International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development 13 space patterns in ’s yesterday, and shopping centers as and shopping centers yesterday, in Iran’s patterns space Software. Syntax Space of use making substitute, today’s their case and centers shopping , reviews first, research, This Space with studies case selected the studies it then, and studies syntax from space obtained data the Finally Syntax Software. software will be analyzed. political gatherings, demonstrations, buying and selling, and buying demonstrations, gatherings, political punishments, news announcements transactions, economic by different was frequented This space other activities. and and other religious, economic, political, people from different been have bazaars Iranian 246). 2010, (Madanipour, classes political, cultural, where social, spaces of the city dynamic have been conducted, thus, have and economic activities After the 2008, 222). absorbed people (Burden & RuediRay, public and specialized more spaces became the era, modern shopping In this regard, were developed. arenas and private bazaars, and with the growth and development centers replaced outskirts, suburbs and bazaars were dragged to cities, of the in bazaars of importance the of Because degraded. were or man, they are studied as the collective the life of the today’s Reihaneh Khorrami Rouz * 2

are considered Recieved 07.15.2013; Accepted 07.20.2014 Recieved 07.15.2013; 2 Kaveh Bazr Afkan, 1 M.A., Department of Architecture , I.A.U of Dubai, Dubai-U.A.E Architecture M.A., Department of 2 Spaces Via Space Syntax Software Via Spaces The aim of this paper is to investigate the bazaars and shopping centers as public spaces. Given the as public the bazaars and shopping centers The aim of this paper is to investigate Public spaces, Social interaction, Markets, Axial maps Markets, Public spaces, Social interaction, [email protected] [email protected]

and The Great Mosque and 1 nalysis of Bazaars and Shopping Centers as Urban and Shopping Centers nalysis of Bazaars Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Central Branch, Tehran-Iran Central Azad University, Islamic Architecture, Department of Assistant Professor, 1 A (Case Studies: Iranian Bazaars and Tehran Shopping Centers) Tehran Iranian Bazaars and (Case Studies: Keywords: help solve some problems. Bazaars are among the oldest Iranian urban spaces, which are deemed to be the palpitating palpitating be the to deemed are urban spaces, which Iranian oldest the among are Bazaars some problems. solve help from the are adopted and other roles. Shopping centers economic, social, different playing cities, of the Iranian heart human of the 21st for the modern for Bazaars alternative as an appropriate models and are considered 20th Century’s research method is of the case study model, and Space Syntax Software was used Descriptive-Analytical Century. appropriate be cannot shopping centers show that results The analysis. and method by library of data for collection could centers these Therefore, needs. economic for meeting as centers be considered and can for Bazaars alternatives needs. and recreational social for meeting places spaces and as appropriate collective not be considered as appropriate ABSTRACT: ABSTRACT: societies are in dire need of today’s weakness of social interactions, weakness of public places and consequently the urban spaces could and now’s Therefore, the review of these two as then social spaces to increase social interactions. International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development and Urban Architecture of Journal International 2015 No.2, Spring Vol.5,

*Corresponding Author Email: three points of the city. Bazaars acted as the connection channel as the connection Bazaars acted three points of the city. among the city elements. is a place for gatherings, emotions(Bounds, 2011,12). that bazaar is spaces collective important most the of one Iran, In Arg together with the talked about a devastating emotional experience which he experience emotional about a devastating talked called anomie. Anomie means the and to share relation to establish a collective and inability sense of non-affiliation not observed there (Burden & RuediRay, 2008, 216). This has This 216). 2008, RuediRay, & (Burden there observed not caused reduction of social interactions. of the 19th and 20th centuries, Durkheim, the theoretician considered as important spaces (Madanipour, 2010, 222). As 2010, 222). considered as important spaces (Madanipour, has faded away in these places. presence people’s a result, used to be seen is and liveliness Therefore, the dynamicity INTRODUCTION importance, lost their spaces have modern era, public In the longer no are and margins city to transferred been have MATERIALS AND METHODS providing a wide range of products with different qualities Research Method (Rajabi, 2007, 18). Descriptive-Analytical Research Method is of case study Although Bazaar is surrounded with residential areas, there are type. Data-gathering method depends on the nature of the no facilities in markets to stay overnight. Therefore, Bazaar is subject being studied and may be carried out through several empty during nights and Gheisarieh6 may take more security

Vol.5, No.2, Spring 2015 Spring No.2, Vol.5, information gleaning methods (E.stek, 2000,19). First of all, measures by locking the entrance gates. Probably, security Information from the past about bazaars gathered and analyzed. is one of the reasons that bazaar and residential areas are Noticeable is that the goal of the study is not to summarize separated. through reviewing past information, but rather to create a new Different jobs are placed at different spaces, and jobs of a knowledge (Haj Bagheri et al.,2011,80).Then, some limited section are either like or very similar to one another and this cases were studied in depth with Space Syntax Software. In issue helps the buyer to compare the goods of different shops the end, the data obtained from Space Syntax Software were in terms of price and quality, so as to easily purchase their compared and analysed (Ibid,210). intended goods (Bakhtiar, 1974, 324). Bazaars in different cities have different forms, though the Iranian Bazaars major form is the extension in length. Some of them have been Throughout history, urban spaces were places to communicate developed organically while others have been developed based International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International with the whole world, like bazaars in Iran (Shoaie et al., on careful planning. 2013,31). In fact, Bazaar is an important civic spatial and skeletal Iranian bazaar with different economic, social and religious structure for carrying out business. However, social, leisure, functions is one of the symbols of civic structures with pivotal and political activities are common in Bazaar. roles. Home of all public activities, bazaars were the heartbeat Bazaar in Islamic cities is also like home of mosques, civic of cities. Different productive actions, wholesale and and governmental buildings. Surrounded by residential trades, place for open markets, money exchange, import and neighborhoods, the economy and the government develop export, religious, social, political, educational and cultural alongside with each other. activities all were carried out in bazar (Mir Salim, 1996, 389). During the Safavid7,Iran’s economy experienced another Experts have different definitions for Bazaar; what follows is thriving age following reassurance of security and order. This some of them: era was featured with emergence of guild unions and formation Wirth believes: “Bazaar is one of the greatest achievements of of Bazaars, Saras8, Timches9, and Gheisariehs which were Islamic Civilization”(Raeesolmohadesin & Alipoor, 2012, 25). laid in a compound structure. In addition, extra facilities such Krotis Bach asserts: “Bazaar in Islamic and eastern countries as bath, schools, Tekieh and Saghakhane were added to the is the place of business, settling down political challenges and structure. This age surly can be known as the age of maturity forming religious movements. As it extends its cover above in Iranian bazaar. the city, main events in the city happen in bazaar. In addition, However, after the Safavid10, no significant event took place citizens share their knowledge and receive news in bazaar." regarding the development of bazaars and the only noticeable Mohammad Mansour Falamaki argued that: “Bazaar is actually case was the construction of Grand Bazaar of Vakil in Shiraz. a group of stores under a roofed structure. Virtually it bears In fact, Iran’s economy followed a destructive path after the a wide range of concepts from credit to power and merit to Safavid dynasty (Soltanzadeh, 2001, 23). success.” Bazaar remained the center of commercial activities in Iran. George Klark wrote: “Bazaar is the highest and most functional However the traditional structure of the Iranian economy business center ever built by the hand of human. Nowadays, and society began to be deeply affected by Iran's increasing developed countries establish shopping centers and business involvement in the international market so that by the end of centers. In general term, bazaar is the center for producing the century, there had been nearly a twelvefold increase in the and distributing goods; it is a decent system for social and volume of Iran’s foreign trade. economic activities and plays a significant role in urban The Qajar dynasty brought about many changes to bazaars. In structure” (Shafaghi,2001,39). this era, bazaars were still the center of all economic activities In his definition of Bazar, Kamran Adl writes: “Bazaar isa (Neshat, 1981, 53). group of public facilities such as bath, mosque, school, Tekye3, Effective role of foreign powers in the Iranian government Saghkhane4, and Zorkhaneh5, to form a complete and uniform encompassed all the commercial transactions overseas and texture in order to host different social, religious and political the introduction of some new products caused considerable activities of people.” damages to Iran’s economy (Soltanzadeh, 2001, 27). Bazaars were generally built along with the main passages in The Pahlavies11, followed the same path and Iran’s market was cities and were extended to the central parts. Thus, they acted opened to foreign products. as one of the main access ways in ancient cities. On the other hand, the newly urban-development practice and Bazaar supplies the demands of all social classes through the formation of streets, as a step towards European version

14

International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development 15 Fig.2: Bazaar of Isfahan Fig.3: Paytakht shopping center

(Source: Ministry of Housing and Urban Development,2009, 126) (Source: Ministry of Housing and Urban Development,2009, roofed/unroofed space. According to this definition, shopping shapes in Iran in different have been constructed centers The case studies of this research following the western style. shopping centers. types of from different have been selected Shopping Center One of these shopping centers is the Paytakht center specialized that was built in 1995(Fig.3), which is a Eskan Another is the phones, etc. laptops, mobile for selling during 1972 to 1977(Fig.4), was built that Shopping Center other of those from different approach an with designed the Plasco Shopping Center is the shopping centers. Finally, building was second modern building in Iran .This 16-storey centers important as one of the 1962 and is considered in built for clothing. essential factor of shopping centers is a complex of shops in a is a complex of shopping centers factor essential ,formed by passages and ,formed 12 Fig.1: Bazaar of Fig.1: Bazaar of

(Source: Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, 2009, 47) if they may be considered as a shopping neighborhood. An neighborhood. shopping as a considered be may they if recreation, hair dressing, etc. Services, to some extent, depend extent, some to Services, etc. dressing, hair recreation, on the size of the facilities (Asadi, 2000, 17). even center shopping a constitute not do street on the Stores industrialization and modern architecture. Shopping centers architecture. and modern industrialization space. roofed/unroofed of groups of stores in a comprised are These centers also provide services such as restaurant, parking, General Introduction to Shopping Centers to General Introduction or shopping plaza) shopping mall called (also Shopping center of is the 20th century version of Bazaar and is the offspring some of their spaces, have been abandoned. of Rastehs made been have They stores across from each other. These three market places, likewise any other market places in places, likewise These three market Although mosque and schools. Timches, Iran include Sarahs,

Bazaars selected for the study in this paper are Bazaar of Tabriz Tabriz of Bazaar are paper this study in for the selected Bazaars of Isfahan (Fig.2).They Bazaar and Tehran of (Fig.1), Bazaar and that have survived despite all these changes are bazaars still are playing a remarkable role in their cities. The same way of destruction continued after Iran’s Revolution Iran’s after continued The same way of destruction the old to damage plans continued and urban development structure of bazaars. However, survival of some bazaars such as the Isfahan Bazaar survival of some bazaars such as However, of deprecation At any rate, is remarkable. against these changes smaller cities is undeniable. structure in bazaars of the market. into an old, to change forced bazaars All the developments by deprecation. following texture historical and deserted of modernization, significantly changed body of from the main some parts were isolated structure and unity of bazaar’s syntax program are connectivity, integration and depth that will be explained in the following: Connectivity: As its name implies, it means space communication. That means if the amount is larger, the relation with other spaces will be greater and its number determines the

Vol.5, No.2, Spring 2015 Spring No.2, Vol.5, number of access points leading to the desired space. Integration: This means spatial coherence. The spaces that have a higher degree of integration are the main access points of the city that have the greatest access. The higher level of integration shows more integrity between the intended space and other spaces. Depth: This means how many spaces should be crossed to reach the intended space. The spaces have the greatest depth called the segregated spaces in Spaces Syntax Analysis. (Yazdanfar et al., 2009, 60) Fig.4: Eskan shopping center In space syntax maps, spaces with the highest integration are International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International

displayed in red and spaces with the greatest depth are shown in blue that have the lowest integration.

Data Analysis with Space Syntax RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Space Syntax is an analytical tool in architecture and urbanism Bazaar of Tehran introduced first by Hillier and Hanson colleagues at The Analyzed axial map of bazaar of Tehran (Fig. 5 & Table 1) Bartlett, University of London in the late 1970s to early 1980s shows that Haj Abolfazl axis that includes some small rastehs as a tool to help architects simulate the likely social effects of and shopping centers has the highest amount of integration their designs. Space syntax theory was published by Hillier and among the spaces, lines of which are highlighted in red, and Hanson in the book “The Social Logic of Space” in 1984 but also15 Khordad St. and Kafash bazaar (bazaar of shoes) have a the analytical method was developed in the book “Space Is the high integration and this indicates that density and activity of Machine” in 1996. these spaces are greater. These spaces are the main spaces of By using Space Syntax method, analysis of urban spaces and bazaar of Tehran that include the most activities.Spaces such interaction with other spaces and public use of urban spaces are as Najar bazaar (carpenters’ market), Golshansara, Masoudsara feasible. This method can predict the effects of urban changes and other spaces highlighted in blue have the highest depth in urban spaces. which indicates their separation and isolation of these spaces Therefore, it can help designers and urban planners to design from the unity of the spaces. These spaces are used for passing optimally. (Abbas Zadegan & Azari, 2009, 26) through and reaching other spaces with higher integration and Theoreticians of this method believe that the role of each single there are lower activities in them. This is not considered a space separately has a less important role than its combination negative characteristic for the halls with service activities or with other elements and urban spaces. So in this method, each the carpenters’ bazaars since the carpenters’ bazaars have noisy element achieves importance in connection with the whole performance and they are better off being separated from other complex. (Ibid, 27) spaces. The service spaces do not need any high activity rate. This software analyzes the relation between spaces with the new designed space in the city. It displays the results as Bazaar of Tabriz graphical data. It has been only a few decades that this software Studying bazaar of Tabriz (Fig.6 and Table 2) indicates that has assisted architects and urban designers even famous Jadid Abbasi Rasteh has the highest amount of integration designers like Norman Foster and Richard Rogers. (Yazdanfar among the spaces which implies the highest activity rate et al., 2009, 59) in this part of the bazaar and Panbe-foroshan (cotton-ball Space Syntax includes different analytical parts like Visibility market)Rasteh and Mashhadi Ghanbar-e-Hosseini bazaar, Graph Analysis, Convex Map Analysis, Axial Map Analysis Meschi bazaar are at a lower level comparing to Jadid Abbasi and Segment Map Analysis that may be used individually or all Rasteh . Seyyed Esmaeel Sara, Haj Mohamad Gholi Sara and together simultaneously, depending on the research objectives. Dalalezane Kochak Rasteh and the paths going towards the In this research, the axial map was used for analysis of bazaars outside of bazaar have such a high amount of depth that shows and shopping malls as urban spaces. The axial maps are simple their separation from the bazaar. It should be noted that the maps of the urban areas as the basis of city’s analysis. (Abbas high depth is not a negative point for the Saras since they are Zadegan, 2002, 68) dedicated to storing goods and to carrying out activities which Parameters obtained from analysis of axial maps in space do not cause high mobility and association.

16

International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development 17 20 11.0247 2.03798 maximum 3.8973 1.21187 6.03158 Average Table 1: Bazaar of Tehran14 1: Bazaar of Table Fig.6: Axial maps of bazaar of Tabriz Axial maps of bazaar of Fig.6: 1 1 Fig.5: Axial maps of bazaar of Tehran13 Axial maps of bazaar of Fig.5: 0.594296 Minimum

Depth integration connectivity bazaar of Tehran Table 2: Bazaar of Tabriz

bazaar of Tabriz Minimum Average maximum

Vol.5, No.2, Spring 2015 Spring No.2, Vol.5, connectivity 1 3.55346 18 integration 0.551748 1.8522 2.07061 Depth 1 5.09572 9.61936

Bazaar of Isfahan The studies (Fig.7&Table 3) show that comparing to the activity. Similar to other bazaars, Saras in Isfahan bazaar have other bazaars investigated in the present research, there are high depth, such as Kafasha Rasteh (for shoes) and Sabaghha more numbers of Rastehs and axes in Isfahan bazaar with bazaar. Comparing to the other studied bazaars, Isfahan bazaar has the lowest variance between the highest and the lowest

International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International high integration, such as Emamzade-ie-Harone Velayat, Sadr

school, Shah bazaar, bazaar and Chaharsouq15Gheisarieh. This integration which shows the higher integrity and unity between shows that in Isfahan bazaar, there are more spaces with high the spaces in Isfahan bazaar.

Fig.7: Axial maps of Bazaar of Isfahan

Table 3: Bazaar of Isfahan

Bazaar of Isfahan Minimum Average maximum connectivity 1 3.00251 14 integration 0.302494 0.57475 0.86829 Depth 8.00251 12.1115 21.103

18

International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development 19 5 5.09474 1.66667 maximum 3.14286 2.18346 1.47619 Average Table 4: Plasco shopping center Table 2 Fig. 9: Axial maps of Eskan shopping center Fig. 9: 1.27368 1.16667 Fig. 8: Axial maps of Plasco shopping center Axial maps of Plasco shopping Fig. 8: Minimum Depth integration connectivity Plasco shopping center integration, the same as Paytakht Shopping Center, is big and is big Center, Shopping as Paytakht same the integration, of isolation. shows that this center also induces the sense indicates that its two main axes have almost the same integration that its two main axes have almost the same integration indicates stairs have voids and side of the the spaces between and the highest the and lowest the between difference The depths. high Plasco Shopping Center Table.4) & (Fig.8 Center Shopping Plasco of map the Studying Table 5: Eskan shopping center

Eskan shopping center Minimum Average maximum connectivity 2 3.84615 6 Vol.5, No.2, Spring 2015 Spring No.2, Vol.5, integration 0.957109 1.70114 3.03084 Depth 1.5 1.96154 2.5833

Eskan Shopping Center Studying the map of Eskan Shopping Center (Fig.9 & Table shopping center are in blue. This implies the high depth of 5) indicates the spaces with high activity and high integration these spaces while they are the main axes and should enjoy the and also some deep spaces. All these show the inappropriate high integrity. The study of this map shows that the connections designing of this building. between the spaces and their spatial order have not been met International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International In the above map, one could see that even certain axes of the well.

Fig.10:Axial maps of Paytakht shopping center

Table 6: Paytakht shopping center

Paytakht shopping center Minimum Average maximum connectivity 2 3.5 6 integration 1.14929 2.42787 6.89572 Depth 1.14286 1.53571 1.85714

20

International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development 21 4 4 3 19 17 13 Max of connectivity -min of depth 1.0833 Max of 10.0241 8.61936 0.71428 0.50003 13.10049 of connectivity connectivity -min 1.4436 1.5188 2.0737 3.8210 Max of 5.74643 0.565796 of integration integration-Min that is, shopping centers, are the only places for meeting only places are the is, shopping centers, that economic needs. spaces in shopping centers has Absence of non-economic in presence in them, which has resulted people’s decreased in people’s and a decrease interactions social the decreased these in dynamicity and of liveliness lack and interrelations have become isolated and are considered as spaces with a high have become isolated and are considered as But this from the beginning. it did not use to be like depth while high such a show that of shopping centers maps analyzed the and high density depth is observed in the areas of high integrity is a very negative as it is observed in the main axes and this characteristic. CONCLUSION the spaces in which urban spaces, that is to say, Volumetric the among are occurs, interactions and social is formed life social inherently are men, we; since city, a of spaces important for social and the spaces providing opportunities creatures interactions play a crucial role in our lives. Due to the reasons stated about the importance of the volumetric spaces in the urban life, here, bazaars and shopping centers This study has were studied as a sample of urban social spaces. depicted bazaar as the most important social center in Iran, and importancehigh of alternatives as viewed are centers shopping generally were centers shopping and bazaars first, At bazaars. for studied and were analyzed in six case studies by Space Syntax software. The findings show that the shopping centersare inappropriate Some spaces. collective city’s as the for bazaars alternatives items confirming what has been stated above are as below: at frequented spaces where people as public acted Bazaars alternatives, their Yet, reasons. and for different times different a negative characteristic, but if the analyzed maps of bazaars but if the analyzed characteristic, a negative that the are reviewed, it becomes obvious and shopping centers like halls, schools, blue spaces with high depths are the spaces rate, activity and high density of a need in not which are etc., parts is not a negative from the main and their separation the changes in the bazaars and streets have Yet, characteristic. They towards suburbs. move to spaces of these some caused Depth 12.1115 6.03158 5.09572 1.96154 1.53571 1.66667 Average of Average 1.8522 1.21187 1.70114 0.57475 2.42787 2.18346 integration Average of Average Table 7:Comparison between bazaars and shopping malls 7:Comparison between Table 3.5 3.8973 3.55346 3.00251 3.84615 3.14286 Average of Average connectivity Bazaar of Tabriz Bazaar of Tehran Bazaar of Isfahan Eskan shopping center plasco shopping center Paytakht shopping center is higher than that of shopping centers. First, it seems to be seems First, it of shopping centers. that is higher than textures like bazaars is lower than inorganic textures (Ibid). textures inorganic than is lower bazaars like textures of study The depth. the space is parameter last the and 3rd The the figures obtained shows that the space depths are equal and between the least and the most depth in bazaars the difference compared with the shopping centers and this implies more and this implies with the shopping centers compared and their higher integrity. unity between the spaces in bazaars of organic rate the integrity generally, It should be noted that, space are isolated (Abbas Zadegan&Azari, 2009, 28). In the (Abbas Zadegan&Azari, are isolated space and least the between difference is a there survey, comparative is lower for bazaars rates and the difference the most integrity least and the most integrity rate is considered as an index. least and the most integrity the more heterogeneous are the The higher the difference, of this some parts that implies and this characteristics, spaces’ and the connection with other spaces has to be low or high. The with other spaces has to be low or high. and the connection integration. shows spatial which integrity, is parameter next the between difference the setting, of space analysis In the connection rates with other spaces so as to meet the connection rates with other spaces so as to meet connection 3 or 4 for shopping is about this number Yet, priorities. of viewpoint from the priority This shows less spatial centers. of spaces function on the depends This rate rate. connection 13 for bazaars. And this is because of the existence of different of different of the existence And this is because 13 for bazaars. passages markets in the market and the need of hierarchical different which requires for them such as halls, schools, etc. almost close. Of course, it should be noted that in case of case in that noted should be it Of course, close. almost and the highest the lowest between the difference considering this number is 17, 19, and rate, it can be seen that connectivity Malls Based on Space Syntax parameter, connection the reviewing 7 and Table the at Looking rates of the six samples are one may say that the connectivity are separated and somehow the sense of isolation is imposed are separated and somehow the sense of isolation on them. Shopping Comparison between Bazaars and Table 6) shows that the main axes have different amount of amount different axes have main the 6) shows that Table the between difference great and the and integration depth shows that some spaces lowest and the highest of integration Paytakht Shopping Center Shopping Center (Fig.10 & map of Paytakht axial Analyzed spaces design, with a look to . Urban management, 9,64-75. The analysis of case studies with Space Syntax show: Abbas Zadegan, M., &Azari, A.(2009).Spatial Analysis of The analysis of the connection parameter in Table 7 shows that the Role of Bazaar in Iranian Cities. Abadi,29(64) , 26-30. bazaars have higher connection hierarchy, and the different Asadi, I.(2000). Shopping Centers Essay: Study Resources. spaces have different connection rates. But in shopping centers, Municipals, 2(20), 17-21.

Vol.5, No.2, Spring 2015 Spring No.2, Vol.5, such a difference dwindles and the figure obtained for this Bakhtiar,A.(1974). The Royal Bazaar of Isfahan. Iranian parameter is very close to one another. Studies,7(1/2),320-347. The difference between the least and the most integrity is lower Borden, I., &RuediRay, K. (2008). Thedissertation: an for bazaars which implies a higher unity and a higher spatial architecture student’s hand book. (F.mehdizadeh,Trans.).Tehran: integration. Yet, the figures obtained for shopping centers Soresh-e-danesh press. imply the heterogeneity of the space and the isolation of some Bounds, M. (2011). Urban social theory, city, self and society. parts thereof. (R. Sedigh Sarvestani, Trans.). Tehran: university of Tehran press. The study of the depth parameter for shopping center, which E.stek, R. (2000). The Art of case study. Z (M. implies that some main axes are of high depth implying hamidrafie,Trans.). Tehran: Iran culture studies. inappropriate design and low activity density in these areas. Haj Bagheri, M., Parvizi, S., & Salsali, M. (2011). The Qualitative Research Methods.Tehran: Boshra Publication. International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development Urban and Architecture of Journal International ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Madani Pour, A. (2010) .Public and private spaces of the This paper is based on the author’s master thesis in the Science city. (F. Norian,Trans.). Tehran: ICT organization of Tehran and Research branch of Islamic Azad University, Dubai, United municipality. Arab Emirates, which was supervised by Dr. VahidGhobadian Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. (2009). and was advised by Dr. KavehBazrafkan. Persian Bazaars; An Attempt To Document Traditional Market In Iran. Tehran: JihadDaneshgahi Publication.

ENDNOTES Mir Salim, S. M. (1996). Encyclopedia of Islam. 1. Political Center Tehran:Islamic Encyclopedia Office, 314-405. 2. Religious Center Neshat,G.(1981) .From bazaar to market :foreign trade and 3. A small religious theater in the neighborhood economic development. Iranian Studies,14(1/2),53-86. 4. A place for drinking water and a source for keeping water Raeesolmohadesin,S., &Alipoor ,B.(2012).Investigating 5. A place for a traditional Iranian sport Sustainability Factors According to the Image of Iranian Bazar. 6. A part of bazaar and a center of more valuable goods International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development, with two lines of shops across from each other 2(6),25-30. 7. The monarchy in Iran 1591-1722 A.D. Rajabi, A. (2007). From Typology of Bazaar. Tehran: Agah 8. Commercial complexes including warehouses and some Press. lounges for merchants’ short stays Shafaghi, S.(2001).A Structural and Spatial Physical 9. A roofed place for trading highly-priced goods Survey of the Bazaar in Isfahan. Geographical Research Issue, 10. The monarchy in Iran 1796-1925 A.D. 60, 23-51. 11. The last monarchy in Iran 1925-1979 A.D. Shoaie, H., Mokhtabad Amrei, M.,& Habib, F. (2013). 12. The main passage of bazaar Public Urban Spaces: Reflecting the Collective Rituals 13. All the axial maps in these article(fig.5 to fig.10) (Iranian Tkayay and Hosseiniyeh). International Journal of extracted from space syntax software Architecture and Urban Development, 3(2),31-38. 14. All the data in the tables(Table.1 to Table.7) extracted Soltanzadeh, H. (2001). Iranian Bazaars. Tehran: Iran from space syntax software. Culture Studies. 15. The intersection of two major Rastehs of bazaar Yazdanfar, S.A., Mousavi, M.,& Zargar, H. (2009). Analysis of the spatial structure of Tabriz in Barrow with usage REFERENCES of space syntax method. road & structure, 67, 58-67. Abbas zadegan, M.(2002). Space syntax methods in urban

22