Frontier Democracy: Constitutional Conventions in the Old Northwest Silvana R

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Index

activists Baring Brothers & Co., 355 antislavery, 25 , 279 Bates, William Savery, 25 , 227 , 265 – 66 , 269 , pro–black rights, 19 , 25 , 139 , 205 , 267 275 , 307 women’s rights, 19 , 25 , 139 , 140 , 205 , 310 Beach, Walter, 68 Adams, John, 84 , 155 , 270 Benton, Thomas Hart, 216 , 365 African Americans Bicknell, George, 93 , 131 , 341 rights of, 2 , 13 , 101 , 273 , 382 Biddle, John, 104 voting rights, 294 Bill of Rights, 82 , 137 , 143n3 , 201n122 , 240 , Aiken, S. C., 206 243 , 305n122 , 328 Akin, George, 103 Birkbeck, Morris, 219 Allen, William, 369 Bissel, Samuel, 194 Alvord, Henry, 66 Black Codes . See African Americans, rights of Ames, M. E., 134 black conventions, 30 Andrews, Sherlock, 291 , 292 in Indiana, 19 , 269 Antislavery Bugle , 318 in Michigan, 140 Archbold, Edward, 86 in Ohio, 1 , 19 , 269 Archimedes, 77 women in, 269 Aristotle, 83 , 83n35 , 83n37 , 87 black exclusion, 9 , 30 , 165 , 268 , 272 , Armstrong, George W., 370 275 , 288 – 89 Articles of Confederation, 5 , 6 , 143n3 , 161 votes on, 2 , 298t8.2 Atwater, Caleb, 105 , 153 , 200 Black Hawk, 347 Black Hawk War, 235 Badger, Oliver P., 87 Blackstone, William, 115 , 126 , 182 , 213 Bagg, Joseph H., 294 Bond, Benjamin, 268 , 275 , 307 Bailly, Henry, 36 , 303 Borden, James W., 304 Baker, Charles M., 195 Bowker, Joseph, 359 Bank of England, 366 Boyton, Maria, 323 Bank of the United States Britain, Calvin, 106 , 168 , 294 First, 351 Britton, John G., 205 Second, 358 Brooke, John T., 135 banks Brothertown Indians, 290 private, 350 , 351 Brown, Joseph Renshaw, 303 state, 348 , 349 , 353 , 369 , 373 Brown, Susan Freniére, 303 wildcat, 349 , 353 , 357 , 358 Burlamaqui, Jean-Jacques, 88

385

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386 Index

Burnet, Jacob, 118 fl exibility of, 120 Butler, Horace, 363 jurisprudence, 148 and legal practice, 179 – 82 Caldwell, Albert Gallatin, 149 and married women, 314 , 328 Calhoun, John C., 96 and married women’s property rights, 236 Campbell, Thomas, 135 , 149 and natural law, 125 Carpenter, Cyrus Clay, 342 and Northwest Ordinance, 114 Casey, Zadoc, 48 , 157 and popular sovereignty, 233 Cass, Lewis, 155 and property rights, 225 , 229 , 331 Catholics, 133 , 290 and race, 307 caucuses, 20 , 33 , 52 , 197 as unwritten law, 119 , 131 chancery courts, 179 , 180 , 313 and widows, 315 and codifi cation, 180 Comstock, Horace, 160 and law reform, 180 Conkling, James C., 162 and women’s property, 180 Connecticut, 5 English, 312 constitutional conventions Chartism, 152 , 226 , 240 appropriations for, 67 Chase, Warren, 25 , 227 committees, 48 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia , 212 cost of, 66 – 67 Cherokees, 214 petitions, 62 – 63 Chevalier, Michel, 371 presidents of, 38 , 42 Chippewas, 113 purpose of, 112 cholera, 53 , 65 , 68 , 69 as representative bodies, 21 Christianity constitutionalism, 12 , 73 , 75 , 110 , 348 , 374 as basis for constitutions, 73 , 74 , 86 , 110 and constitutional reform, 163 and common law, 334 and political power, 109 and married women, 314 and popular sovereignty, 17 and racial prejudice, 275 and republicanism, 15 , 368 Cicero, 77 , 84n41 , 87 , 157n58 convention committees circuit courts, 179 , 181 , 184 , 257 on homestead exemptions, 328 claims clubs, 150 , 235 judiciary, 195 Clark, Horace, 87 , 104 on married women’s property Clark, Othniel, 122 , 125 , 135 , 334 rights, 329 Clarke, Rufus, 297 , 304 on miscellaneous subjects, 328 Clarke, William Penn, 27 , 62 , 260 , 296 , Conway, William, 158 , 341 297 , 373 Conwell, Caroline (Carrie), 327 , 343 Cloud, Newton, 48 corporations, 88 , 355n24 , 357n29 , 363 , 369 , codifi cation, 120 , 127 – 28 , 181 375t10.1 in Michigan, 132 Council of Revision, 201n122 , 202n123 in Ohio, 133 Illinois, 201 Cole, Orsamus, 103 , 104 , 197 county seat wars, 245 Colored Citizens Conventions. See black courthouses, 9 , 255 conventions design of, 196 Colored Citizens League, 1 coverture, 115 , 237 , 312 , 312n8 , 313 , Columbian Orator , 53 , 77 316 , 332 common law, 113 – 15 , 121 , 123 Cowles, Betsy Mix, 30 , 338 American, 116 , 138 , 313 Crain, John, 237 and Christianity, 88 , 122 , 346 Crary, Isaac, 58 , 66 and codifi cation, 127 , 128 , 134 , 136 Crawford, Theophilus, 17 criticism of, 121 , 134 , 205 currency defenses of, 122 paper, 349 , 353 , 356 , 364 , 369 English, 110 , 113 , 116 , 118 , 120 , 121 , specie, 350 – 51 , 353 , 369 125 , 138 Curtis, Gould, 302

Index 387

Dakota Indians, 25 elective judiciary, 172 , 179 , 186 – 94 Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819, 363 Emmet, Lafayette, 190 Davis, Benjamin, 149 enabling acts, 6 , 174 Davis, David, 30 , 42 , 52 , 58 , 68 , 156 , 158 , equity courts. See chancery courts 185 , 335 Etcheson, Nicole, 8 Davis, Eliza, 15 , 33 Euclid, 77 , 147 , 147n18 , 148 Davis, James, 149 Evans, George Henry, 226 Davis, Oliver P., 15 , 16 , 29 , 32 , 52 , 54 , 67 , 87 Davis, Sarah, 30 , 68 Federalist Papers, 74 , 81 , 82n30 Deaf and Dumb Asylum, Indianapolis, 52 Felch, Alpheus, 343 , 343n114 , 370n62 debt repudiation, 355 , 358 Ferris, Jacob, 217 debt seizure, 207 , 209 , 231 , 237 , 240 , 241 , Field Code, 181 . See also codifi cation 317 , 346n127 fi rst principles, 81 – 85 , 89 , 100 , 101 , 132 , 316 Declaration of Independence, 80 , 82 , 90 , 243 Flandrau, Charles, 193 , 268 , 286 , 302 , 304 and African American rights, 274 Fletcher v. Peck , 211 , 363 and boundary disputes, 251 Fletcher, Jonathan, 196 and natural law, 87 Ford, Thomas, 159 delegates Fourier, Charles, 226 ages of, 35 Fourierism, 25 , 226 education of, 38 Free Soil Party, 20 , 52 , 163 , 222 , 268 , 294 elections of, 20 – 21 families of, 67 – 70 gag rules, 280 nativity of, 38 – 41 Gallatin, Albert, 216 party affi liations of, 21 Gehon, Francis, 273 , 281 political experience of, 36 – 38 Gibson, Thomas W., 84 professions of, 41 , 42 Giddings, L. Maria, 30 , 338 wealth of, 34 – 35 girls democratic deliberation, 18 – 20 education of, 291 , 311 , 325 , 344 Democratic Party Godey’s Lady’s Book , 93 , 93n75 , 311 in conventions, 52 Godfrey, James R., 283 and delegate elections, 20 , 21 – 24 Goodell, William, 270 in Iowa, 21 Goodwin, Daniel, 372 in the Northwest, 109 Gould, James, 120 in Ohio, 21 , 66 Gower, Robert, 263 platform, 113 , 163 grand juries, 55 and spoils system, 86 Greeley, Horace, 226 Democratic Review , 84 , 84n42 , 94 , 94n79 , Green, John L., 97 95n80 , 186 , 187n61 , 366 , 366n53 Greenleaf, Simon, 122 Discovery Doctrine, 210 , 211 , 212 , 212n19 , Grimke, Frederick, 123 , 138 , 187 213 , 223 Grimshaw, William, 57 divorce, 314 Grotius, Hugo, 88 Doran, John L., 201 Grow, Galusha, 229 Dorr Rebellion, 149 Dorr, Thomas, 97 , 149 Haddon, William R., 333 Doty, James, 257 Hall, Jonathan, 103 , 274 , 290 , 292 Douglas, Stephen A., 125 , 155 , 181 , 221 , Hall, Junius, 184 , 189 250 , 365 Hamilton, Alexander, 81 , 84 , 148 Douglass, Frederick, 289 , 308 Hamilton, Allen, 35 , 59 , 63 , 65 , 157 , 189 , 197 , Douglass, H. F., 289 283 , 305 , 336 Dred Scott v. Sandford , 205 , 273 Hamilton, Emerine J., 335 Harmonists, 25 ecclesiastical courts, 313 Harrington, John, 224 Edwards, John, 359 Harris, Amos, 128

388 Index

Hayes, Samuel, 133 Indians Helmer, Melchert, 378 citizenship of, 268 Hildreth, Richard, 371 property rights of, 211 – 15 , 238 Hilles, William, H., 149 voting rights, 300 Hobbes, Thomas, 90 indignation meetings, 63 Holman, William Steele, 197 , 336 interest rates, 352 Holt, George, 330 internal improvements, 244 , 248 , 249 , homestead exemption, 89n60 , 209 , 232 , 355 , 364 234 – 35 , 237 , 238n125 , 238n127 , 240 , in capital city selection, 257 240n133 , 327 , 380 discussed in conventions, 11 , 162 , 246 homesteads, 236 – 38 and federal government, 364 Honey War (boundary dispute between and state debts, 356 Missouri and Iowa), 253 Whig support for, 248 Horwitz, Morton, 127 Iowa Hovey, Alvin, 30 , 54 , 61 , 65 , 268 African American rights in, 298t8.2 speech on grand jury, 54 – 56 boundary dispute with Missouri, 253 Hovey, Mary, 30 , 61 , 68 , 268 constitution, 1844, 379 Howe, Henry, 351 married women’s property rights in, 165 Howe, Mrs., 326 Iroquois, 113 Huebschmann, Francis, 293 Isaac [employee of Alvin Hovey], 268 human rights, 208 , 209 Hurons, 5 Jackson, Andrew, 80 , 250 , 252 , 354 , 355 , 365 Jefferson, Thomas, 6 , 219 , 225 , 271 Illinois Johnson v. M’Intosh , 211 African American rights in, 13 , 266 , 268 , Judd, Stoddard, 91 275 , 298t8.2 , 382 judges bank failures, 354 character of, 187 , 192 boundary disputes, 246 as politicians, 188 constitution, 1848, 308 qualifi cations of, 179 constitution,1818, 8 judicial review, 199 – 204 delegate elections in, 21 justices of the peace, 174 – 78 law reform in, 133 Justinianic code, 213 population of, 183 state debt, 367 Kelso, Daniel, 135 , 190 , 197 statehood of, 6 Kent, Chancellor James, 10 , 116 , 117 , 120 , immigrants 121 , 182 from Canada, 7 Kettell, Thomas Prentice, 94 from Europe, 7 , 9 Kickapoos, 5 European, rights of, 96 , 101 , 238 , King, Rufus, 250 288 , 305 Kinley, Isaac, 91 Indiana Kinney, Charity Anne, 341 African American rights in, 266 , Know Nothing Party, 304 298t8.2 , 382 constitution, 1816, 8 land ordinances constitution, 1851, 161 , 240 , 283 , 378 1784, 6 delegate elections in, 21 1785, 6 and exemptions, 240 1787. See Northwest Ordinance law reform in, 127 land tenancy, 231 and married women’s property rights, 314 Lane, Henry Smith, 157 statehood of, 6 Langston, John Mercer, 279 , 296 , 301 Territory, 6 , 71 Lansing, Michigan, 259 women’s rights in, 19, 205 , 335 Larwill, John, 51 , 53 , 64

Index 389

Lawrence, William, 166 Martin, Morgan L., 372 lawyers Mason, Samson, 81 , 88 , 90 as delegates, 41 , 170 – 71 Mason, Stevens T., 251 , 366 education of, 117 , 181 Masons, 28 on judiciary committees, 51 Mazakutemani, Paul, 286 popular perception of, 136 , 170 McArthur, Duncan, 101 , 168 Leach, Dewitt Clinton, 290 McCallen, Andrew, 274 Leadbetter, D. P., 84 , 135 , 234 McDonell, John, 300 Leggett, William, 239 McLeod, William, 294 legislative sessions, frequency of, 146 Medary, Samuel, 99 , 161 legislators metaphors, 72 , 92 , 133 comparison to delegates, 21 in convention speeches, 74 – 79 , 289 perceived corruption of, 158 – 60 for fi rst principles, 85 perception of, 159 for republicanism, 100 legislatures métis people, 5 corruption of, 159 Miamis, 5 cost of, 145 Michigan and court systems, 174 , 180 African American rightrs in, 298t8.2 and defi cit spending, 358 , 362 bank failures, 354 Illinois, 146 boundary dispute with Indiana, 246 Indiana, 146 boundary dispute with Ohio, 247 – 48 , 251 and judicial system, 178 delegate elections in, 20 Ohio, 146 , 200 and elective judiciary, 198 reforms of, 161 and exemptions, 240 weakened by state constitutions, 154 , 361 law reform in, 127 , 132 Leni Lenapes, 5 married women’s property rights in, 346 Lincoln, Abraham, 52 , 162 , 256 , 263 , 308 Milroy, Robert, 25 , 137 , 151 , 158 , 168 Locke, John, 10 , 88 , 224 Miners’ Bank, Dubuque, Iowa, 359 Loco-Foco Party, 67 , 81 , 188 , 209 , 326 , 360 Minnesota Loco-Focos, 364 African American rights in, 271 , 297 , Logan, Stephen T., 42 , 48 , 52 298t8.2 Loudon, James, 29 , 69 boundary dispute, 250 Lucas, Robert, 156 captial controversy, 261 Lybrand, Jacob, 25 , 289 constitution, 1857, 302 , 303 , 361 , 372 Lyon, Lucius, 108 , 160 , 178 constitutional convention, 190 , 304 delegate elections in, 20 Madison, James, 81 , 86 and European immigrants, 304 Mammoth Internal Improvement Act, Indiana, Indian rights in, 269 , 283 , 286 1836, 355 Indians in, 214 Marbury v. Madison , 199 , 201 law reform in, 134 married women’s property, 321 , 327 , 329 , legislative corruption in, 159 333 – 35 , 341 , 380 Territory, 193 and Christianity, 135 Mississippi River, 5 , 7 , 215n31 , 347 , 352 debated in conventions, 75 , 314 – 17 Montesquieu, Charles Louis Secondat, defenses of, 25 , 84 , 338 baron de, 10 , 81 legislation, 330 , 336 Mooers, Benjamin H., 289 in Michigan, 346 Murray, William Pitt, 327 , 343 opposition to, 125 , 165 , 311 , 331 in state constitutions, 341 , 382 Nash, Simeon, 86 , 315 women’s views on, 338 National Reform Association, 227 , 240 Marshall Trilogy, 212 Native American Party, 304 Marshall, John, 199 , 268 , 363 Native Americans. See Indians

390 Index

natural law, 84 , 87 , 88 , 90 , 126 , 310 , 381 panics, 194 natural rights, 88 , 243 1819, 148 , 160 , 351 , 352 New Harmony, Indiana, 165 , 225 1837, 160 , 162 , 348 Newman, John S., 191 parliamentary procedure, 12 , 15 , 17 , 38 , Niles, John Barron, 29 , 48 , 50 , 57 , 65 , 69 , 79 , 162 , 383 122 , 337 , 345 Parsons, Samuel Holden, 174 Niles, Mary, 69 , 337 , 345 Parvin, John, 124 nonlegal systems of law, 11 , 105 , 118 , Patch, Horace D., 232 126 , 381 Peck, John M., 218 North American Review , 96 , 96n85 , 362n41 Pennington, Dennis, xi , 71 , 71n1 , 71n4 , 72 , Northwest 254 , 255 , 255n27 African American population, 308 Peters, Onslow, 187 , 194 African American rights in, 140 petitions, 279 natural resources, 216 , 377 anti-African American voting rights, 2 population of, 7 , 17 , 283 for black rights, 280 , 283 Northwest Ordinance, 6 , 15 , 80 , 116 , 153 , for Indian rights, 283 – 84 , 286 210 , 223 , 244 , 251 for women’s rights, 318 , 338 , 339 and common law, 114 Pettit, John, 56 , 276 and grid system, 215 Pierce, John D., 89 , 353 and Indian property rights, 213 political power, 112 and judiciary, 118 , 175 polity, 242 and religion, 85 Polly Gray v. State of Ohio , 300 and state boundaries, 246 popular sovereignty, 9 – 12 , 73 – 74 , 146 – 47 , and state constitutions, 8 154 – 58 , 203 , 348 , 368 , 373 , 379 Northwest Territory, 3 , 114 challenges to, 13 boundary disputes, 254 and constitutional controversies, 307 Norvell, John, 248 , 300 and constitutional reform, 144 , 164 note brokers, 356 – 57 and constitutional revision, 90 and constitutionalism, 79 O’Sullivan, John A., 94 and direct democracy, 153 Oakley, Charles, 151 in eighteenth century, 146 Ohio and elective judiciary, 186 , 190 , 191 , 193 , African American rights in, 13 , 194 , 196 19 , 298t8.2 and fi rst principles, 109 constitution, 1802, 8 and Jacksonian Democracy, 109 , delegate elections in, 21 112 , 119 and elective judiciary, 198 and legislatures, 154 law reform in, 127 , 133 and legislatures, 168 state constitution, 1802 104 and political power, 113 , 156 statehood of, 6 and prejudice, 276 , 307 Ohio Female College, 345 and republicanism, 104 , 130 , 359 Ohio River, 5 , 7 , 101 , 138 , 206 , 212n18 , 216 , and revolutions, 150 266n5 and sectionalism, 245 Ojibwas, 5 and slavery, 274 Owen, Robert, 225 and Stephen A. Douglas, 155 Owen, Robert Dale, 25 , 87 , 125 , 225 , 227 , Populist movement, 359 304 , 314 , 328 , 329 Potawatomi Indians, 113 power of attorney Paine, Thomas, 209 , 225 as constitutional principle, 142 – 45 Paley, William, 10 preemption, 215 , 216 , 222 , 232 , 247 Palmer, Henry, 307 private laws, 350 Palmer, John, 50 public law, 118

Index 391

Quakers, 8 , 25 , 165 , 177 science as basis for constitutions, 94 – 95 racial prejudice and common law, 123 debates over, 269 – 73 and constitutionalism, 75 , 77 , 107 and democracy, 276 – 78 of government, 169 and discriminatory legislation, 274 and women, 309 Ralston, James H., 189 Scottish Enlightenment, 111 , 322 Ramsey, Alexander, 304 Servant, Richard, 190 Randall, Alexander, 78 , 91 , 98 Setzer, Henry, 193 Ranney, R. P., 154 Seward, William H., 270 Rantoul, Robert, 127 Shawnee, 215 Rariden, James, 274 , 278 , 335 , 338 Shawnees, 5 ratifi cation votes, 18 , 64 Sherburne, Moses, 193 Raymond, Daniel, 105 Sherrod, Walter, 86 reception statutes, 114 , 117 , 125 , 312 Sherrod, William F., 164 , 331 Reemelin, Charles, 88 Singer, William, 205 , 227 , 234 , 334 referenda Skiff, Harvey J., 290 on black rights, 64 , 267 Smith, Thomas, 230 on constitutional conventions in Smith, William, 363 Indiana, 380 Sojourner Truth, xi , 19 , 19n9 , 269 , 319 , 320f9.1 on constitutional provisions, 12 , 247 , Solomon, Daniel, 367 297 , 383 South Carolina, 5n5 , 89n57 , 123 , 176t5.1 popular, 144 Specie Circular, 354 , 366 Regulator-Flathead War, 150 squatters, 113 , 216 , 232 , 235 , 239 – 40 Reid, Thomas, 10 , 111 squatting, 232 – 34 religion St. Clair, Arthur, 113 , 173 and constitutionalism. See also St. Paul, Minnesota, 261 Christianity Stanton, Benjamin, 315 republicanism, 100 , 102 , 105 , 106 , 291 , 315 , state capitals, disputes over, 254– 56 348 , 359 state constitutions and banks, 356 amendment procedures, 11 confusions over, 104 and banking provisions, 372 – 74 and fi rst principles, 101 eighteenth-century, 267 and prejudice, 275 revision of, 3 , 41 , 82 , 156 and women, 345 state supreme courts, 181 revolutions Stevenson, Alexander Campbell, 193 in Europe, 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 Stewart, Dugald, 111 in Latin America, 151 Stockbridge Indians, 301 Reymert, James D., 300 Story, Joseph, 10 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 141 Riggs, Stephen R., 25 Strong, Marshall, 329 , 341 right to the soil, 223 – 25 , 230 on married women’s property Robbins, Ezekiel Wright, 170 rights, 331 – 33 Robinson, Robert, 159 Strong, Moses, 57 , 64 , 159 , 365 Rolette, Joseph, 36 , 244 , 303 Summers, Laurel, 360 Roman law, 116 , 224 superlegislation, 165 – 69 , 184 Rutherford v. McFadden , 201 Ryan, Edward, 191 , 269 , 341 Tague, George, 56 Tallmadge, James, 368 Sac and Fox Indians, 113 , 347 Taney, Roger B., 205 Sanford, R. M. M., 139 Tappan, Benjamin, 124 , 157 , 248 Sawyer, William, 274 Taylor, John, of Caroline, 100 Scates, Walter, 57 , 65 Taylor, Napoleon B., 357

392 Index

temperance, 86 and elective judiciary, 198 Tenney, Horace A., 341 in Illinois, 52 Thomas, Polly, 69 , 70 in Indiana, 21 Thomas, William Winans, 67 , 378 as minotrity in conventions, 81 Thorington, James, 297 platform, 113 Thornton, Err, 352 and women’s rights, 324 Thornton, Lott, 352 Whitney, Daniel H., 57 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 147 , 148 , 338 Whiton, Edward, 192 , 373 Todd, Henry G., 378 Whittlesey, Elisha, 357 Townshend, Margaret Bailey, 27f1.3 widows, 28 , 29 , 314 , 315n24 , 328 Townshend, Norton Strange, 25 , 295 , 330 Wilkins, Ross, 129 Trail of Tears, 214 Willard, Isaac, 56 Turner, Frederick Jackson, 12 , 31 , 152 Williams, John Milton, 282 Turner, Spencer, 30 Wilson, James, 120 Tweedy, John, 64 , 160 , 169 , 234 , 250 , 326 Wing, May, 344 Wing, Warner, 344 U.S. Constitution, 113 , 140 , 153 , 155 , 163 , Wisconsin 194 , 205 , 243 , 279 African American rights as basis for state constitutions, 75 in, 298t8.2 in comparison to state constitutions, 74 bank failures, 354 and fi rst principles, 82 boundary disputes, 250 – 51 and Northwest Ordinance, 8 , 15 constitution, 1846, 169 , 379 and race, 297 constitution, 1848, 179 , 302 and republicanism, 80 and exemptions, 240 homestead exemption in, 237 Vallandigham, Clement, 95 Indian rights in, 165 Van Hamm, Washington, 122 , 132 Indians in, 214 Vanbenthusen, James, 68 law reform in, 127 , 133 Varnum, James Mitchell, 174 legislative corruption in, 159 Vattel, Emer de, 88 married women’s property vigilantes, 150 in, 334 Virginia, 5 Territory, 179 ‘visible admixture’ rule, 301 wives, qualities of, 341 – 44 women Wait, William S., 356 capabilities of, 309 , 325 Walker, Timothy, 131 participation in Wallace, David, 55 politics, 325 – 27 Washburne, Elihu B., 250 women’s rights conventions Washington, George, 82 in Indiana, 19 , 115 , 205 Washington, Richard, 343 in Ohio, 19 , 30 , 139 , 140 , Wead, Hezekiah, 52 , 66 , 190 322 , 338 Wells, Hezekiah, 169 Woodbridge, William, 151 Western Monthly Magazine , 79 , 80n21 , Woodbury, Edward B., 295 213n24 , 283n56 , 309n1 , 310 Woodbury, Levi, 354 Western Monthly Review , 342n111 Worthington, Thomas, 257 Western Reserve, 5 , 8 , 25 , 41 Wright, Frances, 227 Weston, Henry G., 79 Wunderlich, Jacob, 326 Whig Party Wyandottes, 5 , 113 and common law reform, 135 in constitutional conventions, 378 Young America, 364 and delegate elections, 20 Young America (newspaper), 227