition, averaging at grade 2 on the Lyman criteria (1996). total number of fragments of bone and teeth was calculated for each taxon. Where fresh Table 2 Summary of Taxon, by Feature breaks were noted, fragments were refitted and counted as one. 1.1.5 Tooth eruption and wear stages were measured using a combination of Halstead (1985), Ditch Layer Layer Layer Grant (1982) and Levine (1982), and fusion data was analysed according to Silver Taxon U/S Total [22019] (22011) (22025) (1969). Measurements of adult, that is, fully fused bones were taken according to the (22027) methods of von den Driesch (1976), with asterisked (*) measurements indicating bones Equid (Horse Family) 1 1 that were reconstructed or had slight abrasion of the surface. Cattle 3 3 Assessment of Assemblage Sheep/Goat 2 1 2 5 Quantity Cat (Felis Sp.) 2 2 1.1.6 The number of refitted fragments and total assemblage weights for each individual plot Corvidae/Passeriform 1 1 are displayed within Table 1. The majority of the individual plot assemblages contain very Medium Mammal 1 1 few fragments of bone. Each individual plot will be discussed individually. N= 3 1 2 4 3 13

183 Plot 30

Discussion 1.1.10 A total of 191 (3287 g) refitted fragments of moderate condition bone were recovered from a series of Romano-British and Anglo- Saxon features and deposits within Trenches 1.1.8 Due to the small size and the undated nature of the bone, little further information can be 37 and 38. Trench 37 appears to predominantly represent Romano-British remains, gained, save the presence of the remains on site. whereas Trench 38 contains material from both periods.

Plot 29 1.1.11 Two fragments of worked bone pins were recovered from late 3rd-4th century layer (37031). 1.1.9 A total of 6 (2g) fragments of unidentifiable bone were recovered from undated gully [36006], within Trench 36.

Table 3 Summary of Taxon, by Feature, Trench 37

Ditch re- Layer Ditch Ditch Ditch Ditch Layer Layer Ditch Ditch Ditch cut Total (37039) [37010] [37012] [37026] [37006] (37038) (37031) [37013] [37040] [37008] [37034] Taxon Equid (Horse Family) 1 1 2 Cattle 1 1 1 1 7 1 12 Sheep/Goat 2 8 1 1 12 Pig 1 1 Dog 1 1 Large Mammal 7 1 3 1 2 1 14 2 31 Medium Mammal 1 9 10 Unidentified 4 7 11 N= 8 1 5 2 2 4 1 44 1 11 1 80

Table 4 Summary of Taxon, by Feature, Trench 38

Boundary Ditch Gully [38015] Ditch [38023] Ditch [38031] Ditch [38035] Post-Hole [38011] Ditch [38004] [38026] Total Taxon Equid (Horse Family) 1 1

184 Boundary Ditch Gully [38015] Ditch [38023] Ditch [38031] Ditch [38035] Post-Hole [38011] Ditch [38004] [38026] Total Cattle 4 4 2 2 2 14 Sheep/Goat 3 3 3 1 1 11 Pig 1 1 Large Mammal 3 42 2 1 48 Medium Mammal 3 3 1 7 Unidentified 26 3 29 N= 14 78 3 9 2 1 4 111

1.1.12 The material from both trenches and similarly from both distinct phases of activity shows very little variation in assemblage composition. The main domestic species are represented, with both cattle and sheep/goat remains represented in fairly equal numbers and therefore not indicating any emphasis on a specific animal husbandry practice or any Table 6 Summary of Taxon, by Feature, Trench 68 Sieve Collected Assemblage indication of a variation in the underlying husbandry practices between either of the two phases. However, these rather generalised observations are based on very small Taxon Pit [68009] Ditch [68013] Ditch [68021] Total assemblages and may not fully represent the underlying influences on the site. 1.1.13 The assemblage as it stands can provide little further information. A few fragments within Sheep/Goat 1 1 the assemblage may potentially provide a little further data on age at death profiles Medium influences by animal husbandry practices on site, but the assemblage is too small to Mammal 1 1 2 provide any truly meaningful data. Unidentified 1 2 2 5 Plot 31 N= 3 3 2 8 1.1.14 A single fragment (14 g) of sheep/goat humerus was recovered from undated ditch 1.1.16 As can be seen within tables 5 and 6, sheep/goat was the only species identified within [40010] from Trench 40. the assemblage.

Plot 87 1.1.17 Three fragments of bone recovered from the sieved assemblage displayed evidence of burning. The assemblage is too small to provide any further information, save the 1.1.15 A total of four fragments (24 g) of refitted bone were recovered by hand from mid-late 3rd presence of the remains on site. century pit [68010], Roman ditch [68013] and 13th-15th century ditch [68021], from Trench 68. A further 32 (12g) fragments were recovered from sieved environmental Plot 88 samples from the previously listed features. Assemblage was of moderate to poor overall 1.1.18 A total of 11 refitted fragments of bone were recovered from Roman ditch [69017], within condition, averaging at grade 4 on the Lyman criteria (1996). Trench 69. Assemblage was of moderate to poor overall condition, averaging at grade 4 Table 5 Summary of Taxon, by Feature, Trench 68 Hand Collected Assemblage on the Lyman criteria (1996). Table 7 Summary of Taxon, by Feature, Trench 69 Taxon Pit [68009] Ditch [68013] Ditch [68021] Total Sheep/Goat 1 1 2 Taxon Ditch [69017] Total Large Mammal 2 2 Equid (Horse Family) 1 1 N= 1 1 2 4 Cattle 2 2 Large Mammal 2 2

185 Unidentified 6 6 Taxon Ditch [95028] Ditch [95007] Ditch [95014] Total N= 11 11 Medium 5 5 Mammal 1.1.19 As can be seen from table 7, only cattle and equid remains were identified to species Micro Mammal 4 4 within the assemblage. No further information can be gained from the assemblage, save the presence of the remains on site. Unidentified 6 5 11 N= 13 5 5 23 Plot 111

1.1.20 Plot 111 produced the largest animal bone assemblage from the entire cable route. A Table 10 Summary of Taxon, by Feature, Trench 96 Hand Collected Assemblage total of 259 (3084 g) re-fitted fragments of bone were recovered by hand from Trenches 95, 96, 97 and 98. A further 82 (12g) re-fitted fragments were also recovered from sieved environmental samples from trenches 95, 96 and 98. Layer Ditch/Moat Ditch Ditch 1.1.21 The animal remains recovered from Plot 111 were relatively uniform in preservation, Taxon (96001) [96008] [96004] [96006] Total averaging at Grade 3 on the Lyman criteria, giving an overall moderate condition. The trench 97 assemblage was of slightly better preservation, averaging at grade 2. Cattle 1 1 1.1.22 The remains were predominantly recovered from ditch deposits, with addition of a Sheep/Goat 1 1 number of pit and post-holes primarily from Trench 97. The features within the area of Pig 1 1 Plot 111 were fairly cohesively dated from a period spanning from the 9th- 15th century. Cat 1 1 Table 8 Summary of Taxon, by Feature, Trench 95 Hand Collected Assemblage Unidentified 1 1 N= 1 1 1 2 5 Ditch Ditch Ditch Ditch [95021] Taxon [95028] [95016] [95007] [95012] Ditch Total Cattle 1 1 1 2 1 6 Table 11 Summary of Taxon, by Feature, Trench 96 Sieve Collected Assemblage Sheep/Goat 1 1 3 1 6 Pig 1 1 2 Taxon Ditch/Moat [96008] Total Dog 1 1 Anuran 1 1 Large Medium Mammal 1 1 Mammal 2 6 3 1 12 N= 2 2 Medium Mammal 3 2 3 8 Unidentified 11 6 17 34 N= 5 16 19 6 23 69

Table 9 Summary of Taxon, by Feature, Trench 95 Sieve Collected Assemblage

Taxon Ditch [95028] Ditch [95007] Ditch [95014] Total Sheep/Goat 2 2 Pig 1 1

186 Table 12 Summary of Taxon, by Feature, Trench 97 Hand Collected Assemblage

Taxon Pit Possible Pit Possible Pit Ditch Pit Ditch Pit Possible Alluvial Pit U/S Total [97028] Pit [97004] Ring [97012] [97024] [97056] [97027] [97014] Post- Layer [97052] [97060] Gully Hole (97043) [97033] [97030] Cattle 4 1 1 5 11 Sheep/Goat 1 1 2 1 1 6 Sheep 1 1 Pig 1 1 Dog (Canis 1 1 2 Sp.) Bird 1 1 Large 1 1 2 1 4 9 Mammal Medium 2 1 3 2 1 2 1 1 13 Mammal Unidentified 1 1 15 17 N= 3 1 1 1 1 5 4 8 1 1 19 14 1 61

Table 13 Summary of Taxon, by Feature, Trench 98 Hand Collected Assemblage

Taxon Ditch Ditch Pit [98005] Ditch Ditch Ditch Pit [98013] Ditch Ditch U/S Total [98052] [98039] [98028] [98020] [98011] [98042] [98057] Equid (Horse 1 2 1 4 Family) Cattle 2 3 3 6 2 14 Sheep/Goat 4 1 1 4 3 3 13 Sheep 1 1 Pig 1 2 2 5 Dog (Canis 1 1 Sp.) Large 1 1 4 6 20 1 2 33 Mammal Medium 2 1 1 2 1 3 7 3 17 Mammal Unidentified 1 3 9 4

187

Taxon Ditch Ditch Pit [98005] Ditch Ditch Ditch Pit [98013] Ditch Ditch U/S Total [98052] [98039] [98028] [98020] [98011] [98042] [98057] N= 12 7 2 5 19 1 3 42 1 19 92

Table 14, Summary of Taxon, by Feature, Trench 98 Sieve Collected Assemblage

Large Circular Pit Ditch [98052] Ditch [98020] Ditch [98050] Feature Total Pit [98016] [98055] Taxon [98042] Sheep/Goat 1 1 1 3 Bird 1 1 Field Vole (Microtus agrestis) 1 1 Anuran (Frog/Toad) 3 5 8 Medium Mammal 1 1 Small Mammal 1 1 Micro Mammal 1 1 Unidentified 7 5 2 7 17 3 41 N= 10 6 3 8 26 4 57

1.1.23 The plot 111 assemblage is represented predominantly by the main domestic species, 1.1.27 A total of 20 fragments of bone displayed evidence of burning. The majority of the burnt with cattle and sheep/goat represented in fairly equal numbers, with the exception of bone assemblage was recovered from the sieved assemblages from Trench 98. The Trench 97, where the number of cattle remains was slightly higher. Pigs, equids, dog and burnt remains probably represent incidental burning events and hearth sweepings. cat were also represented in small numbers. Small numbers of commensal animals such 1.1.28 The skeletal element representation between the individual trenches is fairly uniform, with as Anurans (frog/toad) and micro mammals such as field vole were also identified as the remains representing a mixture of domestic food and butchery waste, with an present within the sieved assemblages from trenches 95, 96 and 98. emphasis on butchery discard. 1.1.24 A total of four fragments of bone from the Plot 111 assemblages display evidence of butchery marks. A cattle horn core recovered from the unstratified assemblage from Discussion Trench 98 displayed evidence of horn core removal, suggesting that occasional horn working was undertaken within the area. 1.1.29 The animal bone assemblage recovered from Plot 111 is the largest from the entire cable route and fairly cohesively dated to from the 9th-15th century. The assemblage size is 1.1.25 A single fragment of large mammal long bone recovered from mid 9th – 10th century pit still fairly small and provides fairly limited data on the site; a little further analysis may [98005] displayed evidence of working, where a notch had been cut into the broken end provide some generalisations on the site economy and animal husbandry practices, but of the fragment; the function of the piece is uncertain. little else. However, in the event of further works on the site, the plot has the potential to 1.1.26 A total of 14 fragments of bone displayed evidence of carnivore gnawing, 12 of the produce a sizeable assemblage with good potential to provide further insights into the fragments were recovered from Trench 98. The presence of carnivore gnawing on these underlying animal husbandry and utilisation practices undertaken on site. remains suggests that some of the bone, especially from Trench 98, had been left open to scavengers as part of or after the disposal process. Plot 112

188

1.1.30 A total of 19 fragments of animal bone were recovered from Plot 112, Trench 99. The remains were recovered from 4th century ditch [99007], Roman ditch [99009] and a 3rd- 4th century ditch [990011]. 1.1.31 The remains were of a moderate overall condition, averaging at grade 3 on the Lyman criteria (1996).

189

Table 15 Summary of Taxon, by Feature, Trench 99 Hand Collected Assemblage Ditch

Gully Ditch Ditch Ditch terminal Taxon Ditch [99011] Ditch [99007] [99009] Total Taxon [104019] [104025] [104028] [104006] [104015] Total Equid (Horse Medium Family) 1 1 Mammal 4 2 2 8 Cattle 3 2 5 Unidentified 1 1 3 2 7 Sheep/Goat 3 1 4 N= 21 13 36 4 2 76 Large Mammal 2 2 4 Table 17 Summary of Taxon, by Feature, Trench 104 Sieve Collected Assemblage Medium Mammal 2 2 Curvilinear Ditch Gully Ditch Unidentified 2 1 3 Ditch terminal Total [104019] [104025] N= 2 11 6 19 Taxon [104022] [104015] Sheep/Goat 1 1 1.1.32 As can be seen from Table 15, only cattle, sheep/goat and equid remains were identified Large to species within the assemblage, with cattle and sheep/goat represented in almost equal Mammal 1 2 1 1 5 numbers. Medium 1.1.33 No further information can be gained from the assemblage, save the presence of the Mammal 3 1 3 7 remains on site. Unidentified 14 5 5 41 65 Plot 120 N= 18 8 6 46 78 1.1.34 A total of 76 (1902 g) fragments of refitted bone were recovered by hand from Plot 120, Trench 120. A further 78 (21 g) fragments were recovered from the environmental sieved 1.1.36 As can be seen from Tables 16 and 17, sheep/goat and cattle remains are represented in samples. almost equal numbers, with small numbers of pig and dog also represented. 1.1.35 The remains were of a moderate overall condition, averaging at grade 3 on the Lyman 1.1.37 Three fragments of bone recovered from middle Iron Age ditches [104025] and [104028] criteria (1996) for both the hand and sieve collected assemblages. displayed evidence of butchery marks, including an equid metatarsal recovered from [104028] with displayed cut marks which indicated skinning. Table 16 Summary of Taxon, by Feature, Trench 104 Hand Collected Assemblage 1.1.38 A total of 23 fragments of burnt remains were recovered from the sieved assemblages

from middle Iron Age ditches [104022], [104025], gully [104019] and late 10th-12th Ditch century ditch terminus [104015]. The burnt remains probably represent hearth sweepings Gully Ditch Ditch Ditch terminal and incidental burning events. Taxon [104019] [104025] [104028] [104006] [104015] Total 1.1.39 A small number of remains from the assemblage will produce age at death data, but Equid these remains are an insufficient amount to provide formal profiles for the establishment (Horse of animal husbandry practices. Family) 2 2 Discussion Cattle 2 4 9 1 16 1.1.40 The remains recovered from Plot 120 are a small assemblage, predominantly recovered Sheep/Goat 7 3 3 2 1 16 from features associated with an Iron Age enclosure/settlement. The assemblage make- Dog 1 1 up appears to be fairly typical for the period. The assemblage is too small to provide any further meaningful data. Large Mammal 7 3 16 26

190

Conclusions and Recommendations

1.1.41 The trenches along the cable route produced a number of small assemblages of bone, the majority of which are too small to provide any further meaningful data on animal husbandry or utilisation, save the presence of the species present. Three plots 30, 111 and 120 produced animal bone assemblages of any real size. These three plots suggest a focus of archaeological activity. 1.1.42 As their current state, no further work is recommended on any of the assessed assemblages. However in the event of any further works, plots 30, 111 and 120 are liable to produce more bone of moderate condition with good potential to provide further information on animal husbandry, utilisation and diet economy for these three areas.

191

APPENDIX 13.1 OF ANNEX 6.6.5: ANIMAL BONE ARCHIVE

Fre Too Tren Ct sh th ( PL ch xt Samp Elemen Si Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Pr Di Pat But Work Bur Gna Bre Asso Measur Wea Surfa Conditi N g ot No No le No Taxon t de 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ox st h ch ed nt w ak c'd ed r ce on o ) Notes 19 22 0 0 Cattle Mandible L 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 2 1 124 2201 19 22 1 0 Sheep/Goat Tibia R 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 4 1 6 2202 19 22 0 0 Sheep/Goat Tibia R 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 X F 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 X 4 1 8 Bd=26mm Knife cut on the medial side of the proximal shaft, 2202 Bp=23mm, 19 22 0 0 Sheep/Goat Metacarpal R 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 F X 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 2 1 15 SD=14mm 2202 Medium 19 22 0 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 1 5 2202 19 22 5 0 Sheep/Goat Mandible R 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X 4 1 15 M1=g 2202 19 22 5 0 Sheep/Goat Mandible R 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 X 3 1 4 M1=d 2202 Metacarpal 19 22 7 0 Cat (III) L 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 0 Three knife cuts on the medial side 2202 of the distal 19 22 7 0 Equid Metapodial L 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 X F 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 3 1 27 shaft Large passerifor m or small corvidae, Gl=42mm, Bp=7mm, 2202 Corvidae/Pas Tarso- SD=3mm, 19 22 7 0 ser metatarsus L 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 2 1 1 BD=5mm 2202 Metacarpal 19 22 7 0 Cat (IV) L 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 0 3600 Unidentifie 29 36 5 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 4 6 2 3700 Large 30 37 7 0 Mammal Lumbar B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F U 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 2 1 47 3700 Large articular 30 37 7 0 Mammal Vertebra R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 11 facet 3700 30 37 9 0 Sheep/Goat Metacarpal R 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 3 1 9 3701 Large 30 37 1 0 Mammal Rib X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R 3 1 35 3701 Large 30 37 4 0 Mammal Innominate L 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 2 1 48 3701 30 37 8 0 Cattle Tooth L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 24 Upper PM 3701 Large 30 37 9 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 14 3701 Large 30 37 9 0 Mammal Innominate R 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 2 1 95 3701 30 37 9 0 Equid Innominate R 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 F X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 76 3702 30 37 1 0 Sheep/Goat Tibia L 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 6

192

Fre Too Tren Ct sh th ( PL ch xt Samp Elemen Si Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Pr Di Pat But Work Bur Gna Bre Asso Measur Wea Surfa Conditi N g ot No No le No Taxon t de 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ox st h ch ed nt w ak c'd ed r ce on o ) Notes Carnivore 3702 Large gnawing on 30 37 7 0 Mammal Innominate X 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 46 the illium 3702 30 37 7 0 Cattle Metatarsal L 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 2 1 73 Bp=41mm Carnivore gnawing on the 3703 proximal 30 37 1 0 Cattle Ulna R 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 25 end 3703 30 37 1 0 Sheep/Goat Mandible L 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 6 3703 Unidentifie 30 37 1 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 2 5 3703 Large 30 37 1 0 Mammal Skull X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 5 18 3703 Large 30 37 1 0 Mammal Mandible L 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 7 3703 Medium 30 37 1 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 5 12 3703 Unidentifie 30 37 1 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 8 3703 30 37 1 0 Dog Mandible R 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 12 3703 30 37 1 0 Sheep/Goat Tibia R 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 X F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 3 1 16 Bd=27mm GL=132m 3703 m, 30 37 1 0 Cattle Calcaneus R 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 3 1 90 GB=40mm 3703 Medium 30 37 1 0 Mammal Rib X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 2 3703 Skull- 30 37 1 0 Cattle maxilla R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 3 1 112 dpm4=e, 3703 M1=g, 30 37 1 0 Cattle Mandible L 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 X 3 1 253 M2=b Long bone fragment, trimmed to an almost circular cross section, and heavily polished, broken proximal and distal 3703 Large ends. Bone 30 37 1 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 1 pin Trimmed roughly oval cross section, polished, broken proximal and distal 3703 Large ends. Bone 30 37 1 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 1 pin 3703 Shaft 30 37 1 0 Sheep/Goat Metatarsal R 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 8 fragment 3703 30 37 1 0 Pig Fibula R 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 X U 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 3 1 3

193

Fre Too Tren Ct sh th ( PL ch xt Samp Elemen Si Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Pr Di Pat But Work Bur Gna Bre Asso Measur Wea Surfa Conditi N g ot No No le No Taxon t de 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ox st h ch ed nt w ak c'd ed r ce on o ) Notes 3703 Large 30 37 1 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 4 3703 Large 30 37 1 0 Mammal Tibia R 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 17 3703 Medium 30 37 1 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 1 3703 30 37 1 0 Cattle Metacarpal L 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 X U 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 37 3703 Unidentifie 30 37 1 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 1 3703 Lower 30 37 1 0 Sheep/Goat Tooth R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 1 insicor GLPe=37m m, Bp=12mm, 3703 SD=10mm, 30 37 1 0 Sheep/Goat Phalanx (I) R 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 3 1 3 Bd=12mm GLPe=37m m, Bp=12mm, 3703 SD=9mm, 30 37 1 0 Sheep/Goat Phalanx (I) R 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 3 1 4 Bd=11mm 3703 Medium 30 37 1 0 Mammal Sacrum R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 3 3703 Damaged 30 37 1 0 Cattle Radius R 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 64 articulation 3703 Lower 30 37 1 0 Sheep/Goat Tooth L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X 2 1 5 M1=h Carnivore gnawing on 3703 the distal 30 37 1 0 Cattle Radius L 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 43 end 3703 Medium 30 37 1 0 Mammal Radius R 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 4 3703 30 37 1 0 Sheep/Goat Radius L 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 10 3703 Large 30 37 1 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 4 33 PM4=h, M1=j, 3703 M2=h, 30 37 5 0 Sheep/Goat Mandible R 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X 2 1 47 M3=e 3703 Large 30 37 5 0 Mammal Axis B 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 3 1 14 3703 Medium 30 37 5 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 6 3703 30 37 5 0 Sheep/Goat Tibia L 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 X F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 2 1 24 Bd=28mm Carnivore 3703 gnawing on 30 37 8 0 Cattle Scapula R 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 X 3 1 65 the neck 3703 Large 30 37 9 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 4 7 7 3703 30 37 9 0 Cattle Mandible L 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 5 3704 30 37 0 0 Equid Innominate L 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 41 3704 Large 30 37 0 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 5 3704 Large 30 37 0 0 Mammal Rib X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 3 1 6 3704 Unidentifie 30 37 0 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 7 4

194

Fre Too Tren Ct sh th ( PL ch xt Samp Elemen Si Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Pr Di Pat But Work Bur Gna Bre Asso Measur Wea Surfa Conditi N g ot No No le No Taxon t de 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ox st h ch ed nt w ak c'd ed r ce on o ) Notes Carnivore gnawing on 3704 the distal 30 37 0 0 Cattle Humerus L 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 98 end 3800 30 38 6 0 Equid Femur L 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 3 1 199 3801 30 38 2 0 Cattle Humerus R 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 2 1 26 3801 Nav- 30 38 2 0 Cattle Cuboid R 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 20 Broken 3801 lower 30 38 6 0 Pig Tooth R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 2 insicor 3801 Medium 30 38 6 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 2 3 18 Carnivore gnawing on the 3801 proximal 30 38 6 0 Sheep/Goat Tibia R 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 R 3 1 36 end 3801 Large 30 38 6 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 5 3801 Lower 30 38 6 0 Cattle Tooth R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X 3 1 20 M3=l 3801 30 38 6 0 Cattle Radius L 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 25 3801 30 38 6 0 Cattle Humerus R 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 25 3801 30 38 6 0 Cattle Humerus R 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X U 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 26 3801 Large 30 38 6 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 26 3801 Large 30 38 6 0 Mammal Mandible R 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 19 Carnivore gnawing on the proximal 3801 and distal 30 38 6 0 Sheep/Goat Metacarpal L 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 34 ends 3801 30 38 6 0 Sheep/Goat Tooth L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 7 Upper M2 3802 Large 30 38 2 0 Mammal Skull X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 24 70 3802 30 38 2 0 Cattle Tibia R 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 X 2 1 308 Bp=86mm 3802 30 38 2 0 Sheep/Goat Tibia L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 2 3802 30 38 2 0 Sheep/Goat Tibia L 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 12 3802 Large 30 38 2 0 Mammal Rib X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 3 1 24 3802 Unidentifie 30 38 2 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 26 17 3802 30 38 2 0 Sheep/Goat Radius R 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 X U 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 5 3802 30 38 2 0 Cattle Horncore R 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 3 1 60 With broken 3802 Skull- horncore 30 38 2 0 Cattle frontal L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 91 base 3802 Bp=49mm, 30 38 2 0 Cattle Metacarpal L 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 3 1 109 SD=27mm

195

Fre Too Tren Ct sh th ( PL ch xt Samp Elemen Si Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Pr Di Pat But Work Bur Gna Bre Asso Measur Wea Surfa Conditi N g ot No No le No Taxon t de 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ox st h ch ed nt w ak c'd ed r ce on o ) Notes 3802 Large 30 38 2 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 17 83 3802 Medium 30 38 2 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 3 4 Cut marks on the anterior and 3802 posterior 30 38 8 0 Cattle Scapula L 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 F X 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 124 neck. 3802 Lower 30 38 9 0 Sheep/Goat Tooth R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 1 incisor SLC=47m m, GLP=62m m, LG=52mm, BG=46mm, Polishing on the antetior lip 3802 of the 30 38 9 0 Cattle Scapula R 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 F X 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 X 2 1 151 glenoid 3802 Large 30 38 9 0 Mammal Rib X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 2 1 25 3803 30 38 2 0 Sheep/Goat Mandible R 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 4 3803 Lower 30 38 2 0 Sheep/Goat Tooth R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X 2 1 7 M3=b 3803 30 38 2 0 Sheep/Goat Tooth L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 9 Upper M2 3803 Large 30 38 8 0 Mammal Innominate L 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 17 3803 Unidentifie 30 38 8 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 3 3 3803 Distal shaft 30 38 8 0 Sheep/Goat Metacarpal X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X U 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 4 fragment 3803 30 38 8 0 Cattle Tooth R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 28 Upper PM 3803 Large 30 38 8 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 10 3803 Medium 30 38 8 0 Mammal Rib X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 1 Single condyle, charred 3803 black/brow 30 38 8 0 Cattle Metapodial X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X F 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 15 n 4001 Bd=27mm, 31 40 1 0 Sheep/Goat Humerus R 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 X F 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 X 3 1 14 Bt=26mm 6801 87 68 0 0 Sheep/Goat Tibia L 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 4 1 5 6801 Unidentifie 87 68 0 S/68/1 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 4 19 3 6801 87 68 0 S/68/1 Sheep/Goat Tooth L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X 3 1 3 Lower M1 6801 Medium 87 68 0 S/68/1 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 4 6 4 6801 Medium 87 68 5 S/68/4 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 X 4 1 1 Burnt black 6801 87 68 7 0 Sheep/Goat Radius L 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 3 1 7 6801 Unidentifie 87 68 7 S/68/5 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 2 0

196

Fre Too Tren Ct sh th ( PL ch xt Samp Elemen Si Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Pr Di Pat But Work Bur Gna Bre Asso Measur Wea Surfa Conditi N g ot No No le No Taxon t de 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ox st h ch ed nt w ak c'd ed r ce on o ) Notes 6801 Unidentifie 87 68 7 S/68/5 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 1 Burnt white 6802 Large 87 68 1 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 4 2 12 6802 Unidentifie 87 68 1 S/68/3 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 4 1 0 6802 Unidentifie 87 68 1 S/68/3 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X 4 1 0 Burnt black 6901 88 69 8 0 Equid Mandible R 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 4 1 51 6901 Unidentifie 88 69 8 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 4 6 8 6901 Bd=60mm, 88 69 8 0 Cattle Radius R 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 X F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 4 1 105 Bfd=56mm 6901 Large 88 69 8 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 2 25 6901 Bp=74mm, 88 69 8 0 Cattle Radius R 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 X 3 1 60 Bfp=66mm Medium 111 98 0 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 2 2 111 98 0 0 Sheep/Goat Mandible R 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 12 111 98 0 0 Sheep/Goat Scapula R 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R 4 1 8 Chopped through the 111 98 0 0 Cattle Horncore X 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 X X 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 3 1 81 base Unidentifie 111 98 0 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 9 10 Carnivore gnawing on the proximal end. Assco with 111 98 0 0 Cattle Ulna R 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 U X 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 91 [98042] Medium 111 97 0 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 14 15 Large 111 98 0 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 2 11 111 98 0 0 Sheep/Goat Mandible R 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 10 Medium 111 98 0 0 Mammal Rib X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 1 9500 111 95 6 0 Sheep/Goat Tooth L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 7 9500 Phalanx 111 95 6 0 Cattle (III) R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 3 1 14 Complete 9500 Unidentifie 111 95 6 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 6 4 Cut and snapped 9500 Large through the 111 95 6 0 Mammal Rib X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 3 blade 9500 Large 111 95 6 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 28 9500 Medium 111 95 6 S/95/1 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X 1 1 0 Burnt black 9500 111 95 6 0 Sheep/Goat Sacrum R 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 4 9500 Medium 111 95 6 0 Mammal Lumbar B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 2 10 9500 Large 111 95 6 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 6 9500 111 95 6 0 Dog Tibia L 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 X F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 3 1 29 Bd=25mm

197

Fre Too Tren Ct sh th ( PL ch xt Samp Elemen Si Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Pr Di Pat But Work Bur Gna Bre Asso Measur Wea Surfa Conditi N g ot No No le No Taxon t de 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ox st h ch ed nt w ak c'd ed r ce on o ) Notes 9500 Medium 111 95 6 S/95/1 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 4 1 9500 Large 111 95 6 0 Mammal Skull X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 4 9500 Large 111 95 6 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 2 12 9500 111 95 6 0 Sheep/Goat Tooth L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 4 Upper M1 GL=313m m Bp=83mm, 9501 SD=36mm, 111 95 3 0 Cattle Tibia R 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 2 1 341 Bd=54mm Carnivore 9501 gnawing on 111 95 3 0 Pig Humerus R 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 15 the shaft 9501 111 95 3 0 Cattle Metatarsal L 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 3 1 102 Bp=39mm 9501 Large 111 95 3 0 Mammal Rib X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 2 15 Large sinus on the left side 9501 Large of the 111 95 3 0 Mammal Lumbar F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F F 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 67 centrum 9501 Unidentifie 111 95 5 S/95/2 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 5 1 9502 111 95 0 0 Cattle Mandible R 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 21 9502 Unidentifie 111 95 0 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 11 7 9502 Large 111 95 0 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 2 3 9502 111 95 0 0 Pig Tooth L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 2 Lower PM2 9502 111 95 0 0 Sheep/Goat Tooth R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 1 Upper PM 9502 Unidentifie 111 95 2 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 4 3 2 9502 Medium 111 95 2 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 2 9502 Unidentifie 111 95 5 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 14 5 9502 Medium 111 95 5 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 2 2 9502 Large blade 111 95 5 0 Mammal Scapula X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 3 1 7 fragment GLPe=60m m, 9502 SD=24mm, 111 95 5 0 Cattle Phalanx (I) L 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 3 1 22 Bd=26mm 9502 111 95 5 0 Sheep/Goat Metacarpal L 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 3 1 12 Bp=22mm 9502 111 95 6 0 Sheep/Goat Metatarsal L 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 8 9502 111 95 6 0 Cattle Astragalus L 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 36 9502 Medium 111 95 6 0 Mammal Rib X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 2 1 9502 Medium 111 95 6 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 3 9502 Unidentifie 111 95 6 S/95/6 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 3 1

198

Fre Too Tren Ct sh th ( PL ch xt Samp Elemen Si Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Pr Di Pat But Work Bur Gna Bre Asso Measur Wea Surfa Conditi N g ot No No le No Taxon t de 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ox st h ch ed nt w ak c'd ed r ce on o ) Notes 9502 Molar 111 95 6 S/95/6 Pig Tooth X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 0 fragment 9502 Micro 111 95 6 S/95/6 Mammal Ulna X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 0 9502 Micro 111 95 6 S/95/6 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 3 0 9502 Unidentifie Burnt 111 95 6 S/95/6 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 3 0 white/grey 9502 molar 111 95 6 S/95/6 Sheep/Goat Tooth X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 2 0 fragment 9600 111 96 1 0 Cattle Tooth L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 29 Upper M2 9600 Unidentifie 111 96 5 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 1 1 9600 Metacarpal 111 96 7 0 Cat (III) L 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 1 1 0 9600 111 96 7 0 Sheep/Goat Metatarsal L 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 R 3 1 8 Lower PM4=b, 9600 M1=g,M2= 111 96 9 0 Pig Mandible L 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X 3 1 90 c, M3=E 9600 Medium 111 96 9 S/96/3 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 4 1 0 9600 111 96 9 S/96/3 Anuran Innominate R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 0 9700 Medium 111 97 5 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 4 1 2 9700 Medium 111 97 9 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 1 9701 111 97 3 0 Sheep/Goat Tibia L 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 10 9701 Medium 111 97 5 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 1 9703 Large 111 97 4 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 1 9703 Medium 111 97 4 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 2 3 9703 Medium 111 97 4 0 Mammal Rib X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 1 9703 111 97 4 0 Pig Tooth R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 5 Upper M1 9703 Medium 111 97 7 0 Mammal Skull X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 2 5 9703 Unidentifie 111 97 7 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 1 9703 111 97 9 0 Cattle Tooth R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 23 Upper M1 9704 Unidentifie 111 97 2 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 3 9704 Medium 111 97 3 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 2 9704 111 97 3 0 Cattle Tooth R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 2 Lower PM2 9704 Unidentifie 111 97 3 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 14 13 9704 Unidentifie 111 97 3 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 13 9704 Large 111 97 3 0 Mammal Mandible X 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 2 1 10 9704 111 97 3 0 Sheep/Goat Axis B 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 F F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 4 1 18 9704 111 97 4 0 Sheep/Goat Metatarsal L 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 3 1 6

199

Fre Too Tren Ct sh th ( PL ch xt Samp Elemen Si Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Pr Di Pat But Work Bur Gna Bre Asso Measur Wea Surfa Conditi N g ot No No le No Taxon t de 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ox st h ch ed nt w ak c'd ed r ce on o ) Notes Ll=70mm, 9704 Lm=63mm, 111 97 4 0 Cattle Astragalus L 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 3 1 57 Dd=31mm 9704 111 97 4 0 Cattle Ulna L 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 12 Knife cuts on the lateral side, carnivore gnawing on the 9704 proximal 111 97 4 0 Cattle Calcaneus R 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 X X 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 46 end 9704 Large 111 97 4 0 Mammal Mandible L 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 7 9704 Large 111 97 9 0 Mammal Thoracic B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 U U 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 21 9704 111 97 9 0 Sheep/Goat Innominate L 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 5 Ll=63mm, Lm=59mm, Bl=35mm, Bm=31mm 9705 , 111 97 1 0 Cattle Astragalus R 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 2 1 40 Dd=27mm 9705 111 97 2 0 Bird Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 2 9705 Medium 111 97 2 0 Mammal Skull X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 1 9705 Skull- 111 97 4 0 Cattle occipital B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 21 9705 Skull- 111 97 4 0 Cattle zygomatic L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 23 9705 Large 111 97 4 0 Mammal Skull X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 2 9705 Large 111 97 4 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 4 Knife cut on the lateral side of the proximal shaft at the articulation, GL=123m m, Bp=19mm, SD=11mm, 9705 Dd=10mm, 111 97 4 0 Sheep Metatarsal L 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F F 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 2 1 19 Bd=22mm Burnt 9705 Large brown/blac 111 97 5 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 3 k 9705 Skull- 111 97 5 0 Dog frontal B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 2 1 25 9705 Lower 111 97 5 0 Cattle Tooth R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X 3 1 8 M1=m 9705 111 97 5 0 Cattle Ulna R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 26 9705 111 97 5 0 Sheep/Goat Tooth L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 7 Upper M2 9705 Large 111 97 5 0 Mammal Rib X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 2 9705 Carpal/Tar 111 97 5 0 Cattle sal X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 8

200

Fre Too Tren Ct sh th ( PL ch xt Samp Elemen Si Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Pr Di Pat But Work Bur Gna Bre Asso Measur Wea Surfa Conditi N g ot No No le No Taxon t de 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ox st h ch ed nt w ak c'd ed r ce on o ) Notes 9705 Skull- 111 97 7 0 Dog occipital B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 3 9705 Medium 111 97 7 0 Mammal Rib X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 1 9705 111 97 7 0 Sheep/Goat Radius R 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 2 9705 Medium 111 97 7 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 1 9706 Large 111 97 1 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 3 1 15 Notch cut into the end of the fragment, 9800 Large function 111 98 4 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 4 1 1 unknown 9800 Medium 111 98 4 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 4 1 2 9801 Medium 111 98 3 0 Mammal Skull X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 3 4 9801 Medium 111 98 5 S/98/3 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 0 9801 Unidentifie 111 98 5 S/98/3 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 2 0 9801 Medium 111 98 7 0 Mammal Thoracic B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 U U 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 3 9802 Large 111 98 0 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 3 54 9802 111 98 0 0 Cattle Tooth L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 8 Lower PM3 9802 Micro 111 98 3 S/98/6 Mammal Humerus L 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 U F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 1 9802 Unidentifie 111 98 3 S/98/6 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 5 1 9802 111 98 4 0 Sheep/Goat Radius L 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 1 9802 111 98 4 0 Sheep/Goat Tibia R 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 2 1 10 9802 111 98 4 0 Cattle Metatarsal L 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 123 9802 Medium 111 98 4 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 4 1 1 9802 Medium 111 98 4 0 Mammal Rib X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 1 9802 Large 111 98 4 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 4 1 1 9802 Skull- 111 98 4 0 Pig temporal R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 20 9802 Bp=73mm, 111 98 4 0 Cattle Radius L 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 R 3 1 79 Bfp=67mm Bp=47.5m 9802 m, 111 98 4 0 Equid Metacarpal R 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 R 3 1 85 Dp=31mm Possible carnivore gnawing on 9802 the distal 111 98 4 0 Pig Tibia R 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 X F 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 9 end Carnivore 9802 gnawing on 111 98 4 0 Sheep/Goat Metatarsal L 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 4 the shaft Carnivore 9802 gnawing on 111 98 4 0 Sheep/Goat Tibia R 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 11 the shaft

201

Fre Too Tren Ct sh th ( PL ch xt Samp Elemen Si Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Pr Di Pat But Work Bur Gna Bre Asso Measur Wea Surfa Conditi N g ot No No le No Taxon t de 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ox st h ch ed nt w ak c'd ed r ce on o ) Notes 9802 Large 111 98 4 0 Mammal Mandible X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 3 1 19 9802 Large 111 98 4 0 Mammal Skull X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R 3 1 2 Lower PM2=49m m, 9802 M1=48mm, 111 98 4 0 Equid Mandible L 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 X 3 1 193 M2=61mm 9802 Large 111 98 9 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 3 11 9802 Lower 111 98 9 0 Sheep/Goat Tooth R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X 3 1 4 M1=h 9802 Large 111 98 9 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 5 9803 Medium 111 98 9 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 3 Lower 9803 M1=c, 111 98 9 0 Pig Mandible L 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X 3 1 30 M2=E Carnivore gnawing on the proximal and distal ends, 9803 Bp=24mm, 111 98 9 0 Sheep/Goat Metacarpal R 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 25 SD=15mm 9803 111 98 9 0 Cattle Tibia L 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 X F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 3 1 162 Bd=54mm 9803 111 98 9 0 Cattle Metacarpal R 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 27 9803 Unidentifie 111 98 9 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 23 Carnivore gnawing on the distal 9803 condyles, 111 98 9 0 Cattle Metacarpal L 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 X F 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 X 3 1 45 Bd=51mm 9804 Small 111 98 3 S/98/2 Mammal Rib X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 0 9804 Unidentifie 111 98 3 S/98/2 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 4 5 1 9804 Unidentifie 111 98 3 S/98/2 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 6 1 Burnt grey 9804 Unidentifie 111 98 3 S/98/2 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 3 0 Burnt white 9804 111 98 3 S/98/2 Bird Furcula B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 0 9804 Unidentifie 111 98 3 S/98/2 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 2 0 9804 Molar 111 98 3 S/98/2 Sheep/Goat Tooth X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 0 fragment 9804 Root 111 98 3 S/98/2 Unidentified Tooth X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 0 fragment 9804 111 98 3 S/98/2 Anuran Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 4 0 Tny bones 9804 111 98 3 S/98/2 Anuran Vertebra B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 0 9804 111 98 3 S/98/2 Field Vole Tooth X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 0 M1 9804 111 98 4 0 Cattle Tooth L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 15 Upper PM

202

Fre Too Tren Ct sh th ( PL ch xt Samp Elemen Si Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Pr Di Pat But Work Bur Gna Bre Asso Measur Wea Surfa Conditi N g ot No No le No Taxon t de 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ox st h ch ed nt w ak c'd ed r ce on o ) Notes Fragment of 9804 unerrupted 111 98 6 0 Equid Tooth X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 3 PM/M 9804 Medium Neural 111 98 6 0 Mammal Lumbar R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 1 arch 9804 111 98 6 0 Cattle Femur R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X F 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 R 3 1 33 Carnivore 9804 Medium gnawing on 111 98 6 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 4 the shaft Carnivore gnawing on the proximal 9804 end and 111 98 6 0 Cattle Calcaneus L 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 X X 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 36 the body 9804 Unidentifie 111 98 6 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 3 1 9804 Large 111 98 6 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 2 20 9804 111 98 6 0 Cattle Radius R 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 18 Carnivore 9804 Medium gnawing on 111 98 6 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 2 the shaft 9804 111 98 6 0 Cattle Mandible R 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 11 9804 Medium 111 98 6 0 Mammal Mandible R 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 6 9804 111 98 6 0 Cattle Phalanx (I) L 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 5 9804 Large 111 98 6 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 3 15 9804 111 98 6 0 Sheep/Goat Phalanx (I) R 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 0 9804 111 98 6 0 Sheep/Goat Humerus R 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 3 Broken 9804 lower 111 98 6 0 Pig Tooth R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 1 dpm4 Carnivore 9804 Large gnawing on 111 98 6 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 10 the shaft Male, Carnivore gnawing on the 9804 mandible 111 98 6 0 Pig Mandible R 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 46 body 9804 Large 111 98 6 0 Mammal Skull X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 6 30 9804 111 98 6 0 Sheep/Goat Sacrum B 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 10 9804 Medium Spinous 111 98 6 0 Mammal Thoracic B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 2 1 2 process 9804 Large 111 98 6 0 Mammal Skull X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 8 11 9804 Medium 111 98 6 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 2 3 9805 Large 111 98 8 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 13 9806 Unidentifie 111 98 0 S/98/7 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 3 2

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Fre Too Tren Ct sh th ( PL ch xt Samp Elemen Si Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Pr Di Pat But Work Bur Gna Bre Asso Measur Wea Surfa Conditi N g ot No No le No Taxon t de 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ox st h ch ed nt w ak c'd ed r ce on o ) Notes 9806 111 98 0 S/98/7 Sheep/Goat Scapula L 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 2 Burnt black 9806 111 98 5 0 Cattle Metacarpal L 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 4 1 26 Carnivore gnawing on 9806 the distal 111 98 5 0 Sheep/Goat Radius L 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 4 shaft 9807 Unidentifie 111 98 0 S/98/4 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 4 0 9807 111 98 0 S/98/4 Sheep/Goat Phalanx (I) R 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X F 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 0 Burnt grey 9807 Unidentifie 111 98 0 S/98/4 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 3 1 Burnt black 9807 111 98 5 S/98/5 Anuran Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 2 0 9807 111 98 5 S/98/5 Anuran Vertebra B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 0 9807 Medium 111 98 5 0 Mammal Rib X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 2 1 dpm4=B, 9807 M1=f, 111 98 5 0 Sheep Mandible R 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X 2 1 23 M2=d 9807 Unidentifie 111 98 5 S/98/5 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 0 Burnt black Mostly just articular 9807 Phalanx facet 111 98 5 0 Equid (III) L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 4 1 15 surviving 9807 Unidentifie 111 98 5 S/98/5 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 4 0 9807 Unidentifie 111 98 5 S/98/5 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 2 0 9807 111 98 5 0 Sheep/Goat Tibia L 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 6 9807 111 98 5 0 Sheep/Goat Tooth R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 5 Upper M3 9807 111 98 6 0 Cattle Tibia R 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 2 1 81 9807 Large 111 98 6 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 6 9807 111 98 6 0 Sheep/Goat Phalanx (I) L 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 X F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 1 9807 111 98 6 0 Dog Mandible R 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 4 1 22 Carnivore 9900 gnawing on 112 99 5 0 Cattle Mandible L 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 X X 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 X 3 1 22 the condyle 9900 112 99 5 0 Sheep/Goat Radius R 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 16 9900 112 99 5 0 Sheep/Goat Metacarpal L 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 16 9900 112 99 5 0 Sheep/Goat Mandible R 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 3 1 21 9900 Large 112 99 5 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 4 Burnt black Chopped through the acetabulu m and 9900 through the 112 99 5 0 Cattle Innominate R 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 F X 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 95 illium 9900 Mineral 112 99 5 0 Cattle Innominate R 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 E 3 1 126 encrusted

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Fre Too Tren Ct sh th ( PL ch xt Samp Elemen Si Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Pr Di Pat But Work Bur Gna Bre Asso Measur Wea Surfa Conditi N g ot No No le No Taxon t de 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ox st h ch ed nt w ak c'd ed r ce on o ) Notes carnivore gnawing on 9900 the ischium 112 99 5 0 Equid Innominate L 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F X 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 X 2 1 159 and pubis 9900 Unidentifie 112 99 5 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 2 6 9900 Large 112 99 6 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 13 9900 Large 112 99 8 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 2 39 Charred 9900 Unidentifie black/brow 112 99 8 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 5 n 9900 112 99 8 0 Cattle Innominate R 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 19 9900 112 99 8 0 Sheep/Goat Tibia L 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 15 9900 Mineral 112 99 8 0 Cattle Metatarsal L 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 E 3 1 126 encrusted Heavily 9901 Medium mineral 112 99 0 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 E 2 1 5 encrusted 9901 Medium 112 99 0 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 2 1E+0 Unidentifie 120 104 5 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 2 4 1E+0 120 104 5 0 Sheep/Goat Tooth R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 4 Upper M1 1E+0 lower 120 104 5 0 Sheep/Goat Tooth L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X 4 1 2 M1=h 1E+0 120 104 5 0 Sheep/Goat Metatarsal R 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 3 1 7 1E+0 Lower 120 104 5 0 Cattle Tooth R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X 3 1 16 M1=j 1E+0 Unidentifie Burnt 120 104 5 S/104/1 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 16 1 grey/white 1E+0 Unidentifie 120 104 5 S/104/1 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 4 25 3 1E+0 Large 120 104 5 S/104/1 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 2 Burnt black 1E+0 Medium 120 104 5 S/104/1 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 2 3 1E+0 Medium 120 104 5 S/104/1 Mammal Rib X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 0 1E+0 120 104 5 S/104/1 Sheep/Goat Mandible L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 0 1E+0 Medium 120 104 5 0 Mammal Rib X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 2 1E+0 Large 120 104 5 0 Mammal Humerus L 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 29 1E+0 Medium 120 104 5 S/104/2 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 0 Burnt black 1E+0 Large 120 104 5 0 Mammal Rib X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 3 2 15 1E+0 120 104 5 0 Sheep/Goat Tibia R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 4 1 3 1E+0 120 104 5 0 Sheep/Goat Metatarsal L 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 7 1E+0 Large 120 104 5 S/104/2 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 2 Burnt black 1E+0 Unidentifie 120 104 5 S/104/2 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 14 2 1E+0 Medium 120 104 5 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 3 2

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Fre Too Tren Ct sh th ( PL ch xt Samp Elemen Si Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Pr Di Pat But Work Bur Gna Bre Asso Measur Wea Surfa Conditi N g ot No No le No Taxon t de 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ox st h ch ed nt w ak c'd ed r ce on o ) Notes 1E+0 Large 120 104 5 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 2 8 1E+0 Medium 120 104 5 S/104/2 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 1 1E+0 120 104 5 0 Sheep/Goat Tibia L 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 3 1 10 1E+0 Medium 120 104 5 S/104/2 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 1 Burnt white 1E+0 Lower 120 104 5 0 Sheep/Goat Tooth L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X 3 1 2 M1=f 1E+0 Lower 120 104 5 0 Cattle Tooth R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X 3 1 9 PM4=g 1E+0 120 104 5 0 Sheep/Goat Metatarsal L 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 2 1E+0 Unidentifie 120 104 5 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 4 1 3 1E+0 120 104 5 0 Sheep/Goat Calcaneus R 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 U X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 4 1E+0 Large 120 104 5 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 4 1E+0 120 104 5 0 Cattle Metatarsal L 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 X F 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 3 1 46 1E+0 Large 120 104 5 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 11 1E+0 120 104 5 0 Sheep/Goat Mandible R 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 6 1E+0 Large Burnt 120 104 5 S/104/4 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 0 grey/white 1E+0 Unidentifie 120 104 5 S/104/4 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 5 1 1E+0 Medium 120 104 5 /104/5 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 0 Burnt black 1E+0 Unidentifie 120 104 5 /104/5 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 4 1 1E+0 120 104 5 0 Sheep/Goat Tooth L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 2 Upper PM 1E+0 Unidentifie 120 104 5 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 4 1E+0 120 104 5 0 Sheep/Goat Tibia L 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 0 1E+0 Skull- 120 104 5 0 Sheep/Goat maxilla R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 9 1E+0 Large 120 104 5 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 3 12 1E+0 Medium 120 104 5 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 2 1 1E+0 120 104 5 0 Cattle Horncore R 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 3 1 14 1E+0 120 104 5 0 Cattle Metapodial R 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 X F 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 3 1 29 1E+0 120 104 5 0 Cattle Tibia R 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 X F 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 X 3 1 96 Bd=52mm Knife cut on the lateral proximal 1E+0 shaft, 120 104 5 0 Cattle Metatarsal L 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 F X 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 3 1 78 Bp=41mm 1E+0 Large 120 104 5 /104/5 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 2 4 1E+0 Unidentifie 120 104 5 /104/5 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 0 Burnt black

206

Fre Too Tren Ct sh th ( PL ch xt Samp Elemen Si Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Pr Di Pat But Work Bur Gna Bre Asso Measur Wea Surfa Conditi N g ot No No le No Taxon t de 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ox st h ch ed nt w ak c'd ed r ce on o ) Notes Knife cuts circling the proximal shaft, GL=134m m, GLI=131m m, LI=129mm, 1E+0 SD=27mm, 120 104 5 0 Equid Metatarsal L 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 F F 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 X 2 1 167 Dd=22mm PM4=e, M1=k, 1E+0 M2=j, 120 104 5 0 Cattle Mandible L 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 X 3 1 342 M3=e 1E+0 Large 120 104 5 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 5 1E+0 120 104 5 0 Cattle Innominate L 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 14 1E+0 120 104 5 0 Sheep/Goat Tooth L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 6 Upper M2 1E+0 120 104 5 0 Dog Humerus R 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 X F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 3 1 12 Bd=30mm 1E+0 120 104 5 0 Sheep/Goat Radius R 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 8 1E+0 Large 120 104 5 0 Mammal Rib X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 2 3 40 1E+0 120 104 5 0 Cattle Metatarsal L 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 2 1 34 Bp=44mm knife cuts on the side of the 1E+0 medial 120 104 5 0 Cattle Humerus L 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X F 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 81 condyle 1E+0 Large 120 104 5 0 Mammal Humerus R 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 31 1E+0 120 104 5 0 Cattle Mandible R 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 7 1E+0 120 104 5 0 Equid Femur R 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 X F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 2 1 204 Bd=75mm LowerM1= 1E+0 h, M2=f, 120 104 5 0 Sheep/Goat Mandible R 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X 2 1 25 M3=e 1E+0 Large Articular 120 104 5 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X 3 1 62 facet 1E+0 Large 120 104 5 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 3 14 Bp=77mm, 1E+0 BFp=70m 120 104 5 0 Cattle Radius L 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 F X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 X 3 1 167 m 1E+0 Pm4=c, 120 104 5 0 Cattle Mandible R 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 X 3 1 50 M1=j, 1E+0 Lower 120 104 5 0 Cattle Tooth R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X 3 1 18 M1=k 1E+0 Large 120 104 5 0 Mammal Long Bone X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 4 40 1E+0 Large 120 104 5 0 Mammal Lumbar B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 35 1E+0 Large Neural 120 104 5 0 Mammal Lumbar B 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 2 54 arches 1E+0 Medium 120 104 5 0 Mammal Rib X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 1 1E+0 Unidentifie 120 104 5 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 2 14

207

Fre Too Tren Ct sh th ( PL ch xt Samp Elemen Si Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Pr Di Pat But Work Bur Gna Bre Asso Measur Wea Surfa Conditi N g ot No No le No Taxon t de 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ox st h ch ed nt w ak c'd ed r ce on o ) Notes 1E+0 120 104 5 0 Cattle Ulna L 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 2 1 11 1E+0 Medium 120 104 5 0 Mammal Mandible L 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 9 1E+0 Unidentifie 120 104 5 0 Unidentified d X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 3 1 4

Measurement definitions

Taxon Element 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Carpo- Bird metacarpus GL L Bp Did Bird Coracoid GL Lm Bb Bf Bird Femur GL Lm Bp Dp SC Bd Dd Bird Humerus GL Bp SC Did Bird Radius GL SC Bd Bird Scapula GL Dic Bird Synsacrum-pelvis GL LS LV SB BA Bird Tarso-metatarsus GL Bp SC Bd Spur Bird Tibio-tarsus GL La Dip SC Dd Bird Ulna GL Bp Dip SC Did Cattle Astragalus GLl GLm Dl Dm Bd Cattle Atlas GB GL BFcr BFcd GLF H Cattle Axis LCDe LAPa BFcr Bpacd BPtr SBV BFcd H Cattle Calcaneus GL GB Cattle Femur GL Bp DC SD Bd Cattle Horncore GL BC Dmin Dmax Index Tors Tip Angle Age-C Sex Cattle Humerus GL GLC Bp SD Bd BT Cattle Mandible 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10L Cattle Metapodial GL Bp SD DD Bd BatFu Cattle Phalanx (I) GLPe Bp SD BD Cattle Radius GL Bp BFp SD Bd BFd Cattle Sacrum GL PL GB BFcr HFcr Nseg Cattle Scapula HS Ld SLC GLP LG BG Cattle Skull 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Cattle Tibia GL Bp SD Bd Dog Astragalus GL

208

Taxon Element 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Dog Atlas GB GL BFcr BFcd GLF Lad H Dog Axis LCDe LAPa BFcr Bpacd BPtr SBV BFcd H Dog Calcaneus GL GB Dog Femur GLC Bp DC SD Bd Dog Humerus GL GLC Dp SD Bd Dog Mandible 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dog Metapodial GL Bd Dog Radius GL Bp Bd Dog Sacrum GL PL GB BFcr HFcr Nseg Dog Scapula HS DHA SLC GLP LG BG Dog Skull 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dog Tibia GL Bp SD Bd Dog Ulna GL DPA SDO BPC Equid Astragalus GH GB BFd LmT Equid Atlas GB GL BFcr BFcd GLF H Equid Axis LCDe LAPa BFcr Bpacd BPtr SBV BFcd H Equid Calcaneus GL GB Equid Femur GL GLC Bp DC SD CD Bd Equid Humerus GL GLl GLC DC SD Bd BT Equid Mandible 1 2 3 SD 5 6 6a 7 7a 8 Equid Metapodial GL GLl Ll Bp Dp SD CD DD Bd Dd Equid Phalange (I) GL Bp BFp Dp SD Bd BFd Equid Phalange (II) GL Bp BFp Dp SD Bd Equid Phalange (III) GL GB LF BF Ld HP Equid Radius GL PL Ll Bp Bd BFd Equid Sacrum GL PL GB BFcr HFcr Nseg Equid Scapula HS Ld SLC GLP LG BG Equid Skull 1 2 3 3a 4 5 6 7 8 9 Equid Tibia GL Ll Bp SD CD Bd Dd Pig Astragalus GLl GLm Pig Atlas GB GL BFcr BFcd GLF H Pig Axis LCDe LAPa BFcr Bpacd BPtr SBV BFcd H Pig Calcaneus GL GB Pig Femur GL GLC Bp DC SD Bd Pig Humerus GL GLC Bp SD Bd

209

Taxon Element 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Pig Mandible 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7a 8 9 Pig Metapodial GL Bd Pig Phalanx (I) GLPe Bp SD BD Pig Radius GL Bp SD Bd Pig Sacrum GL PL GB BFcr HFcr Nseg Pig Scapula HS Ld SLC GLP LG BG Pig Skull 1 1a 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Pig Tibia GL Bp SD Bd Pig Ulna GL DPA SDO BPC Sheep/Goat Astragalus GLl GLm Dl Dm Bd Sheep/Goat Atlas GB GL BFcr BFcd GLF H Sheep/Goat Axis LCDe LAPa BFcr Bpacd BPtr SBV BFcd H Sheep/Goat Calcaneus GL GB Sheep/Goat Femur GL Bp DC SD Bd Sheep/Goat Humerus GL GLC Bp SD Bd BT Sheep/Goat Mandible 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10L Sheep/Goat Metapodial GL Bp SD DD Bd BatFu Sheep/Goat Phalanx (I) GLPe Bp SD BD Sheep/Goat Radius GL Bp BFp SD Bd BFd Sheep/Goat Sacrum GL PL GB BFcr HFcr Nseg Sheep/Goat Scapula HS Ld SLC GLP LG BG Sheep/Goat Skull 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sheep/Goat Tibia GL Bp SD Bd

: Large Mammal – Cattle, Horse, Red Deer size Key to recording of animal bone : Medium Mammal - Sheep/Goat, Pig, Dog, Roe Deer size Key: : Small Mammal- Cat, Rabbit size Taxon: Species, family group or size category. : Micro Mammal – Mouse-sized Non-species specific codes: - : Unidentified - Not identified to species : Equid - Horse Family

: Gadidae - Cod Family Element: Skeletal element represented. : Passer - Passerine, Small songbirds i.e. Sparrow or Finches : Unidentified - Not identified to element : Turdid - Turdidae, Blackbird/Thrush family

: Corvid - Covidae, Crow family i.e. Crow, Rook or Jackdaw Side: L- Left, R - Right, B - Both : Galliform - Fowl or Pheasant

210

Zones: Records presence/absence of individual areas of the bone. • Halstead, P, 1985 A Study of Mandibular Teeth from Romano-British Based on Zone illustrations in Serjeantson, D, 1996 The Animal Bones, in Refuse Contexts at Maxey, in F Pryor, Archaeology and Environment in the Lower and Disposal at Area 16, East Runnymede: Runnymede Bridge Research Welland Valley, East Anglian Archaeology Report 27:219-224. Excavations, Vol. 2, (eds) E S Needham and T Spence, British Museum Press, • Levine, M A, 1982 The Use of Crown Height Measurements and Eruption- London. Wear Sequences to Age Horse Teeth. In Wilson, B et al. Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. BAR British Series 109. 223 – 250.

Prox and Dist: Fusion of proximal and distal epiphyses Surface: Taphonomies noted on the bone surface: : X- Not present, F- Fused, U- Unfused, B- Unfused diaphysis and epiphysis present, V- Fusion Line visible. W - Weathered A- Abraded Age Range: Age range based on age at fusion. Based on R - Rootlet etched Silver, I, A, 1969, The Ageing of Domestic Animals, in D. Brothwell and E.S. Higgs, D - Chemical etching from digestion Science in Archaeology, Thames and Hudson. Condition: Grades 0-5, where 0 = pristine and 5= indicating that the bone had suffered such Path: Presence of pathology, details in notes column. structural and attritional damage as to make it unrecognisable. Based on Lyman, R L, 1996 Vertebrate Taphonomy, Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Butch: Presence of butchery, details in notes column. No.: Number of individual bones/fragments Burnt: Presence of burning, details in notes column. (g): Weight in grams Gnaw: Presence of gnawing, details in notes column. Notes: Notes on observed taphonomies, differences and associations. Worked: Fragment shows evidence of working, details in the notes column.

Fresh Break: Fresh break noted, fragments re-fitted as one bone.

Associated: Articulating or adjoining bones.

Measured: Measurements taken as according to Von den Driesch, A, 1976 A Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites, Peabody Museum.

Tooth Wear: Tooth wear score for aging data, taken as according to: • Grant, A, 1982 ‘The Use of Tooth Wear as a Guide to the Age of Domestic Ungulates’, in B Wilson et al. Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites, BAR British Series 109, 91-108, Oxford.

211 APPENDIX 14 OF ANNEX 6.6.5: THE PHASE II FAUNAL REMAINS

by Jennifer Wood Table 1 Quantification, by Plot 1.1.1 A total of 77 (1721 g) refitted fragments of bone were recovered by hand during archaeological works undertaken by Pre-Construct Archaeology Services Ltd on along Hand Collected the Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm cable route, supplementary trenches. Plot N= (g) Methodology 87 59 1102 1.1.2 Identification of the bone was undertaken with access to a reference collection and 101 4 326 published guides. Where fresh breaks were observed, fragments were refitted and 118 14 293 counted as one. The entire assemblage has been fully recorded into a database archive. All animal remains were counted and weighed, and where possible identified to species, Total 77 1721 element, side and zone (Serjeantson 1996). Also fusion data, butchery marks (Binford 1981), gnawing, burning and pathological changes were noted when present. Ribs and vertebrae were only recorded to species when they were substantially complete and Plot 87 could accurately be identified. Undiagnostic bones were recorded as micro (rodent size), small (rabbit size), medium (sheep size) or large (cattle size). The separation of sheep 1.1.7 A total of 59 (1102 g) refitted fragments of animal bone were recovered from Plot 87, and goat bones was done using the criteria of Boessneck (1969) and Prummel and from Trenches 65, 66 and 67. The remains were recovered from a series of ditches and Frisch (1986), in addition to the use of the reference material. Where distinctions could gullies dated from the middle Iron Age to early Roman periods as well as several undated not be made, the bone was recorded as sheep/goat (S/G). ditches. 1.1.3 The condition of the bone was graded using the criteria stipulated by Lyman (1996), with 1.1.8 The remains were of a moderate overall condition, averaging at grade 3 on the Lyman grade 0 being the best preserved bone and grade 5 indicating that the bone had suffered criteria (1996). such structural and attritional damage as to make it unrecognisable. Plot 87 1.1.4 The quantification of species was carried out using the total fragment count, in which the total number of fragments of bone and teeth was calculated for each taxon. Where fresh 1.1.9 A total of 59 (1102 g) refitted fragments of animal bone were recovered from Plot 87, breaks were noted, fragments were refitted and counted as one. from Trenches 65, 66 and 67. The remains were recovered from a series of ditches and 1.1.5 Tooth eruption and wear stages were measured using a combination of Halstead (1985), gullies dated from the middle Iron Age to early Roman periods as well as several undated Grant (1982) and Levine (1982), and fusion data was analysed according to Silver ditches. (1969). Measurements of adult, that is, fully fused bones were taken according to the 1.1.10 The remains were of a moderate overall condition, averaging at grade 3 on the Lyman methods of von den Driesch (1976), with asterisked (*) measurements indicating bones criteria (1996). that were reconstructed or had slight abrasion of the surface.

Assessment of Assemblage

Quantity

1.1.5 The number of refitted fragments and total assemblage weights for each individual plot are displayed within Table 1. The majority of the individual plot assemblages contain very few fragments of bone.

212 Table 2 Summary of Taxon, by Feature

Late Iron Age- Mid Iron Age- Late Iron Age- Mid 1st-Early Mid 1st-Early Mid Iron Age- Early Roman Early Roman Early Roman 2nd Century 2nd Century Early Roman Undated Ditch Undated Ditch Taxon Ditch [65004] Ditch [65006] Ditch [65016] Ditch [66004] Gully [66037] Ditch [67005] [67007] [67011] Total Equid (Horse Family) 1 2 1 4 Cattle 1 10 1 2 2 16 Sheep/Goat 2 1 3 Pig 1 1 Dog? (Canis Sp) 1 1 Large Mammal 1 4 11 16 Medium Mammal 1 1 2 Unidentified 10 1 5 16 N= 2 1 26 3 2 22 2 1 59

1.1.11 As can be seen from Table 2, cattle remains were the predominant species identified Table 3 Summary of Taxon, by Feature within the assemblage, followed by Equid (Horse Family) and sheep/goat, with single fragments of pig and dog also identified within the assemblage. Two fragments of bone Undated Ditch Undated Large recovered from Trench 65, ditch [65004] displayed evidence of burning. Taxon [79009] Ditch [80006] Total

Discussion Equid (Horse family) 1 1

1.1.12 The remains recovered from Plot 87 are a small assemblage, predominantly recovered Cattle 2 2 from features associated with an Iron Age-early Roman enclosure/settlement. The Sheep/Goat 1 1 assemblage make-up appears to be fairly typical for the period. The assemblage is too small to provide any further meaningful data. N= 2 2 4

Plot 101 1.1.14 The assemblage is too small to provide any further information, save the presence of the 1.1.13 A total of four fragments (326 g) of refitted bone were recovered by hand from undated remains on site. ditches [79009] and [80006] within Trenches 79 and 80 in Plot 101. The assemblage was Plot 118 of moderate to poor overall condition, averaging at grade 4 on the Lyman criteria (1996). 1.1.15 A total of 14 fragments (293 g) of animal bone were recovered from mid-late Iron Age ditches [102004], [102033], undated ditches [102 019], [102035], an undated peat layer [102037] and clay layer [102040]. The remains were of a good to moderate overall condition, averaging at grade 3 on the Lyman criteria (1996).

213 Table 4 Summary of Taxon, by Feature Grant, A, 1982 ‘The Use of Tooth Wear as a Guide to the Age of Domestic Ungulates’, in B Wilson et al. Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites, BAR British Series 109, 91-108, Oxford. Mid- Late Late Iron Halstead, P, 1985 A Study of Mandibular Teeth from Romano-British Contexts at Maxey, in F Iron Age Undated Pryor, Archaeology and Environment in the Lower Welland Valley, East Anglian Archaeology Age Undated Large Undated Undated Clay Report 27:219-224. Layer Gully Ditch Ditch Ditch Peat Levine, M A, 1982 The Use of Crown Height Measurements and Eruption-Wear Sequences to Taxon [102004] [102019] [102033] [102035] [102037] [102040] Total Age Horse Teeth. In Wilson, B et al. Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. Equid BAR British Series 109. 223 – 250. (Horse Lyman, R L, 1996 Vertebrate Taphonomy, Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology, Cambridge Family) 1 1 University Press, Cambridge. Cattle 2 2 Prummel, W and Frisch, H-J, 1986 A Guide for the distinction of species, sex and body size in bones of sheep and goat, Journal of Archaeological Science XIII., 567–77. Sheep/Goat 2 1 3 Serjeantson, D., 1996: ‘The animal bones’ in Needham S. and Spence A. Refuse and Disposal at Pig 1 1 Area 16 East Runnymede. Runnymede Bridge Research Excavations, Volume 2 (London, British Large Museum Press) 194-222. Mammal 3 1 1 1 6 Silver, I. A., 1969, `The Ageing of Domestic Animals´, in Brothwell, D. and Higgs,E.S., Science in Unidentified 1 1 Archaeology (Thames and Hudson) 283-302. N= 6 2 2 1 2 1 14

1.1.16 Sheep/goat was the most abundantly identified species within the assemblage, closely followed by cattle, with single fragments of equid and pig also identified. No further information can be gained from the assemblage, save the presence of the remains on site.

Conclusions and Recommendations

1.1.17 The additional trenches along the Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm cable route produced a number of small assemblages of bone; the majority of which are to too small to provide any further meaningful data on animal husbandry or utilisation, save the presence of the species present. 1.1.18 In their current state, no further work is recommended on any of the assessed assemblages. However, in the event of any further works, plots 87 and 118 are liable to produce more bone of moderate condition with a moderate to good potential to provide further information on animal husbandry, utilisation and diet economy for these areas.

Bibliography

Binford, L., 1981, Ancient Men and Modern Myths, New York: Academic Press. Boessneck, J, 1969 Osteological Differences in Sheep (Ovis aries Linné) and Goat (Capra hircus Linné), in D Brothwell and E Higgs (eds) Science in Archaeology, Thames and Hudson, 331-358. von den Driesch, A, 1976 A Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites, Peabody Museum.

214

APPENDIX 14.1 OF ANNEX 6.6.5: ANIMAL BONE ARCHIVE