EG0600077 Proceedings of the Environmental Physics Conference, 24-28 Fe

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT VIA QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Amani I. A. Attia and Mervat M. El Nahas Electricity Distribution Company 9,Sidi El Metwally St, Attareen. Alexandria Email' :fpis@globalnet. com. eg Alexandria -

ABSTRACT

Power Quality (PQ) is becoming of great concern to consumers and utilities. Utility companies, equipment manufacturers and electric power customers are the main three parameters who have great interests and growing concern with PQ. Alexandria Electricity Distribution Company (AEDC) is one of the utility company who try to enhance power quality through decreasing disruptions and interruptions which occur by improving the reliability since reliability coupled with power quality and customer service are key components in delivering an effective electricity support to customers which consequently affect the global environment. One strategic solution which has been developed in recent years by AEDC is the Distribution Management System (DMS) that provide remote monitoring of currents, voltages and switch positions of various remote circuit components (direct measurements), control operation and improving the quality of customer service through the reduction of outage time and the monthly detection of reliability indices: System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI) , System Average Interruption Duration Index (SA1DI), Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI) in order to save energy hoping to decrease the global warming effect and greenhouse gas effect and acid rain phenomena. This paper will cover the effect of DMS on the reliability indices: SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI during the last few years and their improvement due to the accuracy of information taken by DMS. In addition, it will discuss the minimization of power losses and their environmental effects on the global warming and greenhouse gas phenomena.

INTRODUCTION

The distribution system is considered not only as one of the important part of the electric power system but one of the most complicated systems created by the mankind. Tt constitutes the link between electricity utilities and consumers. AEDC is a utility who deliver even more reliable service with fewer technical and support employees. This creates the drivers towards further implementation of distribution automation and distribution network management tools. Due to rapid development of technologies, especially in data communication and computing, there is a variety of distribution management functions which can aid the utilities to improve their operational efficiency. The main functional groups [1] are presented in the following fig (1).

237 *\ * ••••

Proceedings of the Environmental Physics Conference, 24-28 Feb. 2004, Minya, Egypt

Distribution Management

Fig. 1. Main functional groups of Distribution Management System (DMS)

Distribution automation includes equipment that allows for the real time global reconfiguration of the distribution system and its equipment in response to operating problems, system status and utility goals. Distribution automation provides the following two capabilities that permit distribution system to operate with less capacity margin compared to a traditional configuration: 1- To monitor loading and electrical performance on a real time basis 2- To remotely control equipment-switches, regulators, switched capacitors SCADA, the new communication technologies and microprocessor based registration devices, facilitate the creation of the comprehensive data bases, which can serve as a source of: 1 - The statistical data about the lows of the load distribution 2 - The reliability indices of the network elements as well as protection and control systems DSM techniques are another alternative to control network inadequacy [2]. Instead of reinforcing the network to meet the future load demand, the load curves may be reshaped to correspond to the network capacities.

238 Proceedings of the Environmental Physics Conference, 24-28 Feb. 2004, Minya, Egypt

BASIC RELIABILITY INDICES

At distribution level, basic power supply reliability is defined by two sets of indices [3], namely, the load point indices and the system performance indices. The primary reliability indices at a customers point are: Expected frequency of failures X; The average duration of a failure, r; The average annual outage time (unavailability), U These indices depend on many factors such as the reliability of individual items of equipment, circuit length and loading, network configuration, load profile and available transfer capacity. In a radial distribution system the calculation of reliability indices involves a system consisting of series components from source to load. Supposing there are n components in series the system failure rate Xs will be:

..+ ^i, (1)

and the system failure duration rs will be:

r ^ V

and the system interruption time Ux will be:

+X2r2+....+ X,,r« (3)

Equipment failure rates and failure durations are the data obtained from statistics and their values vary in certain ranges. Even for the same equipment there are many types and sizes. These values depend also on age of the particular piece of equipment.

SYSTEM PERFORMANCE INDICES

There is a wide range of possible system performance indices [3] of which the ones most commonly used and the most suitable for the problem under consideration are the System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFf), the System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI), the Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI) and Averge Service Availability Index (ASAI). System average interruption frequency index:

Totai number of customer interruptions

SAIFI=

Total number of customer served

Customer average interruption frequency index:

Total number of customer interruptions CAIFI= (5) Total number of customers affected

239 Proceedings of the Environmental Physics Conference, 24-28 Feb. 2004, Minya, Egypt

System average interruption duration index:

Sum of customer interruption durations

SAIDI= =^ (6) Total number of customer

Customer average interruption duration index:

Sum of customer interruption durations

CAE)I=

Total number of customer interruptions

Average Service availability index:

customer hours of available service YN..8760-YU.N. ASAI= = xp (8) JV.8760, customer hours demanded Case Study: Table (1) represents the electrical component of distribution network for AEDC which serves about 1.6 million customers. Performing a reliability analysis through the system performance indices calculations, we get the following results shown in figs. (2,3,4). These figures prove that the reliability indices are ameliorated from October 2002 to September 2003 which is due to certain factors. First of all, the reduction of the number of faults which is achieved through good maintenance. In addition, the reduction of the number of planned interruptions and the impact of supply interruptions which occurred by using DMS that improve the speed of restoration of supply in the event of faults. These improvements occur due to the pressure from customers and regulators demanding higher levels of power reliability which faced utility managers. In response, AEDC has handed to identify the key drivers of reliability and to identify good practices to improve reliability. This means that power engineers devote significant time, effort and attention to monitoring and measuring power quality on distribution systems which has become an increasingly important element of reliability which is measured through the reliability indices.

240 Proceedings of the Environmental Physics Conference, 24-28 Feb. 2004, Minya, Egypi

Table 1. Components of distribution networks in Alexandria

Component 2001 - 2002 2002 - 2003 Medium Voltage Cable (Km) 7082.981 7143.911 Medium Voltage Over Head Line (Km) 550.43 559.44 Medium Voltage Distributors (No) 155 156 Medium Voltage Circuit Breaker (No) 2001 2030 5627 5706 (MVA) 3107.37 3172.48 Low Voltage Cables ' (Km) 4856.057 4932.78 Low Voltage Over Head Line (1-ph) (Km) 476.025 - Low Voltage Over Head Line (4-ph) (Km) 2306.39 2335.26 Service boxes 43397 43507

SAIF!

"5 CO O CM co d) co O D co 9- co DLL O D < D Months

Dp17-«— Dp2;

Fig. 2. The annual SAIFI in minutes during year 2002/2003

241 Proceedings of the Environmental Physics Conference, 24-28 Feb. 2004, Minya, Egypt

SAIDI

3 C

c CD § CO CO co co 01 o. o ID D s o O D o < CO D Months

Dp17 -* Dp2 I

Fig. 3. The annual SAIDI in minutes during year 2002/2003

CAIDI

I c

I

s s Months

Dpi7 -*-Dp2 !

Fig. 4. The annual CAIDI in minutes during year 2002/2003

242 Proceedings of the Environmental Physics Conference, 24-28 Feb. 2004, Minya, Egypt

ENERGY LOSSES MEASUREMENTS THROUGH DMS

One of the goals of DMS is the reduction of electric losses or in other words energy savings which is very clear through table (2) as an example. The average annual energy losses is equal to 76.8 kwhr. These energy saved affect on the environment [4,5], because it reduces the emissions of greenhouse gases. These gases include any gas in the atmosphere that is capable, as a result of its particular molecular structure of absorbing infrared radiation or heat such as water vapor or moisture, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and even ozone, which is more commonly associated with the ozone layer and ultraviolet radiation. Table (3) shows the monthly fuel saving and the greenhouse gases emissions reduction. The calculation of fuel saving is carried out by using factor 0.229 kg fuel/kwh (which different from year to year). The national averages for emissions are: Annual emissions/kg fuel

Carbon dioxide CO2 3.082 kg

Sulfur dioxide SO2 0.0691 kg

Nitrogen dioxide NOX 0.0037 kg

Carbon monoxide CO 0.00043 kg

Hydrocarbon HC 0.000096 kg

Since, the extra greenhouse gases lead to global warming, which create many environment problems coming from the increase concentration of greenhouse gases in earth atmosphere. Increasing amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and global warming could lead to more health concerns with significant loss of life. As temperature increase towards the poles , insects and other pests migrate towards earth's poles. These insects carry diseases such as malaria and dengue fever. Thus, an increase in these particular insects and pests closer to the poles results in an increase in these diseases. Also, the most obvious health effect is directly from the heat itself. With an increase in heat waves, there will be more people who will suffer from heatstroke, heart attacks and other aliments aggravated by the heat. Hot conditions could also cause smoke particles and noxious gases to linger in the air and accelerate chemical reactions that generate other pollutants this leads to an increase in risk of respiratory diseases like bronchitis and asthma. In addition, global warming causes the oceans to warm and expand, including a rise in sea level. Eventually, the rising water could take away land inhabited by people forcing them to move. Warming of the oceans could also promote toxic algae which can lead to cholera.

243 Proceedings of the Environmental Physics Conference, 24-28 Feb. 2004, Minya, Egypt

Table 2. The approximate outages energy losses for middle distribution control center during October 2003

Outages Avg. Cell Name Duration kWhr Amp hr min sec 160BALAD 70.7 0 7 41 131.7 240 (TARABIA 7.) 61.8 0 17 14 258.3 406 NEW ANSTASY 42.67 0 22 15 230.2 1078 145 0 20 51 733.0 132 143.1 2 57 41 6166.5 158 62.27 0 20 22 307.5 301 98.72 0 38 45 927.6 553 132.2 0 8 18 266.0 560 155.6 0 9 51 371.7 584A 17.35 0 13 1 54.8 584B 31.55 0 3 51 29.5 ANISTASY B 61.87 2 0 28 1807.3 MINA EL BASSAL 64.69 0 18 0 282.4 TAMEEN SAHY 8.1 20 30 3 2416.0 392 79.05 0 24 56 477.9 2069 71.86 0 24 33 427.8 1301 31.61 0 24 2 184.2 KOLAYAT EL ALOUM 1639 21.7 1"! 5 26 1922.9 1544 73.86\~b 28 3 502.4 366 0 0 28 15 0.0 431(1) 1.96 0 8 11 3.9 805 87.04 0 19 37 414.0 COTTON 2 1.61 0 9 0 3.5 NEW EGEMAC ROOM 0 0 9 12 0.0 SEMOHA 220(A) 118.3 0 7 1 201.3 1681 0 59 39 0.0 1058(1) 45.45 9 6 2 6017.9 1058(2) 24.66 1 5 26 391.3 2183(AHLIA1) 30.53 0 27 7 200.7 2184(AHLIA2) 82.38 0 9 59 199.4 231 (MACRONA MINA) 19.64 1 7 45 322.7 2349 0 0 9 7 0.0 492 81.76 0 27 58 554.5 514 11.71 0 8 23 23.8 515 47.471 1 27 34 1008.0

244 Proceedings oftlie Environmental Physics Conference, 24-28 Feb. 2004, Minya, Egypt

Continued table 2. 584 31.55 1 9 57 535.2 RABT(3) 145.8 1 31 40 3241.1 431 0 •o 3 42 0.0 1218 30.36 0 19 7 140.7 1259 26.33 0 25 5 160.1 88 11.99 1 26 15 250.8 216 51.89 0 44 6 554.9 1234 4.13 10 25 29 626.4 188 64.57 0 15 52 248.4 1024 20.13 0 9 59 48.7 1026 44.34 5 0 24 3229.9 401 71.93 0 5 16 91.9 564 9.09 0 5 57 13.1 ESHARAT SEKA HADID 12.26 0 8 16 24.6 MAGLESMAHLI{2120) 5.29 0 9 10 11.8 MANSHiA#1 178 14 56 24 38684.5 MANSHIA#2 243 0 15 10 9 0.0 SOUTH KARMOZ#1 119.6 0 6 23 185.2 SOUTH KARMOZ #2 127.5 0 8 50 273.0 521 (B) 29.47 0 21 33 154.0 2225 (737 OLD) KASSARA 69.35 1 22 8 1381.2 594 33.7 0 19 6 156.1

Table3. The annually fuel saving and the greenhouse gases emissions reduction

Item Annual fuel savings Fuel (kg) 211.04 64

CO2 (kg) 284 0.3712 SO2 (kg) 63.68256 NOX (kg) 3.4 0992 CO (kg) 0.3 96288 HC (kg) 0.0 884736

CONCLUSION

This work evaluates AEDC reliability indices that concern the quality of supply and the network performance. These indices are improved during year 2002/2003as follows: ForDP2: SAIDI is enhanced from 4.98 to 3.9 minutes. CAIDI is enhanced from 60 to 46.5 minutes.

245 Proceedings of the Environmental Physics Conference, 24-28 Feb. 2004, Minya, Egypt

For DP 17: SAIDI is enhanced from 371.4 to 246.276 minutes. CAIDI is enhanced from 991.2 to 246.276 minutes. Furthermore, DMS enables AEDC to remote by monitor, coordinate and operate distribution components in a real time so that it measures the outage durations and the current of each circuit breaker so that the outages energy losses (kwhr) can be calculated. These energy saved reduce the greenhouse gases emissions so that we can save the environment.

REFERENCE

[1] K.H. Cheong, P. Forsgren, "In Search of an Implementation Strategy for Distribution Management Functionality", Proceedings of the DA/DSM Europe 96 Conference, Vienna, Austria, October 8-10 1996. [2] H.L. Willis, G.S. Scott, "Advanced Engineering Methods for Optimizing and Integrating Distribution Planning with Demand-Side Management and Dispersed Generation", 38th Annual Rural Electric Power Conference, 1994, pp. Al /I-A 1/9. [3] R. Billinton, R.N. Allan, Reliability Evaluation of Power Systems, Pitman Publishing Inc. ,1984. [4] http://www.umich.edu/gs265/society/greenhouse.htm. [5] http://www.doc.mmu.ac.uk/aric/eae/Global Warming Older /Greenhouse Gases.html.

246 Conference Recommendations

Proceedings of the Environmental Physics Conference, 24-28 Feb. 2.

CONFERENCE RESUME AND RECOMMENDATIONS

M.N.H. Comsan

The Environmental Physics Conference EPC' 04 was organized on the premises of the Faculty of Science, Minya University during the period 24-28 Feb. 2004. The number of attendants exceeded 80 scientists and specialists in fields closeiy related to environment. Among them were 17 participants from 10 Arab and foreign countries: Bulgaria, Iraq, Japan, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, and USA. The number of scientific presentations were 51 distributed over 15 scientific sessions on the following topics: air, soil, water, plants, radioactivity, " radon, nuclear techniques, detection methods, innovative technologies, and environmental management. A round-table discussion was organized on Thursday, 26 Feb. on the role of physics in preserving environment, during which a draft on conference recommendations was outlined. Participants and attendants enjoyed the wonderful winter weather of el-Minya (the smiling city) during February. They had the chance to see the real life of contemporary Egyptians in Mid Egypt, and to visit ancient egyptian monuments in Tel el- (Akhitaton), and Tuna el-Gabal (). During the conference concluding session o.i Saturday 28 Feb., the following recommendations were unanimously adopted.

A. On the general scale: 1- Encourage collaboration between scientists and specialists working on environment related disciplines. 2- Encourage governments, national, and international agencies to support environment related R&D and object oriented research. 3- Encourage conducting multidisciplinary investigations on the transfer and accumulation of hazardous substances in the biosphere. 4- Give appropriate attention to the preservation of earth's biodiversity, and to the application of human related rights to non human species. 5- Encourage investigations and multinational multidisf iplinary R&D on major river basins (, Volga. Danube, Yenesei, etc.) that have similar en -jronmental problems. 6- Encourage application of novel research results that could yield to environment improvement such as the substitution of chemical fertilizers by biofertilizers. 7- Noticing the global changes in environment connected with global warming, air, soil and marine pollution, encourage all governments to sign, ratify, and implement the Kyoto Protocol. 8- Set up appropriate measures to control and monitor trans-boundary release of hazardous materials. 9- Set up appropriate measures for establishing a system of early notification in case of environmental disasters. 10- Encourage collaboration between natural and socirJ scientists on environment related issues. 11- Increase public awareness on environment related topics and issues through TV and other public media channels, and to issue a concise environmental bulletin for the general public. 12- Introduce a university course on environmental physics (and engineering) both on the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. 13- Encourage the Egyptian Nuclear Physics Association (ENPA) to organize the 2nd Environmental Physics Conference (EPC 06) during Feb. 2006 in co-operation with Egyptian

247 Proceedings of the Environmental Physics Conference, 24-28 Feb. 2004, Minya, Egypt

Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA)- National Network for Radiation Physics, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA), and an Egyptian university as a host institute. 14- Invite international agencies interesting in global environment protection and preservation to support EPC 06 activities as sponsors.

B- On the national and local scales: 15- The conference has noticed with satisfaction the overall development and attention paid to raising public awareness on environmental issues in el-Minya Governorate. 16- The conference has noticed with satisfaction efforts directed towards el-Minya City cleanness and beautification. The conference encourages extending such efforts to other cities, villages, and human settlements within the Govemorate and on the whole national scale. 17- The conference has noticed the valuable and indispensable role el-Minya University plays in material, cultural and social development of the Governorate. The conference encourages extending these efforts to include environment related disciplines. 18- The conference encourages Egyptian specialists working on environment related topics to harmonize their data on Egypt's environment, and to publish it as Egypt's national contribution to the world wide data on environment. 19- The conference encourages investigating the structure, extent, and heretical value of the natural caves along the eastern desert in el-Minya Governorate. The study may yield to considering selected parts of the caves as natural protectorates. 20- The conference encourages giving attention to envhonmental tourism through facilitating touristy visits to places of environmental and heretical values in el-Minya Governorate. 21- The conference encourages sending medical conveys and teams to villages and minor human settlements to acquaint citizens with medical ethics and increase public awareness towards environment related deceases. 22- The conference encourages design and preparation of appropriate filtering devices to reduce medical and chemical pollution originating from existing medical and chemical laboratories on both of the research and industrial scales. 23- The conference encourages the use of local bioaccumulating higher plants such as Hyothiamus, Eloda, and Potamegaton to remove heavy metal pollutants in sewage water and other contaminated areas in el-Minya Governorate and Egypt. 24- The conference encourages giving attention to wide spreading knowledge on laws and regulations related to environment protection and preservation. 25- The conference encourages starting the erection of the previously suggested project on the establishment of an EAEA (Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority) accelerator centre at el- Minya as a centre of excellence and a tool for science and technology development in Mid Egypt. 26- The conference encourages the establishment of an environmental physics group within Egyptian Nuclear Physics Association (ENPA).

By adopting the conference recommendations, the EPC' 04 Concluding Session was announced closed at 14:05 on Saturday 28 Feb. 2004.

248 List of Participants Proceedings of the Environmental Physics Conference, 24-28 Feb. 2004, Minya, Egypt

F.M.P.P-ETRR.2 Mohamed Ahmed ALI ENPA, NRC, -Egypt. Ali m [email protected] Mohamed K. Shaat Atomic Energy Authority m [email protected] Mohamed Mahmoud ENPA, NRC, Cairo-Egypt. [email protected] Abdel Khalek Mohamed Safaa El-Din Nuclear Safety Center [email protected] Mohamed Shabat Gaza- Plastine Islamic Univ. Shabat@mai 1. i ugaza. edu Morsy El-Tahawy ENPA, NCNSRC, EAEA [email protected] Morsy El-Tahawy NCNSRC, Cairo, Egypt Tahawym@ho tmai 1. com Mostafa Kamel Seddeek Phys.Dept. Fac. of Education, [email protected] Al-Arish, Canal Univ. Nagwa F. Zahran. Atomic Energy Authority j [email protected] Olfat Saad Ahmed Atomic Energy Authority [email protected] Ostrovnaya Tatyana YINR, FLNP,141980 [email protected] Moscow, Russia, Dubna Peter Todorov Todorov 36"Iscar"str.apt 34.9003 [email protected] Varna, Bulgaria Rifa El-Khozondr Gaza- Plastine Al-Aqsa Univ. [email protected] Safwat Salama AEA-Inshas [email protected] ETRR-2 SalwaSaied Mohamed Phys.Dep. Faculty of Science [email protected] El-Minia Univ., Egypt. Smirnov Leonid JINR, FLNP,141980 [email protected] Moscow, Russia, Dubna Stepan N. Kalmykov Radiochemistry Div, Chemistry Dep., Lomonosov [email protected] Moscow State Univ., 119992 Moscow, Russia Toshio Obinata College of Science & [email protected] Technology,Nihon Univ.7- .nihon-u.ac.jp 24-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi,chiba,274- 8501, JAPAN Zeinab Abdou Saleh ENPA, NRC, EAEA ZEINAB ABDUSALEH@YAHO O.COM

250 Author Index

Proceedings of the Environmental Physics Conference, 24-28 Fab. 2004, Minya, Egypt

AUTHORINDEX

Abdel-Halim, A.S. 141 Hassan, A.M. 121 Abdelkhalek, M.M. 185 Hattori, Toshiyuki 93 Abdul-Razzaq, W. 171 Hola, O. 25 Abedel Fattah, A.T. 207 Holy, K. 25 Abu El-Ela, A. 42 Hussein, A.Z. 13,161 Ahmed, A.A. 115,151 Hussein, Mohamed I. 13 Aksenova, N.G. 203 Ibrahim, Mohamed SE. 161 Ali, E.M. 115 Ismael, Nidhal 171 Ashmawy, L. 121 Kamal, Sal ah M. 53 Atia, Sanaa 207 Kamel, N.H.M. 219 Attia, Amani LA. 237 Khaled Essa, S.M. 207 Azzam, A.H, 141 Khater, AshrafE. M. 195 Badran, H.M. 131 Khizanishvili, A.I. 203 Belokobylsky, A.I. 203 Kirkesali, E.I. 203 Bolsunovsky, A.Ya. 59 Kratz, K.L. 141 Bolsunovsky, Alexander 99 Mahmood, A.Sh. 175 Bondareva, L.G. 59 Mahmoud, K.R. 131 Chudy, M. 25 Mamoon,A. 53 Chuturkova, R. 69 Mankovska, B. 25 Ciortea, C. 81 Mayhoub, A.B, 207 Comsan, M.N.H. 5 Meresova, J. 25 Creanga, Dorina 109 Mohamed, A. 151 Diab, H.M. 35 Mohammad, H.M. 219 Dinescu, L.C. 81 Mosulishvili, L.M. 203 Duliu, O.G. 81 Mubarak, Fawzia 207 Ebaid, Y.Y. 35, 195 Nabil, Ayman 229 Eissa, E. A. 121 Nossair, A. 141 El Nahas, Mervat M. 237 Obinata, Toshio 225 El-Bukhari, Mahmoud S. 161 Ondo-Estok, D. 25 El-Farrash, A.H. 42 Othman, 1A. 42 El-Hussein, A.M. 115, 151 Polaskova, A. 25 El-Khayat, A. 121 Ragab, H.S. 131 El-Mongy, S.A. 35, 195 Ragab, Moustafa H. 161 Elnimr, T. 131 Rasas, M.V. 17 El-Tahawy, M.S. 35, 195 Richtarikova, M. 25 El-Taher, A. 141 Rusev, R. 69 Ermakova, E.V. 25 Sadek, M. 219

251 Proceedings of the Environmental Physics Conference, 24-28 Feb. 2004, Minya, Egypt

Florek,M. 25 Said, N.M. 35 Fluerasu, D. 81 Seddeek, M.K. 131 Frontasyeva, M.V. 25,203 Shabat, M.M. 17 Gomaa, M.A. 115 Shahout, A.M. 175 Hafez, A.H. 42 Sharshar, T. 131 Haralambie, M. 81 Sivo, A. 25 Sohsah, M. 219 Todorov, Peter T. 69 Soliman, Osama 229 Tufescu, Fl. M. 109 Steinnes, E. 81 Yassin, S.S. 17 Stoica, P. 81 Youssef, Kamelia 229 Sukovaty, Alexei • 99 Zoran, Maria 93 Sykora, I. 25 Taha,T.M. 115

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