1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE .4167

E X T ·E N S I 0 N S 0 F R E M A R K S

Federal and State Highway Systems­ Second. The Secretary of Commerce of the outstanding columnists of our time. would be authorized to provide reim­ I wish him a speedy recovery, for I miss his Reimbursement to States column and his observations very much. bursement upon his determination that Actually, writing this guest column is like the highways meet interstate standards. coming back home journalistically, as for EXTENSION OF REMARKS Third. Initiation of the request for re­ 5¥2 years I wrote a daily column distributed OF imbursement must come from the States by United Features Syndicate. I belonged themselves. Reimbursement shall be to the same organization as Tom Stokes and HON. EDWIN H. MAY, JR. limited to the cost of the highway less I enjoyed it even though it was hard work. · If I were to become a columnist again I OF CONNECTICUT depreciation and the total amount of any Federal funds contributed to con­ would hope that I could write with the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES courage and conviction that Tom Stokes has struction. In the case of toll highways, through the many years he has been on the Wednesday, March 12, 19.58 reimbursement would be further reduced Washington scene. by deductions for the cost of all auxiliary Courage and conviction are not commodi­ Mr. MAY. Mr. Speaker, with the pas­ facilities needed for toll operation. ties as rare as they are sometimes repre­ sage of the Federal-Aid Highway Acto{ Fourth. States would be permitted to sented. I have seen them displayed by 1956 the Congress of the United States use reimbursement funds for construc­ members of the press on more than a few gave' impetus to the construction of a occasions. That is why I feel it as a signal tion of projects in the Federal aid sys­ honor for me to come to bat for Tom vast Interstate Highway System. Our tems lying within their borders without rapidly expanding population and econ­ Stokes while he is incapacitated but cer­ requirement of State matching funds. tainly aware of the esteem in which we omy, as well as our requireme~ts for na ... In my estimation, Mr. Speaker, this hold him. tional defense, require urgent Implemen­ proposal should be a part of any highway And courage is not as rare in politics and tation of this program. Equally necessi­ legislation passed by the Congress deal.. public life as the negative critics and de­ tous is the well-planned coordination, on ing with the interstate program. tractors would have the public believe. Yet, the part of the Federal Government, the ironically enough, it is rare when the cour­ state governments, and the municipali­ age of a politician or a public officeholder ties of the highway system, which takes is recognized and acclaimed while he is alive. into consideration all aspects of inter­ It seems to me that too often only the state, State, and municipal responsi­ Citations for the Living deceased receive the profiles-in-courage award. Per-haps that is because it takes bilities. time to evaluate the man and his act or acts Prior to the Federal-Aid Highway Act, EXTENSION OF REMARKS of courage. Perhaps it is because it is less many States took the initiative and had controversial to evaluate a man after he dies the foresight to initiate and complete OF than while he is living. Even many of the the construction of highways which meet HON. A. S. MIKE MONRON~Y enemies or crltics are mellowed in their a ttl­ the standards of the act and which were tude toward a man after he dies. They :financed wholly out of State funds or as OF OKLAHOMA have less resistance to his being given credit toll roads. Many of these :fine highways IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES as long as he is no longer around. today are incorporated as an integral But why not have profiles-in-courage Wednesday, March 12, 1958 awards to the living? Surely, it makes much part of the interstate transportation sys­ more sense to give such awards to a man tem and thus constitute an enormous Mr. MONRONEY. Mr. President, the while he i~ living to encourage him to keep contribution on the part of the various Washington Evening Star, one of the up his behavior of courage. Surely, it States. Had these State governments 100 newspapers which regularly publish would give inspiration to more living politi­ not had the foresight to undertake high­ a column of comment written by cians themselves to commit acts of courage. way construction programs of this na­ Thomas L. Stokes, one of the Nation's Surely, it would be the inspiration for cour­ age in the present that posthumous awards ture it would today be incumbent upon outstanding newspapermen, and which cannot be. the Federal Government to :finance their is distributed by the United Features Several publishers have asked me to write construction at this time, very possibly Syndicate, on Monday night printed the an autobiography. Thus far I have declined. on a higher cost basis, under the present 'first of a series of guest columns written I would much rather write a book such as formula of 90 percent contribution ·in by friends of Tom Stokes in public life, Living Profiles in Courage, for I think it Federal funds with 10 percent State who are substituting for him during a would serve a far better purpose and would matching. There is .little question but serious illness. be much better reading. that these programs constituted a con­ Monday night's column, which was I am not sure as to whom I would include siderable drain upon the resources of the written by our colleague, the distin... in such a book, however. But I can think individual States involved. This is im­ of a few that might be in that list--even guished senior Senator from Maine tliough I may disagree with them politically portant for our consideration at this [Mrs. SMITH], is P.raiseworthy, not and philosophically and may be on the op­ time, because our States today must un­ merely a.s a rare example of a news posite side of the fence from them. dertake the responsibility for increasing commentator's art, but as a reminder I think I would include former President and improving 'the State highway facili­ from her that courage and conviction Herbert Hoover, who came back !rom a hu­ ties and aid their urban communities in are not commodities as rare as they are miliating defeat and repudiation by the elec­ a program of coordination that will sometimes represented, and as living torate in the 1932 election to become a much make our overall highway program proof that kindness, love, and apprecia.. greater man as an elder civilian statesman meaningful and serviceable. than as a President. It would have been tion still abound in this strife-torn only human for him to retire in bitterness In my opinion, Mr. Speaker, it is un­ world~ after 1932. But he had the courage to rise fortunate that the Congress did not I ask unanimous consent to have above that bitterness and to give magnific'ent include in the Federal Highway Act printed in the RECORD the article writ• service to his country and his fellow Ameri­ ·reimbursement to the States which con­ ten by Senator MARGARET CHASE SMITH . cans in heading up the Hoover Commissions. structed sections of the Interstate Sys­ and published in the Washington Eve'" I think I would include former President tem on their own. Today, I .intend to ning Star of March 10, 1958. Harry S. Truman, the man who refused to be propose legislation which would correct licked in 1948 when practically everyone had There being no objection, the article -written him o1f for overwhelming defeat. this omission. I propose that: was ordered to be printed in the REcORD, First. The Federal Government shall Here is a fighter who speaks his ~ind-and as follows: whose courage and frankness you must ad­ be required to reimburse the States for mire even lf you don't agree with what he highways that meet the standards of the CITATIONS :I'OR THE LIVING says. It might have been reasonably ·ex­ Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, either (By MAllGABET CHASE SKITH) pected when he retired from the Presidency free or toll, which are incorporated into It ts a pleasure to pinch-hit for Tom in 1953 that he would gradually be for­ ·the Interstate System. Stokes, a truly great newspaperman and one gotten by · the public. But not so, tor this 4168 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE March 12 year in the Gallup poll he is rated as the with which their arguments were pre­ ceeded to make a cursory review of the pro­ second most-admired man in the world by sented would give credit to any parlia­ gram and after a brief inspection trip to the Americans. And, interestingly enough, Harry - mentary body. As long as the univer­ field, returned with recommendations that s. Truman says he doesn't believe in polls. the early :Hight concept with a modified con­ I think I would include Agriculture Secre­ sities of our land can produce potential ventional plane be scrapped in favor of a tary Ezra Benson, who is probably the No. 1 leaders of the quality of those members vague development program aimed at the political target today, for his courage in of the Yale Political Union, I believe we ultimate achievement of a high perform­ facing the heavy and continuous onslaught can take heart that the future will lie in ance craft. Little or no account was taken, heaped upon him. He has refused to be good·hands. apparently, of the obvious psychological im­ frightened into resignation. But yet, it There was no passive approval of these portance, in terms of world op!.nion, of our would take considerable courage for him to two important issues by the Yale group. producing the first nuclear powered aircraft to resign under fire if he believed that was Indeed, some of the weaknesses of the before the Soviets. the right thing for him to do for his country, The recommendations of the Killian Com­ the farmers, his President and his party. For programs received acute analysis, but, mittee were passed along to the President, he would do so in the face ot mis~nterpreta­ in the end, as the final vote was taken, oddly enough, before he had received the tion of his true reason for resigning. the full importance of the reciprocal Defense Department recommendations. In I think I also would include LYNDON trade program and the mutual security the interim, the Killian advisory panel was JoHNSON, majority leader of the Senate, who program became evident as the entire reconstituted as an advisory group to the came back from a severe heart attack that political union) representing a cross sec­ Pentagon. We now find that the end result almost took his life. To most men this would tion of P3litical philosophy, endorsed of all this expediting has been to slow down have meant the end of a public office career. these programs unanimously. The final rather than accelerate the program and that It was even more significant in Senator we are actually worse off today in terms of JoHNSON's case because of the constantly vote was 40 to 0 with one abstention. our objectives than we were a year ago, before tremendous pressure in the work of the This was the first time within the mem­ sputnik. This situation is patently ridicu­ Senate majority leader, who literally runs ory of those in attendance that the Yale lous and raises the gravest doubt as to wheth­ the Senate. When LYNDON JOHNSON was Political Union voted unanimously· on er the United States can effectively respond told to spare himself and take it easy, his any issue debated. to the Soviet challenge. answer was: "I would rather burn out than This should further convince those Members of the Joint Committee have rust out." Today LYNDON JOHNSON is the who find the realities of the present always recognized and continue to recognize most energetic and: active Member of the that very difficult technical problems con­ Senate in spite of the fact that he is a heart world situation difficult to appraise and front the scientists and engineers in the field patient. - act upon. who are doing the actual developmental work There are others, of course, whom I would in the ANP program. We do not hold our­ include but space does not permit listing selves out as technical experts but we have them here. If you have any nominees for followed the program closely over the years Living Profiles in Courage I would appre­ Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion Program and have been impressed during our trips to ciate your sending a letter to me at 326 field installations with the very substantial Senate Office Building, Washington, D. C. EXTENSION OF REMARKS progress which has been achieved in over­ coming these technical problems and in OF meeting goals. We have consistently given our strong support to this project in the HON. MELVIN PRICE "!Jelief that it is vitally important to the na­ Yale Political Union on Trade and Aid OF ILLINOIS tional interest. The record shows that sim­ ilar strong support from the Joint Commit­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPREsENTATIVES EXTENSION OF REMARKS tee 'was instrumental in the development of Wednesday, March 12, 1958 the hydrogen bomb and the atomic subma­ OF rine, both of which now stand as bulwarks Mr. PRICE. Mr. Speaker, under leave of our Nation's defense and -are among the HON. EDWIN H. MAY, JR. to extend my remarks in the RECORD, I strongest deterrents we possess against OF CONNECTICUT include the following statement: aggression. We have no illusions about the magnitude IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES JOINT STATEMENT BY REPRESENTATIVE CARL T. of the task ahead nor about the many tough DURHAM, CHAIRMAN OF THE JOINT COM­ Wednesday, March 12, 1958 technical hurdles which still must be sur­ MITTEE ON ATOMIC ENERGY, AND REPRESENT­ mounted. But we firmly believe, as we have Mr. MAY. Mr. Speaker, there has ATIVE MELVIN PRICE, CHAIRMAN OF THE SuB,. over the years, that progress can be achieved COMMITTEE ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, been muc!l discussion in the -land con­ and will be achieved when we have- a con- · REGARDING THE AIRCRAFT NUCLEAR PROPUL• crete program with clear objectives and -cerning the status of our educational SION PROGRAM system and the problem of our youth. target dates for completion, up to and in­ It is clear that the administration's deci­ cluding a proven :Hight capability. Without Certainly, we are realistic when we call sion to abandon the concept of achieving a - such goals, there can only be a hopeless, hap­ for reappraisal of our educational facil­ nuclear :Hight capability at the earliest less and helpless policy of drift and inde­ ity; certainly, we are justified when we moment constitutes a serious setback cision. call for measures to stem the tide of ju:. to our aircraft nuclear propulsion program. This is where we have been for the last venile delinquency. Not to recognize It opens the door wide to the prospect that 10 years, and this is where we stand today. these problems would be a display of the Russians will once again administer a No amount of rationalization can hide 'this complete blindness in the face of obvious hum111ating defeat to the United States by fact and we think the record should be very defects in our sociological structure; On placing the first nuclear powered aircraft in clear as to where the responsibility lies for .the skies. Coming on the heels of the sput­ this sorry state of affairs, namely, in the the other hand, amidst the darkness nik fiasco, a Russian victory in this field executive branch. there are rays of light which give hope could well prove disastrous to world confi­ for a new dawn. dence in America's scientific abilities. \'\•, · I had the honor of witnessing such a · · We had been led to believe; until very re­ ray of light this week at Yale University, cently, that the longstanding inaction and while participating in the Yale Political indecision which have characterized the con­ Mr. Alhambra duct of the ANP program since its inception Union meeting. It was my honor to have would be replaced by a vigorous and well delivered the principal address in sup­ coordinated program aimed at_an early :Hight EXTENSION OF REMARKS . port of the extension of the Trade Agree:. capability. A concrete plan of action to OF ments Act and in behalf of the admin­ achieve this important first step was pre­ . istration's mutual security program. pared within the Defense Department after HON. PATRICK J. HILLINGS Following the presentation of my posi­ sputnik on the basis of the best expert ad­ OF CALIFORNIA tion, views were presented by represent­ vice available and had been submitted to the atives of the three parties which make Secretary and Deputy Secretary of Defense IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES for their approval, prior to subm~ssion of the up the Yale Political Union, the Liberals, Defense Department's recommendations to Wednesday, March 12, 1958 the Conservatives and the Party of the the President. .Right. At this point the Killian Committee stepped Mr. HILLINGS. Mr. Speaker, the city The eloquence of those who partici­ into the picture to expedite matters. An of Alhambra, the State of California, pated in the debate, and the lucidity advisory group set up by Dr. K1111an pro- and our Nation, have been deprived of a 1958 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD- HOUSE.- 4169. truly.great citizen with the death at age• by, the greatest .gain will be for the United The failure to renew the reciprocal trade 91 of Judge William M. Northrup. States. agreements program would, beyond a shadow Tough foreign aid and a liberal tariff pol­ of a doubt, advertise to the world that we He was one of the wealthiest men in icy are actually, at present, one policy, since are abdicating from our position of leader­ our Nation, using, of course, the yard-, one is indivisibly- entwined with the other ship and, as a corollary, brand these United stick ·of friendship, community service, in that one without the other would be in­ States as a people ingrown, afraid, and dis­ and humanitarianism as the accurate complete. I want to dwell for a few mo­ trusting. This must not happen. measure of the richness of Judge Nor-. ments on the Reciprocal Trade Agreements. Equally as important as the ren.ewal of our thrup's life. Anyone who believes that the United States reciprocal trade agreements program is en­ He was so beloved by his community is a completely self-sufficient country, grow­ actment of foreign aid legislation ~ Ten years ing and producing all the materials it must ago ·the United_ States instituted this pro'! that he automatically wore the title "Mr. have within its own borders,· is tragically gram of military, economic, and techni«al as­ Alhambra." mistaken. The industrial giant of the sistance to le&s privileged nations. _This was There was no service too. large or too. United States to be kept alive must be fed one of the most-if not the most-fruitful small for Judge Northrup to undertake materials-- like natural rubber, bauxite, co­ and dynamic ideas of the 20th century. It in his 53 years in Alhambra. . balt, mercury, graphite, tungsten, tin, chro­ spelled the difference between hope and His civic activities alone would require mite-just to mention a few basic items. despair at a cost less than 1 year's expendi­ a large-sized volume to cover, and his We don't have them; we must import them. ture for World War II. record as a judge and as an attorney People are always startled to learn that we Militarily, the foreign aid program assures hav:e to import, for example, 100 percent of us of defenses which we could never hope to could hot be contested. our natural rubber, 100 percent of our tin, obtain by going it alone. Since 1950, 50 mil-, In 1955, on the occasion of his 89th 100 percent of our industrial diamonds, 100 lion men have been added to collective birthday, the Kiwanis Club honored percent of our graphite, 98 percent of our defense. The naval forces of the Free World Judge Northrup, describing him as one of platinum metals, ·8o percent of our cobalt, have increased 100 percent. We and. our the seven wonders of Alhambra, along 68 percent of our mercury, and so forth. allies, because of this military aid, have now . with -the · city!s · outstanding · schools, No airplane or automobile could be made 32,000 aircraft for defense, of which 14.000 parks,· business facilities, churches, citi­ to work without imports. are jets. ' Now, let's look at the other side of the It is little advertised that those who have zenry, and city administration. joined with us for collective security have His friends, who were countless, per.: · ledger. spent five times as much as we on military haps summed . up Judge Northrup'~ ricQ _ Our exports .far exceed our imports. Both assistance. Moreover, 80 percent of all sums and full life best when they said of him: industry and agriculture in the United appropriated for defense support abroad are States must, and do, export to keep· our actually spent in this country. "Judge . Northrup practiced moderation economy alive and growing. Four million in all things except humanitarianism.'~ ·The United States now has over 200 ·air and five hundred thousand American workers naval bases around the Communist empire All of us who knew him will miss him ~ earn their living in export trade. The prod­ circle. · At the present time they are indis­ ucts of 40 million acres of American farm­ pensable for logistic reasons, for the necessity land are sold abroad. That's one-tenth of of immediate response to danger. They con­ all -the cropland in the country. The stitute the most significant of all our defense United States sells abroad chemicals, textiles, Strength Through Trade and Aid facilities. iron and steel, agricultural machinery, au­ Moreover we must be prepared with ade­ tomobiles, trucks,. and -aircraft. quate conventional forces lest we be pushed EXTENSION _OF REMARKS Suppose, then, we wall in the United into the bitter choice of either abject sur­ States by high protective tarltfs. Whom are render or nuclear war. Of this we must oF · we protecting? Not American labor, not never lose sight. American industry, not the consumer. · Who But beyond the military ·aid set forth in -HON.- EM~NUEL CELLER gains by protective tariffs is a small group 'the foreign-aid· program is the lo~ range OF NEW YORK _ who seek to be .insulated from competition, importance of economic aid. Underdeveloped a sort; of subsidy for which the consumer countries do not have investment capacity, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ultimately pays. Actually, the equation is do not have the-trained manpower, do not a simple one. If we do not buy from other Wednesday, March 12, 1958 have the techniques of production, which countries, they will not buy from us. would bring them into the 20th century. Mr. CEI.LER. Mr. Speaker, under But let .us suppose tl;lat. despite their un­ If imitation is the sincerest form of flattery, ieave to extend. my . remarks in the willingness to buy from us when high tar­ then, indeed, we have been enormously flat­ RECORD., I .·include_ the following state­ His are imposed on their own products, these tered by the Soviet Union. Within the past countries, nonetheless, feel they must have 3 years the Soviet Union has undertaken a ment on foreign trade and aid: our products. If they _don't . earn the . dol­ program of economic aid to the have-not STRENGTH THROUGH TRADE AND ' AID lars by selling us their goods, where will they areas. The Soviets are not making the mis­ Suppos~. so to speak, ·we, the p"eople. of the find the dollars to use for purchasing ours? take of understressing the advantages which United States, pulled in o:vr sails,,. withdrew Where, then, can they ·turn? To Red China. must inevitably accrue to themselves from from all our overseas commitments, built. To Red Russ_ia. You may be sure the tenta­ just such a program. a high tariff wall around our country, plug..: cles of these nations are itching to clutch at In all, it is_estimated that we will require ging our ears and turning our head fro~ t_he the advantages offered by foreign trade. It the sum of $3,942,100,000 this year to achieve rest .of the troubled world. Then what?. would be a major- victory for the Commu­ our purposes in the area of military, eco­ Would we be snug and· safe in our beds of nists, ~;tnd we shall have handed it over to nomic, and technical assistance. This is isolation? · · them in the name of self-protection. Can approximately one-fourth of 1 perc'entof our The concept of Fortress America is really~ :there be greater irony? national output. to put it bluntly, an infantile wish to escape - Right . here, I'd like to explode. the theory The point has been made that flight time from the burdens of responsibility, to evade of che-ap labor which all protectionists from Moscow to the Midwest by ·way of the the necessity of making choices; it is the scream about. .. With. our mastei:y of mass polar route is about 9 hours by jet aircraft. panic reaction to the child's reluctance to production methods, the cost of labor is This stresses not only the narrowing of the grow up; We forgive and understand the computed on the basis of cost per unit pro­ world as we knew it only some short 25 years child who runs and hides. The adult who ~uced. Because of these specialized mass ago, but stresses the interdependence of all does just that, we call sick. production techniques, our labor can be nations. No man, no country, can live as an Certainly we can understand the wishful termed the cheapest on each article manu­ island unto himself, or itself. We talk of thinking of adults to keep away from the factured. No foreign labor costs are so dependent nations, but we are, in a measure, troubles in Asia and· Africa; the crosscurrents drastically reduced by quantity produced, as dependent, too. in Europe, etc.; the temptation to say, "A is ours. · · This, perhaps, is the thrust of what I want plague on all your houses" is strong. But Our industries are no longer babies in to say. Our own dependence upon the coun­ if we yi~l!i _to th_is temptat~on, we are cheos­ swaddling clothes, to be nurtured into growth tries of the Free World and our dependence ing to side with fantasy and against the and protected from the wind of competition. upon an expanded foreign trade have sunk facts. We can and do ·hold our own as the amount below the conscious level. We have adopted American intelligence is too acute to per­ of -our exports testify. If a product of equal a phrase, "dependent countries," without re­ mit itself to fall ·into the trap of self-delu­ quality comes from aboard, why should not alizing that_ we, too, belong in that cate­ sion. ·The hard, unshakable truth is that the American -consuiJler, as a member of a gory. Tru_e, we are rich, we are powerful­ foreign aid and a liberal tariff policy, both, free society, be permitted to make his choice? but we are not impregnable. are for the present·and·the future; America's I know of no better impetus toward better Thus far I have spoken in terms only of insurance for. peace a·nd prosperity. How­ products and lower costs than the principles enlightening self-interest; But I want to go ever much countries abroad will gain there- of competition. beyond that. What if we were not actually 4170 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE March 12 dependent to the degree I have pointed out? - When the German Kaiser was our antagon· either the philosophy or methods of our What if, actually, we did have a sufticiency 1st, and again when Adolph Hitler confronted. educational system, they reflected great of raw materials, we did have the ability to us, we regarded Germ.any as a formidable credit upon themselves and their profession. stand alone against any enemy? What if all enemy. Yet Germany was little larger than Those were days, you will remember, when this worked (which it would not)? Why Texas. Russia is 2 Y2 times as large as the anyone favoring anything Russian was likely could we not, if this were so, acknowledge United States. to find himself, first, called before a com­ proudly the strain of generosity that is so During two great wars with Germany, our mittee of Congress to give an accounting; much a part of our people that without it we sea legs sustained our forces in the field. second, assailed on the front pages of the would lose our identity as Americans? both times we saw them nearly amputated Nation's newspapers; and, third, out of a job. Throughout our history, in private and pub· by German submarines. Hitler commenced It was so bad for a time that one had to be lic endeavor, we have given to the needy. the war with about 50 submarines. Russia, against anything the Russians were for. If We have abhorred unnecessary suffering, ac­ today, has 10 times that many in her under­ the Soviet Government · was encouraging cepting it as as much a part of our heritage water fleet. composers, musicians, and other artists, . it as our freedom. Hitler, when he went to war, had annexed was easy to persuade the public that artists It is not the threat of war. From our very Austria, and occupied Czechoslovakia. Rus­ in America were suspect, if not subversive. first offer of sharing, through the Marshall sia's western boundary is the Iron Curtain, When it became apparent that Russia had plan to which all peoples were invited, we . patrolled by her satellite troops. It cuts inspired the innocuous Stockholm peace ap­ have expressed this characteristic of the across the heart of Europe. Russian in· peal, people in America spoke out less vocally American people. f:l.uence is growing in the Middle East, and for peace, though it remained just as close to In the final analysis, it may be that this now stretches, in an extending arc, across their hearts. One is left to wonder what generosity of a. free people will be the ulti­ the restless continent of Africa. Commu­ would have happened to our schools, during mate weapon against Soviet aggression, be nism, with much of Asia in its grasp, en­ that period of hysteria, had we learned then, that aggression by arms or by subversion. compasses half the world. what we know now, that Russia is. giving All of the advances made thus far in the great emphasis and priority to public educa­ cold war have been Communist; the victories tion. scored by the Free World have been few, and Well, today the country seems to have all have been defensive in nature. And now, made a complete turnabout-face. Having Public Education at the Crossroads once more, in the wake of the Russian sput­ escaped, more or less unscathed, from the niks, we find the Free World thrown back acute era of Russophobia, you are now con­ again on the defensive. Our alliances are fronted with a ground swell of demands EXTENSION OF REMARKS shaken. The Red Star has been catapulted that you remold our American educational OF aloft by the unsuspected lead Russia has system, overnight if you ple;ase, in imitation suddenly demonstrated in the race for the of the Russian .system. I trust you will be ultimate weapon. Russian prestige is ris­ able to keep your bearings. Both attitudes HON. RICHARD L. NEUBERGER ing among the uncommitted people who may OF OREGON are, of course, quite wrong. well constitute the balance of power in the A Nation's educational system is the most IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES years ahead. · important instrumentality by which its na­ This, then, is the present danger. It is tional values are served. It would be hard to Wednesday, March 12, 1958 the danger we may lose the cold war. imagine two nations whose values differ Mr.-NEUBERGER. Mr. President, on Why is this importa.nt? more absolutely than do those of the So­ Sunday night last our colleague the Why do we fight the cold war? viet Union and the United States. Does it Is it for survival? Yes, but not for sur­ not follow that we should ~xpect equal dif­ junior Senator from Idaho [Mr. C:HuRCH] vival alone. If it is life we want, we can ferences in the schools that each would de­ delivered an address to the American have it on Russian terms. If it is peace we vise to nurture and develop these values? Association of School Administrators at want, we can buy it cheaply through submis­ Their educational system is plainly designed Civic ·Auditorium, San Francisco, Calif., sion. If it is our national independence we to serve the needs of a rigid, doctrinaire, and on the subject Public Education at the want, it has already been largely lost. authoritarian society. Ours is designed, or Crossroads. Technology has shriveled the world into a should be, to serve the needs of a free so­ tight neighborhood of nations. Decisions ciety. · If we ar.e in need of a model, we might This is a timely and significant con­ made in Russia today have greater effect look, perhaps, to England or to Western tribution on this subject~ which is of upon the shaping of American policy, at Europe, but it is nothing less than absurdity such vital interest to all of us. Schools home and abroad, than all the lobbies in to look to Russia to find one. are a major responsibility of this session. Washington. I cannot emphasize too strongly my belief Anyone reading this able address will What is it, then, for which we wage this that, when we lay the measuring rod against come to have a new respect for the cold war? There .is only one answer. We our educational system, we ought not to knowledge and wisdom which our fine wage it to prevent Communist conquest of think in terms of comparison with Russia. colleague from Idaho brings to his task man. We wage it to save free government in For example, frantic warnings are being the world at large, so that free government sounded nowadays because the Russians are in the Senate, particularly with respect shall not be stifled in America. Yield to com­ turning. out 1?5,000 graduates each year in to legislation affecting schools and edu­ munism the continents of Europe, Asia, and the sciences, while . only half that many are cation. Africa, and ultimate Communist dominion of bei~g graduated annually in the United I ask unanimous consent that the Sen­ the world is assured. States. Indeed, to read the comment cur­ ator's address may be printed in the So we must not lose the cold war. It may rently appearing in our magazines and press, RECORD. last for generations. To wage it will tax our one would conclude that, unless a student There being no objection, the address strength and stamina, as nothing we have has majored in physics, chemistry, and math­ known before. To win it, in the long run; ematics, he hasn't been educated at all. I was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, will depend upon the wisdom and under­ suggest we should remember that Russia was as follows: standing of the American people, W'hich is but recen~ly a feudal country; she is engaged PUBLIC EDUCATION AT THE CROSSROADS the aggregate product of our educational in a massive effort, from a very late start, to (An address by United States Senator FRANK system. develop the kind of industrial economy we CHURCH, Democrat, of Idaho, before the In these times it would be difficult to have taken a century to build. Her need is American Association of School Adminis­ imagine anyone envying American educators. feverish for competent technicians and engi­ trators at Civic Auditorium, San Francisco, Your burdens are many. Not the least of neers. The question we should ask ourselves Calif.) them is finding ways to cope with the mer­ is not whether we are presently keeping pace Mr. Chairman, delegates to this regional curial shifts of public opinion that wash with Russia in the number of technicians against you. convention of the American Association of we graduate each year, but whether we are School Administrators, I know of no poorer We have been afflicted of late with much meeting the needs of our own industry and way to commence an address than to speak panic, and panic, sufficiently prolonged, can be fatal to freedom. Only a few years ago, defense. If we are failing to do this, then of the cold war. With an American audi­ the Government should furnish such added ence, it nearly always evokes an equally cold an inquisition of sorts took place in this response. country. It reached into the field of educa­ inducement, including scholarships, as may ·This is natural enough, I think, because we tion. Who -can forget the raging contro­ be necessary to attract the number of science Americans· did not want the cold war. We versies over loyalty oaths and the contents students our own needs require. resent it. We would joyfully end it now, of text books? Amerlcan educators, more Just as this must be true where quantity is if we could only find a way. Because of our than any other group, resisted these pres­ concerned, so also it must be true where con­ distaste for the cold war, we Anieric.ans have sures. In resisting, often against heavy siderations of quality are concerned. Here, a distorted image of it. We have, for exam­ odds, the bullying of people whom they knew the question we should ask ourselves is, not ple, no clear appreciation of the danger. to be without qualification for passing upon how our school curriculum compares with 1958 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 4171 that of Russia, but rather, how is it serving our talent to the fullest. It is time, I think, and literature, which ought to be equally the needs of our own country and the ends in our own interest, to shift the emphasis hard, are made attractive by their ease. of a free society? back to subject matter, to make courses Whether or not the public schools have such is the standard by which I would more challenging and more stimulating for contributed materially to anti-intellectual­ measure our system of public education in all. ism in America, it is clear that they have America. It is a harder standard than the I recognize this proposal cannot be made suffered much from it. Can the schools Kremlin need apply to Russian schools, for without at once raising a host of further help to cure the affliction? the burden of American education is not questions. If courses were to be made Certain things, at least, can be done. only to train chemists, physicists, and engi­ harder, you may ask, what is to be done Teachers and administrators can make it neers, but also to equip each student, re­ for the slower student, or even the average their business to accent the academic side gardless of his chosen craft, to acce~t and student? I would answer: endeavor, insofar of school life. Recognition, in the classroom intelliaently discharge the self-govermng re­ as possible, to give to each student a course and in the community, should be increas­ sponsibilities that attend citizenship in a commensurate with his abilities. ingly accorded to those who excel in scholar­ free society. This would make for unequal treatment, ship. And teachers, at every level, should If you agree with what I have said thus it may be said, which is not only contrary fight the temptation to withdraw into the to the traditions of free public schools, but cloistered life; they should work, rather, far, I hope we are not now about ~o part company. I have posed the quest10n of undemocratic as well. I would answer: the to bring academic activities to public atten­ whether public education in America is fully true democratic principle is to afford to each tion. Teachers should be civic leaders. meeting our own needs as a nation, and student an equal opportunity. To give to They should strive to participate actively whether it is fulfilling its responsibility to each an equal opportunity does not mean in the affairs of their communities. 'I'he to give to each an equal dose. more that they will do this, the more will serve the ends of freedom. I recognize that it is much easier to make grow the general regard for them and their I real" it is falling short of this goal. this proposal than to put it into effect. profession. The chief burden of my doubt is this: Do Your patience and ingenuity . have already Government, too, has a role to play in our schools stimulate our young people to been strained in keeping a standard educa­ helping to restore respect for learning. It the utmost? Do we require of them their tion up to standard for our burgeoning is clear that the schools need money-for full potential? If not, we are wasting time school population. To offer more for the new classrooms, for improved salary sched­ and talent, both of which may be vital to gifted, and to establish alternative courses ules, for all kinds of equipment which grows our survival as a free country. of study, will require enlarged facilities, daily more expensive. The continued neglect The critics of our secondary schools say additional training for teachers, and more of these things results in a down-grading of that our typical high-school graduate has money. This is a responsibility that local, the prestige of schools and teachers, and of had only a sketchy exposure to such de­ State, and Federal Governments must· stand the intellectual side of life for which they manding courses as chemistry, physics, and ready to assume. stand. Several bills are now pending before mathematics; that he h as been permitted, I know this proposal may not be popular. the Congress that look toward this end. Fed­ while still too young to make responsible It might cause a storm in each community, eral aid to education, under legislation that decisions, to act as the architect of his own and doubtlessly would involve teachers in will insure continued local control of our course of study; that he has filled his time many more unpleasantries with parents. I schools, is badly needed and needed now. with snap courses; that he has probably make it because I think it is right. The im­ Let me conclude by saying what, perhaps, I played in the band, learned to dance, and portant thing to remember is that the minds should have said at the outset, that I feel may have tasted local fame by starring in of our young are like the mines of the earth, genuinely honored to be here. If I have been the football or basketball team; that he and the richest ore may lie deepest. We overly critical, remember it has not been so knows how to get along well with the teach­ owe it to ourselves, as well as to our young, long since I sat in the classroom, and this ers and his fellow classmates, but he hasn't to get from each his full potential. Is there has been my first chance to talk back to so learned much. These critics charge that another way to do it? many teachers. If I have dwelt too much on scholastic standards in our high schools are No appraisal of American public educa­ what seem to me to be shortcomings, it is geared for the slower students, With the re­ tion, however brief, should overlook the tra­ only because there is not time enough to pay sult that the abler students are neither dition of anti-intellectualism in this coun­ proper tribute to your accomplishments. challenged nor stimulated by their work, try, and the mark it has left upon our I thank you for being teachers, a noble but develop a distaste for study, and, in the schools. .calling, too poorly paid. end, grow bored with &chool, spending much With the end of the Revolutionary . War, I thank you for having preserved the liberal of their time in a frantic search for diver­ our young Union soon became preoccupied arts, and for having withstood the pressure s-ion. with the problems of settling the land ·and to turn the grade school into a trade school. Perhaps these criticisms are overstated; conquering a continent. Our land was vast I thank you for the integrity you have certainly they are not true of every high and rich. Our faces were ever set against shown in your unremitting efforts to keep school. But if there is any truth in the the raw frontier. The pioneer tradition has intellectual freedom alive in America. It is charges, and I think there is, then it is time done much to shape our national character. on this ground alone that the c:;old war can for us to reappraise some of the tenets basic This tradition does not breed intellectual­ be won; that we may emerge from it as free to American education today. ism. Pioneering requires more action than human beings, preserving the precious prin­ There is much to be said in defense of the thought. The cloistered, reflective life it ciples and institutions which give meaning emphasis given to personality adjustment in holds in disdain. to our conviction that what seems right today our schools. But the emphasis goes too far, We were nurtured at our birth as a na­ may change tomorrow, that final answers I think, when it causes a corresponding de­ tion by the great minds of the 18th cen­ to the great questions involving the destiny emphasis on subject matter. John Dewey's tury. But as we pushed our frontiers west­ of man have not been given, but must be great work well suited the needs of our ward, we turned away from the heritage of sought anew by each generation. The right country in his time. Prior to the First World J efferson and Hamilton. It is significant, I to change, to evolve, to grope for meaning, War, we had the era of Pax Britannica. think, that William Henry Harrison was to question even the most fundamental as­ There had been almost a century of peace, elected President of the United States on sumptions, must never be abandoned. progress and prosperity. The Golden Age no more of a platform than a catchy slogan, Yours is our youth. had come, and Dewey's emphasis on social a log-cabin birth, and a taste for hard cider. Yours is the future. adjustment, on the development of balanced Even today this legacy of anti-intellec­ and happy personalities, was natural. It tualism is everywhere apparent. A person harmonized with the times. with an intellectual bent is an egghead. The Nation, in that day, was still caught The absent-minded professor is everybody's up in the excitement of educating and train­ joke. Radio Amateurs Are Real Pros ing the tide of immigrants streaming to our Our schools, likewise, have been affected. shores. Adjustment indeed was a real prob­ A carnival atmosphere prevails at many of lem, a real goal to be sought. The teacher our colleges. Their impact upon their com­ EXTENSION OF REMARKS who faced a babble of tongues and cultures munities depends, not so much upon the OF in her classroom could see that the schools quality of their faculties and academic pro­ had as much of a role to play in adjusting grams, as upon the successes or failures of their athletic teams on the playing fields. HON. PATRICK J. HILLINGS youth to citizenship, as in educating youth OF CALIFORNIA to citizenship. The students are absorbed in extracurricular activities. Social life and good times some­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES But times have changed. Our national times seem to receive more emphasis, in and assimilation is nearly complete. Our schools out of the classroom, than does the pursuit Wednesday, March 12, 1958 now have other and more pressing respon­ of learning. If courses in the physical sibilities than student adjustment. If we sciences are being avoided because they are Mr. HILLINGS. Mr. Speaker, we are are to win the cold war for freedom's sake, hard, then the clear implication is that alter­ too prone to overlook what are seeming­ we must discover, draw out, and develop native courses in history, political science, ly small things as big events unfold in CIV--263 4172 -· CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE March 12, 1958 these days when space has succeeded A spokesman for the National Acad­ I think we should all recognize . the the sky as the limit for our ability and emy of Sciences_has advised me that the value of such amateur radio clubs in our capacity to progress. club's contribution in tracking the Ex­ satellite. program and the real contribu­ we all know of the real contribution plorer and Sputniks I and II has been of tion they are making in our efforts to made by Caltech's jet propulsion labo­ immeasurable help to our own satellite conquer space for peaceful uses. ratory in the launching of our first earth program. satellite-the Explorer. The San Gabriel club operates a The San Gabriel Valley Radio Club Working with the laborato.ry in track­ microlock station located at the sheriff's and its president, Charles F. Booher II, ing satellites-not only our own but -headquarters at Temple City, Calif., and are to be commended for their vigilance those of the Russians--is a small group has supplied data that has been impor­ and diligence in furnishing information of· radio amateurs who call themselves tant to United States participation in on all satellites, whether they be native the San Gabriel Valley Radio Club. the International Geophysical Year. or foreign.