Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} Spes Scotorum Hope of Scots Saint Columba and by Dauvit Broun Spes Scotorum Hope of Scots: Saint Columba Iona and Scotland by Dauvit Broun. Our systems have detected unusual traffic activity from your network. Please complete this reCAPTCHA to demonstrate that it's you making the requests and not a robot. If you are having trouble seeing or completing this challenge, this page may help. If you continue to experience issues, you can contact JSTOR support. Block Reference: #cb585a80-cdd7-11eb-be2f-a1f6a2ab13a4 VID: #(null) IP: 116.202.236.252 Date and time: Tue, 15 Jun 2021 12:47:07 GMT. Clancy (Thomas Owen) Part 1: Iona (Iona’s early history; The life and work of the monastery; Iona as a literary centre); Part 2: The poems ( Altus prosator ; Adiutor laborantium ; Noli Pater ; Amra Choluimb Chille ; The poems of Beccán mac Luigdech; Colum Cille co Día domm eráil ; Cantemus in omne die ) [text, English translation, and commentary]; Part 3: The alphabet of devotion [English translation]; Part 4: Iona’s library. Rev. by John Carey , in Éigse 29 (1996), pp. 196-200. Dáibhí Ó Cróinín , in Peritia 11 (1997), pp. 425-427. Richard Sharpe , in Early medieval Europe 7 (1998), pp. 360-361. Jane Stevenson , in CMCS 30 (Winter, 1995), pp. 140-141. Spes Scotorum Hope of Scots: Saint Columba Iona and Scotland by Dauvit Broun. Kenneth I OF SCOTLAND ( -859) Individual Events and Attributes. Cin�ed mac Ailp�n (Modern Gaelic: Coinneach mac Ailpein),[1] commonly Anglicised as Kenneth MacAlpin and known in most modern regnal lists as Kenneth I (died 13 February 858) was king of the Picts and, according to national myth, first king of Scots, earning him the posthumous nickname of An Ferbasach, "The Conqueror".[2] Kenneth's undisputed legacy was to produce a dynasty of rulers who claimed descent from him and was the founder of the dynasty which ruled Scotland for much of the medieval period. The Kenneth of myth, conqueror of the Picts and founder of the , was born in the centuries after the real Kenneth died. In the reign of Kenneth II (Cin�ed mac Ma�l Coluim), when the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba was compiled, the annalist wrote: So Kinadius son of Alpinus, first of the Scots, ruled this Pictland prosperously for 16 years. Pictland was named after the Picts, whom, as we have said, Kinadius destroyed. . Two years before he came to Pictland, he had received the kingdom of D�l Riata. In the 15th century Andrew of Wyntoun's Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland, a history in verse, added little to the account in the Chronicle: Quhen Alpyne this kyng was dede, He left a sowne wes cal'd Kyned, Dowchty man he wes and stout, All the Peychtis he put out. Gret bataylis than dyd he, To pwt in freedom his cuntre! When humanist scholar George Buchanan wrote his history Rerum Scoticarum Historia in the 1570s, a great deal of lurid detail had been added to the story. Buchanan included an account of how Kenneth's father had been murdered by the Picts, and a detailed, and entirely unsupported, account of how Kenneth avenged him and conquered the Picts. Buchanan was not as credulous as many, and he did not include the tale of MacAlpin's treason, a story from Giraldus Cambrensis, who reused a tale of Saxon treachery at a feast in Geoffrey of Monmouth's inventive Historia Regum Britanniae. Later 19th century historians such as William Forbes Skene brought new standards of accuracy to early Scottish history, while Celticists such as Whitley Stokes and Kuno Meyer cast a critical eye over Welsh and Irish sources. As a result, much of the misleading and vivid detail was removed from the scholarly series of events, even if it remained in the popular accounts. Rather than a conquest of the Picts, instead the idea of Pictish matrilineal succession, mentioned by Bede and apparently the only way to make sense of the list of Kings of the Picts found in the Pictish Chronicle, advanced the idea that Kenneth was a Gael, and a king of D�l Riata, who had inherited the throne of Pictland through a Pictish mother. Other Gaels, such as Caustant�n and �engus, the sons of Fergus, were identified among the Pictish king lists, as were Angles such as Talorcen son of Eanfrith, and Britons such as Bridei son of Beli.[3] Modern historians would reject parts of the Kenneth produced by Skene and subsequent historians, while accepting others. Medievalist Alex Woolf, interviewed by The Scotsman in 2004, is quoted as saying: The myth of Kenneth conquering the Picts - it�s about 1210, 1220 that that�s first talked about. There�s actually no hint at all that he was a Scot. . If you look at contemporary sources there are four other Pictish kings after him. So he�s the fifth last of the Pictish kings rather than the first Scottish king."[dead link][4] Many other historians could be quoted in terms similar to Woolf.[5] A feasible synopsis of the emerging consensus, may be put forward, namely, that the kingships of Gaels and Picts underwent a process of gradual fusion,[6] starting with Kenneth, and rounded off in the reign of Constantine II. The Pictish institution of kingship provided the basis for merger with the Gaelic Alpin dynasty. The meeting of King Constantine and Bishop Cellach at the Hill of Belief near the (formerly Pictish) royal city of Scone in 906 cemented the rights and duties of Picts on an equal basis with those of Gaels (pariter cum Scottis). Hence the change in styling from King of the Picts to King of Alba. The legacy of Gaelic as the first national language of Scotland does not obscure the foundational process in the establishment of the Scottish kingdom of Alba. Kenneth's origins are uncertain, as are his ties, if any, to previous kings of the Picts or D�l Riata. Among the genealogies contained in the Rawlinson B 502 manuscript, dating from around 1130, is the supposed descent of Malcolm II of Scotland. Medieval genealogies are unreliable sources, but many historians still accept Kenneth's descent from the established Cen�l nGabr�in, or at the very least from some unknown minor sept of the D�l Riata. The manuscript provides the following ancestry for Kenneth: . Cin�ed son of Alp�n son of son of �ed Find son of Domangart son of Domnall Brecc son of Eochaid Buide son of �ed�n son of Gabr�n son of Domangart son of Fergus M�r . [7] Leaving aside the shadowy kings before �ed�n son of Gabr�n, the genealogy is certainly flawed insofar as �ed Find, who died c. 778, could not reasonably be the son of Domangart, who was killed c. 673. The conventional account would insert two generations between �ed Find and Domangart: Eochaid mac Echdach, father of �ed Find, who died c. 733, and his father Eochaid. Although later traditions provided details of his reign and death, Kenneth's father Alpin is not listed as among the kings in the Duan Albanach, which provides the following sequence of kings leading up to Kenneth: Naoi m-bliadhna Cusaintin chain, a naoi Aongusa ar Albain, cethre bliadhna Aodha �in, Tr�ocha bliadhain Cionaoith chruaidh, is a tri d�ug Eoghan�in. The nine years of Causant�n the fair; The nine of Aongus over Alba; The four years of Aodh the noble; And the thirteen of Eoghan�n. The thirty years of Cionaoth the hardy [citation needed] It is supposed that these kings are the Constantine son of Fergus and his brother �engus II (Angus II), who have already been mentioned, �engus's son Uen (E�gan�n), as well as the obscure �ed mac Boanta, but this sequence is considered doubtful if the list is intended to represent kings of D�l Riata, as it should if Kenneth were king there.[8] That Kenneth was a Gael is not widely rejected, but modern historiography distinguishes between Kenneth as a Gael by culture and/or in ancestry, and Kenneth as a king of Gaelic D�l Riata. Kings of the Picts before him, from Bridei son of Der-Ilei, his brother Nechtan as well as �engus I son of Fergus and his presumed descendants were all at least partly Gaelicised.[9] The idea that the Gaelic names of Pictish kings in Irish annals represented translations of Pictish ones was challenged by the discovery of the inscription Custantin filius Fircus(sa), the latinised name of the Pictish king Caustant�n son of Fergus, on the Dupplin Cross.[10] Other evidence, such as that furnished by place-names, suggests the spread of Gaelic culture through western Pictland in the centuries before Kenneth. For example, Atholl, a name used in the Annals of Ulster for the year 739, has been thought to be "New ", and Argyll derives from Oir-Gh�idheal, the land of the "eastern Gaels". Compared with the many questions on his origins, Kenneth's ascent to power and subsequent reign can be dealt with simply. Kenneth's rise can be placed in the context of the recent end of the previous dynasty, which had dominated Fortriu for two or four generations. This followed the death of king Uen son of �engus of Fortriu, his brother Bran, �ed mac Boanta "and others almost innumerable" in battle against the Vikings in 839. The resulting succession crisis seems, if the Pictish Chronicle king-lists have any validity, to have resulted in at least four would-be kings warring for supreme power. Kenneth's reign is dated from 843, but it was probably not until 848 that he defeated the last of his rivals for power. The Pictish Chronicle claims that he was king in D�l Riata for two years before becoming Pictish king in 843, but this is not generally accepted. In 849, Kenneth had relics of Columba, which may have included the Monymusk Reliquary, transferred from Iona to . Other that these bare facts, the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba reports that he invaded Saxonia six times, captured Melrose and burnt , and also that Vikings laid waste to Pictland, reaching far into the interior.[11] The Annals of the Four Masters, not generally a good source on Scottish matters, do make mention of Kenneth, although what should be made of the report is unclear: Gofraid mac Fergusa, chief of Airg�alla, went to Alba, to strengthen the Dal Riata, at the request of Kenneth MacAlpin.[12] The reign of Kenneth also saw an increased degree of Norse settlement in the outlying areas of modern Scotland. Shetland, , Caithness, Sutherland, the Western Isles and the Isle of Man, and part of Ross were settled; the links between Kenneth's kingdom and Ireland were weakened, those with southern England and the continent almost broken. In the face of this, Kenneth and his successors were forced to consolidate their position in their kingdom, and the union between the Picts and the Gaels, already progressing for several centuries, began to strengthen. By the time of Donald II, the kings would be called kings neither of the Gaels or the Scots but of Alba.[13] Kenneth died from a tumour on 13 February 858 at the palace of Cinnbelachoir, perhaps near Scone. The annals report the death as that of the "king of the Picts", not the "king of Alba". The title "king of Alba" is not used until the time of Kenneth's grandsons, Donald II (Domnall mac Causant�n) and Constantine II (Constant�n mac �eda). The Fragmentary Annals of Ireland quote a verse lamenting Kenneth's death: Because Cin�ed with many troops lives no longer. there is weeping in every house; there is no king of his worth under heaven. as far as the borders of Rome.[14] Kenneth left at least two sons, Constantine and �ed, who were later kings, and at least two daughters. One daughter married Run, king of Strathclyde, Eochaid being the result of this marriage. Kenneth's daughter M�el Muire married two important Irish kings of the U� N�ill. Her first husband was Aed Finliath of the Cen�l nE�gain. Niall Gl�ndub, ancestor of the O'Neill, was the son of this marriage. Her second husband was Flann Sinna of Clann Cholm�in. As the wife and mother of kings, when M�el Muire died in 913, her death was reported by the Annals of Ulster, an unusual thing for the male-centred chronicles of the age. 1 Cin�ed mac Ailp�n is the Mediaeval Gaelic form. A more accurate rendering in modern Gaelic would be Cionaodh mac Ailpein, since Coinneach is historically a separate name. However, in the modern language, both names have converged. 2 Skene, Chronicles, p. 83. 3 That the Pictish succession was matrilineal is doubted. Bede in the Ecclesiastical History, I, i, writes: "when any question should arise, they should choose a king from the female royal race, rather than the male: which custom, as is well known, has been observed among the Picts to this day." Bridei and Nechtan, the sons of Der-Ilei, were the Pictish kings in Bede's time, and are presumed to have claimed the throne through maternal descent. Maternal descent, "when any question should arise" brought several kings of Alba and the Scots to the throne, including , Robert Bruce and Robert II, the first of the Stewart kings. 4 Johnston, Ian. "First king of the Scots? Actually he was a Pict".The Scotsman, October 2, 2004. 5 For example, Foster, Picts, Gaels and Scots, pp. 107�108; Broun, "Kenneth mac Alpin"; Forsyth, "Scotland to 1100", pp. 28�32; Duncan, Kingship of the Scots, pp. 8�10. Woolf was selected to write the relevant volume of the new Edinburgh , to replace that written by Duncan in 1975. 6 After Herbert, R� �irenn, R� Alban, kingship and identity in the ninth and tenth centuries, p. 71. 7 Genealogies from Rawlinson B 502: �1696 Genelach R�g n-Alban. 8 See Broun, Pictish Kings, for a discussion of this question. 9 For the descendants of the first �engus son of Fergus, again see Broun, Pictish Kings. 10 Foster, Picts, Gaels and Scots, pp.95�96; Fergus would appear as Uurgu(i)st in a Pictish form. 11 Regarding D�l Riata, see Broun, "Kenneth mac Alpin"; Foster, Picts, Gaels and Scots, pp. 111�112. ^ Annals of the Four Master, for the year 835 (probably c. 839). The history of D�l Riata in this period is simply not known, or even if there was any sort of D�l Riata to have a history. � Corr�in's "Vikings in Ireland and Scotland", available as etext, and Woolf, "", may be helpful. 12 Lynch, Michael, A New History of Scotland. 13 Fragmentary Annals, FA 285. John Bannerman, "The Scottish Takeover of Pictland" in Dauvit Broun & Thomas Owen Clancy (eds.) Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland. T & T Clark, Edinburgh, 1999. ISBN 0-567-08682-8. Dauvit Broun, "Kenneth mac Alpin" in Michael Lynch (ed.) The Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford: Oxford UP, ISBN 0-19- 211696-7. Dauvit Broun, "Pictish Kings 761-839: Integration with D�l Riata or Separate Development" in Sally Foster (ed.) The St Andrews Sarcophagus Dublin: Four Courts Press, ISBN 1-85182-414-6. Dauvit Broun, "Dunkeld and the origins of Scottish Identity" in Dauvit Broun and Thomas Owen Clancy (eds), op. cit. Thomas Owen Clancy, "Caustant�n son of Fergus" in Lynch (ed.), op. cit. A.A.M. Duncan,The Kingship of the Scots 842�1292: Succession and Independence. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002. ISBN 0- 7486-1626-8. Katherine Forsyth, "Scotland to 1100" in Jenny Wormald (ed.) Scotland: A History. Oxford: Oxford UP, ISBN 0-19-820615-1. Sally Foster, Picts, Gaels and Scots: Early Historic Scotland. London: Batsford, ISBN 0-7134-8874-3. M�ire Herbert, "Ri �irenn, Ri Alban: kingship and identity in the ninth and tenth centuries" in Simon Taylor (ed.), Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500�1297. Dublin: Fourt Courts Press, ISBN 1-85182-516-9. Michael A. O'Brien (ed.) with intr. by John V. Kelleher, Corpus genealogiarum Hiberniae. DIAS. 1976. / partial digital edition: Donnchadh � Corr�in (ed.), Genealogies from Rawlinson B 502. University College, Cork: Corpus of Electronic Texts. 1997. Donnchadh � Corr�in, "Vikings in Ireland and Scotland in the ninth century" in Peritia 12 (1998), pp. 296�339. Etext (pdf) Saint Serf : biography. Saint Serf or Serbán ( Servanus ) (ca. 500—d. 583 AD) is a saint of Scotland. Serf was venerated in western Fife. He is also called the apostle of Orkney, with less historical plausibility. Saint Serf is also somehow connected with Saint Mungo’s Church near Simonburn, Northumberland (off the Bellingham Road, north of Chollerford). His feast day is July 1. Notes. Saints Serf and Mungo. Saint Serf is said to have been a contemporary of St. Mungo, also known as Saint Kentigern, though if he in fact lived at the same time as Adomnán, this is chronologically impossible. A legend states that when the British princess (and future saint) Theneva (Thenaw) became pregnant before marriage, her family threw her from a cliff. She survived the fall unharmed, and was soon met by an unmanned boat. She knew she had no home to go to, so she got into the boat; it sailed her across the Firth of Forth to land at Culross where she was cared for by Saint Serf; he became foster-father of her son, Saint Kentigern (Saint Mungo). Another legend states that Saint Mungo restored a pet robin of St. Serf’s to life. The bird had been killed by some of his classmates, hoping to blame him for its death. Legends. Saint Serf is said to have founded the Scottish town of Culross. David Hugh Farmer has written that the legend of Serf is "a farrago of wild impossibilities."David Hugh Farmer, The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), 354. It states that Serf was the son of Eliud, King of Canaan, and his wife Alphia, daughter of a King of Arabia. Childless for a long time, they at last had two sons, the second being Serf. Serf came to Rome, carrying with him such a reputation for sanctity that he was elected pope, and reigned seven years. He traveled to Gaul and Britain after vacating the holy see, arriving in Scotland. There he met Adomnán, Abbot of Iona, who showed him an island in Loch Leven (later called St Serf’s Inch).Simon Taylor, "Seventh-century Iona Abbots in Scottish Places", in Dauvit Broun and Thomas Owen Clancy (eds) Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1999), p. 66. This tradition would place Serf’s floruit in the late 7th century. At the time, this island would have been part of the Pictish kingdom of Fib (Fife). Serf founded the eponymous St Serf’s Inch Priory on the island, where he remained seven years. The centre of his cult (and possibly of his activity) was Culross, which according to tradition, was founded by the saint himself. At Dunning, in Strathearn, he is said to have slain a dragon with his pastoral staff. Kenneth MacAlpin. Cináed mac Ailpín (after 800–13 February, 858) (Anglicised Kenneth MacAlpin ) was king of the Picts and, according to national myth, first king of Scots. Cináed's undisputed legacy was to produce a dynasty of rulers who claimed descent from him. If he cannot be regarded as the father of Scotland, he was the founder of the dynasty which ruled that country for much of the medieval period. Contents. King of Scots? [ edit | edit source ] The Cináed of myth, conqueror of the Picts and founder of the kingdom of Alba, was born in the centuries after the real Cináed died. In the reign of Cináed mac Máil Coluim, when the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba was compiled, the annalist wrote: So Kinadius son of Alpinus, first of the Scots, ruled this Pictland prosperously for 16 years. Pictland was named after the Picts, whom, as we have said, Kinadius destroyed. . Two years before he came to Pictland, he had received the kingdom of Dál Riata. In the 15th century Andrew of Wyntoun's Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland , a history in verse, added little to the account in the Chronicle: Quhen Alpyne this kyng was dede, He left a sowne wes cal'd Kyned, Dowchty man he wes and stout, All the Peychtis he put out. Gret bataylis than dyd he, To pwt in freedom his cuntre! When humanist scholar George Buchanan wrote his history Rerum Scoticarum Historia in the 1570s, a great deal of lurid detail had been added to the story. Buchanan included an account of how Cináed's father had been murdered by the Picts, and a detailed, and entirely unsupported, account of how Cináed avenged him and conquered the Picts. Buchanan was not as credulous as many, and he did not include the tale of MacAlpin's Treason, a story from Giraldus Cambrensis, who reused a tale of Saxon treachery at a feast in Geoffrey of Monmouth's inventive Historia Regum Britanniae. Later 19th century historians such as William Forbes Skene brought new standards of accuracy to early Scottish history, while Celticists such as Whitley Stokes and Kuno Meyer cast a critical eye over Welsh and Irish sources. As a result, much of the misleading and vivid detail was removed from the scholarly series of events, even if it remained in the popular accounts. Rather than a conquest of the Picts, instead the idea of Pictish matrilineal succession, mentioned by Bede and apparently the only way to make sense of the list of Kings of the Picts found in the Pictish Chronicle, advanced the idea that Cináed was a Gael, and a king of Dál Riata, who had inherited the throne of Pictland through a Pictish mother. Other Gaels, such as Caustantín and Óengus, the sons of Fergus, were identified among the Pictish king lists, as were Angles such as Talorcen son of Eanfrith, and Britons such as Bridei son of Beli. [1] Modern historians would reject parts of the Cináed produced by Skene and subsequent historians, while accepting others. Medievalist Alex Woolf, interviewed by The Scotsman in 2004, is quoted as saying: The myth of Kenneth conquering the Picts - it’s about 1210, 1220 that that’s first talked about. There’s actually no hint at all that he was a Scot. . If you look at contemporary sources there are four other Pictish kings after him. So he’s the fifth last of the Pictish kings rather than the first Scottish king." [2] Many other historians could be quoted in terms similar to Woolf. [3] Background [ edit | edit source ] Cináed's origins are uncertain, as are his ties, if any, to previous kings of the Picts or Dál Riata. Among the genealogies contained in the Middle Irish Rawlinson B.502 manuscript, dating from around 1130, is the supposed descent of Máel Coluim mac Cináeda. Medieval genealogies are unreliable sources, but some historians accept Cináed's descent from the Cenél nGabrain of Dál Riata. The manuscript provides the following ancestry for Cináed: Leaving aside the shadowy kings before Áedán son of Gabrán, the genealogy is certainly flawed insofar as Áed Find, who died c. 778, could not reasonably be the son of Domangart, who was killed c. 673. The conventional account would insert two generations between Áed Find and Domangart: Eochaid mac Echdach, father of Áed Find, who died c. 733, and his father Eochaid. Although later traditions provided details of his reign and death, Cináed's father Alpín is not listed as among the kings in the Duan Albanach, which provides the following sequence of kings leading up to Cináed: Naoi m-bliadhna Cusaintin chain, The nine years of Causantín the fair;, a naoi Aongusa ar Albain, The nine of Aongus over Alba; cethre bliadhna Aodha áin, The four years of Aodh the noble; is a tri déug Eoghanáin. And the thirteen of Eoghanán. Tríocha bliadhain Cionaoith chruaidh, The thirty years of Cionaoth the hardy, It is supposed that these kings are the Caustantín son of Fergus and his brother Óengus, who have already been mentioned, Óengus's son Eóganán, as well as the obscure Áed mac Boanta, but this sequence is considered doubtful if the list is intended to represent kings of Dál Riata, as it should if Cináed were king there. [5] The idea that Cináed was a Gael is not entirely rejected, but modern historiography distinguishes between Cináed as a Gael by culture, and perhaps in ancestry, and Cináed as a king of Gaelic Dál Riata. Cináed could well have been the first sort of Gael. Kings of the Picts before him, from Bridei son of Der-Ilei, his brother Nechtan as well as Óengus son of Fergus and his presumed descendants were all at least partly Gaelicised. [6] The idea that the Gaelic names of Pictish kings in Irish annals represented translations of Pictish ones was challenged by the discovery of the inscription Custantin filius Fircus(sa) , the latinised name of the Pictish king Caustantín son of Fergus, on the Dupplin Cross. [7] Other evidence, such as that furnished by place-names, suggests the spread of Gaelic culture through Pictland in the centuries before Cináed. For example, Atholl, a name used in the Annals of Ulster for the year 739, has been thought to be "New Ireland". Reign [ edit | edit source ] Compared with the many questions on his origins, Cináed's ascent to power and subsequent reign can be dealt with simply. Cináed's rise can be placed in the context of the recent end of the previous dynasty, which had dominated Fortriu for two or four generations. This followed the death of king Eógan son of Óengus of Fortriu, his brother Bran, Áed mac Boanta "and others almost innumerable" in battle against the Vikings in 839. The resulting succession crisis seems, if the Pictish Chronicle king-lists have any validity, to have resulted in at least four would-be kings warring for supreme power. Cináed's reign is dated from 843, it was probably not until 848 that he defeated the last of his rivals for power. The Pictish Chronicle claims that he was king in Dál Riata for two years before becoming Pictish king in 843, but this is not generally accepted. In 849, Cináed had relics of Columba, which may have included the Monymusk Reliquary, transferred from Iona to Dunkeld. Other that these bare facts, the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba reports that he invaded Saxonia six times, captured Melrose and burnt Dunbar, and also that Vikings laid waste to Pictland, reaching far into the interior. [8] The Annals of the Four Masters, not generally a good source on Scottish matters, do make mention of Cináed, although what should be made of the report is unclear: Gofraid mac Fergusa, chief of Airgíalla, went to Alba, to strengthen the Dal Riata, at the request of Cináed mac Ailpín. [9] Cináed died from a tumour on 13 February, 858 at the palace of Cinnbelachoir , perhaps near Scone. The annals report the death as that of the "king of the Picts", not the "king of Alba". The title "king of Alba" is not used until the time of Cináed's grandsons, Domnall and Causantín. The Fragmentary Annals of Ireland quote a verse lamenting Cináed's death: Because Cináed with many troops lives no longer there is weeping in every house; there is no king of his worth under heaven as far as the borders of Rome. [10] Cináed left at least two sons, Causantín and Áed, who were later kings, and and at least two daughters. One daughter married Run, king of Strathclyde, Eochaid being the result of this marriage. Cináed's daughter Máel Muire married two important Irish kings of the Uí Néill. Her first husband was Áed Finnliath of the Cenél nEógain. Niall Glúndub, ancestor of the O'Neill, was the son of this marriage. Her second husband was Flann Sinna of Clann Cholmáin. As the wife and mother of kings, when Máel Muire died in 913, her death was reported by the Annals of Ulster, an unusual thing for the misogynistic chronicles of the age. Notes [ edit | edit source ] ↑ That the Pictish succession was matrilineal is doubted. Bede in the Ecclesiastical History , I, i, writes: "when any question should arise, they should choose a king from the female royal race, rather than the male: which custom, as is well known, has been observed among the Picts to this day." Bridei and Nechtan, the sons of Der-Ilei, were the Pictish kings in Bede's time, and are presumed to have claimed the throne through maternal descent. Maternal descent, "when any question should arise" brought several kings of Alba and the Scots to the throne, including John Balliol, Robert Bruce and Robert II, the first of the Stewart kings. ↑ The Scotsman , 2 October, 2004, "First king of the Scots ? Actually he was a Pict." ↑ For example, Foster, Picts, Gaels and Scots , pp. 107–108; Broun, "Kenneth mac Alpin"; Forsyth, "Scotland to 1100", pp. 28–32; Duncan, Kingship of the Scots , pp. 8–10. Woolf was selected to write the relevant volume of the new Edinburgh History of Scotland, to replace that written by Duncan in 1975. ↑ Rawlinson B.502 ¶1696 Genelach Ríg n-Alban. ↑ See Broun, Pictish Kings , for a discussion of this question. ↑ For the descendants of the first Óengus son of Fergus, again see Broun, Pictish Kings . ↑ Foster, Picts, Gaels and Scots , pp.95–96; Fergus would appear as Uurgu(i)st in a Pictish form. ↑ Regarding Dál Riata, see Broun, "Kenneth mac Alpin"; Foster, Picts, Gaels and Scots , pp. 111–112. ↑ Annals of the Four Master, for the year 835 (probably c. 839). The history of Dál Riata in this period is simply not known, or even if there was any sort of Dál Riata to have a history. Ó Corráin's "Vikings in Ireland and Scotland", available as etext, and Woolf, "Kingdom of the Isles", may be helpful. ↑ Fragmentary Annals, FA 285. References [ edit | edit source ] For primary sources see under External links below. John Bannerman, "The Scottish Takeover of Pictland" in Dauvit Broun & Thomas Owen Clancy (eds.) Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland. T & T Clark, Edinburgh, 1999. ISBN 0-567-08682-8 , "Kenneth mac Alpin" in Michael Lynch (ed.) The Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford: Oxford UP, ISBN 0-19-211696-7 Dauvit Broun, "Pictish Kings 761-839: Integration with Dál Riata or Separate Development" in Sally Foster (ed.) The St Andrews Sarcophagus Dublin: Four Courts Press, ISBN 1-85182-414-6 Dauvit Broun, "Dunkeld and the origins of Scottish Identity" in Dauvit Broun and Thomas Owen Clancy (eds), op. cit. , "Caustantín son of Fergus" in Lynch (ed.), op. cit. A.A.M. Duncan, The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-7486-1626-8 , "Scotland to 1100" in Jenny Wormald (ed.) Scotland: A History. Oxford: Oxford UP, ISBN 0-19-820615-1 , Picts, Gaels and Scots: Early Historic Scotland. London: Batsford, ISBN 0-7134-8874-3 Máire Herbert, " Ri Éirenn, Ri Alban : kingship and identity in the ninth and tenth centuries" in Simon Taylor (ed.), Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297. Dublin: Fourt Courts Press, ISBN 1- 85182-516-9 Donnchadh Ó Corráin, "Vikings in Ireland and Scotland in the in the ninth century" in Peritia 12 (1998), pp. 296–339. Etext (pdf) , "Constantine II" in Lynch (ed.), op. cit. Alex Woolf, "Kingdom of the Isles" in Lynch (ed.), op. cit. External links [ edit | edit source ] (translated) (no translation presently available) (translated) (translated) (no translation presently available) Further reading [ edit | edit source ] For background on Early Historic Scotland, Sally Foster's, Picts, Gaels and Scots (revised edition, 2005) offers a broad and accessible introduction, while Leslie Alcock's Society of Antiquaries of Scotland monograph Kings and Warriors, Craftsmen and Priests in Northern Britain AD 550–750 (2003) offers more detail. No recent history of Early Historic Scotland is available; Alex Woolf's Pictland to Alba: Scotland, 789– 1070 , in the New Edinburgh History of Scotland series, is to be published in 2007. The Oxford Companion to Scottish History (2001) contains valuable articles by expert contributors, but is very poorly organised.