Ekati Diamond Mine Short-term Site-specific Water Quality Objective for Chloride Dominion Diamond Ekati Corporation
EKATI DIAMOND MINE Short-term Site-specific Water Quality Objective for Chloride
October 2016
Project #0238084-0004
Citation: ERM. 2016. Ekati Diamond Mine: Short-term Site-specific Water Quality Objective for Chloride. Prepared for Dominion Diamond Ekati Corporation by ERM Consultants Canada Ltd.: Yellowknife, Northwest Territories.
ERM 5120 49th Street, Suite 201 Yellowknife, NT Canada X1A 1P8 T: (867) 920-2090 F: (867) 920-2015
ERM prepared this report for the sole and exclusive benefit of, and use by, Dominion Diamond Ekati Corporation. Notwithstanding delivery of this report by ERM or Dominion Diamond Ekati Corporation to any third party, any copy of this report provided to a third party is provided for informational purposes only, without the right to rely upon the report. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Based on the relationship between water hardness and chloride toxicity for relevant freshwater aquatic life at the Ekati Diamond Mine, a short-term site-specific water quality objective (SSWQO) has been developed for chloride. The relationship between water hardness and chloride toxicity was evaluated for six relevant fish and invertebrate species (including the most sensitive benthos and zooplankton species), over a hardness range of 25 to 300 mg/L CaCO 3. A species sensitivity distribution (SSD), normalized to water hardness, was then developed using short-term toxicity information from 21 relevant fish and invertebrate species. The short term SSWQO was derived following guidance from the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment; as such, it is protective of 95% of those relevant species and of ecosystem function.
The short-term SSWQO for freshwater aquatic life is intended to protect against severe, adverse effects to aquatic communities from intermittent exposure to chloride. It is applicable over a water hardness range of 25 to 300 mg/L CaCO 3, and is calculated as follows:
ℎ − = 10 . .
DOMINION DIAMOND EKATI CORPORATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report was produced for Dominion Diamond Ekati Corporation by ERM. It was prepared by Meagan Gourley (M.E.T., R.P.Bio), Jeremy Jackson (M.Sc., B.I.T), and Amy Elliot (Ph.D), reviewed by Lesley Shelley (Ph.D., R.P.Bio), and the Project Manager Tonia Robb (Ph.D). The Partner in Charge for this work is Marc Wen (M.Sc., R.P.Bio). Statistical analysis of the dataset was supported by Laurie Ainsworth (Ph.D). The report underwent external review by Peter Chapman (Ph.D, Fellow SETAC: Chapema Environmental Strategies Ltd.).
DOMINION DIAMOND EKATI CORPORATION iii TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary i
Acknowledgements iii
Table of Contents v List of Figures vii List of Tables vii List of Appendices vii
Abbreviations ix
1. Introduction 1-1
2. Current Regulatory Regime (Water Quality Guidelines) for Chloride in Canada 2-1 2.1 CCME Water Quality Guideline 2-1 2.2 British Columbia Water Quality Guidelines 2-1
3. Methodology 3-1 3.1 Summary of Approaches to Deriving Site-specific Water Quality Objectives 3-1 3.1.1 Background Concentrations 3-1 3.1.2 Water Effects Ratio (WER) 3-1 3.1.3 Recalculation 3-1 3.1.4 Resident Species 3-2 3.2 General Methodology for Deriving the Short-term SSWQO for Chloride 3-2 3.3 Compilation of Existing Information 3-2 3.3.1 Environmental Fate 3-2 3.3.2 Toxicity Data 3-3 3.4 Methodology for Identifying Exposure and Toxicity Modifying Factors 3-3 3.5 Methodology for Evaluation of Relevant Toxicity Data 3-4 3.5.1 Minimum Aquatic Toxicology Dataset Requirements 3-4 3.5.1.1 Aquatic Toxicity Test Endpoint (Quality) Requirements 3-4 3.5.1.2 Minimum Aquatic Species Dataset (Quantity) Requirements 3-6 3.6 Methodology for Calculation of the Short-term SSWQO for Chloride 3-6
DOMINION DIAMOND EKATI CORPORATION v SHORT-TERM SITE-SPECIFIC WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVE FOR CHLORIDE
3.6.1 Standardization of the Chloride Toxicity Dataset for Exposure and Toxicity Modifying Factors (ETMFs) 3-7 3.6.2 Methodology for the Developing the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) 3-8
4. Results 4-1 4.1 Existing Information on Chloride 4-1 4.2 Aquatic Toxicity 4-2 4.2.1 Mode of Action 4-2 4.2.2 Summary of Short-term Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Life 4-2 4.2.2.1 Fish 4-3 4.2.2.2 Invertebrates 4-3 4.3 Identification of Exposure and Toxicity Modifying Factors 4-4 4.3.1 Oxygen 4-4 4.3.2 Temperature 4-4 4.3.3 Sulfate 4-4 4.3.4 Hardness 4-5 4.4 Evaluation of Relevant Toxicity Data 4-6 4.4.1 Relevant Toxicity Test Endpoints Requirements 4-6 4.4.2 Minimum Aquatic Species Requirements 4-6 4.5 SSWQO Calculation 4-6 4.5.1 Hardness-normalization of Chloride Toxicity Data 4-6 4.5.1.1 Short-term Site-specific Water Quality Objective Hardness-dependent Equation 4-6 4.5.2 Model Fitting the SSD 4-9 4.5.3 SSWQO Determination 4-11
5. Uncertainty 5-1 5.1 Extrapolation of Toxicity Data 5-1 5.2 Absence of Data for Photosynthetic Organisms 5-1 5.3 Bioavailability and Ion Balance 5-2 5.4 Hardness-dependant Slope Derivation 5-2 5.5 Species Protectiveness 5-2 5.6 Acclimation and Adaptation of Laboratory Organisms 5-3 5.7 Toxicity of Mixtures 5-3
vi ERM | PROJ #0238084-0004 | REV E.1 | OCTOBER 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS
6. Concluding Remarks 6-1
References R-1
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1. Location of Ekati Diamond Mine 1-2 Figure 4.5-1. Hardness-toxicity Relationships for Short-term Data 4-7 Figure 4.5-2. Hardness-Normalized Short-term Species Sensitivity Distribution for Chloride 4-12 Figure 4.5-3. Effect Concentrations Plotted against Hardness, Compared to the Short-term Site-specific Water Quality Objective (SSWQO) 4-14
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.5-1. Short-term Hardness-Toxicity Regression Slopes 4-8
Table 4.5-2. Short-term L/EC 50 Data Included in the SSD 4-10 Table 4.5-3. Chloride Short-term Site-specific Water Quality Objectives (SSWQOs) at Various Water Hardness Concentrations 4-13
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A. List of Ekati Resident Species or Surrogate Taxa (Studies between 1994-2015) Appendix B. Ranking of Acute Toxicity Studies Considered in the Development of the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) for Chloride Appendix C. Toxicity Data Points Used in the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) to Determine the Short-term SSWQO for Chloride Appendix D. Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) Statistical Analysis Outputs Appendix E. Response to James Elphick Comments on the Draft Proposed Short-term Site-specific Water Quality Objective for Chloride
DOMINION DIAMOND EKATI CORPORATION vii ABBREVIATIONS
Terminology used in this document is defined where it is first used. The following list is intended to assist readers who may choose to review only portions of the document.
ANCOVA Analysis of covariance
SSWQO Site -specific Water Quality Objective
BC British Columbia
BCMWLAP British Columbia Ministry of Water, Land, and Air Protection
CaCL 2 Calcium chloride
CaCO 3 Calcium carbonate
CCME Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment
Cl or CL- Chloride ion
COSEWIC Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada
DDEC Dominion Diamond Ekati Corporation
EQC Effluent Quality Criteria
EC 50 /LC 50 Effective Concentration to induce an e ffect on 50% of the population/ Lethal Concentration for 50% of the population
Ekati Ekati Diamond Mine
HC 5 Hazardous Concentration to 5% o f species while protective of the remaining 95%
KCl Potassium chloride km Kilometers
MVLWB Mackenzie Valley Land and Water Board
MgCl 2 Magnesium chloride
NaCl Sodium chloride
NT Northwest Territories
Project Jay Project
SSD Species sensitivity dist ribution
DOMINION DIAMOND EKATI CORPORATION ix SHORT-TERM SITE-SPECIFIC WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVE FOR CHLORIDE
SSWQO Site -specific water quality objective
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
US EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
WQG Water quality guideline (for protection of freshwater aquatic life)
x ERM | PROJ #0238084-0004 | REV E.1 | OCTOBER 2016 1. INTRODUCTION
Dominion Diamond Ekati Corporation (DDEC) is a Canadian-owned and Northwest Territories (NT)-based mining company that mines, processes, and markets Canadian diamonds from its Ekati Diamond Mine. The Ekati Diamond Mine is located approximately 200 kilometres (km) south of the Arctic Circle and 300 km northeast of Yellowknife, NT (Figure 1-1).
DDEC is proposing to develop the Jay kimberlite pipe (Jay pipe), which is located beneath Lac du Sauvage. The Jay Project (Project) will be an extension of the Ekati Diamond Mine, which has been operating for 16 years. Most of the facilities required to support the development of the Jay pipe and to process the kimberlite currently exist at the Ekati Diamond Mine.
To date, six site-specific water quality objectives (SSWQOs) have been developed for the Ekati Diamond Mine, each derived based on consideration of long-term potential for toxicity in the aquatic receiving environment. The six SSWQOs were developed following identification of specific parameters which:
• exhibited measured concentrations above applicable receiving environment water quality guidelines (WQGs) developed by the Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment (CCME);
• exhibited a trend of increasing concentrations in the receiving environment; or
• their concentrations were predicted to increase compared to background or to exceed CCME WQGs in the future.
The six SSWQOs have been used as benchmarks for developing effluent quality criteria (EQC) as part of the Ekati Diamond Mine Water Licence (W2012L2-0001).
Chloride (abbreviated as Cl in this report) is a major anionic component of total dissolved solids in aquatic ecosystems. It is an essential element involved in a wide variety of biological processes and, as a result, is closely regulated by aquatic organisms at the membrane and cellular level. However, as with all micronutrients, Cl can cause toxicity at elevated concentrations. Previously, a hardness-dependent SSWQO for Cl for long-term exposures was developed for the Ekati Diamond Mine (Rescan 2008). There is also an existing short-term WQG of 640 mg/L (CCME 2011).
The rationale for developing a short-term SSWQO for Cl for the Ekati Diamond Mine is threefold:
• Based on modelling results and analyses presented in the Developer’s Assessment Report for the Jay Project (DDEC 2014), a short-term Cl SSWQO will be required for developing an EQC as part of the Jay Water Licence application. Water quality predictions for the Jay Project suggest that Cl concentrations at the end of mine life or (potential) underground mining will be greater than the short-term CCME WQG;
• The existing short-term CCME WQG does not take into account modifying factors (such as hardness); and
• The existing Cl SSWQO does not consider short-term (acute) toxicity; it is focused on long-term (chronic) toxicity.
DOMINION DIAMOND EKATI CORPORATION 1-1 Figure 1-1 Location of EKATI Diamond Mine
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DOMINION DIAMOND EKATI CORPORATION Proj # 0238084-0004 | Graphics # EKA-16MML-001 INTRODUCTION
This report documents the development of a short-term Cl SSWQO based on previously-conducted site-specific toxicity testing (Rescan 2008) in combination with relevant, applicable toxicity data available in the literature. The focus was on acute toxicity studies for species relevant to the Ekati area; the approach used to establish the SSWQO was consistent with CCME (2007) recommendations.
ERM used publicly-available information, scientific literature review, and professional toxicological and environment assessment expertise to develop the SSWQO. This report is organized as follows:
• Section 2: summarizes the current regulatory regime for Cl in Canada and the rationale for not directly adopting existing WQGs;
• Section 3: presents the methodology used in the SSWQO derivation and a compilation of existing information on Cl toxicity to freshwater aquatic organisms, including identification of site-specific factors that modify toxicity;
• Section 4: presents the results of evaluation of existing relevant short-term toxicity data for Cl and derivation of the short-term SSWQO for Cl at the Ekati Diamond Mine, calculated using a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) approach (CCME 2007);
• Section 5: provides an uncertainty analysis; and
• Section 6: provides concluding remarks.
DOMINION DIAMOND EKATI CORPORATION 1-3 2. CURRENT REGULATORY REGIME (WATER QUALITY GUIDELINES) FOR CHLORIDE IN CANADA
2.1 CCME WATER QUALITY GUIDELINE
The current short-term CCME WQG (640 mg/L) was developed in 2011 (CCME 2011) based on the CCME protocol (CCME, 2007) statistical (Type A) SSD approach. A normal distribution was fit to the log 10 LC 50 and EC 50 toxicity data for 51 species exposured to sodium chloride (NaCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl 2) salts. The WQG is the estimate of the 5th percentile of the fitted distribution. With the exception of BC, which has derived a separate short term WQG (Section 2.2), other provinces and the territories rely on the federal WQG for chloride.
The current CCME WQG was not used directly as a basis for derivation of a SSWQO for the Ekati Diamond Mine because:
• The current short-term CCME WQG is generic and does not take into account site-specific modifying factors such as hardness; however, CCME (2011) notes that there may be sufficient short-term hardness-toxicity relationship data to adjust the short-term benchmark to account for the modulating effect of hardness.
• The current WQG is based on toxicity data from all Canadian freshwater aquatic species with associated short-term Cl toxicity data. In other words, species not found in the Arctic, and specifically in the area around the Ekati Diamond Mine, are included in the WQG. For the current Cl SSWQO derivation the toxicological dataset was limited to information from relevant aquatic life at the site, either directly or by the use of surrogates.
2.2 BRITISH COLUMBIA WATER QUALITY GUIDELINES
The maximum and average (30-day) British Columbia (BC) ambient WQGs for chloride are 600 mg/L and 150 mg/L, respectively (BC MWLAP 2003). The majority of the data used to derive these WQGs were taken from a review of toxicity test data conducted by Evans and Frick (2001). The maximum value of 600 mg/L was derived by applying a two-fold safety margin to the lowest EC 50 value available, reported to be 1,204 mg/L for the oligochaete worm Tubifex tubifex .
A safety margin of two was considered appropriate because of the relatively large quantity of available acute data (28 tests using 20 species). The safety margin was applied to protect species that had not been tested, but that might be sensitive to Cl. The safety margin is conservative because it accounts for the fact that the WQG is generic in nature and is applied across a wide variety of site-related conditions that may alter the toxicity of Cl.
The BC WQG for Cl was not used as a basis for derivation of a SSWQO at the Ekati Diamond Mine because:
• It does not account for site-specific conditions.
• More recent toxicity test data (i.e., Soucek et al. 2011, Struewing et al. 2015) is now available for Cl, allowing for a more robust and appropriate calculation of a SSWQO.
DOMINION DIAMOND EKATI CORPORATION 2-1 3. METHODOLOGY
This section presents the methodology used to derive the short-term SSWQO for Cl for the Ekati Diamond Mine.
3.1 SUMMARY OF APPROACHES TO DERIVING SITE -SPECIFIC WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES
The short-term SSWQO for Cl was derived based on guidance from CCME for derivation of site-specific water quality benchmarks (CCME 2003) and WQGs (CCME 2007). CCME (2003) identifies four approaches that can be used to determine site-specific benchmarks for individual parameters, which are described in the following sub-sections.
3.1.1 Background Concentrations
In the background concentration procedure the WQG can be modified to account for background concentrations of the parameter of interest. However, the background concentration procedure is not applicable to the Jay Project because background Cl concentrations in surface waters near the Ekati mine site are very low and future concentrations are predicted to be greater than background concentrations.
3.1.2 Water Effects Ratio (WER)
For the water effects ratio procedure, the sensitivity of organisms to the chemical of interest is compared in tests conducted in water collected from the site with tests conducted using laboratory water. A difference in toxicity between the test waters provides a justification to alter the WQG to account for that difference, because WQGs are typically derived from toxicity tests conducted in standardized laboratory water. This procedure was not utilized in the SSWQO derivation because a large dataset identifying biological species relevant to the mine site, and short-term Cl toxicity data for species at varying hardness concentrations was already available to support a recalculation procedure for deriving the SSWQO.
3.1.3 Recalculation
In the recalculation approach, the generic CCME WQG can be recalculated using data for relevant species. This means that toxicity data for resident species or suitable surrogates of similar taxonomic groups (i.e., from the same family of fish or amphibians, order of invertebrates, and phylum of freshwater algae; CCME 2007) is used in the derivation of the SSWQO. Resident species include those that have been previously identified onsite (e.g., during baseline studies and subsequent monitoring events), or are typical of local reference water bodies (CCME 2003). Using this procedure, data on species that are not resident at the site under consideration are excluded.
The recalculation approach was selected for derivation of the short-term SSWQO for Cl. The list of resident species or surrogates from which toxicity data was considered is provided in Appendix A. This list was compiled for fish, zooplankton, macrophytes, and phytoplankton taxa from baseline and
DOMINION DIAMOND EKATI CORPORATION 3-1 SHORT-TERM SITE-SPECIFIC WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVE FOR CHLORIDE monitoring studies conducted between 1994 and 2015 at Ekati. The resident species dataset from the generic CCME WQG was supplemented or replaced with additional primary literature and toxicity testing data that were evaluated and ranked against CCME (2003, 2007) minimum data requirements.
3.1.4 Resident Species
In the resident species approach, resident species are tested to evaluate whether they are different in sensitivity to those that have been used to derive the WQG. The generic WQG can then be adjusted to account for differences in sensitivity of the resident species compared to the standard toxicity testing organisms that generally form the basis of WQG derivations. Chronic toxicity testing of resident species (i.e., Daphnia middendorfiana ) was conducted during the derivation of the existing long-term SSWQO for the Ekati Diamond Mine. This procedure was not necessary for the short-term SSWQO derivation because a large dataset of characterization data identifying biological species relevant to the mine site, and Cl toxicity data for a number of species at varying hardness concentrations was already available to support a recalculation procedure for deriving the SSWQO.
3.2 GENERAL METHODOLOGY FOR DERIVING THE SHORT -TERM SSWQO FOR CHLORIDE
Canadian WQGs and SSWQOs are ideally calculated using a SSD approach, in which toxicological thresholds from appropriately conducted toxicity tests are used to establish the distribution of sensitivities from a range of species. The 5 th percentile of the distribution of those data is used to establish the WQG (CCME 2007) or, in this case, the SSWQO.
Using the Recalculation Approach to deriving SSWQOs, the main steps for the derivation of the short-term SSWQO for Cl following CCME (2007) are outlined below and detailed in Sections 3.3 to 3.6:
• data compilation of existing information regarding Cl (i.e., environmental fate, toxicological data, exposure and toxicity modifying factors);
• identification of relevant toxicological data for Cl; and
• calculation of the short-term SSWQO for Cl.
3.3 COMPILATION OF EXISTING INFORMATION
3.3.1 Environmental Fate
The physical and chemical interactions of Cl and its characteristics in aquatic systems were reviewed in the CCME (2011) WQG derivation and are summarized in this report (Sections 4.1 to 4.3). This information was supplemented, as needed, by more recent primary literature on the environmental fate of Cl in aquatic systems. The main objectives of compiling information related to environmental fate were to summarize:
• primary pathways of Cl transport into freshwater ecosystems;
• environmental fate and partitioning in environmental media such as water and sediment;
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• biological partitioning such as bioaccumulation potential and natural absorption; and
• excretion routes.
3.3.2 Toxicity Data
Acute toxicity data from the following sources were used to compile the short-term toxicity dataset for Cl for use in deriving a short-term SSWQO for the Ekati Diamond Mine:
• the existing CCME WQG;
• a search of primary literature; and
• acute toxicity test results from 2006 (reported in Nautilus Environmental 2007).
Data from ranked toxicological studies for resident or surrogate aquatic species from the current CCME WQG derivation (CCME 2011) were summarized and included in the short-term SSWQO derivation.
Primary literature was searched to ensure that most recent toxicological data were considered in the development of the short-term SSWQO, with particular focus on any studies published subsequent to the comprehensive review conducted by CCME (2011). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Ecotox database was searched for acute toxicity studies for resident or surrogate species relevant to the mine site. As with the current CCME (2011) WQG derivation, only data on the sensitivity of aquatic species to sodium chloride (NaCl) or calcium chloride (CaCl 2) were used. Hardness levels for calcium chloride tests were adjusted to hardness at the LC50 to account for the added calcium. Toxicity data of other chloride salts, including potassium chloride (KCl) and magnesium chloride (MgCl 2) were not included because these salts generally exhibit a higher degree of toxicity as a result of the contribution to toxicity from the cationic counter-ion (Mount et al. 1997). Since the purpose of this evaluation was to establish the toxicity of chloride, a focus on salts with the lowest contribution to toxicity from the counter-ion was appropriate and consistent with the US EPA (1988) water quality criteria for Cl, BC MWLAP (2003) and CCME (2011) WQGs for Cl. This focus was also relevant to the Ekati Diamond Mine where the primary counter-ion in the water is sodium (Rescan 2006).
The results from acute toxicity tests for nine relevant species ( Ceriodaphnia dubia, Onchorhynchus mykiss, Lumbriculus variegatus, Brachionus calyciflorus, Chironomus tentans, Hyalella azteca, Tubifex tubifex, Daphnia magna, Pimephales promelas ) conducted by Nautilus Environmental (2007) and referenced in Elphick et al. (2011) as part of the evaluation of an appropriate acute-to-chronic ratio for Cl to support the development of the long-term Cl SSWQO (Rescan 2008) were also included in the compilation of the existing toxicological data.
3.4 METHODOLOGY FOR IDENTIFYING EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY MODIFYING FACTORS
Exposure and toxicity modifying factors (ETMFs) such as water pH, hardness, and temperature can change the toxicity of some substances to aquatic organisms. For example, water hardness is a factor in determining the applicable CCME WQG value for metals such as cadmium, copper, lead, and
DOMINION DIAMOND EKATI CORPORATION 3-3 SHORT-TERM SITE-SPECIFIC WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVE FOR CHLORIDE nickel. In biological systems, increased hardness has also been shown to reduce toxicity of anions such as chloride, sulphate and nitrate, possibly as a result of an effect of calcium on the cell membrane.
Previous chronic toxicity testing identified water hardness as a potential ETMF for Cl (Rescan 2008). CCME (2011) conducted a detailed evaluation of potential ETMFs. A summary of the existing information on ETMFs with the potential to affect Cl toxicity (i.e., oxygen, temperature, sulfate, hardness) was included in the short-term Cl SSWQO derivation (Section 4.3).
3.5 METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATION OF RELEVANT TOXICITY DATA
3.5.1 Minimum Aquatic Toxicology Dataset Requirements
Once the toxicological dataset was compiled, it was reviewed to ensure that acceptable laboratory practices were used in the design and execution of each study. The selection of toxicological studies used in the derivation of the SSWQO followed the CCME (2007) requirements for aquatic toxicity test endpoints (quality) and number of applicable species (quantity).
Each of the studies in the dataset was classified as primary, secondary, or unacceptable based on criteria described below in Section 3.5.1.1. This ranking determined what data were applicable for use in the calculation of the site-specific SSD (also known as a Type A guideline - statistical approach; CCME 2007). Where a study was included and ranked in the CCME (2011) WQG derivation document, these rankings were carried forward into the Ekati short-term Cl SSWQO derivation.
3.5.1.1 Aquatic Toxicity Test Endpoint (Quality) Requirements
The evaluation of data for inclusion in the SSWQO derivation separated relevant and acceptable literature data (primary or secondary classification) from those that did not meet the minimum selection criteria for data quality (unacceptable classification). Data quality of toxicity studies were generally ranked as follows, with more details included in the CCME (2007) descriptions of primary, secondary, and unacceptable data:
Primary Data
• Toxicity tests must be based on currently acceptable laboratory or field practices of exposure and environmental controls with novel approaches ranked on a case-by-case basis.
• Substance concentrations must be measured at the beginning and end of exposure periods.
• Measurements of key abiotic test conditions (i.e., temperature, pH, water hardness) as well as other variables such as dissolved oxygen, dissolved organic matter, and the presence of other relevant substances should be reported to allow evaluation of how these variables may affect toxicity.
• Test replicates of dilution steps are required.
• Life stage should be reported and the design should consider sensitive test endpoints.
• Response of controls (positive and negative) should be reported.
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• Statistical methods used to analyze the data must be reported and be acceptable and appropriate.
Secondary Data
• Toxicity tests can use a wider range of methodologies than primary data, where additional stressors may be present.
• Variables that are known to modify toxicity should be reported.
• Static test design and nominal (unmeasured) test concentrations are acceptable.
• Replication is necessary, but pseudo replication may be considered acceptable.
Unacceptable Data
• Toxicity data that do not meet the criteria of primary or secondary data are unacceptable.
• Unacceptable data cannot be used to fulfill minimum data set requirements for any derivation procedure; these data should be discussed and the reasons for their rejection clearly stated.
• Data that are initially classified as unacceptable because insufficient information was reported in the study to assess the adequacy of the test design, procedures, or results, etc., may be upgraded to secondary or primary classification if ancillary information is available from related studies or obtained directly from the author(s).
Other data quality indicators considered in the evaluation included effect concentrations and exposure durations as described in the following paragraphs.
The short-term benchmark concentration value is derived from severe effects data and is not intended to be protective of all components (i.e., species) of the aquatic ecosystem but rather protective of the vast majority of species (i.e., 95%) from severe effects during intermittent exposures (CCME 2007, 2011), and thus protective of ecosystem function. The accepted effect level endpoint for development of short-term exposure WQGs or SSWQOs is the LC 50 or equivalent (e.g., EC 50 for immobility in invertebrates).
In general, exposure periods of 96 hours or less are considered appropriate for the derivation of a short-term exposure WQG or SSWQO. Toxicity tests that are suitable for use in the derivation of a short-term SSWQO were defined as those that met the following criteria (CCME 2007):
• for fish, test durations of 96 hours or less;
• for aquatic invertebrates, test durations of less than 96 hours for short term LC 50 or
equivalent (EC 50 for immobility) effects; and
• algae, because of their rapid cell division rate (reproduction rate) usually have a high resiliency (i.e., tolerance) during short-term exposures. Algal tests with exposure periods shorter than 24 hours and severe effects should be included in the short-term dataset, but each test must be considered and evaluated on a case-by-case basis and ecological relevance must be emphasized.
DOMINION DIAMOND EKATI CORPORATION 3-5 SHORT-TERM SITE-SPECIFIC WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVE FOR CHLORIDE
3.5.1.2 Minimum Aquatic Species Dataset (Quantity) Requirements
CCME (2007) guidance for the derivation of WQGs recommends that, at a minimum, the following number of acceptable (ranked primary or secondary) toxicological studies should be used in derivation of a Type A short-term exposure WQG for freshwater environments via generation of a SSD:
• Fish: At least three studies on three different freshwater species including one salmonid and one non-salmonid;
• Invertebrates: At least three studies on three different species including one planktonic crustacean. For semi-aquatic invertebrates, the life stages tested must be aquatic. It is desirable, but not necessary, that one of the aquatic invertebrate species be either a mayfly, caddisfly, or stonefly;
• Plants/Algae: No species requirements for non-phytotoxic substances, three studies for plant or algal species for phytotoxic substances; and
• Amphibians: Toxicity data representing fully aquatic life stages are highly desirable but not required.
3.6 METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATION OF THE SHORT -TERM SSWQO FOR CHLORIDE
The short term SSWQO was calculated using a SSD approach, consistent with CCME (2007, 2011). As described by CCME (2011, 2014), a SSD represents the variation in sensitivity of species to a substance by a statistical or empirical distribution function of responses for a sample of species. The basic assumption of the SSD concept is that the sensitivities of a set of species can be described by some cumulative distribution function with effect concentrations plotted on the x-axis and cumulative probability, expressed as a percentage, plotted on the y-axis.
The data points used in the SSD are commonly those derived from laboratory-based studies, and in this case focus on severe organism-level effects on survival or equivalent (immobility), which can be used to predict ecologically-significant consequences at the population level (Meador 2000; Forbes and Calow 1999; Suter et al. 2005). The SSD assumes that the distribution of sensitivities of laboratory species to a substance reflects the sensitivity of species in natural aquatic environments to that same substance. The SSD method involves modelling the cumulative SSD and estimating the 90% fiducial limits.
Both the Cl CCME (2011) short-term WQG and the Ekati-specific SSWQO are defined as the concentration intercept of the 5 th percentile of the SSD (CCME 2007). This intercept, identified as the HC5, is the concentration that would be expected to be hazardous to 5% of species and protective of 95% of species. Both the short–term WQG and the Ekati-specific SSWQO are expected to be protective of overall community function from severe effects, in the event of intermittent exposure events.
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3.6.1 Standardization of the Chloride Toxicity Dataset for Exposure and Toxicity Modifying Factors (ETMFs)
If ETMFs (such as hardness) are clearly identified as having an empirical, modifying relationship to toxicity, then prior to generating the SSD the toxicity dataset is adjusted using correction equations to standardize effect concentrations to a set ETMF variable prior to ranking.
Increasing water hardness was observed to reduce Cl toxicity for the Ekati mine site relevant species representing different taxonomic groups (see Section 4.3.4). It was thus appropriate to adjust for hardness in the acute toxicity dataset prior to SSD development and derivation of the short-term SSWQO. If hardness was not reported in approved toxicity studies and could not be determined by calculation or review of the data summarized in other studies, the toxicity data from that study were not included in the short–term SSWQO SSD derivation.
For assessment of hardness-toxicity data for potential inclusion in the development of a hardness-adjustment equation, CCME follows the guidance provided by US EPA (2001). Specifically, CCME (2011, 2014) states that “in order for a species to be included, definitive acute values have to be available over a range of hardness such that the highest hardness is at least 3 times the lowest, and such that the highest hardness is at least 100 mg/L higher than the lowest”.
Data for species which met the above requirements were plotted into a regression of a logarithm
(log) of the effect concentration (LC 50 ) as the dependent variable against the log of hardness as the independent variable. A slope of the hardness-toxicity relationship was calculated for each of the included species.
An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare the regression lines of species by testing the effect of a categorical factor (species) on a dependant variable (LC 50 ), while controlling for the effect of a continuous co-variable (hardness). If the interaction was significantly different from zero, the effect of the continuous co-variate on the response depended on the level of the categorical factor (i.e., species).
ANCOVA model assumptions were not violated by the dataset, and a pooled slope of species was generated, which provided a reasonable goodness of fit to the dataset. The pooled slope was used to relate the short-term Cl toxicity with hardness and to standardize the effect concentrations
(LC 50 /EC 50 for immobility) in the dataset to a standardized hardness (i.e., 30 mg/L CaCO 3) using the following equation:
∗ / / 30 ℎ = 10 [Equation 1] where:
L/EC 50 = short-term effect concentration (LC 50 /EC 50 ) in mg/L;
hardness = measured as CaCO 3 equivalents in mg/L;
original L/EC 50 = the LC 50 /EC 50 concentration from the original study; and original hardness = the hardness concentration from the original study.
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3.6.2 Methodology for the Developing the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD)
Only one hardness-standardized effect concentration endpoint per species was plotted on the SSD. Similar to general guidance provided by CCME (2007) and Chapman (2015), the geometric mean of the effect concentrations was selected as a representative species effect concentration when multiple data points were obtained for the same species, life stage, endpoint, duration, effect, and similar experimental conditions.
In cases where there was more than one effect concentration for a given species but the experimental conditions, and/or life stages differed between studies, the lowest effect concentration data point was conservatively selected as the representative species effect concentration in the short-term SSD (CCME 2011). Similar to the derivation of the Cl WQG (CCME 2011), both nominal and measured effect concentrations from acceptable studies were included in the determination of representative species effect concentrations.
Each species for which appropriate toxicity data were available was ranked according to sensitivity (from lowest to highest effect value), and its position on the SSD (proportion of species affected) was determined using the following Hazen plotting position equation (estimate of the cumulative probability of a data point; CCME 2011).
. [Equation 2] = where:
i = the species rank based on ascending toxicity values; and N = the total number of species included in the SSD derivation.
Using customized R code (R Core Team 2015) the five CCME (2007) recommended models (Normal or Lognormal Cumulative Density Function (CDF), Logistic CDF, Gumbel CDF, Weibull CDF, Burr
Type III CDF) (following Zajdlik (2006)) were tested for fit to the arithmetic (LC 50 ) and log transformed (Log LC 50 ) data using regression techniques. These models are similar to those used in the software package SSD Master Version 3.0 (CCME 2013). The Gumbel distribution is a member of the family of extreme value distributions, the Burr type III includes the log-logistic distribution as a limiting case, and approximates the log-normal and Weibull distributions, which are also possible SSD descriptors (Zajdlik 2006). Evaluation of the distribution model fit involved visual assessment including examination of a smoothed histogram and quartile-quartile plots of the log-transformed data, and examination of distribution fit in the lower tail where the HC 5 is estimated, as well as conducting an Anderson-Darling goodness of fit test for each distribution.
The concentration of Cl in freshwater at which 5% of species are predicted to be affected was determined from the short term data by the HC5, with 90% fiducial limits.
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4.1 EXISTING INFORMATION ON CHLORIDE
In aquatic environments, Cl is present as a highly soluble anion and naturally originates from aerial transport of saltwater aerosols deposited during precipitation, saltwater intrusion in coastal areas, naturally-occurring saline lakes, and groundwater discharges from saline aquifers (CCME 2011). Minor sources of Cl include gradual weathering and leaching of rock (CCME 2011; The Open University 1995).
Anthropogenic sources of Cl to the aquatic system can include road runoff, leaching from contaminated soils, industrial effluent (including from mines), and saline groundwater inputs. An estimated 45% of the salt consumed in Canada is used for snow and ice control on roads in the form of sodium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium chloride, and magnesium chloride, with sodium chloride being the most widely used (CCME 2011).
Chloride is an element and therefore cannot be oxidized, reduced, or otherwise degraded to a more simple structure. Chloride does not biodegrade, readily precipitate, volatilize, or bioaccumulate. The chloride ion does not adsorb readily onto mineral surfaces and, therefore, concentrations are expected to be higher in surface water and sediment pore water than in sediment (CCME 2011). In aquatic systems, Cl exists primarily as a dissolved ion, but can occasionally form small amounts of precipitates with silver, lead, mercury, copper, and thallium (Willard and Diehl 1943). The fate of chloride, once introduced to aquatic systems, depends primarily on rates of dilution and dispersion (Rescan 2008). Chloride concentrations in soil near salt sources can become elevated, allowing anions to easily mobilize to groundwater, which can ultimately lead to the discharge of elevated concentrations of Cl into surface waters (CCME 2011).
Chloride and its salts are not mutagenic or genotoxic to aquatic plants and animals (CCME 2011). Chloride is an essential element involved in a wide variety of biological processes (e.g., water balance, osmotic pressure, and acid base balance in vertebrates, and an essential co-factor for plant photosynthesis) and, as a result, is closely regulated by aquatic organisms at the cellular level. Cellular membranes of plants and animals contain Cl channels that regulate Cl movement across cell membranes for maintenance of a variety of biological functions, including osmotic balance, the nervous system, hormone transport, and nutrient uptake (Rescan 2008).
Negative octanol-water partitioning factors (log K ow ) values have been reported for potassium chloride and sodium chloride, indicating that little if any partition takes place into lipophilic tissues (CCME 2011). Chloride does not bioaccumulate in aquatic food chains due to its water-soluble nature and the multiple regulatory pathways for absorption and excretion in organisms (US EPA 1988). Although evidence exists of bioaccumulation of precipitated Cl salts such as lead chloride and mercury chloride, the chemical characteristics of these precipitates are entirely different from the Cl ion and do not follow the same mechanisms of biological uptake and excretion (Rescan 2008).
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4.2 AQUATIC TOXICITY
The information below summarizes acute toxicity to aquatic life (see also CCME 2011).
4.2.1 Mode of Action
Aquatic toxicity tests conducted with sodium chloride (NaCl), calcium chloride (CaCl 2), magnesium chloride (MgCl 2), and potassium chloride (KCl) indicate that for KCl and MgCl 2 the toxic effects observed are due to cation-inducted effects, rather than the Cl anion (CCME 2011). Conversely, it has been observed that the toxicity of CaCl 2 and NaCl is likely due to the Cl anion. Overall, the approximate order of chloride salt toxicity to freshwater organisms appears to decrease from KCl ,
MgCl 2, CaCl2, to NaCl, in that order (CCME 2011).
Freshwater organisms are generally hyperosmotic, meaning they contain a higher internal concentration of salts compared to the surrounding water (Holland et al. 2010). In general, the mode of action of Cl toxicity appears to be related to the loss of the ability of the organism to effectively osmoregulate, affecting subsequent endocrine balance, oxygen consumption, and changes in physiological processes (Holland et al. 2010).
In fish and aquatic invertebrates, the main site of osmoregulation is via the sodium (Na +K+-ATPase) pump in the gill, although prior to development of the gills, osmoregulation in early life stages occurs through the external membrane (Varsamos et al. 2005). Insects osmoregulate through secretory cells in Malpighian tubules in the body cavity (Dettner and Peters 1999).
In the case of some amphibians such as the spotted salamander ( Ambystoma maculatum ), disruption in osmoregulation may affect chemical changes in egg capsule membrane permeability, making the egg capsule membrane more rigid, reducing permeability, and therefore impacting water uptake (Karraker and Gibbs 2011). Amphibians are not found in the Ekati mine site area.
4.2.2 Summary of Short-term Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Life
Reviewed and ranked toxicity studies from the CCME (2011) WQG derivation, literature review (USEPA Ecotox database search), and the results the acute toxicity tests conducted by Nautilus Environmental for nine species (Nautilus Environmental 2007 and referenced in Elphick et al. (2011)) are provided in Appendix B.
A summary of Cl toxicity from short-term exposures of various relevant taxonomic groups is discussed below. As noted above, amphibians were not identified as resident or surrogate species (Appendix A) for the Ekati mine site. Acute toxicity studies were not identified for relevant phytoplankton and macrophyte species and are not required for Cl, which is an essential (and non-phytotoxic) micronutrient for aquatic vegetation.
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4.2.2.1 Fish
Fish species are relatively tolerant of Cl exposures for short (acute) durations (CCME 2011). Twelve short-term Cl toxicity data points for four different relevant fish species ( O. mykiss, Salvelinus namaycush, P. promelas, Gasterosteus aculeatus ) from nine data sources were collected (Appendix B).
Of these 12 relevant data points, 7 were deemed acceptable for inclusion in the dataset for short-term SSWQO derivation. Of the acceptable studies, the fish exhibiting the greatest sensitivity was the fathead minnow, P. promelas , with a 96 hour LC 50 of 4,079 to 6,570 mg Cl/L over a hardness range of
76 to 96 mg/L CaCO 3 (Birge et al. 1985; Rescan 2008). The most Cl-tolerant fish species was the three spine stickleback, G. aculeatus, with a 96 hour LC 50 of 10,200 mg Cl/L at a hardness of 85 mg/L
CaCO 3 (Garibay and Hall 2004).
4.2.2.2 Invertebrates
Exposure durations of 24, 48, and 96 hours were reported for toxicity tests using invertebrates. In general, invertebrates were more sensitive to acute Cl exposures than vertebrates such as fish (CCME 2011). Eighty short-term Cl toxicity data points for relevant benthos (Lumbriculida, Oligochaeta, Ephemeroptera, Amphipoda, Veneroida, Arhynchobdellida, Diptera, gastropods of the Planorbidae/Planorbinae family, Calanoida, and Cyclopoida) and zooplankton (Cladocera, Plioma) were deemed acceptable for inclusion in the dataset for short-term SSWQO derivation; these data are presented in Appendix B. Data points from the following bivalves were excluded on the basis of not being representative of the receiving environment: Elliptio complanata, Elliptio lanceolata, Epioblasma torulosa, Epioblasma brevidens, Epioblasma capsaeformis, Lampsilis siliquoidea, Lampsilis fasciola, Lampsilis cardium, Villosa constricta, Villosa delumbis, Villosa iris .
Of the benthos dataset, neonates of the ephemeropteran Centroptilium triangulifer were the most sensitive to Cl toxicity in 48 hour tests, with an LC 50 of 400 mg Cl/L with hardness of 90 mg/L
CaCO 3 (Streuwing et al 2015). C. triangulifer were also the most sensitive of all species included in the SSWQO SSD, however this species is not a resident of the Ekati Diamond Mine and is a surrogate of the Baetidae family. Of the zooplankton dataset, the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia were the most sensitive to Cl toxicity in 48 hour tests, exhibiting a range of 48 hour LC 50 values from 447 to 1,987 mg Cl/L over hardness range of 25 to 800 mg/L CaCO 3. The genus Ceriodaphnia is found in the Ekati area, but not the species dubia .
These short-term toxicity results are generally similar to those summarized by CCME (2011) during their Cl WQG derivation. However, in CCME (2011) the ephemeropteran C. triangulifer were not included since this test result was published in 2015 (Streuwing et al. 2015) and the cladoceran Daphnia magna was more sensitive to Cl toxicity than C. dubia . The genus Daphnia is found in the Ekati area, but not the species magna . This difference is due to the fact that the CCME (2011) Cl WQG derivation relies on a single study by Khangarot and Ray (1989) to represent the D. magna effects concentration (LC 50 of 621 mg/L at a hardness of 240 mg/L CaCO 3). The current SSWQO derivation relies on a calculated geomean to represent this species in the SSD, as derived from 11 primary and secondary ranked studies (including Khangarot and Ray 1989) with L/EC 50 concentrations of 621 to
3,630 mg/L over a hardness range of 39 to 3,014 mg/L CaCO 3 (see Table 4.5-2 and Appendix C).
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4.3 IDENTIFICATION OF EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY MODIFYING FACTORS
Exposure and toxicity modifying factors (ETMFs) with the potential to affect the acute toxicity of Cl to aquatic life are described in detail in CCME (2011) and summarized below.
4.3.1 Oxygen
Toxicity tests conducted at low oxygen concentrations (generally < 5 mg/L; USEPA 1976) have the potential to contribute to increasing Cl toxicity by acting as an additional stressor to the organism (CCME 2011). In stratified water bodies, Cl shows a vertical gradient, with the highest concentrations near the sediment interface, where dissolved oxygen concentrations may also be lowest. Low oxygen concentrations were not a factor in the studies used to develop the Cl SSWQO SSD. Dissolved oxygen concentrations near the surface in the monitored of the Ekati mine sitewater bodies have historically been at or greater than 6.5 mg/L (exceptions have occurred during under-ice conditions in some lakes) (ERM Rescan 2014; ERM 2015; ERM 2016a; ERM 2016b). The relationship between dissolved oxygen and Cl toxicity is not well defined, therefore this variable was not considered further in the SSD derivation for the short-term SSWQO.
4.3.2 Temperature
The effects of temperature on Cl toxicity are inconsistent and variable between species; few studies have systematically evaluated the influence of temperature on Cl toxicity (CCME 2011), although increasing temperatures typically increase the toxicity of various substances (Chapman 2016). Reported temperatures in the studies used for the current SSWQO SSD generation ranged from 12 to 25 ⁰C. The Ekati mine site monitored waterbodies are at or less than the low end of this temperature range (ERM Rescan 2014; ERM 2015; ERM 2016a; ERM 2016b); however, temperature was not identified as having a strong empirical relationship with Cl toxicity. Therefore this variable was not considered further in the SSD derivation for the short-term SSWQO.
4.3.3 Sulfate
The state of Iowa’s acute Cl water quality criterion is adjusted for hardness and sulfate effects on toxicity (CCME 2011). The CCME Cl WQG (CCME 2011) does not consider sulfate effects on acute toxicity. Mean sulfate concentrations in the Ekati mine site monitored water bodies have historically ranged between less than 1 and 300 mg/L (ERM 2015; ERM 2016a).
Toxicity tests with the Cl sensitive species C. dubia have assessed the effect of sulfate concentrations (25 to 600 mg/L) on Cl toxicity at a constant hardness of 300 mg/L; a 12% reduction in
Cl LC 50 concentrations was noted over this range (CCME 2011). This 12% change in Cl LC 50 values over a wide range of sulfate concentrations was not considered to be significant during the CCME WQG derivation, and is also not considered significant for the SSWQO derivation, especially given that mean sulfate concentrations observed in the Ekati mine site monitored waterbodies cover less than half of the above tested range. Thus, sulfate was not considered as a modifying factor for Cl toxicity in the short term SSWQO derivation for the Ekati Diamond Mine.
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4.3.4 Hardness
Increasing water hardness has been shown to ameliorate Cl toxicity to varying degrees in a number of aquatic species; this effect may be species-dependent (CCME 2011). One postulated mechanism for hardness modulation of Cl toxicity is that increased concentrations of calcium and, to a lesser extent, magnesium may tighten cellular junctions, reducing the passive diffusion of Cl ions into organisms and increasing the energy required for ion regulation (Soucek et al. 2011).
Acute Cl toxicity to P. promelas is reduced by hardness (CCME 2011). However, hardness does not appear to be a significant moderating factor on acute toxicity for the invertebrate snail Gyraulus parvus ; this species lacks gills and it has been proposed that Cl exchange in this species may be modulated through a different mode of action than other aquatic species (CCME 2011; Soucek et al. 2011). As a snail, G. parvus also has the ability to physically restrict its exposure to harmful substances in the water over short time periods. Chloride toxicity may also not be affected by hardness in other species without gills, such as Physa gyrina (another species in the SSD calculation), due to physiological similarities. However, since hardness relationships could not be determined for P. gyrina or several other species included in the SSD, the test results for these species are conservatively normalize to a hardness of 30 mg/L assuming there is a hardness relationship, which resulted in lower effect concentrations (i.e. increased sensitivity) used in the SSD.
Acute Cl toxicity for invertebrate species, such as the Cl-sensitive zooplankton C. dubia, is reduced by hardness over the range of 5 to 800 mg/L CaCO 3 (CCME 2011; Soucek et al. 2011). Acute Cl toxicity of resident or surrogate benthic invertebrate species such as the fingernail clam S. simile (the species with the greatest Cl sensitivity of the relevant benthos; Appendix A) and the oligochaete
T. tubifex , is reduced by hardness over the range of 5 to 200 mg/L CaCO 3.
As described in CCME (2011), there are sufficient acute toxicity data in the CCME dataset with recorded hardness to develop hardness-dependent acute toxicity WQGs. It was only due to the absence of sufficient hardness-dependent chronic data that a policy decision was made to develop both acute and chronic WQGs without considering hardness as a modifying factor (CCME 2011).
Mean hardness recorded in monitored waterbodies at the Ekati Diamond Mine has historically ranged between 2 and 400 mg/L CaCO 3 (ERM 2016a). Reported hardness in the studies used for the
SSWQO SSD ranged from 25 to 800 mg/L CaCO 3 for tests with sodium chloride, and from 1,678 to
17,533 mg/L CaCO 3 for tests with calcium chloride . To confirm the relationship between Cl toxicity and hardness, the short-term Cl SSWQO SSD dataset from the Ekati-relevant species was graphically expressed as log effect concentration versus log hardness (where sufficient hardness data were available). With the exception of the snail G. parvus , benthos, zooplankton, and fish species exhibited a positively correlated relationship between increasing hardness and increasing effect concentration
(LC 50 ) within the range of hardness observed in monitored waterbodies at the Ekati Diamond Mine(see Figure 4.5-1 in Section 4.5.1).
Hardness was the only ETMF that consistently reduced Cl toxicity for the Ekati-relevant species representing different taxonomic groups. Therefore, integration of water hardness as an ETMF was considered appropriate to establish a short-term SSWQO for Cl that can be applied across the range of hardness levels presently encountered at the Ekati Diamond Mine.
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4.4 EVALUATION OF RELEVANT TOXICITY DATA
4.4.1 Relevant Toxicity Test Endpoints Requirements
A total of 157 short-term freshwater toxicity data points for resident or surrogate taxa were obtained for Cl. Of these, 60 data points were deemed unacceptable for SSWQO derivation for various reasons provided in tabulated rationale comments in Appendix B. Of the remaining acceptable studies, there were adequate data available for relevant endpoints to enable the derivation of an SSWQO using the Recalculation Approach.
4.4.2 Minimum Aquatic Species Requirements
Minimum aquatic species requirements to derive a Type A short-term WQG (in this case a SSWQO) were met with the acceptable study dataset. Although the intent of the SSWQO was not to derive a generic WQG following CCME (2007), the fact that these minimum requirements for a generic WQG were met indicates that the dataset provides a technically defensible measure for effects associated with Cl toxicity.
4.5 SSWQO CALCULATION
4.5.1 Hardness-normalization of Chloride Toxicity Data
Water hardness affects Cl toxicity, so it was necessary to account for hardness in the short-term SSWQO to enable site-specific calculation of SSWQOs throughout the Ekati site.
4.5.1.1 Short-term Site-specific Water Quality Objective Hardness-dependent Equation
Soucek et al. (2011) found that power functions can be used to characterize hardness-acute Cl toxicity relationships for benthic invertebrates across hardness range of 25 to 800 mg/L. Long-term toxicity testing with C. dubia demonstrated a logarithmic relationship between hardness and Cl toxicity across the hardness range of 10 to 160 mg CaCO 3/L (Rescan 2008).
Seven species met the requirements for potential inclusion in the development of a hardness-adjusted benchmark, with effects concentrations identified over a hardness range of 25 to 300 mg/L CaCO 3: T. tubifex (tubificid worms), C. dubia and D. magna (cladocerans), O. mykiss (Rainbow Trout), S. simile (fingernail clam), Lumbriculus variegatus (oligochaete worm), and G. parvus (planorbid snail). A slope of the hardness-toxicity relationship was calculated for each of the included fish and invertebrate species (see Figure 4.5-1).
The regression slopes for the different species ranged between 0 (-0.017, for G. parvus ) and 0.409 (for L. variegatus ; Table 4.5-1). The coefficients of determination (R 2) for the regressions varied from 0.42 to 0.98.
4-6 ERM | PROJ #0238084-0004 | REV E.1 | OCTOBER 2016 Figure 4.5-1 Hardness-Toxicity Relationships for Short Term Data
4.0
3.5 log [Effect Concentration in mg/L]
3.0 Species Slopes C. dubia D. magna G. parvus L. variegatus O. mykiss S. simile T. tubifex Pooled Slope
1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4
log [Hardness as mg CaCO3/L]
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Table 4.5-1. Short-term Hardness-Toxicity Regression Slopes
Species N Slope R2 Gyraulus parvus 2 -0.017 - Lumbriculus variegatus 2 0.409 - Sphaerium simile 2 0.299 - Tubifex tubifex 4 0.225 0.73 Oncorhynchus mykiss 3 0.370 0.98 Ceriodaphnia dubia 16 0.335 0.41 Daphnia magna 15 0.195 0.42 Pooled 42 0.297a,b,c 0.944 a Slope is significantly different than 0 (p < 0.001). b Individual slopes not significantly different (p = 0.873). c G. parvus was excluded from development of the pooled slope, as its toxicity appears to be negligibly affected by changes in hardness potentially due to physiological differences affecting chloride regulation in this species (Soucek et al. 2011). Exclusion of G.parvus from the pooled slope derivation removes a potential bias from the relationship allowing the pooled slope to describe the relationship between hardness and toxicity for species expected to be affected by hardness. * There are no residual degrees of freedom when N = 2 therefore R 2 is not applicable.
Regression lines for six species slopes (excluding G. parvus ) were compared by studying the interaction of the categorical variable (i.e., treatment effect, or species) with the continuous co-variable (i.e., hardness). The results of the ANCOVA for the six species show:
• significant treatment effects (i.e., hardness) on LC 50 (p < 0.0001);
• significant species effects on LC 50 (p < 0.0001); and
• a non-significant interaction term (p = 0. 87) between hardness and species, suggesting that there was no evidence, based on the data and modelling assumptions, that the slopes for the six species were significantly different from each other.
On this basis, the pooled species slope was calculated for hardness. The pooled slope was generated from the pooled data using a model that accounted for differences in species sensitivities to Cl toxicity by incorporating species as a main effect in the ANCOVA. Accounting for this factor reduces the potential for the pooled slope to be influenced by unbalanced hardness distributions and mean difference in Cl concentrations across species. For instance, without including species effects, the preponderance of toxicity data in the low or high end of the hardness range could bias the estimated pooled slope.
The pooled slope was 0.297 with an R 2 value of 0.944. Residual analysis revealed no obvious violations of ANCOVA model assumptions in terms of normality or heterogeneity of variance and there were no leverage points as assessed using a Cook’s distance of 1. There was a hint of larger variance for lower predicted values. However, this was likely due to the fact that more data points were available in the lower range of hardness values (<100 mg/L CaCO 3). A sensitivity analysis was performed by comparing pooled regressions with a single species removed from each regression. The resulting 95% confidence intervals for each slope (including the overall pooled slope) showed considerable overlap, indicating no evidence that any one species was highly influential in the regression.
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This estimated slope (0.297) relating short-term Cl toxicity with hardness was used to standardize species short-term effect concentrations (LC 50 /EC 50 for immobility), with the exception of G. parvus data, to a hardness of 30 mg/L for reasons detailed below, using the following equation:
∗ . / 30 ℎ = 10 [based on Equation 1] where:
L/EC 50 = short-term effect concentration (LC 50 /EC 50 ) in mg/L;
hardness = measured as CaCO 3 equivalents in mg/L;
original L/EC 50 = the LC 50 /EC 50 concentration from the original study; and original hardness = the hardness concentration from the original study.
The estimated slope (0.297) for the short-term SSWQO is similar to the hardness slope (0.206) used in the Iowa water quality guideline. Differences between these values are likely a result of the different dataset used in the derivation of the SSWQO which is based on acute data for resident species in the Ekati Diamond Mine.
Data may be standardized to any hardness value within the range used to determine the pooled slope. Data were standardized to a hardness of 30 mg/L CaCO 3 because this value: falls within the low end of the hardness range (25 to 300 mg/L CaCO 3) used to determine the pooled slope; and falls within the range of mean water hardness (2 to 400 mg/L CaCO 3) identified for monitored water bodies at the Ekati Diamond Mine (understanding that most water bodies have a mean hardness less than 50 mg/L CaCO 3) (ERM 2016a; ERM 2016c).
4.5.2 Model Fitting the SSD
Of the acceptable relevant toxicity data points considered for inclusion in the short-term SSWQO SSD, 21 data points for individual species (effects concentrations standardized to a hardness of
30 mg/L CaCO 3) were included in the SSD (Appendix C). Tests with calcium chloride had hardness levels at the LC50 ranging from 1,678 to 17,533 mg/L after correcting for the added calcium from the test chemical. The hardness relationship was assumed to remain constant at these higher hardness levels, thus the calcium chloride test results were included in the short-term SSWQO SSD.
The short-term SSD for Cl included 6 (of 21) data points that were geometric mean values and 5 (of 21) data points that were lowest effect concentrations. As described in Section 3.6.2, in cases where there was more than one effect concentration for a given species but the experimental conditions, and/or life stages differed between studies, the lowest effect concentration data point was conservatively selected as the representative species effect concentration in the short-term SSD (CCME 2011). Table 4.5-2 summarizes the species and effect concentrations included in the development of the SSD. Details on the effect concentrations and experimental conditions for each of the considered studies are provided in Appendix C.
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Table 4.5-2. Short-term L/EC 50 Data Included in the SSD
L/EC 50 Hazen Species (mg/L) Data Quality Position Reference Centroptilium triangulifer 288.64 0.02 Streuwing et al. 2015 Sphaerium simile 632.95 Geomean (P/S) 0.07 GLEC and INHS 2008; Soucek et al. 2011 Daphnia pulex 637.83 S 0.12 Birge et al. 1985 Ceriodaphnia dubia 753.00 Geomean (P/S) 0.17 Elphick et al. 2011; GLEC and INHS 2008; Cowgill and Milazzo 1991; Harmon et al . 2003; Hoke et al. 1992; Soucek et al. 2011; Streuwing et al. 2015 Daphnia ambigua 973.11 0.21 Harmon et al. 2003 Hyalella azteca 1100.07 Geomean (P) 0.26 Elphick et al . 2011; Rescan 2007 Brachionus calyciflorus 1,229.29 P 0.31 Elphick et al. 2011 Eudiaptomus padanus 1422.79 S 0.36 Baudouin and Scoppa 1974 Daphnia magna 1,677.15 Geomean (P/S) 0.40 Biesinger and Christensen 1972; Davies and Hall 2007; Dow et al. 2010; Elphick et al. 2011; Hoke et al. 1992; Khangarot and Ray 1989; Mount et al. 1997; Seymour et al. 1997; Streuwing et al. 2015; WISLOH 2007; Valenti et al. 2006 Musculium transversum 1,678.55 Lowest effect 0.45 Soucek et al. 2011; USEPA 2010 concentration (S) Physa gryina 1,775.86 S 0.50 Birge et al. 1985 Baetis tricaudatus 1844.66 Geomean (S) 0.55 Lowell et al. 1995 Cyclops abyssorum 2134.41 S 0.60 Baudouin and Scoppa 1974 Nephelopsis obsucra 2,197.10 (P) 0.64 ENVIRON 2009 Lumbriculus variegatus 2,352.15 Lowest effect 0.69 Elphick et al. 2011; ENVIRON 2009 concentration (P) Gyraulus parvus 3,043.30 Geomean (P/S) 0.74 GLEC and INHS 2008; Soucek et al. 2011 Pimephales promelas 3,094.97 Lowest effect 0.79 Birge et al. 1985; Elphick et al. 2011; Mount concentration (P/S) et al. 1997 Tubifex tubifex 3,324.57 Lowest effect 0.83 GLEC and INHS 2008; Soucek et al . 2011; concentration (P) Elphick et al. 2011 Chironomus dilutus 4,451.63 P 0.88 Elphick et al. 2011 Oncorhynchus mykiss 5536.18 Lowest effect 0.93 Dow et al. 2010; Elphick et al. 2011; concentration (P/S) Vosyliene et al. 2006 Gasterosteus aculeatus 7491.55 S 0.98 Garibay and Hall 2004 Notes: P= primary ranked source, S= secondary ranked source
Statistical analysis and graphical evaluations for the various model fit tests to the hardness standardized short-term SSD dataset are included in Appendix D. Of the models tested for this dataset, the normal model provided a reasonable best fit to log 10 transformed effect concentration data, as evaluated graphically and with goodness of fit statistical analysis (Anderson-Darling statistic (A 2) = 0.14; P = 1.0). The equation of the model is:
〖 〗 |μ, = [Equation 3] √
4-10 ERM | PROJ #0238084-0004 | REV E.1 | OCTOBER 2016 RESULTS where:
x = log 10 (concentration); and µ = 3.24; and σ = 0.33.
The functional response , f(x ), is the proportion of taxa affected at the given concentration. The location and scale parameters, µ and σ, are the mean and standard deviation of the theoretical population, respectively. The HC5 estimate was obtained via least squares regression with log concentration as the predictor variable, the probit of the Hazen plotting position as the dependent variable. Inverse prediction was used to obtain the HC5 estimate and 90% fiducial limits. Estimation was carried out in R 3.1.3 (2015) using the functions qnorm() for the probit transformation, lm() for the least squares regression, and inverse.predict() to obtain inverse predictions and fiducial limits.
4.5.3 SSWQO Determination
A graphical representation of the Cl short-term SSD based on the fitted model is shown in Figure 4.5-2.
The HC 5, 5 th percentile, of the short-term SSD is 468 mg Cl/L (standardized to a water hardness of
30 mg/L CaCO 3). This value is below the current short-term CCME (2011) WQG of 640 mg/L, and below effect concentrations for species included in the SSD except for the one data point for the ephemeropteran C. triangulifer, which was not included in the CCME (2011) WQG derivation. The lower 90% fiducial limit on the 5 th percentile is 392 mg Cl/L, and the upper 90% fiducial limit on the 5th percentile is 560 mg Cl/L.
The short-term SSWQO equation is based on the US EPA toxicity-hardness procedure (Stephan et al. (1985; CCME 2014). The pooled slope (all species) derived in Section 4.5.1 represents the relationship between the logarithm of the Cl effect concentration (y-axis) and the logarithm of water hardness (x-axis). The short-term Cl 5 th percentile effects concentration at 30 mg/L hardness is 468 mg/L. Since the slope of the regression line is known (0.297), as well as the x and y coordinates of one point on this line (30 and 468.34, respectively, with HC5 recorded to two decimal places for calculation purposes), one can determine the general equation describing this line by solving for the y-intercept. If the equation log(y) = m*log(x) + b is rearranged to solve for b (i.e., the y-intercept), the following result is obtained:
− = 5 ℎ − 0.297 × ℎ [Equation 4] = log (468.34) - [0.297 ⋅ log(30)] = 2.232
Therefore, the resulting equation to derive the short-term SSWQO concentration to protect freshwater life is:
ℎ = 10 . . [Equation 5] where the short-term SSWQO concentration is in mg Cl/L and hardness is measured as CaCO 3 equivalents in mg/L. The short-term SSWQO over the hardness range of 30 to 300 mg/L CaCO 3 is shown in Table 4.5-3.
DOMINION DIAMOND EKATI CORPORATION 4-11 Figure 4.5-2 Hardness-Normalized Short-Term Species Sensitivity Distribution for Chloride
1.0 LS Estimate Gasterosteus aculeatus 0.9 Fiducial limits Oncorhynchus mykiss th HC5 (5 percentile) Chironomus dilutus
Tubifex tubifex 0.8 Pimephales promelas
Gyraulus parvus
Lumbriculus variegatus
Nephelopsis obsucra
0.6 Cyclops abyssorum
Baetis tricaudatus
Physa gryina
Musculium transversum
0.4 Daphnia magna Proportion Affected Eudiaptomus padanus
Brachionus calyciflorus
Hyalella azteca
0.2 Daphnia ambigua Ceriodaphnia dubia
Daphnia pulex
Sphaerium simile
Centroptilium triangulifer 0.0
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
log10 concentration
DOMINION DIAMOND EKATI CORPORATION Proj # 0238084-0004 | Graphics # EKA-16MML-003 RESULTS
Table 4.5-3. Chloride Short-term Site-specific Water Quality Objectives (SSWQOs) at Various Water Hardness Concentrations
Water Hardness Chloride Short-term Water Hardness (mg/L Chloride Short-term (mg/L CaCO 3) SSWQO (mg/L) CaCO 3) SSWQO (mg/L) 10 338 90 649 20 415 100 670 30 468 125 716 40 510 150 756 50 545 200 823 60 576 250 879 70 603 300 928 80 627 > 300 928* Notes:
*As a measure of conservatism, for water hardness concentrations >300 mg/L CaCO 3 the Cl SSWQO was set at the upper hardness limit of the hardness range (25 to 300 mg/L CaCO 3) over which the relationship between water hardness and short-term Cl toxicity was evaluated.
The hardness adjustment of the short-term SSWQO was, as previously noted, based on the slope of the hardness-toxicity relationship developed from six species examined over a hardness range of
25 to 300 mg/L CaCO 3. To evaluate the protectiveness of the hardness-corrected SSWQO to all relevant organisms, the log effects concentrations from acceptable studies (not hardness-adjusted) were plotted against log transformed hardness (see Figure 4.5-3). Those effect concentration data points were compared to the short-term SSWQO, which is represented by a linear regression on Figure 4.5-3. The vast majority of the effect concentrations data points were above this line (87 of 92; 95%, 22 species). Effect concentration data points that fell below the short-term SSWQO regression (5 of 92, 5%, but only 3 species) were further examined.
Out of a total of 92 acceptable effect concentration data points, only 5 data points representing three species fell below the short-term SSWQO for chloride: C. triangulifer (1), C. dubia (2), and D. magna (2). For each species, there is a majority of effect concentration data points (C. dubia (35) and D. magna (16)) above the SSWQO. Effect concentration data points for the other Daphnia species (D. pulex and D. ambigua ) also all fall above the SSWQO.
The studies for C. triangulifer (Streuwing et al. 2015), C. dubia (Hoke et al. 1992), and D. magna (Khangarot and Ray 1989; Mount et al. 1997) that fell below the curve did not report other potential confounding effects. C. triangulifer appears to be a very sensitive species, but the reason for the increased sensitivity in the C. dubia and D. magna tests is unclear.
DOMINION DIAMOND EKATI CORPORATION 4-13 Figure 4.5-3 Effect Concentrations Plotted against Hardness, Compared to the Short-term Site-specific Water Quality Objective (SSWQO)
6.0 Species Toxicity Values Benthos Fish 5.5 Zooplankton
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
Logarithm of Toxicity Values (mg Cl-/L) (mg Values Toxicity of Logarithm 3.0
2.5
y = 0.297x + 2.23
2.0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
Logarithm of Hardness Values (mg/L as CaCO3)
Note: The short-term SSWQO is illustrated by the Linear Regression.
DOMINION DIAMOND EKATI CORPORATION Proj # 0238084-0004 | Graphics # EKA-16MML-004 5. UNCERTAINTY
The process of developing a SSWQO involves multiple steps. Inherent in each step of the assessment are uncertainties that ultimately affect the final SSWQO. The following uncertainty analysis provides a discussion of sources of uncertainty.
5.1 EXTRAPOLATION OF TOXICITY DATA
The SSD procedure involves modelling a dataset of toxicological thresholds (effect concentrations) using least-squares regression to provide an estimate of the HC 5, the concentration that would be expected to be protective of 95% of species. Acute toxicity test data for 21 species representing relevant invertebrate and fish species were used to determine the HC 5. Use of a larger number of data points might be expected to further improve the confidence of this estimate; however, the available dataset exhibited a reasonable best fit to the normal distribution. The dataset was suitable to provide a robust estimate for this HC 5 value. Visual inspection of the model shows that the curve fits the distribution of data well, particularly in the sensitive tail of the distribution in which the HC 5 occurs. Uncertainty associated with the model distribution is assessed based on the 90% fiducial limits around the curve.
In addition to the uncertainty associated with the HC 5 calculation, each toxicity test result has uncertainty as a result of varying sensitivities of different groups of organisms, inter-laboratory variability in test procedures, and differences in the statistical methods used to estimate the test endpoints. However, these uncertainties are reduced both by evaluation of the data using CCME guidance, and by evaluation of the dataset as a whole using an SSD, rather than basing the SSWQO on an individual test result.
Data used to establish the SSD were obtained using a group of test organisms that are considered to be sensitive and useful indicators for potential adverse effects. Although other organisms may exist that have a higher degree of sensitivity to Cl, the approach used here to establish the SSWQO follows procedures that are expected to result in a toxicity benchmark that is protective of most species in a community from severe effects, and protective of community function, in the event of intermittent exposure events.
5.2 ABSENCE OF DATA FOR PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS
The SSD used to develop the short term SSWQO does not include data for relevant phytoplankton or macrophyte species at the Ekati Diamond Mine. The available literature was searched for acute toxicity information on macrophytes and phytoplankton relevant to the Ekati Diamond Mine. Acute exposure periods were considered to be: less than 48 hours for phytoplankton, and considered on a case-by-case basis for any available data for relevant macrophytes (CCME 2007). The review identified a scarcity of Cl acute effects information, corroborated by the absence of macrophyte or phytoplankton data in the derivation of the current short term Cl WQG (CCME 2011). The absence
DOMINION DIAMOND EKATI CORPORATION 5-1 SHORT-TERM SITE-SPECIFIC WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVE FOR CHLORIDE of these data from the SSD is a source of uncertainty, but is not interpreted to mean that the SSWQO is under-protective, on the basis that:
• The rapid rate of cell division in algae generally makes this group resilient (i.e., tolerant) to short-term chemical exposures (CCME 2007).
• Chloride is an essential micronutrient for, and regulated by, plants.
• Chronic toxicity testing with Cl found that tested macrophytes were as tolerant as some fish species to chronic Cl exposures, with algae exhibiting an even greater tolerance to long-term Cl exposures (CCME 2011). As short-term effects concentrations for fish are above the short-term Cl SSWQO, and species sensitivities to Cl appear generally similar between acute and chronic testing (i.e., bivalves and cladoceran species are among the more sensitive species), aquatic vegetation is anticipated to be relatively tolerant to short term Cl exposures.
5.3 BIOAVAILABILITY AND ION BALANCE
Chloride dissolves readily in water and does not react with cations to a significant extent. However, Cl toxicity is clearly affected by water hardness, and this interaction has been incorporated into the SSWQO.
Sodium and calcium chloride generally exhibit the lowest toxicity of the Cl salts; data for these salts were used in the SSWQO derivation. Evaluation of the toxicity of Cl using data primarily from studies with sodium chloride is appropriate to determine a suitable short-term SSWQO, due to the relative preponderance of sodium as the counter-ion at Ekati (Rescan 2008). The data provided here demonstrate that short-term Cl toxicity is ameliorated with increasing hardness. The results reduce the uncertainty of applying a Cl SSWQO to waterbodies at Ekati by incorporating water hardness into the SSWQO. The SSWQO is expected to be an acceptable short-term effects benchmark across a range of hardness levels from 25 to 300 mg/L as CaCO 3.
5.4 HARDNESS -DEPENDANT SLOPE DERIVATION
The short-term SSWQO uses interpolation of the hardness-toxicity relationship for six invertebrate and fish species to predict the relationship for other hardness-dependent species. This is a source of uncertainty, but the assessment is considered reliable based on: no single species driving the hardness-toxicity pooled slope relationship; overall good statistical fit of species slopes and the pooled slope to the dataset; and Figure 4.5.3 with accompanying discussion.
5.5 SPECIES PROTECTIVENESS
Unlike long-term benchmarks, implementation of the Protection Clause does not apply to the short-term WQG and derived short-term SSWQO (CCME 2011). The CCME protocol identifies that some effect concentration data points will fall below the 5 th percentile intercept to the fitted curve, (see Figure 2 in Part II: Guideline Derivation of CCME (2007)). The current short-term Cl WQG is based on an SSD that has effect concentration data points for cladocerans and COSEWIC-listed freshwater mussels, which are below the identified HC 5, the short term WQG of 640 mg/L. Of the current dataset used to develop the SSWQO, only one of the species effect concentrations fall below the identified HC 5 on the SSD (468 mg/L). This effect concentration (294 mg/L) is based on one test
5-2 ERM | PROJ #0238084-0004 | REV E.1 | OCTOBER 2016 UNCERTAINTY result for an ephemeropteran mayfly species, C. triangulifer . When examining a plot of all the species effect concentrations compared to the SSWQO over a range of hardness, only 5 data points for two species of cladocerans ( D. magna and C. dubia ) and one species of ephemeropteran ( C. triangulifer ) fall below the derived short term SSWQO, with the majority of effect concentration data points for these species identified above the SSWQO and effect concentrations for two other Daphnia species and one other ephemeropteran species also above the SSWQO. The potential for sensitive cladocerans and ephemeropterans to have effects from short-term exposures to Cl concentrations at or below the SSWQO is a source of uncertainty in this assessment. However, the potential for effects is considered overall to be low as other data indicate that the SSWQO will protect these species, and also considering the conservatism incorporated into the SSD derivation such as: inclusion of species lowest effect levels; and, not accounting for other possible modifying factors (i.e., low temperature) pertinent to the Ekati site, which have the potential to lower toxicity to exposed organisms.
5.6 ACCLIMATION AND ADAPTATION OF LABORATORY ORGANISMS
Organisms have the potential to acclimate to gradually changing concentrations of a toxicant as a result of changes in physiological processes (e.g., induction of metabolic enzymes, up-regulation of receptors involved in ion regulation). These metabolic processes may take a number of hours, days, or longer to occur. Exposure of laboratory test organisms that have been cultured in “clean” reconstituted water may overestimate sensitivity, because these laboratory organisms do not have the opportunity to acclimate to the toxicant. Using reconstituted waters to assess potential for toxicity in natural waters may also overestimate sensitivity on the basis that other water chemistry variables (other than hardness) have been shown to reduce Cl toxicity in natural waters (CCME 2011).
A population of organisms may also adapt to changing conditions by selection of organisms with a higher tolerance. This type of adaptation can occur relatively rapidly in zooplankton and phytoplankton species that have short life cycles and high reproductive output (Rescan 2008).
Both scenarios illustrate that laboratory test results provide a conservative estimate of the potential for effects in the environment. Reliance on laboratory-based toxicity studies in the SSWQO derivation and to evaluate the potential toxicity in natural waters is considered conservative.
5.7 TOXICITY OF MIXTURES
Two or more chemicals that are close to or higher than their toxic thresholds can combine to result in additive, less than additive (antagonistic), or more than additive (synergistic) effects on organisms. The Cl ion is not known to interact substantially with other ligands (functional groups on molecules) (CCME 2011); it is not anticipated that Cl would exhibit toxicity in a synergistic manner with other substances.
Chloride can be a major component of total dissolved solids (TDS). The recent TDS long-term SSWQO for Snap Lake, which was approved by the Mackenzie Valley Land and Water Board, includes Cl at higher concentrations than the long-term CCME WQG (MVLWB 2015). Hardness is expected to increase with increasing TDS; the Snap Lake TDS SSWQO may present an example of hardness ameliorating chronic Cl toxicity.
DOMINION DIAMOND EKATI CORPORATION 5-3 6. CONCLUDING REMARKS
Based on the relationship between water hardness and Cl toxicity for relevant freshwater aquatic life at the Ekati Diamond Mine, a short-term chloride site-specific water quality objective (SSWQO) has been developed. An earlier draft of the report was reviewed by James Elphick (Nautilus Environmental) and responses to comments were incorporated where applicable; responses to the comments are provided in Appendix E.
The relationship between water hardness and Cl toxicity was evaluated for six relevant fish and invertebrate species (including the most sensitive benthos and zooplankton species), over a hardness range of 25 to 300 mg/L CaCO 3. A species sensitivity distribution (SSD), normalized to water hardness, was then developed using short-term toxicity information from 21 relevant fish and invertebrate species. The short-term SSWQO was derived following guidance from the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment; as such, it is protective of 95% of those relevant species.
The Ekati short-term SSWQO for freshwater aquatic life is intended to protect against severe, adverse effects to aquatic communities from intermittent exposure to Cl. It is applicable over a water hardness range of 25 to 300 mg/L CaCO 3, and is calculated as follows:
ℎ − = 10 . .
The short-term Cl SSWQO is expected to be protective of the vast majority of aquatic species in the Ekati area, from severe effects in the event of intermittent exposure events. It is thus also expected to be protective of aquatic ecosystem function.
DOMINION DIAMOND EKATI CORPORATION 6-1 REFERENCES
Definitions of the acronyms and abbreviations used in this reference list can be found in the Abbreviations section of this report.
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Holland, A.J., A.K. Gordon, and W.J. Muller. 2010. Osmoregulation in Freshwater Invertebrates in Response to Exposure to Salt Pollution . Report to the Water Research Commission. Unilever Centre for Environmental Water Quality, Institute for Water Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa. December 2010. 60 pp. Karraker, N.E. and J.P. Gibbs. 2011. Road deicing salt irreversibly disrupts osmoregulation of salamander egg clutches. Environ Pollut 159:833-835. Khangarot, B.S. and P.K. Ray. 1989. Investigation of correlation between physicochemical properties of metals and their toxicity to the water flea Daphnia magna Straus. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 18(2):109-120. Lowell, R.B., J.M. Culp, and F.J. Wrona. 1995. Toxicity testing with artificial stream: effects of differences in current velocity. Environ Toxicol Chem 14: 1209-1217. Mackenzie Valley Land and Water Board (MVLWB). 2015. Water License Amendment Application - Reasons for Decision . MV2011L2-0004. Snap Lake Project, Snap Lake, NT. Meador, J.P. 2000. An Analysis in Support of Tissue and Sediment-based Threshold Concentrations of Polychlorinated Bipenyls (PCBs) to Protect Juvenile Salmonids Listed by the Endangered Species Act . NOAA White Paper, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Environmental Conservation Division, Seattle, WA, USA. Mount, D. R., D. D. Gulley, J. R. Hockett, T. D. Garrison, and J. M. Evans. 1997. Statistical models to predict the toxicity of major ions to Ceriodaphnia dubia , Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows). Environ Toxicol Chem 16: 2009–2019. Nautilus Environmental. 2007. Toxicity Testing for Chloride: EKATI Diamond Mine . Prepared for Rescan Environmental Services Ltd., January 2007. R Core Team. 2015. R: A language and environment for statistical computing . R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL http://www.R-project.org/. Rescan (Rescan Environmental Services Ltd.). 2006. EKATI Diamond Mine: Long Lake Containment Facility Water Quality Prediction Model . Report prepared for BHP Billiton Diamonds Inc., May 2006. Rescan. 2007. E KATI Diamond Mine: Proposed Chloride Discharge Criterion for the Sable Kimberlite Pipe Development . Report prepared for BHP Billiton Diamonds Inc., January 2007. Rescan 2008. Ekati Diamond Mine. Site-specific Water Quality Objective for Chloride . Prepared for BHP Billiton Diamonds Inc., August 2008 Seymour, D.T., A.G. Verbeek, S.E. Hrudey, and P.M. Fedorak. 1997. Acute Toxicity and Aqueous Solubility of Some Condensed Thiophenes and Their Microbial Metabolites. Environ. Toxicol. Chem . 16:658-665. Soucek, D.J., T.K. Linton, C.D. Tarr, A. Dickinson, N. Wickramanayake, C.G. Delos, and L.A. Cruz. 2011. Influence of water hardness and sulfate on the acute toxicity of chloride to sensitive freshwater invertebrates. Environ Toxicol Chem 30(4): 930-938.
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Stephan, C.E., D. I. Mount, D.J. Hansen, J. H. Gentile, G. A. Chapman, and W. A. Brungs. 1985. Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. PB85-227049. Struewing, K.A., et al. 2015. Part 2: Sensitivity comparisons of the mayfly Centroptilum triangulifer to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna using standard reference toxicants; NaCl, KCl, and CuSO4. Chemosphere 139:597-603. Suter, G.W., S.B. Norton, and A. Fairbrother. 2005. Individuals versus organisms versus populations in the definition of ecological assessment endpoints. Integr Environ Assess Manage 1: 397-400 The Open University. 1995. Seawater: Its Composition, Properties and Behavior , 2nd ed. Butterworth- Heinemann, Boston, MA, USA. US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1976. Quality Criteria for Water . Washington, DC, USA. US EPA. 1988. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chloride . EPA-440-5-88-001. Office of Water, Washington, DC, USA. US EPA. 2001. Update of Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Cadmium . Office of Water, Washington, DC, USA. Valenti, T.W., D.S. Cherry, R.J. Neves, B.A. Locke, and J.J. Schmerfeld. 2006. Case study: sensitivity of mussel glochidia and regulatory test organisms to mercury and a reference toxicant . In: J.L. Farris and J.H. Van Hassel (Eds.), Freshwater Bivalve Ecotoxicology, SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL, USA, pp 351-367. Varsamos, S., C. Nebel, and G. Charmantier. 2005. Ontogeny of osmoregulation in postembryonic fish: a review. Comp Biochem Physiol A 141:401-429. Vosyliene, M.Z., P. Baltrenas, and A. Kazlauskiene. 2006. Toxicity of road maintenance salts to rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss . Ekologica 2:15-20. Waller, D.L., S.W. Fisher, and H. Dabrowska. 1996. Prevention of zebra mussel infestation and dispersal during aquaculture operations. Progr Fish-Cult 58(2): 77-84. Willard, H. and H. Diehl. 1943 . Advanced Quantitative Analysis. D. Nostrand Company Inc., New York, USA. Reprint. Willard Press, Utah, USA. 2007. 478 pp. WISLOH. 2007. Tables of Data (provided to C. Stephan, US EPA). Iowa Chloride Criteria Development Reference List. May 2009 Cited In: CCME Scientific Criteria Document for the Development of the Canadian Water Quality Guideline for the Protection of Aquatic Life - Chloride. 2011. Zajdlik & Associates. 2006. Potential Statistical Models for Describing Species Sensitivity Distributions CCME Project # 382-2006. Prepared for the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME).
R-4 ERM | PROJ #0238084-0004 | REV E.1 | OCTOBER 2016
Appendix A
List of Ekati Resident Species or Surrogate Taxa (Studies between 1994-2015)
EKATI DIAMOND MINE Short-term Site-specific Water Quality Objective for Chloride Appendix A. List of Ekati Resident Species or Surrogate Taxa (Studies between 1994-2015)
Superfamily/ Category Class Order Subclass Family/ Subfamily Genus Species Common Name Notes Benthos Tubellaria Tricladida Geoplanoidea Dugesiidae Dugesia - -- Benthos Tardigrada ------Benthos Ostracoda Podocopida - Limnocytheridae Limnocythere - -- Benthos Ostracoda Podocopida - - Cypris - -- Benthos Ostracoda Podocopida - - Cypria - -- Benthos Ostracoda Podocopida - - Candona - -- Benthos Nematoda - Rhabditidae - Rhabditis - -- Benthos Nematoda - Prismatolaimidae - Prismatolaimus - -- Benthos Nematoda - - Chronogaster - - -- Benthos Nematoda - - - Tylenchus - -- Benthos Nematoda - - - Panagrolaimus - -- Benthos Nematoda - - - Nygolaimus - -- Benthos Nematoda - - - Goffartia - -- Benthos Maxillopoda Harpacticoida Copepoda Canthocamptidae - - -- Benthos Maxillopoda Harpacticoida Copepoda - Nitocra - - - Benthos Maxillopoda Cyclopoida Copepoda Cyclopidae spp. - -- Benthos Maxillopoda Cyclopoida Copepoda Cyclopidae Macrocyclops - -- Benthos Maxillopoda Cyclopoida Copepoda Cyclopidae Eucyclops - -- Benthos Maxillopoda Cyclopoida Copepoda Cyclopidae Cyclops - -- Benthos Maxillopoda Cyclopoida ------Benthos Maxillopoda Calanoida Copepoda Temoridae Epischura - -- Benthos Maxillopoda Calanoida Copepoda Diaptomidae Leptodiaptomus - -- Benthos Maxillopoda Calanoida Copepoda Diaptomidae Eudiaptomus padanus - Surrogate 1 Benthos Maxillopoda Calanoida Copepoda Diaptomidae Diaptomus - -- Benthos Maxillopoda Calanoida Copepoda - Heterocope - -- Benthos Maxillopoda Calanoida ------Benthos Malacostraca Amphipoda - Hyalellidae Hyalella azteca - See footnote 2 Benthos Insecta Trichoptera - Phryganeidae Agrypnia - -- Benthos Insecta Trichoptera - Limnephilidae Grensia - -- Benthos Insecta Trichoptera - Limnephilidae Apatania - -- Benthos Insecta Trichoptera - Leptostomatidae Leptostoma - -- Benthos Insecta Trichoptera - Leptoceridae Oecetis - -- Benthos Insecta Trichoptera - Leptoceridae Mystacides - -- Benthos Insecta Trichoptera - Leptoceridae Ceraclea - -- Benthos Insecta Trichoptera - Hydroptilidae Oxyethira - -- Benthos Insecta Trichoptera - Hydroptilidae Agraylea - -- Benthos Insecta Lepidoptera ------Benthos Insecta Hemiptera Psylloidea Psyllidae spp. - -- Benthos Insecta Hemiptera Coccoidea Coccidae spp. - -- Benthos Insecta Hemiptera Aphidoidea Aphididae spp. - -- Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetoidea Baetidae Stenonema modestum - See footnote 3 Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetoidea Baetidae Centroptilium triangulifer - Surrogate 3 Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetoidea Baetidae Baetis - --
Page 1 of 12 Appendix A. List of Ekati Resident Species or Surrogate Taxa (Studies between 1994-2015)
Superfamily/ Category Class Order Subclass Family/ Subfamily Genus Species Common Name Notes Benthos Insecta Diptera Tipuloidea Tipulidae Tipula - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Tipuloidea Tipulidae spp. - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Tanypodinae - - - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Simuliidae - Simulium - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Pediciidae - Dircanota - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Muscidae - Limnophora - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Empidoidea Empididae Chelifera/Metachela - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Empidoidea Empididae Chelifera - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Tanypodinae Thienemannimyia - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Tanypodinae Procladius - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Tanypodinae Paramerina - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Tanypodinae Ablabesmyia - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Prodiamesinae Prodiamesa - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Prodiamesinae Monodiamesa - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Orthocladiinae Zalutschia - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Orthocladiinae Thienemanniella - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Orthocladiinae Rheocricotopus - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Orthocladiinae Psectrocladius - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Orthocladiinae Parakiefferiella - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Orthocladiinae Paracricotopus - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Orthocladiinae Paracladius - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Orthocladiinae Orthocladius - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Orthocladiinae Nanocladius - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Orthocladiinae Mesocricotopus - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Orthocladiinae Hydrobaenus - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Orthocladiinae Heterotrissocladius - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Orthocladiinae Heterotanytarsus - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Orthocladiinae Eukiefferiella - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Orthocladiinae Cricotopus - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Orthocladiinae Cardiocladius - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Orthocladiinae Brillia - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Orthocladiinae Abiskomyia - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Orthocladiinae - - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Diamesinae spp. - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Diamesinae Pseudodiamesa - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Diamesinae Protanypus - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Diamesinae Potthastia - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Diamesinae Diamesa - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Cladopelma spp. - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironomoni Sergentia - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Tanytarsus - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Tanytarsini - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Stictochironomus - --
Page 2 of 12 Appendix A. List of Ekati Resident Species or Surrogate Taxa (Studies between 1994-2015)
Superfamily/ Category Class Order Subclass Family/ Subfamily Genus Species Common Name Notes Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Stempellina - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae spp. - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Rheotanytarsus - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Pseudochironomus - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Polypedilum - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Phaenopsectra - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Paratanytarsus - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Paracladopelma - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Parachironomus - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Pagastiella - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Microtendipes - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Micropsectra - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Glyptotendipes - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Endochironomus - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Dicrotendipes - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Demicryptotendipes - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Cryptotendipes - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Cryptochironomus - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Corynoneura - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Corynocera - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Constempellina - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Cladotanytarsus - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Chironomus - - Surrogate 4 Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Chironominae Chironomini - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Ceratopogonidae Palpomyia - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Ceratopogonidae Culicoides - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomoidea Ceratopogonidae Bezzia - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera - Culicidae Anopheles - -- Benthos Insecta Coleoptera Hydrophilidae Hydrophilidae - - -- Benthos Insecta Coleoptera - Dytiscidae Oreodytes - -- Benthos Gastropoda - Valvatoidea Valvatidae Valvata - -- Benthos Gastropoda - Rissooidea Hydrobiidae Probythinella - -- Benthos Gastropoda - Planorboidea Planorboidea/Planorbidae Gyraulus - -- Benthos Gastropoda - - Planorboidea/Physidae Physa 3 - - Surrogate 5 Benthos Gastropoda ------Benthos Coelenterata - - - Hydra - -- Benthos Clitellata Lumbriculida Oligochaeta Lumbriculidae 2 Lumbriculus - - Surrogate 6 Benthos Clitellata Lumbriculida Oligochaeta Lumbriculidae - - -- Benthos Clitellata Haplotaxida Oligochaeta Naididae/Tubificidae w/o cap setae - -- Benthos Clitellata Haplotaxida Oligochaeta Naididae/Tubificidae w/ cap setae - -- Benthos Clitellata Haplotaxida Oligochaeta Naididae/Tubificidae Tasserkidrilus - -- Benthos Clitellata Haplotaxida Oligochaeta Naididae/Tubificidae Rhyacodrilus - -- Benthos Clitellata Haplotaxida Oligochaeta Naididae/Tubificidae Limnedrilus - --
Page 3 of 12 Appendix A. List of Ekati Resident Species or Surrogate Taxa (Studies between 1994-2015)
Superfamily/ Category Class Order Subclass Family/ Subfamily Genus Species Common Name Notes Benthos Clitellata Haplotaxida Oligochaeta Naididae/Tubificidae Chaetogaster - -- Benthos Clitellata Haplotaxida Oligochaeta Naididae/Tubificidae - - -- Benthos Clitellata Haplotaxida Oligochaeta Naididae Vejdovskyella - -- Benthos Clitellata Haplotaxida Oligochaeta Naididae Tubifex tubifex - Surrogate 7 Benthos Clitellata Haplotaxida Oligochaeta Naididae Specaria - -- Benthos Clitellata Haplotaxida Oligochaeta Naididae Slavina - -- Benthos Clitellata Haplotaxida Oligochaeta Naididae Nais - -- Benthos Clitellata Haplotaxida Oligochaeta Naididae - - -- Benthos Clitellata Haplotaxida Oligochaeta Enchytraeidae - - -- Benthos Clitellata - Oligochaeta Limnodrilus - - -- Benthos Bryozoa - Cristatellidae - Cristatella - -- Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida - Sphaeriidae Sphaerium - -- Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida - Sphaeriidae Pisidium - -- Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida - Sphaeriidae Musculium - -- Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida - Sphaeriidae - - -- Benthos Arachnida - Acari Pionidae Piona - -- Benthos Arachnida - Acari Oxidae Oxus - -- Benthos Arachnida - Acari Oribatidae spp. - -- Benthos Arachnida - Acari Limnesiidae Limnesia - -- Benthos Arachnida - Acari Lebertiidae Lebertia - -- Benthos Arachnida - Acari Hygrobatidae Hygrobates - -- Benthos Arachnida - Acari Hydracarina spp. - -- Benthos Arachnida - Acari - Torrenticola - -- Benthos Arachnida - Acari - spp. - -- Benthos Arachnida - Acari - Neumania - -- Benthos Arachnida - Acari - Forelia - -- Benthos Arachnida - Acari - Arrenurus - -- Benthos Arachnida - Acalyptonidae - Acalyptonotus - -- Benthos - - Statoblast - - -- Benthos Insecta Coleoptera - Dytiscidae Agabus sp. - - Benthos Arachnida Araneae ------Benthos Arachnida Trombidiformes Acari Hygrobatidae Atractides sp. - - Benthos Insecta Hemiptera ------Benthos Insecta Trichoptera Pterygota Brachycentridae - - -- Benthos Insecta Trichoptera Pterygota Brachycentridae Brachycentrus Brachycentrus americanus -- Benthos Insecta Trichoptera Pterygota Brachycentridae Brachycentrus sp. - - Benthos Insecta Diptera - Empididae Clinocera - -- Benthos Insecta Collembola ------Benthos Insecta Coleoptera Pterygota Dytiscidae - - -- Benthos Insecta Hemiptera Pterygota Corixidae - - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera - Chironomidae Diplocladius sp. - - Benthos Insecta Plecoptera Pterygota Perlodidae Diura sp. - - Benthos Insecta Diptera - Chironomidae Donocricotopus - --
Page 4 of 12 Appendix A. List of Ekati Resident Species or Surrogate Taxa (Studies between 1994-2015)
Superfamily/ Category Class Order Subclass Family/ Subfamily Genus Species Common Name Notes Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera - Ephemerellidae Ephemerella Ephemerella aurivillii -- Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera - Ephemerellidae Ephemerella sp. - - Benthos Insecta Coleoptera Pterygota Haliplidae Haliplus sp. - - Benthos Insecta Coleoptera Pterygota Dytiscidae Hydroporus sp. - - Benthos Insecta Hymenoptera ------Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera - Leptophlebiidae - - -- Benthos Insecta Trichoptera - Limnephilidae Limnephilus - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera - Chironomidae Limnophyes sp. - - Benthos Insecta Diptera - Chironomidae Metriocnemus sp. - - Benthos Insecta Trichoptera Pterygota Brachycentridae Micrasema sp. - - Benthos Insecta Trichoptera Pterygota Molannidae - - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera - Chironomidae Natarsia sp. - - Benthos Insecta Plecoptera Pterygota Nemouridae Nemoura sp. - - Benthos Insecta Plecoptera Pterygota Nemouridae - - -- Benthos Arachnida - Acari - - - -- Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera - Leptophlebiidae Paraleptophlebia sp. - - Benthos Insecta Diptera - Chironomidae Parametriocnemus sp. - - Benthos Insecta Diptera - Chironomidae Paraphaenocladius sp. - - Benthos Insecta Diptera - Chironomidae - - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera - Chironomidae Pseudokiefferiella sp. - - Benthos Insecta Diptera - Chironomidae Pseudosmittia - -- Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera - Heptageniidae Rhithrogena sp. - - Benthos Insecta Trichoptera Pterygota Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila Rhyacophila mongolica -- Benthos Insecta Trichoptera - Rhyacophilidae Rhyacophila sp. - - Benthos Arachnida Trombidiformes Acari Sperchontidae Sperchon sp. - - Benthos Arachnida Trombidiformes Acari Sperchontidae Sperchonopsis sp. - - Benthos Arachnida Trombidiformes Acari Sperchontidae - - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera - Chironomidae Stempellinella - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera - Chironomidae Synendotendipes sp. - - Benthos Insecta Diptera - Chironomidae Synorthocladius sp. - - Benthos Insecta Thysanoptera Pterygota - - - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera - Chironomidae Tribelos sp. - - Benthos Insecta Diptera - Chironomidae Tvetenia Tvetenia bavarica gr. -- Benthos Insecta Diptera - Chironomidae Ablabesmyia Ablabesmyia monilis -- Benthos Arachnida Trombidiformes Acari Aturidae - - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera - Chironomidae Demicryptochironomus sp. - - Benthos Clitellata Tubificida Oligochaeta Naididae Dero Dero digitata -- Benthos ------Benthos Insecta Hymenoptera Pterygota - - - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera - Empididae Neoplasta sp. - - Benthos Insecta Diptera - Chironomidae - - -- Benthos Insecta Diptera - Chironomidae Stempellinella sp. - - Benthos Insecta Diptera - Chironomidae Tanypus sp. - -
Page 5 of 12 Appendix A. List of Ekati Resident Species or Surrogate Taxa (Studies between 1994-2015)
Superfamily/ Category Class Order Subclass Family/ Subfamily Genus Species Common Name Notes Benthos Arachnida Trombidiformes Acari Pionidae Tiphys sp. - - Benthos Turbellaria ------Benthos Insecta Diptera - Chironomidae Tvetenia Tvetenia bavarica gr. -- Benthos Clitellata Tubificida Oligochaeta Naididae Uncinais Uncinais uncinata -- Benthos Insecta Diptera - Chironomidae Xylotopus Xylotopus par - - Fish Actinoptergii Scorpaeniformes - Cottidae Cottus cognatus Slimy Sculpin - Fish Actinoptergii Salmoniformes - Salmonidae Thymallus arcticus Arctic Grayling - Fish Actinoptergii Salmoniformes - Salmonidae Salvelinus namaycush Lake Trout - Fish Actinoptergii Salmoniformes - Salmonidae Prosopium cylindraceum Round Whitefish - Fish Actinoptergii Salmoniformes - Salmonidae Coregonus clupeaformis Lake Whitefish - Fish Actinoptergii Salmoniformes - Salmonidae Coregocus artedii Cisco - Fish Actinoptergii Gasterosteiformes - Gasterosteidae Pungitius pungitius Ninespine Stickleback - Fish Actinoptergii Gadiformes - Gadidae Lota lota Burbot - Fish Actinoptergii Esociformes - Esocidae Esox lucius Northern Pike - Fish Actinoptergii Cypriniformes - Salmonidae Catostomus catostomus Longnose Sucker - Fish Actinoptergii Cypriniformes - Cyprinidae Couesis plumbeus Lake Chub - Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes - Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas - Surrogate 8 Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes - Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss Rainbow trout Surrogate 9 Macrophyte - - - - Lemna minor duckweed Surrogate 10 Phytoplankton Xanthophyceae Vaucheriales - - Vaucheria - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - Achnanthidiaceae Achnanthidium sp. - - Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Scenedesmaceae Actinastrum hantzschii -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Scenedesmaceae Acutodesmus acutiformis -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Scenedesmaceae Acutodesmus obliquus -- Phytoplankton Dinophyceae Gymnodiniales - Gymnodiniaceae Amphidinium sp. - - Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Merismopediaceae Aphanocapsa delicatissima -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Merismopediaceae Aphanocapsa elachista -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Merismopediaceae Aphanocapsa holsatica -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Merismopediaceae Aphanocapsa incerta -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Merismopediaceae Aphanocapsa planctonica -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Merismopediaceae Aphanocapsa sp. - - Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Synechococcaceae Aphanothece clathrata -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Synechococcaceae Aphanothece elebens -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Synechococcaceae Aphanothece minutissima -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Synechococcaceae Aphanothece paralleliformis -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Synechococcaceae Aphanothece spp. - - Phytoplankton - Zygnematales ------Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Centrales - Aulacoseiraceae Aulacoseira spp. - - Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - Bacillariaceae Bacillaria paradoxa -- Phytoplankton Chrysophyceae Hibberdiales - Stylococcaceae Bitrichia chodatii -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Volvocales - Chlamydomonadaceae Carteria sp. - - Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Chamaesiphonaceae Chamaesiphon spp. - - Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Sphaeropleales - Neochloridaceae Chlorotetraedron incus --
Page 6 of 12 Appendix A. List of Ekati Resident Species or Surrogate Taxa (Studies between 1994-2015)
Superfamily/ Category Class Order Subclass Family/ Subfamily Genus Species Common Name Notes Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Chroococcaceae Chroococcus dispersus -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Chroococcaceae Chroococcus limneticus -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Chroococcaceae Chroococcus spp. - - Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Chroococcaceae Chroococcus turgidus -- Phytoplankton Chrysophyceae Chromulinales - Chrysamoebaceae Chrysamoeba radians -- Phytoplankton Chrysophyceae Chromulinales - Chrysocapsaceae Chrysocapsa planktonica -- Phytoplankton Chrysophyceae Chromulinales - Chrysocapsaceae Chrysocapsella planctonica -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Merismopediaceae Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Merismopediaceae Coelosphaerium sp. - - Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Merismopediaceae Coelosphaerium subarcticum -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - Cosmioneidaceae Cosmioneis sp. - - Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Scenedesmaceae Crucigeniella irregularis -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Scenedesmaceae Crucigeniella rectangularis -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Scenedesmaceae Desmodesmus abundans -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Scenedesmaceae Desmodesmus armatus -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Scenedesmaceae Desmodesmus asymmetricus -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Scenedesmaceae Desmodesmus brasiliensis -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Scenedesmaceae Desmodesmus communis -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Scenedesmaceae Desmodesmus denticulatus -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Scenedesmaceae Desmodesmus dimorphus -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Scenedesmaceae Desmodesmus hystrix -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Scenedesmaceae Desmodesmus opoliensis -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Scenedesmaceae Desmodesmus spp. - - Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Scenedesmaceae Desmodesmus subspicatus -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - Cymbellaceae Encyonema spp. - - Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - Cymbellaceae Encyonopsis spp. - - Phytoplankton Chrysophyceae Chrysomonadales - Dinobryaceae Epipyxis gracilis -- Phytoplankton Chrysophyceae Chrysomonadales - Dinobryaceae Epipyxis sp. - - Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Microcystaceae Eucapsis sp. - - Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Cylindrocapsales - Cylindrocapsaceae Fusola viridis -- Phytoplankton Dinophyceae Gymnodiniales - Gymnodiniaceae Gyrodinium helveticum -- Phytoplankton Dinophyceae Gymnodiniales - Gymnodiniaceae Gyrodinium sp. - - Phytoplankton Xanthophyceae Heterogloeales - Heterogloeaceae Isthmochloron lobulatum -- Phytoplankton Cryptophyceae Cryptomonadales - Cryptomonadaceae Komma caudata -- Phytoplankton Cryptophyceae Cryptomonadales - Cryptomonadaceae Komma sp. - - Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Oscillatoriales - Pseudanabaenaceae Leptolyngbya spp. - - Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Merismopediaceae Merismopedia glauca -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Merismopediaceae Merismopedia punctata -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Merismopediaceae Merismopedia sp. - - Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Merismopediaceae Merismopedia tenuissima -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Oocystaceae Monoraphidium arcuatum -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Oocystaceae Monoraphidium contortum -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Oocystaceae Monoraphidium irregulare --
Page 7 of 12 Appendix A. List of Ekati Resident Species or Surrogate Taxa (Studies between 1994-2015)
Superfamily/ Category Class Order Subclass Family/ Subfamily Genus Species Common Name Notes Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Oocystaceae Monoraphidium komarkovae -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Oocystaceae Monoraphidium minutum -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Oocystaceae Monoraphidium tortile -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - Cymbellaceae Navicymbula - -- Phytoplankton Chrysophyceae Ochromonadales - Ochromonadaceae Ochromonas spp. - - Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Oscillatoriales - Phormidiaceae Phormidium granulatum -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Oscillatoriales - Phormidiaceae Phormidium sp. - - Phytoplankton Cryptophyceae Cryptomonadales - Cryptomonadaceae Plagioselmis nannoplanctica -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Oscillatoriales - Pseudanabaenaceae Planktolyngbya sp. - - Phytoplankton Chrysophyceae Chrysomonadales - Dinobryaceae Pseudokephyrion ellipsoideum -- Phytoplankton Chrysophyceae Chrysomonadales - Dinobryaceae Pseudokephyrion pseudospirale -- Phytoplankton Chrysophyceae Chrysomonadales - Dinobryaceae Pseudokephyrion spp. - - Phytoplankton Eustigmatophyceae Eustigmatales - Eustigmatales Pseudostaurastrum enorme -- Phytoplankton Cryptophyceae Cryptomonadales - Cryptomonadaceae Rhodomonas sp. - - Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - Rhopalodiaceae Rhopalodia sp. - - Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Zygnematales - Mesotaeniaceae Roya obtusa -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Zygnematales - Mesotaeniaceae Roya spp. - - Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Synechococcales - Coelosphaeriaceae Snowella arachoidea - - Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Merismopediaceae Snowella sp. - - Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Hydrodictyaceae Stauridium tetras - - Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Zygnematales - Desmidiaceae Staurodesmus crassus -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Zygnematales - Desmidiaceae Staurodesmus extensus -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Zygnematales - Desmidiaceae Staurodesmus glaber -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Zygnematales - Desmidiaceae Staurodesmus sp. - - Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Zygnematales - Desmidiaceae Staurodesmus triangularis -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Zygnematales - Desmidiaceae Staurodesmus triangularis -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - Fragilariaceae Staurosira construens - - Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - Fragilariaceae Staurosira spp. - - Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - Fragilariaceae Staurosirella spp. - - Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Stigonematales - Stigonemataceae Stigonema mamillosum -- Phytoplankton Euglenophyceae Euglenales - Euglenaceae Strombomonas sp. - - Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Synechococcaceae Synechococcus sp. - - Phytoplankton Chrysophyceae Chromulinales - Chromulinaceae Synuropsis janei -- Phytoplankton Xanthophyceae Heterococcales - Pleurochloridaceae Tetraedriella jovetti -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Chlorococcaceae Tetraselmis cordiformis -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Scenedesmaceae Tetrastrum komarekii -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Scenedesmaceae Tetrastrum sp. - - Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - Scenedesmaceae Tetrastrum triangulare -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae ------Phytoplankton Chrysophyceae ------Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales ------Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Centrales - Rhizosoleniaceae Urosolenia sp. - - Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Merismopediaceae Woronichinia naegeliana --
Page 8 of 12 Appendix A. List of Ekati Resident Species or Surrogate Taxa (Studies between 1994-2015)
Superfamily/ Category Class Order Subclass Family/ Subfamily Genus Species Common Name Notes Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - Merismopediaceae Woronichinia sp. - - Phytoplankton Xanthophyceae Heterococcales - - Ophiocytium - -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Oscillatoriales - - Spirulina - -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Oscillatoriales - - Pseudanabaena - -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Oscillatoriales - - Oscillatoria - -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Oscillatoriales - - Lyngbya - -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Nostocales - - Nostoc - -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Nostocales - - Aphanizomenon - -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Nostocales - - Anabaena - -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - - Marssoniella - -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - - Gomphosphaeria - -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - - Gloeothece - -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - - Gloeocapsa - -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - - Dactylococcopsis/Rhabdoderma - -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - - Dactylococcopsis - -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - - Chlorella zofingiensis - Surrogate 11 Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - - Anacystis - -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chroococcales - - Agmenellum - -- Phytoplankton Myxophyceae Chaemosiphonales - - Chaemosphon - -- Phytoplankton Euglenophyceae Euglenales - - Trachelomonas - -- Phytoplankton Euglenophyceae Euglenales - - Phacus - -- Phytoplankton Euglenophyceae Euglenales - - Euglena - -- Phytoplankton Dinophyceae Peridiniales - - Peridinium/Glenodinium - -- Phytoplankton Dinophyceae Peridiniales - - Peridinium - -- Phytoplankton Dinophyceae Gymnodiniales - - Gymnodinium - -- Phytoplankton Dinophyceae Dinokontae - - Ceratium - -- Phytoplankton Cryptophyceae Cryptomonadales - - Cryptomonas - -- Phytoplankton Cryptophyceae Cryptomonadales - - Chroomonas - -- Phytoplankton Chrysophyceae Rhizochrysidales - - Diceras - -- Phytoplankton Chrysophyceae Ochromonadales - - Uroglenopsis - -- Phytoplankton Chrysophyceae Ochromonadales - - Chrysosphaerella - -- Phytoplankton Chrysophyceae Chrysomonadales - - Synura - -- Phytoplankton Chrysophyceae Chrysomonadales - - Mallomonas - -- Phytoplankton Chrysophyceae Chrysomonadales - - Kephyrion/Pseudokephryion - -- Phytoplankton Chrysophyceae Chrysomonadales - - Dinobryon - -- Phytoplankton Chrysophyceae Chrysococcales - - Chrysococcus - -- Phytoplankton Chrysophyceae Chromulinales - - Hydrurus - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Zygnematales - - Zygnema - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Zygnematales - - Xanthidium - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Zygnematales - - Teilingia - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Zygnematales - - Staurastrum - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Zygnematales - - Spondylosium - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Zygnematales - - Spirogyra - --
Page 9 of 12 Appendix A. List of Ekati Resident Species or Surrogate Taxa (Studies between 1994-2015)
Superfamily/ Category Class Order Subclass Family/ Subfamily Genus Species Common Name Notes Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Zygnematales - - Pleurotaenium - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Zygnematales - - Netrium - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Zygnematales - - Mougeotia - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Zygnematales - - Hyalotheca - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Zygnematales - - Gonatozygon - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Zygnematales - - Euastrum - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Zygnematales - - Cylindrocystis - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Zygnematales - - Cosmarium - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Zygnematales - - Closterium - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Zygnematales - - Bambusina - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Zygnematales - - Arthrodesmus - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Volvocales - - Pandorina - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Volvocales - - Eudorina - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Volvocales - - Chlamydomonas - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Ulothricales - - Ulothrix - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Ulothricales - - Geminella - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Tetrasporales - - Tetraspora - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Tetrasporales - - Sphaerocystis - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Tetrasporales - - Gloeocystis - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Tetrasporales - - Elakatothrix - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Oedogoniales - - Oedogonium - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Oedogoniales - - Bulbochaete - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - - Treubaria - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - - Tetraedron - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - - Sorastrum - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - - Selenastrum - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - - Schroederia - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - - Scenedesmus - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - - Quadrigula - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - - Pediastrum - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - - Oocystis - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - - Nephrocytium - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - - Lagerheimia - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - - Kirchneriella - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - - Dictyosphaerium - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - - Crucigenia - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - - Coelastrum - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - - Closteriopsis - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - - Botryococcus - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chlorococcales - - Ankistrodesmus - -- Phytoplankton Chlorophyceae Chaetophorales - - Stigeoclonium - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Tabellaria - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Synedra - --
Page 10 of 12 Appendix A. List of Ekati Resident Species or Surrogate Taxa (Studies between 1994-2015)
Superfamily/ Category Class Order Subclass Family/ Subfamily Genus Species Common Name Notes Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Surirella - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Stauroneis - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Pleurosigma/Gyrosigma - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Pinnularia - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Nitzschia - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Neidium - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Navicula - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Meridion - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Licmophora - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Gomphonema - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Frustulia - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Fragilaria - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Eunotia - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Diploneis - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Diatoma - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Cymbella - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Cymatopleura - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Cocconeis - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Characium - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Ceratoneis - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Asterionella - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Amphora - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Amphipleura - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Pennales - - Achnanthes - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Centrales - - Stephanodiscus - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Centrales - - Rhizosolenia - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Centrales - - Melosira - -- Phytoplankton Bacillariophyceae Centrales - - Cyclotella - -- Zooplankton Rotifera (Phylum, unranked) Plioma - Brachionidae Notholca - -- Zooplankton Rotifera (Phylum, unranked) Plioma - Brachionidae Keratella - -- Zooplankton Rotifera (Phylum, unranked) Plioma - Brachionidae Kellicottia - -- Zooplankton Rotifera (Phylum, unranked) Plioma - Brachionidae Brachionus - Rotifer Surrogate 12 Zooplankton Rotifera (Phylum, unranked) - - - Testudinella - -- Zooplankton Rotifera (Phylum, unranked) - - - Synchaeta - -- Zooplankton Rotifera (Phylum, unranked) - - - Polyarthra - -- Zooplankton Rotifera (Phylum, unranked) - - - Pleosoma - -- Zooplankton Rotifera (Phylum, unranked) - - - Plautius - -- Zooplankton Rotifera (Phylum, unranked) - - - Mytilina - -- Zooplankton Rotifera (Phylum, unranked) - - - Monostyla - -- Zooplankton Rotifera (Phylum, unranked) - - - Lecane - -- Zooplankton Rotifera (Phylum, unranked) - - - Euchlanis - -- Zooplankton Rotifera (Phylum, unranked) - - - Conochilus - -- Zooplankton Rotifera (Phylum, unranked) - - - Asplanchna - --
Page 11 of 12 Appendix A. List of Ekati Resident Species or Surrogate Taxa (Studies between 1994-2015)
Superfamily/ Category Class Order Subclass Family/ Subfamily Genus Species Common Name Notes Zooplankton Maxillopdoa Copepoda - - nauplii - -- Zooplankton Maxillopdoa Copepoda - - Diacyclops - -- Zooplankton - Collothecacae - Collothecidae Collotheca - -- Zooplankton - - Bdelloidea - - - -- Zooplankton - Polima Monogononta Trichotriidae Trichotria Trichotria tetractis -- Zooplankton - Diplostraca Phyllopoda Bosminidae Eubosmina Eubosmina longispina -- Zooplankton - Diplostraca Phyllopoda Bosminidae Eubosmina Eubosmina sp. - - Zooplankton Maxillopdoa Copepoda - - Cyclopoida Nauplii - -- Zooplankton Maxillopdoa Copepoda - - Calanoida Nauplii - -- Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Branchiopoda Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia - -- Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera - Macrothricidae Ophyroxus - -- Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera - Ilyocryptidae Ilyocryptus - -- Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera - Holepediidae Holopedium - -- Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera - Daphniidae Daphnia - - Surrogate 13 Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera - Chydoridae Eurycercus - -- Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera - Chydoridae Chydorus - -- Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera - Chydoridae Alona - -- Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera - Chydoridae - - -- Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera - Bosminidae Bosmina - -- Zooplankton Branchiopoda - Notostraca Triopsidae Triops - -- Zooplankton Branchiopoda - Notostraca Triopsidae Lepidurus - --
1 Eudiaptomus belongs to the family Diaptomidae; species from this family are residents of Ekati. 2 No amphipods observed in Ekati freshwaters. However, Hyalella are present in other subarctic lakes near Ekati and may therefore be in lakes not yet studied at Ekati. Hyalella azteca are commonly used for toxicity testing in 3 Stenonema and the Ekati resident of the family Baetidae both belong to the order Ephemeroptera. Centroptilium are surrogates because they belong to the family Baetidae. 4 Species belonging to the genus Chironomus are surrogates because they belong to the family Chironomidae (which has resident species at Ekati). 5 Species belonging to the genus Physa are surrogates because they belong to the family Planorboidea (which has resident species at Ekati). 6 Species belonging to the genus Lumbriculus are surrogates because they belong to the family Lumbriculidae (which has resident species at Ekati). 7 Tubifex and the Ekati resident Chaetogaster and Nais belong to the family Tubificidae. 8 Surrogate for lower trophic level fish; surrogate for slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), lake chub (Couesius plumbeus), longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus), and ninespine stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) which belong to the same family (Cyprinidae) as lake chub and same order (Cypriniformes) as lake chub and longnose suckers. P. promelas is also widely used in toxicity testing investigations in Canada and the USA, and standardized methods have been developed for toxicological evaluation. 9 Surrogate for round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum), lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), and Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus). These species and rainbow trout (O. mykiss) are all non-anadromous salmonids, they are higher trophic level fish that have similar diets and live in cold water environments. 10 Surrogate for other macrophytes observed in Ekati freshwaters. In addition, duckweed is a commonly used plant for toxicity testing. 11 The Chlorella genus belongs to the same order (Chloroccocales) as many Ekati resident genera: Ankistrodesmus, Cotryococcus, Elakarthotrix, Pediastrum, Selenastrum, Chlamydomonas. 12 Brachionus and Ekati resident Kellicottia belong to the same family Brachionidae. 13 Surrogates D. longiremis, D. middendorffiana, D. Manga and D. Pulex are all within the same genus (Daphnia), which is located at Ekati.
Page 12 of 12
Appendix B
Ranking of Acute Toxicity Studies Considered in the Development of the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) for Chloride
EKATI DIAMOND MINE Short-term Site-specific Water Quality Objective for Chloride Appendix B. Ranking of Acute Toxicity Studies Considered in the Development of the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) for Chloride
EKATI Resident Test Threshold/ Effective Conc Hardness
Category Class Order Family Genus Species Species? Surrogate? Lifestage Duration Endpoint Effect (mg/L) (mg/L CaCO 3) pH Benthos Clitellata Lumbriculida Lumbriculidae Lumbriculus variegatus N Y adults 96 h LC50 Mortality 3,100 (2,759-3,483) 76 7.4-8.2
Benthos Clitellata Lumbriculida Lumbriculidae Lumbriculus variegatus N Y NR 96 h LC50 Mortality 5,408 296 7.98
Benthos Clitellata Haplotaxida Naididae Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri N Y NR 4 days LC50 Mortality 6,200 100 7.85
Benthos Clitellata Haplotaxida Naididae Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri N Y NR 3 days LC50 Mortality 6,800 100 7.85
Benthos Clitellata Haplotaxida Naididae Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri N Y NR 4 days LC50 Mortality 6,950 100 7.85
Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Naididae Tubifex tubifex N Y Mixed ages 96h LC50 Mortality 4,728 52 7.6
Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Naididae Tubifex tubifex N Y Mixed ages 96h LC50 Mortality 6,008 220 7.7
Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis tricaudatus Y - 4-6 mm length 48 h EC50 Immobilization 3,233 178 8.3
Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis tricaudatus Y - 4-6 mm length 48 h EC50 Immobilization 3,300 178 8.3
Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis tricaudatus Y - 4-6 mm length 48 h EC50 Immobilization 2,875 178 8.3
Benthos Insecta Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Hydroptila angusta N Y larvae 2 days LC50 Mortality 4,016 124 7.9-8.7
Benthos Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalellidae Hyalella azteca N Y 7-8 days 4 days LC50 Mortality 1,382 (1,276-1,496) 76 NR
Benthos Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalellidae Hyalella azteca N Y 7-14 dats 96 h LC50 Mortality 3,947 102.5 8.3 to 9.3
Benthos Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalellidae Hyalella azteca N Y 7-8 days 96 h LC50 Mortality 1,521 76 7.7 to 7.9
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Musculium transversum Y - juveniles 4 days LC50 Mortality 1,930 (1,655-2,251) 48 7.65-8.02
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Musculium transversum Y - juveniles 24h LC50 Mortality 1,930 48 7.9-8.1
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium simile Y - juveniles, 4.5- 6.5 mm 96h LC50 Mortality 740 51 7.8
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium simile Y - juveniles, 4.5- 6.5 mm 96h LC50 Mortality 1,100 192 7.9
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium simile Y - juveniles 4 days LC50 Mortality 740 (687-807) 51 7.65-8.02
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium sp. Y - NR 4 days LC50 Mortality 1,100 100 7.85
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium sp. Y - NR 4 days LC50 Mortality 1,150 20 7.3
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium tenue Y - NR 72h LC50 Mortality 1,250 100 7.85
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium tenue Y - NR 72h LC50 Mortality 1,250 20 7.3
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium tenue Y - NR 48h LC50 Mortality 1,950 100 7.85
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium tenue Y - NR 48h LC50 Mortality 1,550 20 7.3
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium tenue Y - NR 24h LC50 Mortality 2,250 100 7.85
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium tenue Y - NR 24h LC50 Mortality 2,400 20 7.3
Benthos Clitellata Arhynchobdellida Erpobdellidae Nephelopsis obsucra N Y 7cm length, 0.3 g weight 96h LC50 Mortality 4,310 290 8.03
Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Naididae Tubifex tubifex N Y Adult 96h LC50 Mortality 5,648 76 7.3-8.1
Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Naididae Tubifex tubifex N Y mixed ages 96h LC50 Mortality 4,278 (3,848-4,717) 52 7.65-8.02
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae /Planorbinae Gyraulus parvus Y - mixed age; 3-5 mm 4 days LC50 Mortality 3,078 (2,771-3,418) 56 7.65-8.02
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae /Planorbinae Gyraulus circumstriatus Y - NR 2 days LC50 Mortality >10,000 100 7.85
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae /Planorbinae Gyraulus circumstriatus Y - NR 1 day LC50 Mortality >10,000 100 7.85
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae /Planorbinae Gyraulus circumstriatus Y - NR 3 days LC50 Mortality 3,700 100 7.85
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/Physidae Physa gryina N Y NR 96h LC50 Mortality 2,540 100.1 7.41
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/Physidae Physa heterostropha N Y NR 96 h LC50 Mortality 2,487 20 7.3
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/Physidae Physa heterostropha N Y NR 96 h LC50 Mortality 3,094 100 7.85
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/Physidae Physa heterostropha N Y NR 96 h LC50 Mortality 3,761 100 7.85
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/Planorbinae Gyraulus parvus Y - mixed, 3-5mm 96 h LC50 Mortality 3,009 212 7.7
Notes Red highlighted studies are considered unacceptable and have been excluded from preparation of the SSD and SSWQO derivation. Y = Yes P = Primary N = No S = Secondary U = Unaaceptable
Page 1 of 12 Appendix B. Ranking of Acute Toxicity Studies Considered in the Development of the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) for Chloride
Dissolved O 2 Category Class Order Family Genus Species (mg/L) Temp (˚C) System Concentration Chemical Significant Reference Benthos Clitellata Lumbriculida Lumbriculidae Lumbriculus variegatus 5.4-8.5 22-24 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Elphick,J.R.F., K.D. Bergh, and H.C. Bailey. 2011. Chronic Toxicity of Chloride to Freshwater Species: Effects of Hardness and Implications for Water Quality Guidelines. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(1): 239-246. Benthos Clitellata Lumbriculida Lumbriculidae Lumbriculus variegatus 9.5 21.5 Renewal Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) ENVIRON International Corporation. 2009. Chloride toxicity test results. Prepared for: Iowa Water Pollution Control Association. Project Number: #20-22235A.
Benthos Clitellata Haplotaxida Naididae Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri NR 21 static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Wurtz,C.B., and C.H. Bridges. 1961. Preliminary Results From Macro-Invertebrate Bioassays. Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci.35:51-56.
Benthos Clitellata Haplotaxida Naididae Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri NR 21 static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Wurtz,C.B., and C.H. Bridges. 1961. Preliminary Results From Macro-Invertebrate Bioassays. Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci.35:51-56.
Benthos Clitellata Haplotaxida Naididae Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri NR 21 static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Wurtz,C.B., and C.H. Bridges. 1961. Preliminary Results From Macro-Invertebrate Bioassays. Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci.35:51-56.
Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Naididae Tubifex tubifex 7.7 22 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Naididae Tubifex tubifex 7.83 22 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis tricaudatus 8.6-9.9 13 Flowthrough Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Lowell, R.B., J.M. Culp, and F.J. Wrona. 1995. Toxicity testing with artificial stream: effects of differences in current velocity. Environ Toxicol Chem 14: 1209-1217.
Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis tricaudatus 8.6-9.9 13 Flowthrough Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Lowell, R.B., J.M. Culp, and F.J. Wrona. 1995. Toxicity testing with artificial stream: effects of differences in current velocity. Environ Toxicol Chem 14: 1209-1217.
Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis tricaudatus 7.9-8.8 13 Flowthrough Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Lowell, R.B., J.M. Culp, and F.J. Wrona. 1995. Toxicity testing with artificial stream: effects of differences in current velocity. Environ Toxicol Chem 14: 1209-1217.
Benthos Insecta Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Hydroptila angusta NR 12 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Hamilton,R.W., J.K. Buttner, and R.G. Brunetti. 1975. Lethal Levels of Sodium Chloride and Potassium Chloride for an Oligochaete, a Chironomid Midge, and a Caddisfly of Lake Michigan. Environ. Entomol.4(6): 1003-1006. Benthos Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalellidae Hyalella azteca 7.5 to 8.4 23 NR Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Elphick,J.R.F., K.D. Bergh, and H.C. Bailey. 2011. Chronic Toxicity of Chloride to Freshwater Species: Effects of Hardness and Implications for Water Quality Guidelines. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(1): 239-246. Benthos Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalellidae Hyalella azteca NR 23 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Lasier, P.J., P.V. Winger, and R.E. Reinert. 1997. Toxicity of Alkalinity to Hyalella azteca. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 59:807-814
Benthos Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalellidae Hyalella azteca 7.5 to 8.4 22 to 24 Renewal Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Rescan Environmental Services Ltd. 2007. Ekati Diamond Mine Proposed Discharge Criterion for the Sable Kimberlite Pipe Development. Toxicity Testing for Chloride: Appendix A- Data Report. Yellowknife, Northwest Territories and Vancouver, BC Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Musculium transversum 7.56-8.07 22 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Soucek,D.J., T.K. Linton, C.D. Tarr, A. Dickinson, N. Wickramanayake, C.G. Delos, and L.A. Cruz. 2011. Influence of Water Hardness and Sulfate on the Acute Toxicity of Chloride to Sensitive Freshwater Invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(4): 930-938. Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Musculium transversum 7.93-8.14 22 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) US EPA. 2010. Final report on acute and chronic toxicity of nitrate, nitrite, boron, manganese, fluoride, chloride and sulfate to several aquatic animal species. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Science and Technology, Health and Ecological Criteria Division, Region 5 Water Division. EPA-905-R-10-002. November 2010. Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium simile 7.91 21-23 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium simile 7.21 21-23 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium simile 7.56-8.07 22 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Soucek,D.J., T.K. Linton, C.D. Tarr, A. Dickinson, N. Wickramanayake, C.G. Delos, and L.A. Cruz. 2011. Influence of Water Hardness and Sulfate on the Acute Toxicity of Chloride to Sensitive Freshwater Invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(4): 930-938. Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium sp. NR 21 static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Wurtz,C.B., and C.H. Bridges. 1961. Preliminary Results From Macro-Invertebrate Bioassays. Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci.35:51-56.
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium sp. NR 21 static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Wurtz,C.B., and C.H. Bridges. 1961. Preliminary Results From Macro-Invertebrate Bioassays. Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci.35:51-56.
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium tenue NR 21 static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Wurtz,C.B., and C.H. Bridges. 1961. Preliminary Results From Macro-Invertebrate Bioassays. Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci.35:51-56.
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium tenue NR 21 static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Wurtz,C.B., and C.H. Bridges. 1961. Preliminary Results From Macro-Invertebrate Bioassays. Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci.35:51-56.
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium tenue NR 21 static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Wurtz,C.B., and C.H. Bridges. 1961. Preliminary Results From Macro-Invertebrate Bioassays. Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci.35:51-56.
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium tenue NR 21 static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Wurtz,C.B., and C.H. Bridges. 1961. Preliminary Results From Macro-Invertebrate Bioassays. Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci.35:51-56.
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium tenue NR 21 static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Wurtz,C.B., and C.H. Bridges. 1961. Preliminary Results From Macro-Invertebrate Bioassays. Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci.35:51-56.
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium tenue NR 21 static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Wurtz,C.B., and C.H. Bridges. 1961. Preliminary Results From Macro-Invertebrate Bioassays. Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci.35:51-56.
Benthos Clitellata Arhynchobdellida Erpobdellidae Nephelopsis obsucra 8.6 22.5 Static Renewal Measured Sodium Chloride (NaCL) ENVIRON International Corporation. 2009. Chloride toxicity test results. Prepared for: Iowa Water Pollution Control Association. Project Number: #20-22235A.
Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Naididae Tubifex tubifex 5.5-8.5 22-24 Static Measured Sodium Chloride (NaCL) Elphick,J.R.F., K.D. Bergh, and H.C. Bailey. 2011. Chronic Toxicity of Chloride to Freshwater Species: Effects of Hardness and Implications for Water Quality Guidelines. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(1): 239-246. Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Naididae Tubifex tubifex 7.56-8.07 22 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Soucek,D.J., T.K. Linton, C.D. Tarr, A. Dickinson, N. Wickramanayake, C.G. Delos, and L.A. Cruz. 2011. Influence of Water Hardness and Sulfate on the Acute Toxicity of Chloride to Sensitive Freshwater Invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(4): 930-938. Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae /Planorbinae Gyraulus parvus 7.56-8.07 22 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Soucek,D.J., T.K. Linton, C.D. Tarr, A. Dickinson, N. Wickramanayake, C.G. Delos, and L.A. Cruz. 2011. Influence of Water Hardness and Sulfate on the Acute Toxicity of Chloride to Sensitive Freshwater Invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(4): 930-938. Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae /Planorbinae Gyraulus circumstriatus NR 21 NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Wurtz,C.B., and C.H. Bridges. 1961. Preliminary Results From Macro-Invertebrate Bioassays. Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci.35:51-56.
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae /Planorbinae Gyraulus circumstriatus NR 21 NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Wurtz,C.B., and C.H. Bridges. 1961. Preliminary Results From Macro-Invertebrate Bioassays. Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci.35:51-56.
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae /Planorbinae Gyraulus circumstriatus NR 21 NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Wurtz,C.B., and C.H. Bridges. 1961. Preliminary Results From Macro-Invertebrate Bioassays. Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci.35:51-56.
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/Physidae Physa gryina 8.3 21.8 Flowthrough Measured Sodium Chloride Birge, W.J., J.A. Black, A.G. Westerman, T.M. Short, S.B. Taylor, D.M. Bruser, and E.D. Wallingford. 1985. Recommendations on numerical values for regulating iron and chloride concentrations for the purpose of protecting warm water species of aquatic life in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Memorandum of Agreement No. 5429. Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet. Lexington, KY. Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/Physidae Physa heterostropha NR 21 NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Wurtz,C.B., and C.H. Bridges. 1961. Preliminary Results From Macro-Invertebrate Bioassays. Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci.35:51-56.
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/Physidae Physa heterostropha NR 21 NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Wurtz,C.B., and C.H. Bridges. 1961. Preliminary Results From Macro-Invertebrate Bioassays. Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci.35:51-56.
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/Physidae Physa heterostropha NR 21 NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Wurtz,C.B., and C.H. Bridges. 1961. Preliminary Results From Macro-Invertebrate Bioassays. Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci.35:51-56.
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/Planorbinae Gyraulus parvus 7.67 21-23 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008.
Notes Red highlighted studies are considered unacceptable and have been excluded from preparation of the SSD and SSWQO derivation. Y = Yes P = Primary N = No S = Secondary U = Unaaceptable
Page 2 of 12 Appendix B. Ranking of Acute Toxicity Studies Considered in the Development of the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) for Chloride
Used in CCME Cl Primary or Guideline Secondary Category Class Order Family Genus Species Derivation? Source? Notes Benthos Clitellata Lumbriculida Lumbriculidae Lumbriculus variegatus YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Benthos Clitellata Lumbriculida Lumbriculidae Lumbriculus variegatus YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Benthos Clitellata Haplotaxida Naididae Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri N U Unreported lifestage, exposure system, and survival of control group
Benthos Clitellata Haplotaxida Naididae Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri N U Unreported lifestage, exposure system, and survival of control group
Benthos Clitellata Haplotaxida Naididae Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri N U Unreported lifestage, exposure system, and survival of control group
Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Naididae Tubifex tubifex YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Naididae Tubifex tubifex YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis tricaudatus YS Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis tricaudatus YS Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis tricaudatus YS Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Benthos Insecta Trichoptera Hydroptilidae Hydroptila angusta N U Unreported survival of control group
Benthos Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalellidae Hyalella azteca YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Benthos Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalellidae Hyalella azteca N S Ranking as reported in CCME (2011)
Benthos Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalellidae Hyalella azteca N P Ranking as reported in CCME (2011)
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Musculium transversum N S Static test system and unmeasured concentrations
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Musculium transversum N S Ranking as reported in CCME (2011)
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium simile YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium simile YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium simile N S Static test system and unmeasured concentrations
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium sp. N U Unreported survival of control group
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium sp. N U Unreported survival of control group
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium tenue N U Unreported survival of control group
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium tenue N U Unreported survival of control group
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium tenue N U Unreported survival of control group
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium tenue N U Unreported survival of control group
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium tenue N U Unreported survival of control group
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium tenue N U Unreported survival of control group
Benthos Clitellata Arhynchobdellida Erpobdellidae Nephelopsis obsucra N P Ranking as reported in CCME (2011)
Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Naididae Tubifex tubifex YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Naididae Tubifex tubifex N S Static test system and unmeasured concentrations
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae /Planorbinae Gyraulus parvus N S Static test system and unmeasured concentrations
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae /Planorbinae Gyraulus circumstriatus N U Unreported survival of control group
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae /Planorbinae Gyraulus circumstriatus N U Unreported survival of control group
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae /Planorbinae Gyraulus circumstriatus N U Unreported survival of control group
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/Physidae Physa gryina YS Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/Physidae Physa heterostropha N U Unreported survival of control group
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/Physidae Physa heterostropha N U Unreported survival of control group
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/Physidae Physa heterostropha N U Unreported survival of control group
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/Planorbinae Gyraulus parvus YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Notes Red highlighted studies are considered unacceptable and have been excluded from preparation of the SSD and SSWQO derivation. Y = Yes P = Primary N = No S = Secondary U = Unaaceptable
Page 3 of 12 Appendix B. Ranking of Acute Toxicity Studies Considered in the Development of the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) for Chloride
EKATI Resident Test Threshold/ Effective Conc Hardness
Category Class Order Family Genus Species Species? Surrogate? Lifestage Duration Endpoint Effect (mg/L) (mg/L CaCO 3) pH Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/Planorbinae Gyraulus parvus Y - mixed, 3-5mm 96 h LC50 Mortality 3,078 56 7.7
Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomus Chironomus dilutus N Y <24 hph 4 days LC50 Mortality 5,867 (5,452-6,313) 76 NR
Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomus Chironomus dilutus/tentants NY 2nd to 3rdinstar (9d old at testinitiation) 48 h LC50 Mortality 6,032 296 7.98
Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Ephemeridae Hexagenia sp. N Y 2 months old 48h LC50 Mortality 4,671 100 NR
Benthos Maxillopoda Calanoida Diaptomidae Eudiaptomus padanus N Y Adult,.0.3mm 48h LC50 Mortality 7,077 10033 7.2
Benthos Maxillopoda Cyclopoida Cyclopidae Cyclops abyssorum Y - adult, .62 mm 48h LC50 Mortality 12,385 17533 7.2
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss N Y fingerlings 96 H LC50 Mortality 9,886 119 8.06-8.46
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss N Y juveniles 4 days LC50 Mortality 6,030 (5,916-6,145) 40 7.01-7.44
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss N Y juveniles (100 days) 4 days LC50 Mortality T 6,094 (4,747-7,824) 46 7.65
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss N Y juveniles (21.0-22.9 g) 4 days LC50 Mortality 12,363 284 8.0
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Salvelinus namaycush Y - 15.3 cm 2 days LC50 Mortality T 10,000 140 8.2
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Salvelinus namaycush Y - 15.3 cm 2 days LC50 Mortality 6,066 130 8.2
Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas N Y larvae 96h LC50 Mortality 6,570 96.3 7.81
Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas N Y juvenile 96h LC50 Mortality 4,079 76 7.47
Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas N Y 1-7d 96h LC50 Mortality 4,223 84.8 7.5 - 9
Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas N Y NR 96h LC50 Mortality 4129 169.5 NR
Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas N Y NR 96h LC50 Mortality 4,167 81.4 NR
Fish Actinopterygii Gasterosteiformes Gasterosteidae Gasterosteus aculeatus N Y NR 96h LC50 Mortality 10,200 84.8 6.0 to 9.0
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia hyalina Y - adult, 1.27 mm 48 h LC50 Mortality 5,308 7533 7.2
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - neonate 48 h LC50 Mortality 2,529 41.5 7.74
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - neonate 48 h LC50 Mortality 2,806 45.3 7.74
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex Y - NR 2 days LC50 Mortality 892 92.8 7.83
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - < 24-hours 2 days LC50 Mortality 3,136 100 7.5-8.1
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - < 24-hours 2 days LC50 Mortality 3,222 100 7.5-8.1
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - < 24-hours 2 days LC50 Mortality 3,137 100 7.5-8.1
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - neonate 48 h LC50 Mortality 3,559 136 7.69
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - < 24-hours 2 days LC50 Mortality 3,630 (3,172-4,154) 98 7.6 - 8.0
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex Y - neonate (<24-hours old) 2 days LC50 Mortality (1,100-1,400) 84 NR
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia ambigua Y - neonate (24-48 hours old) 2 days EC50 Immobilization 1,213 63 8.11-8.66
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia ambigua Y - neonate 2 days LC50 Mortality 2,000 (1,810-2,200) 63 8.11-8.66
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - neonate 48 h LC50 Mortality 3,038 39.2 7.6-8
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - neonate 48 h LC50 Mortality 2,726 39.2 7.6-8
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - neonate 48 h LC50 Mortality 2,053 39.2 7.6-8
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - neonate 48 h LC50 Mortality 621 240 7.6
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - neonate 24h LC50 Immobilization 621 240 7.6
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - < 24-hours 24h LC50 Mortality 2,076 3014 7.5-9
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - < 24-hours 24h LC50 Mortality 1,131 1678 7.5-9
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - neonate 48 h LC50 Mortality 2,893 84.8 7.5-9
Notes Red highlighted studies are considered unacceptable and have been excluded from preparation of the SSD and SSWQO derivation. Y = Yes P = Primary N = No S = Secondary U = Unaaceptable
Page 4 of 12 Appendix B. Ranking of Acute Toxicity Studies Considered in the Development of the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) for Chloride
Dissolved O 2 Category Class Order Family Genus Species (mg/L) Temp (˚C) System Concentration Chemical Significant Reference Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/Planorbinae Gyraulus parvus 7.9 21-23 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomus Chironomus dilutus NR 23 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Elphick,J.R.F., K.D. Bergh, and H.C. Bailey. 2011. Chronic Toxicity of Chloride to Freshwater Species: Effects of Hardness and Implications for Water Quality Guidelines. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(1): 239-246. Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomus Chironomus dilutus/tentants 9.5 21.5 NR NR Sodium chloride (NaCl) ENVIRON International Corporation. 2009. Chloride toxicity test results. Prepared for: Iowa Water Pollution Control Association. Project Number: #20-22235A.
Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Ephemeridae Hexagenia sp. NR NR Sodium chloride Wang, N. and C.J. Ingersoll. 2010. Email to M. Nowierski December 20. Reference toxicity test data for NaCl and various aquatic invertebrates. United States Geological Survey.
Benthos Maxillopoda Calanoida Diaptomidae Eudiaptomus padanus air saturated 9.5-10.5 Static unmeasured Calcium chloride (CaCl2) Baudouin, M.F. and P. Scoppa. 1974. Acute toxicity of various metals to freshwater zooplankton. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 12 (6): 745-751.
Benthos Maxillopoda Cyclopoida Cyclopidae Cyclops abyssorum air saturated 9.5-10.5 Static unmeasured Calcium chloride (CaCl2) Baudouin, M.F. and P. Scoppa. 1974. Acute toxicity of various metals to freshwater zooplankton. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 12 (6): 745-751.
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss 9.9-10.1 14-16 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Dow, S., K. Pitts, P.N. Saucedo and K. Murray. 2010. Summary of Zequanox biobox trials at DeCew II Generation Facility, St. Catharine’s, Ontario, Canada. Prepared for Niagara Plant Group, Ontario Power Generation. December 13, 2010. Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss 8.7 14 NR Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Elphick,J .R.F., K.D. Bergh, and H.C. Bailey. 2011. Chronic Toxicity of Chloride to Freshwater Species: Effects of Hardness and Implications for Water Quality Guidelines. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 30(1): 239-246. Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss 10.8 9.8 NR Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Spehar,R.L. 1987. Criteria Document Data. Memo to C.Stephan, U.S.EPA, Duluth, MN:24 p.
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss 8-10 12-13.5 Renewal Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Vosyliene,M.Z., P. Baltrenas, and A. Kazlauskiene. 2006. Toxicity of Road Maintenance Salts to Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Ekologija2:15-20.
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Salvelinus namaycush NR 12 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Waller,D.L., S.W. Fisher, and H. Dabrowska. 1996. Prevention of Zebra Mussel Infestation and Dispersal During Aquaculture Operations. Prog. Fish-Cult.58(2): 77-84.
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Salvelinus namaycush NR 12 Static Unmeasured Calcium chloride (CaCl2) NR Waller,D.L., S.W. Fisher, and H. Dabrowska. 1996. Prevention of Zebra Mussel Infestation and Dispersal During Aquaculture Operations. Prog. Fish-Cult.58(2): 77-84.
Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas 7.9 21.7 Flowthrough Measured Sodium Chloride Birge, W.J., J.A. Black, A.G. Westerman, T.M. Short, S.B. Taylor, D.M. Bruser, and E.D. Wallingford. 1985. Recommendations on numerical values for regulating iron and chloride concentrations for the purpose of protecting warm water species of aquatic life in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Memorandum of Agreement No. 5429. Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet. Lexington, KY, USA. Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas 6.9 24 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Elphick,J.R.F., K.D. Bergh, and H.C. Bailey. 2011. Chronic Toxicity of Chloride to Freshwater Species: Effects of Hardness and Implications for Water Quality Guidelines. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(1): 239-246. Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas >40% saturation 25 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Mount, D.R., D.D. Gulley, J.R. Hockett, T.D. Garrison and J.M. Evans. 1997. Statistical models to predict the toxicity of major ions to Ceriodaphia dubia, Daphnia magna, and Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnows). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16: 2009-2019. Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas NR NR Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) WISLOH. 2007. Tables of Data (provided to C. Stephan, US EPA). Iowa Chloride Criteria Development Reference List. May 2009 Cited In: CCME Scientific Criteria Document for the Development of the Canadian Water Quality Guideline for the Protection of Aquatic Life- Chloride. 2011. Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas NR NR Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) WISLOH. 2007. Tables of Data (provided to C. Stephan, US EPA). Iowa Chloride Criteria Development Reference List. May 2009 Cited In: CCME Scientific Criteria Document for the Development of the Canadian Water Quality Guideline for the Protection of Aquatic Life- Chloride. 2011.
Fish Actinopterygii Gasterosteiformes Gasterosteidae Gasterosteus aculeatus NR 19-21 Renewed Measured Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Garibay, R. and S. Hall. 2004. Chloride Threshold Recommendations for the Protection of Aquatic Life in the Upper Santa Clara River. Attachment 8: NaCl Testing with Three-Spined Stickleback; Attachment 9: NaCl Testing with Chorus Frog Tadpoles. The Advent Group, Brentwood, TN, USA. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia hyalina air saturated 9.5-10.5 Static unmeasured Calcium chloride (CaCl2) Baudouin, M.F. and P. Scoppa. 1974. Acute toxicity of various metals to freshwater zooplankton. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 12 (6): 745-751.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna 9 18 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Biesinger, K.E., and G.M. Christensen. 1972. Effects of Various Metals on Survival, Growth, Reproduction, and Metabolism of Daphnia magna. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. 29(12):1691- 1700. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna 9 18 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Biesinger, K.E., and G.M. Christensen. 1972. Effects of Various Metals on Survival, Growth, Reproduction, and Metabolism of Daphnia magna. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. 29(12):1691- 1700. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex 8.7 20 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Birge,W.J., J.A. Black, A.G. Westerman, T.M. Short, S.B. Taylor, D.M. Bruser, and E.D. Wallingford. 1985. Recommendations on Numerical Values for Regulating Iron and Chloride Concentrations for the Purpose of Protecting Warmwater Species of Aquatic Life in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY:73 p. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna >80% sat 20 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Davies, T.D. and K.J. Hall. 2007. Importance of calcium in modifying the acute toxicity of sodium sulphate to Hyalella azteca and Daphnia magna . Environ Toxicol Chem 26:1243-1247.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna >80% sat 20 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Davies, T.D. and K.J. Hall. 2007. Importance of calcium in modifying the acute toxicity of sodium sulphate to Hyalella azteca and Daphnia magna . Environ Toxicol Chem 26:1243-1247.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna >80% sat 20 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Davies, T.D. and K.J. Hall. 2007. Importance of calcium in modifying the acute toxicity of sodium sulphate to Hyalella azteca and Daphnia magna . Environ Toxicol Chem 26:1243-1247.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna 8.7 20 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Dow, S., K. Pitts, P.N. Saucedo and K. Murray. 2010. Summary of Zequanox biobox trials at DeCew II Generation Facility, St. Catharine’s, Ontario, Canada. Prepared for Niagara Plant Group, Ontario Power Generation. December 13, 2010. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna 8.5 - 8.6 20 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Elphick,J.R.F., K.D. Bergh, and H.C. Bailey. 2011. Chronic Toxicity of Chloride to Freshwater Species: Effects of Hardness and Implications for Water Quality Guidelines. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(1): 239-246. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex NR NR NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Epsey,Huston & Associates Inc. 1989. The Effects of the Total Hardness on Potassium Dichromate and Sodium Dichloride Acute Toxicity to Daphnia pulex and Ceriodaphnia reticulata. EPA/OTS Doc.#40-84421610:2 p. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia ambigua 7.46-9.14 19-23 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Harmon,S.M., W.L. Specht, and G.T. Chandler. 2003. A Comparison of the Daphnids Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia ambigua for Their Utilization in Routine Toxicity Testing in the Southeastern United States. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.45(1): 79-85. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia ambigua 7.46-9.14 21 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Harmon,S.M., W.L. Specht, and G.T. Chandler. 2003. A Comparison of the Daphnids Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia ambigua for Their Utilization in Routine Toxicity Testing in the Southeastern United States. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.45(1): 79-85. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna NR 25 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Hoke,R.A., W.R. Gala, J.B. Drake, J.P. Giesy, and S. Flegler. 1992. Bicarbonate as a Potential Confounding Factor in Cladoceran Toxicity Assessments of Pore Water from Contaminated Sediments. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.49(8): 1633-1640. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna NR 25 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Hoke,R.A., W.R. Gala, J.B. Drake, J.P. Giesy, and S. Flegler. 1992. Bicarbonate as a Potential Confounding Factor in Cladoceran Toxicity Assessments of Pore Water from Contaminated Sediments. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.49(8): 1633-1640. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna NR 25 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Hoke,R.A., W.R. Gala, J.B. Drake, J.P. Giesy, and S. Flegler. 1992. Bicarbonate as a Potential Confounding Factor in Cladoceran Toxicity Assessments of Pore Water from Contaminated Sediments. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.49(8): 1633-1640. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna 5.6 13 Static unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Khangarot, B.S., and P.K. Ray. 1989. Investigation of Correlation Between Physicochemical Properties of Metals and Their Toxicity to the Water Flea Daphnia magna Straus. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 18(2):109-120. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna 5.6 13 Static unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Khangarot, B.S., and P.K. Ray. 1989. Investigation of Correlation Between Physicochemical Properties of Metals and Their Toxicity to the Water Flea Daphnia magna Straus. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 18(2):109-120. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna >40%Sat 20 Static Unmeasured Calcium chloride (CaCl2) NR Mount, D.R., D.D. Gulley, J.R. Hockett, T.D. Garrison and J.M. Evans. 1997. Statistical models to predict the toxicity of major ions to Ceriodaphia dubia, Daphnia magna, and Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnows). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16: 2009-2019. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna >40%Sat 20 Static Unmeasured Calcium chloride (CaCl2) NR Mount, D.R., D.D. Gulley, J.R. Hockett, T.D. Garrison and J.M. Evans. 1997. Statistical models to predict the toxicity of major ions to Ceriodaphia dubia, Daphnia magna, and Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnows). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16: 2009-2019. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna >40% saturation 20 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Mount, D.R., D.D. Gulley, J.R. Hockett, T.D. Garrison and J.M. Evans. 1997. Statistical models to predict the toxicity of major ions to Ceriodaphia dubia, Daphnia magna, and Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnows). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16: 2009-2019.
Notes Red highlighted studies are considered unacceptable and have been excluded from preparation of the SSD and SSWQO derivation. Y = Yes P = Primary N = No S = Secondary U = Unaaceptable
Page 5 of 12 Appendix B. Ranking of Acute Toxicity Studies Considered in the Development of the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) for Chloride
Used in CCME Cl Primary or Guideline Secondary Category Class Order Family Genus Species Derivation? Source? Notes Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/Planorbinae Gyraulus parvus YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomus Chironomus dilutus N P Ranking as reported in CCME (2011)
Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomus Chironomus dilutus/tentants N U Could not obtain original study to determine test conditions
Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Ephemeridae Hexagenia sp. Y U Could not obtain original study (email) to verify water conditions/test conditions
Benthos Maxillopoda Calanoida Diaptomidae Eudiaptomus padanus YS Original study confirms test conditions
Benthos Maxillopoda Cyclopoida Cyclopidae Cyclops abyssorum YS Original study confirms test conditions
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss N S Ranking as reported in CCME (2011)
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss N U Could not obtain original article to confirm test system
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss YS Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Salvelinus namaycush N U Original source does not confirm data
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Salvelinus namaycush N U Original source does not confirm data
Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas YS Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas N S Static test system and unmeasured concentrations
Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas YS Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas Y U Included in CCME derivation (CCME, 2011) but could not obtain original study to determine test conditions
Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas Y U Included in CCME derivation (CCME, 2011) but could not obtain original study to determine test conditions
Fish Actinopterygii Gasterosteiformes Gasterosteidae Gasterosteus aculeatus YS Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia hyalina YS Original study confirms test conditions
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna N S Original study confirmed test conditions. LC50 is result from NaCl test without food
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna N S Original study confirmed test conditions. LC50 is result from NaCl test with food
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex YS Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna N S Static test system and unmeasured concentrations
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna N S Static test system and unmeasured concentrations
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna N S Static test system and unmeasured concentrations
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna N S Ranking as reported in CCME (2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna N P Ranking as reported in CCME (2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex N U Could not obtain original study to determine test conditions
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia ambigua YS Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia ambigua N U This endpoint is from the same test as the EC50 listed above
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna N S Ranking as reported in CCME (2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna N S Ranking as reported in CCME (2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna N S Ranking as reported in CCME (2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna N S The 48-h EC50 and 24-h EC50 are from the same test. This endpoint should not be included.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna YS Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna N S Original study confirms test conditions
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna N S Original study confirms test conditions
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna N S Ranking as reported in CCME (2011)
Notes Red highlighted studies are considered unacceptable and have been excluded from preparation of the SSD and SSWQO derivation. Y = Yes P = Primary N = No S = Secondary U = Unaaceptable
Page 6 of 12 Appendix B. Ranking of Acute Toxicity Studies Considered in the Development of the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) for Chloride
EKATI Resident Test Threshold/ Effective Conc Hardness
Category Class Order Family Genus Species Species? Surrogate? Lifestage Duration Endpoint Effect (mg/L) (mg/L CaCO 3) pH Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex Y - neonate (24-48 hours old) 2 days LC50 Mortality 1,159 84.8 NR
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex Y - neonate (24-48 hours old) 2 days LC50 Mortality 1,775 84.8 NR
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex Y - neonate (24-48 hours old) 2 days LC50 Mortality 1,805 84.8 NR
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex Y - neonate (24-48 hours old) 2 days LC50 Mortality 2,242 84.8 NR
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex Y - neonate 2 days LC50 Mortality 1,760 28 6.05-9.12
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex Y - neonate 2 days LC50 Mortality 1,870 42 6.12-8.13
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex Y - neonate 2 days LC50 Mortality 1,910 18 6.69-8.69
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex Y - neonate 2 days LC50 Mortality 2,210 56 6.33-8.84
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex Y - neonate 2 days LC50 Mortality 2,480 10 5.81-7.99
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - neonate 48 h LC50 Mortality 2,669 169.5 8-9.2
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - < 24-hours 2 days LC50 Mortality 3,944 169.5 NR
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - < 24-hours 2 days LC50 Mortality 3,009 82.9 7.81
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - neonate (<12-hours old) 2 days LC50 Mortality 2400 102 8.4
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - neonate (<12-hours old) 2 days LC50 Mortality (>2,500-<3,000) 98 8.1
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - < 24-hours 2 days LC50 Mortality 1,068 (603-1,533) 80 NR
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia reticulata Y - neonate (<24-hours old) 2 days LC50 Mortality (1,100-1,400) 84 NR
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 767 49 7.9
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 861 50 see Notes.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 947 30 7.9
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 955 44 8.1
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 977 25 see Notes.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,007 25 8
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,109 280 8
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,130 96 8.1
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,195 194 8.1
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,199 290 7.8
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,206 280 8
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,214 281 8
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,240 283 8
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,250 100 see Notes.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,258 276 7.9
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,311 279 8
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,369 95 8
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,394 280 8.1
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,400 280 8
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,402 200 see Notes.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,491 400 8
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,500 280 8.2
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,589 400 see Notes.
Notes Red highlighted studies are considered unacceptable and have been excluded from preparation of the SSD and SSWQO derivation. Y = Yes P = Primary N = No S = Secondary U = Unaaceptable
Page 7 of 12 Appendix B. Ranking of Acute Toxicity Studies Considered in the Development of the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) for Chloride
Dissolved O 2 Category Class Order Family Genus Species (mg/L) Temp (˚C) System Concentration Chemical Significant Reference Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex NR NR Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Palmer et al. 2004 The Development of a Toxicity Database Using Freshwater Macroinvertebrates, and Its Application to the Protection of South African Water Resources. S. Afr. J. Sci. 100:643-650 (with attached Table 1). Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex NR NR Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Palmer et al. 2004 The Development of a Toxicity Database Using Freshwater Macroinvertebrates, and Its Application to the Protection of South African Water Resources. S. Afr. J. Sci. 100:643-650 (with attached Table 1). Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex NR NR Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Palmer et al. 2004 The Development of a Toxicity Database Using Freshwater Macroinvertebrates, and Its Application to the Protection of South African Water Resources. S. Afr. J. Sci. 100:643-650 (with attached Table 1). Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex NR NR Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Palmer et al. 2004 The Development of a Toxicity Database Using Freshwater Macroinvertebrates, and Its Application to the Protection of South African Water Resources. S. Afr. J. Sci. 100:643-650 (with attached Table 1). Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex 5.9-9.8 16.9-23.2 NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Robison,A.L. 2011. Influence of Predation-Based Chemical Cues on Contaminant Sensitivity in Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) and Daphnia pulex. M.S Thesis, Oklahoma State University, OK:52 p. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex 6.9-11.1 17.1-22.3 NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Robison,A.L. 2011. Influence of Predation-Based Chemical Cues on Contaminant Sensitivity in Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) and Daphnia pulex. M.S Thesis, Oklahoma State University, OK:52 p. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex 5.9-8.5 21.8-23.4 NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Robison,A.L. 2011. Influence of Predation-Based Chemical Cues on Contaminant Sensitivity in Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) and Daphnia pulex. M.S Thesis, Oklahoma State University, OK:52 p. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex 7.5-9.6 16.6-25.7 NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Robison,A.L. 2011. Influence of Predation-Based Chemical Cues on Contaminant Sensitivity in Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) and Daphnia pulex. M.S Thesis, Oklahoma State University, OK:52 p. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex 6.0-9.6 16.3-24.3 NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Robison,A.L. 2011. Influence of Predation-Based Chemical Cues on Contaminant Sensitivity in Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas) and Daphnia pulex. M.S Thesis, Oklahoma State University, OK:52 p. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna >90% saturation NR Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Seymour, D.T., A.G. Verbeek, S.E. Hrudey, and P.M. Fedorak. 1997. Acute Toxicity and Aqueous Solubility of Some Condensed Thiophenes and Their Microbial Metabolites. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16:658-665. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna NR NR Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) WISLOH. 2007. Tables of Data (provided to C. Stephan, US EPA). Iowa Chloride Criteria Development Reference List. May 2009 Cited In: CCME Scientific Criteria Document for the Development of the Canadian Water Quality Guideline for the Protection of Aquatic Life- Chloride. 2011. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna >5.0 19-21 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Valenti,T.W., D.S. Cherry, R.J. Neves, B.A. Locke, and J.J. Schmerfeld. 2006. Case Study: Sensitivity of Mussel Glochidia and Regulatory Test Organisms to Mercury and a Reference Toxicant. In: J.L.Farris and J.H.Van Hassel (Eds.), Freshwater Bivalve Ecotoxicology,SETAC, Pensacola, FL14:351-367. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8.6 26.4 NR Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Cowgill,U.M., and D.P. Milazzo. 1991. The Response of the Three Brood Ceriodaphnia Test to Fifteen Formulations and Pure Compounds in Common Use. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.21(1): 35-40.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8 26.6 NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Cowgill,U.M., and D.P. Milazzo. 1991. Demographic Effects of Salinity, Water Hardness and Carbonate Alkalinity on Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia. Arch. Hydrobiol.122(1): 33-56.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia NR 25 NR Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Elphick,J.R.F., K.D. Bergh, and H.C. Bailey. 2011. Chronic Toxicity of Chloride to Freshwater Species: Effects of Hardness and Implications for Water Quality Guidelines. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(1): 239-246. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia reticulata NR NR NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Epsey,Huston & Associates Inc. 1989. The Effects of the Total Hardness on Potassium Dichromate and Sodium Dichloride Acute Toxicity to Daphnia pulex and Ceriodaphnia reticulata. EPA/OTS Doc.#40-84421610:2 p. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.81 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia NR NR NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.83 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.69 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia NR NR NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.61 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8.54 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.76 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.43 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.42 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8.27 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.65 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.32 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia NR NR NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.5 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.48 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.72 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8.21 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8.36 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia NR NR NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8.28 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8.21 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia NR NR NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008.
Notes Red highlighted studies are considered unacceptable and have been excluded from preparation of the SSD and SSWQO derivation. Y = Yes P = Primary N = No S = Secondary U = Unaaceptable
Page 8 of 12 Appendix B. Ranking of Acute Toxicity Studies Considered in the Development of the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) for Chloride
Used in CCME Cl Primary or Guideline Secondary Category Class Order Family Genus Species Derivation? Source? Notes Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex YU Could not obtain original study to determine test conditions
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex YU Could not obtain original study to determine test conditions
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex YU Could not obtain original study to determine test conditions
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex YU Could not obtain original study to determine test conditions
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex N U Could not obtain original study to determine test system and conditions
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex N U Could not obtain original study to determine test system and conditions
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex N U Could not obtain original study to determine test system and conditions
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex N U Could not obtain original study to determine test system and conditions
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex N U Could not obtain original study to determine test system and conditions
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna N S Original study confimed test conditions. NaCl used as reference toxicant in the study.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna N S Ranking as reported in CCME (2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna N S Ranking as reported in CCME (2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y S Original paper confirmed test conditions. LC50 based on estimated concentration presented in a graph.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YU Could not obtain original article to confirm effect concentration
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia reticulata N U Could not obtain original article to confirm effect concentration
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y U Effect concentration is the average of two results already presented in this table
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y U Effect concentration is the average of two results already presented in this table
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y U Effect concentration is the average of two results already presented in this table
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y U Effect concentration is the average of two results already presented in this table
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y U Effect concentration is the average of two results already presented in this table
Notes Red highlighted studies are considered unacceptable and have been excluded from preparation of the SSD and SSWQO derivation. Y = Yes P = Primary N = No S = Secondary U = Unaaceptable
Page 9 of 12 Appendix B. Ranking of Acute Toxicity Studies Considered in the Development of the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) for Chloride
EKATI Resident Test Threshold/ Effective Conc Hardness
Category Class Order Family Genus Species Species? Surrogate? Lifestage Duration Endpoint Effect (mg/L) (mg/L CaCO 3) pH Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,609 180 8
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,652 560 7.9
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,720 280 81
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,764 800 8
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,779 600 see Notes.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,836 800 see Notes.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,907 570 8
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,909 792 8.2
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,987 375 7.9
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 1,179 278 8
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - neonate (<24-hours old) 2 days LC50 Mortality 447 39.2 NR
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - neonate (<24-hours old) 2 days LC50 Mortality 507 39.2 NR
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - neonate (<24-hours old) 2 days LC50 Mortality 861 47 7.65-8.02
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - neonate (<24-hours old) 2 days LC50 Mortality 1,402 187 7.65-8.02
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - neonate (<24-hours old) 2 days LC50 Mortality 977 28 7.65-8.02
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - neonate (<24-hours old) 2 days LC50 Mortality 1,317 282 7.65-8.02
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - neonate (<24-hours old) 2 days LC50 Mortality 1,489 278 7.65-8.02
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - < 24-hours 48 H LC50 Mortality 2,330 82.9 7.81-7.84
Zooplankton Monogononta (Rotifera) Plioma Brachionidae Brachionus calyciflorus N Y <4 hph 24 hours LC50 Mortality 1,645 (1,5881-1,703) 80 NR
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - <24 h neonates 2 d LC50 Mortality 1,044 90 7.84-8.14
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss N Y Juvenile 4 d LC50 Mortality 6,030 90 7 - 7.44
Benthos Clitellata Lumbriculida Oligochaeta Lumbriculus variegates Y - adult 4 d LC50 Mortality 3,100 90 7.2 - 8.2
Zooplankton Monogononta (Rotifera) Plioma Brachionidae Brachionus calyciflorus N Y < 4 post hatch 1 d LC50 Mortality 1,645 90 7.80 - 7.94
Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomus Chironomus tentans N Y 3rd instar larvae 4 d LC50 Mortality 5,867 90 7.2 - 7.9
Benthos Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalellidae Hyalella azteca N Y 7 - 8 days 4 d LC50 Mortality 1,383 90 7.7. - 7.9
Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Adult Tubifex tubifex N Y adult 4 d LC50 Mortality 5,648 90 7.3 - 8.1
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - < 24 h neonates 2 d LC50 Mortality 7,155 90 7.6 - 8
Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas N Y Juvenile 4 d LC50 Mortality 4,079 90 7.47 - 8.03
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - <24 h neonates 2 d LC50 Mortality 1,519 90 7.4 - 7.8
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - < 24 h neonates 2 d LC50 Mortality 2,953 90 7.4 - 7.8
Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Centroptilium triangulifer N Y < 24 h neonates 2 d LC50 Mortality 400 90 7.4 - 7.8
Notes Red highlighted studies are considered unacceptable and have been excluded from preparation of the SSD and SSWQO derivation. Y = Yes P = Primary N = No S = Secondary U = Unaaceptable
Page 10 of 12 Appendix B. Ranking of Acute Toxicity Studies Considered in the Development of the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) for Chloride
Dissolved O 2 Category Class Order Family Genus Species (mg/L) Temp (˚C) System Concentration Chemical Significant Reference Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.91 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8.06 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8.5 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.94 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia NR NR NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia NR NR NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.79 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.42 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.55 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.2 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia NR 25 NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Hoke,R.A., W.R. Gala, J.B. Drake, J.P. Giesy, and S. Flegler. 1992. Bicarbonate as a Potential Confounding Factor in Cladoceran Toxicity Assessments of Pore Water from Contaminated Sediments. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.49(8): 1633-1640. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia NR 25 NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Hoke,R.A., W.R. Gala, J.B. Drake, J.P. Giesy, and S. Flegler. 1992. Bicarbonate as a Potential Confounding Factor in Cladoceran Toxicity Assessments of Pore Water from Contaminated Sediments. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.49(8): 1633-1640. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.56-8.07 25 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Soucek,D.J., T.K. Linton, C.D. Tarr, A. Dickinson, N. Wickramanayake, C.G. Delos, and L.A. Cruz. 2011. Influence of Water Hardness and Sulfate on the Acute Toxicity of Chloride to Sensitive Freshwater Invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(4): 930-938. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.56-8.07 25 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Soucek,D.J., T.K. Linton, C.D. Tarr, A. Dickinson, N. Wickramanayake, C.G. Delos, and L.A. Cruz. 2011. Influence of Water Hardness and Sulfate on the Acute Toxicity of Chloride to Sensitive Freshwater Invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(4): 930-938. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.56-8.07 25 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Soucek,D.J., T.K. Linton, C.D. Tarr, A. Dickinson, N. Wickramanayake, C.G. Delos, and L.A. Cruz. 2011. Influence of Water Hardness and Sulfate on the Acute Toxicity of Chloride to Sensitive Freshwater Invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(4): 930-938. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.56-8.07 25 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Soucek,D.J., T.K. Linton, C.D. Tarr, A. Dickinson, N. Wickramanayake, C.G. Delos, and L.A. Cruz. 2011. Influence of Water Hardness and Sulfate on the Acute Toxicity of Chloride to Sensitive Freshwater Invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(4): 930-938. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.56-8.07 25 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Soucek,D.J., T.K. Linton, C.D. Tarr, A. Dickinson, N. Wickramanayake, C.G. Delos, and L.A. Cruz. 2011. Influence of Water Hardness and Sulfate on the Acute Toxicity of Chloride to Sensitive Freshwater Invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(4): 930-938. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia >5.0 20 NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Valenti,T.W., D.S. Cherry, R.J. Neves, B.A. Locke, and J.J. Schmerfeld. 2006. Case Study: Sensitivity of Mussel Glochidia and Regulatory Test Organisms to Mercury and a Reference Toxicant. In: J.L.Farris and J.H.Van Hassel (Eds.), Freshwater Bivalve Ecotoxicology,SETAC, Pensacola, FL14:351-367. Zooplankton Monogononta (Rotifera) Plioma Brachionidae Brachionus calyciflorus NR 25 NR Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) NR Elphick,J.R.F., K.D. Bergh, and H.C. Bailey. 2011. Chronic Toxicity of Chloride to Freshwater Species: Effects of Hardness and Implications for Water Quality Guidelines. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(1): 239-246. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.3-8.7 25 renewal Nominal Sodium chloride (NaCl) Nautilus Environmental. 2007. Toxicity Testing for Chloride: EKATI Diamond Mine. Prepared for Rescan Environmental Services Ltd., January 2007
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss 8.7 - 9.9 14 renewal Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Nautilus Environmental. 2007. Toxicity Testing for Chloride: EKATI Diamond Mine. Prepared for Rescan Environmental Services Ltd., January 2007
Benthos Clitellata Lumbriculida Oligochaeta Lumbriculus variegates 5.4 - 8.9 23 renewal Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Nautilus Environmental. 2007. Toxicity Testing for Chloride: EKATI Diamond Mine. Prepared for Rescan Environmental Services Ltd., January 2007
Zooplankton Monogononta (Rotifera) Plioma Brachionidae Brachionus calyciflorus 7.9 - 8.4 25 static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Nautilus Environmental. 2007. Toxicity Testing for Chloride: EKATI Diamond Mine. Prepared for Rescan Environmental Services Ltd., January 2007
Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomus Chironomus tentans 5.8 - 8.3 23 renewal Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Nautilus Environmental. 2007. Toxicity Testing for Chloride: EKATI Diamond Mine. Prepared for Rescan Environmental Services Ltd., January 2007
Benthos Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalellidae Hyalella azteca 7.5 - 8.4 23 renewal Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Nautilus Environmental. 2007. Toxicity Testing for Chloride: EKATI Diamond Mine. Prepared for Rescan Environmental Services Ltd., January 2007
Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Adult Tubifex tubifex 5.4 - 8.9 23 renewal Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Nautilus Environmental. 2007. Toxicity Testing for Chloride: EKATI Diamond Mine. Prepared for Rescan Environmental Services Ltd., January 2007
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna 8.4 - 8.8 20 renewal Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Nautilus Environmental. 2007. Toxicity Testing for Chloride: EKATI Diamond Mine. Prepared for Rescan Environmental Services Ltd., January 2007
Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas 6.9 - 9.2 25 renewal Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Nautilus Environmental. 2007. Toxicity Testing for Chloride: EKATI Diamond Mine. Prepared for Rescan Environmental Services Ltd., January 2007
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia NR NR renewal Nominal Sodium chloride (NaCl) Struewing, K.A., et al. 2015. Part 2: Sensitivity comparisons of the mayfly Centroptilum triangulifer to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna using standard reference toxicants; NaCl, KCl, and CuSO4. Chemosphere 139:597-603. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna NR NR renewal Nominal Sodium chloride (NaCl) Struewing, K.A., et al. 2015. Part 2: Sensitivity comparisons of the mayfly Centroptilum triangulifer to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna using standard reference toxicants; NaCl, KCl, and CuSO4. Chemosphere 139:597-603. Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Centroptilium triangulifer NR NR renewal Nominal Sodium chloride (NaCl) Struewing, K.A., et al. 2015. Part 2: Sensitivity comparisons of the mayfly Centroptilum triangulifer to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna using standard reference toxicants; NaCl, KCl, and CuSO4. Chemosphere 139:597-603.
Notes Red highlighted studies are considered unacceptable and have been excluded from preparation of the SSD and SSWQO derivation. Y = Yes P = Primary N = No S = Secondary U = Unaaceptable
Page 11 of 12 Appendix B. Ranking of Acute Toxicity Studies Considered in the Development of the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) for Chloride
Used in CCME Cl Primary or Guideline Secondary Category Class Order Family Genus Species Derivation? Source? Notes Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y U Effect concentration is the average of two results already presented in this table
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y U Effect concentration is the average of two results already presented in this table
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YS Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia YS Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia N S Static test system and unmeasured concentrations
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia N S Static test system and unmeasured concentrations
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia N S Static test system and unmeasured concentrations
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia N S Static test system and unmeasured concentrations
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia N S Static test system and unmeasured concentrations
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia N U Could not obtain original study to determine test system
Zooplankton Monogononta (Rotifera) Plioma Brachionidae Brachionus calyciflorus YP Included in CCME guideline derivation (CCME, 2011)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia N P Excluded because this is the same data point as in Elphick et al. 2011
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss N P Excluded because this is the same data point as in Elphick et al. 2011
Benthos Clitellata Lumbriculida Oligochaeta Lumbriculus variegates N P Excluded because this is the same data point as in Elphick et al. 2011
Zooplankton Monogononta (Rotifera) Plioma Brachionidae Brachionus calyciflorus N P Excluded because this is the same data point as in Elphick et al. 2011
Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomus Chironomus tentans N P Excluded because this is the same data point as in Elphick et al. 2011
Benthos Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalellidae Hyalella azteca N P Excluded because this is the same data point as in Elphick et al. 2011
Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Adult Tubifex tubifex N P Excluded because this is the same data point as in Elphick et al. 2011
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna N P Excluded because this is the same data point as in Elphick et al. 2011
Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas N P Excluded because this is the same data point as in Elphick et al. 2011
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia NS
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna NS
Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Centroptilium triangulifer NS
Notes Red highlighted studies are considered unacceptable and have been excluded from preparation of the SSD and SSWQO derivation. Y = Yes P = Primary N = No S = Secondary U = Unaaceptable
Page 12 of 12
Appendix C
Toxicity Data Points Used in the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) to Determine the Short-term SSWQO for Chloride
EKATI DIAMOND MINE Short-term Site-specific Water Quality Objective for Chloride Appendix C. Toxicity Data Points Used in the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) to Determine the Short-term SSWQO for Chloride
EKATI Hardness Effect Conc. (mg/L) Resident Test (mg/L Threshold/ Effective Conc Normalized to 30 mg/L Species Effect Conc. for Species Effect Conc. Species Effect Conc. (95%
Category Class Order Family Genus Species Species? Surrogate? Lifestage Duration Endpoint Effect CaCO 3) (mg/L) CaCO 3 SSD (Standard deviation) Confidence Interval) Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis tricaudatus Y - 4-6 mm length 48 h EC50 Immobilization 178 3,233 1,905.18
Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis tricaudatus Y - 4-6 mm length 48 h EC50 Immobilization 178 3,300 1,944.66
Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis tricaudatus Y - 4-6 mm length 48 h EC50 Immobilization 178 2,875 1,694.21 1,844.66 134.65 152.37
Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Centroptilium triangulifer N Y < 24 h neonates 2 d LC50 Mortality 90 400 288.64 288.64 - -
Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomus Chironomus dilutus N Y <24 hph 4 days LC50 Mortality 76 5,867 4,451.63 4,451.63 - -
Benthos Maxillopoda Cyclopoida Cyclopidae Cyclops abyssorum Y - adult, .62 mm 48h LC50 Mortality 17533 12,385 1,867.14 2,134.41 - -
Benthos Maxillopoda Calanoida Diaptomidae Eudiaptomus padanus N Y Adult,.0.3mm 48h LC50 Mortality 10033 7,077 1,259.30 1,422.79 - -
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/ Gyraulus parvus Y - mixed age; 3-5 mm 4 days LC50 Mortality 56 3,078 3,078.00 Planorbinae Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/ Gyraulus parvus Y - mixed, 3-5mm 96 h LC50 Mortality 212 3,009 3,009.00 Planorbinae Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/ Gyraulus parvus Y - mixed, 3-5mm 96 h LC50 Mortality 56 3,078 3,078.00 3,043.30 48.79 67.62 Planorbinae Benthos Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalellidae Hyalella azteca N Y 7-14 dats 96 h LC50 Mortality 102.5 3,947 2,740.23
Benthos Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalellidae Hyalella azteca N Y 7-8 days 4 days LC50 Mortality 76 1,382 1,048.60
Benthos Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalellidae Hyalella azteca N Y 7-8 days 96 h LC50 Mortality 76 1,521 1,154.07 1,100.07 74.58 103.36
Benthos Clitellata Lumbriculida Lumbriculidae Lumbriculus variegatus N Y adults 96 h LC50 Mortality 76 3,100 2,352.15
Benthos Clitellata Lumbriculida Lumbriculidae Lumbriculus variegatus N Y NR 96 h LC50 Mortality 296 5,408 2,740.11 2,352.15 - -
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Musculium transversum Y - juveniles 4 days LC50 Mortality 48 1,930 1,678.55
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Musculium transversum Y - juveniles 24h LC50 Mortality 48 1,930 1,678.55 1,678.55 - -
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/ Physa gryina N Y NR 96h LC50 Mortality 100.1 2,540 1,775.86 1,775.86 - - Physidae Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium simile Y - juveniles, 4.5- 6.5 mm 96h LC50 Mortality 51 740 632.10
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium simile Y - juveniles, 4.5- 6.5 mm 96h LC50 Mortality 192 1,100 633.81
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium simile Y - juveniles 4 days LC50 Mortality 51 740 632.10 632.95 1.20 1.67
Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Naididae Tubifex tubifex N Y Mixed ages 96h LC50 Mortality 220 6,008 3,324.57
Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Naididae Tubifex tubifex N Y Mixed ages 96h LC50 Mortality 52 4,728 4,015.41
Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Naididae Tubifex tubifex N Y adult 96h LC50 Mortality 76 5,648 4,285.47
Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Naididae Tubifex tubifex N Y mixed ages 96h LC50 Mortality 52 4,278 3,633.23 3,324.57 - -
Fish Actinopterygii Gasterosteiformes Gasterosteidae Gasterosteus aculeatus N Y NR 96h LC50 Mortality 84.8 10,200 7,491.55 7,491.55 - -
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss N Y fingerlings 96h LC50 Mortality 119 9,886 6,565.81
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss N Y juveniles 4 days LC50 Mortality 40 6,030 5,536.18
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss N Y juveniles (21.0-22.9 g) 4 days LC50 Mortality 284 12,363 6,341.52 5,536.18 - -
Notes: Italicized studies are duplicates and have been removed from the geomean calculation Green shading indicates key information for the derivation of the chloride Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD)
Page 1 of 9 Appendix C. Toxicity Data Points Used in the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) to Determine the Short-term SSWQO for Chloride
Dissolved O 2 Category Class Order Family Genus Species Notes pH (mg/L) Temp (˚C) System Concentration Chemical Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis tricaudatus studies comparable, took geomean 8.3 8.6-9.9 13 Flowthrough Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis tricaudatus 8.3 8.6-9.9 13 Flowthrough Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis tricaudatus 8.3 7.9-8.8 13 Flowthrough Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Centroptilium triangulifer 7.4 - 7.8 NR NR renewal Nominal Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomus Chironomus dilutus NR NR 23 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Benthos Maxillopoda Cyclopoida Cyclopidae Cyclops abyssorum 7.2 air saturated 9.5-10.5 Static unmeasured Calcium chloride (CaCl 2)
Benthos Maxillopoda Calanoida Diaptomidae Eudiaptomus padanus 7.2 air saturated 9.5-10.5 Static unmeasured Calcium chloride (CaCl 2)
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/ Gyraulus parvus studies comparable, took geomean. GLEC (2008) data excluded from geomean 7.65-8.02 7.56-8.07 22 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Planorbinae calculation as a repeat of data from Soucek et al (2011). Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/ Gyraulus parvus 7.7 7.67 21-23 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Planorbinae Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/ Gyraulus parvus 7.7 7.9 21-23 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Planorbinae Benthos Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalellidae Hyalella azteca same lifestage,studies comparable, took geomean. Excluded Lasier et al (1997) 8.3 to 9.3 NR 23 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) study from geomean based on elevated pH and different test system setup. Benthos Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalellidae Hyalella azteca NR 7.5 to 8.4 23 NR Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Benthos Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalellidae Hyalella azteca 7.7 to 7.9 7.5 to 8.4 22 to 24 Renewal Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Benthos Clitellata Lumbriculida Lumbriculidae Lumbriculus variegatus Lifestage was not reported in one study. All studies were recent (2008+); As a 7.4-8.2 5.4-8.5 22-24 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) measure of conservatism the lowest effect concentration was considered the Benthos Clitellata Lumbriculida Lumbriculidae Lumbriculus variegatus representative effect concentration for the species. 7.98 9.5 21.5 Renewal Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Musculium transversum Same effect concentration in both studies 7.65-8.02 7.56-8.07 22 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Musculium transversum 7.9-8.1 7.93-8.14 22 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/ Physa gryina 7.41 8.3 21.8 Flowthrough Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) Physidae Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium simile Studies comparable, took geomean. GLEC (2008) data excluded from geomean 7.8 7.91 21-23 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) calculation as a repeat of data from Soucek et al (2011). Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium simile 7.9 7.21 21-23 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium simile 7.65-8.02 7.56-8.07 22 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Naididae Tubifex tubifex Lifestage differs between studies. All studies were recent (2008+);As a 7.7 7.83 22 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) measure of conservatism, the lowest of the effect concentrations was chosen to Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Naididae Tubifex tubifex represent the species . 7.6 7.7 22 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Naididae Tubifex tubifex 7.3-8.1 5.5-8.5 22-24 Static Measured Sodium Chloride (NaCL)
Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Naididae Tubifex tubifex 7.65-8.02 7.56-8.07 22 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Fish Actinopterygii Gasterosteiformes Gasterosteidae Gasterosteus aculeatus 6.0 to 9.0 NR 19-21 Renewel Measured Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss Studies variable with respect to test chemical and test conditions . As a 8.06-8.46 9.9-10.1 14-16 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl measure of conservatism, the lowest of the effect concentrations was chosen to Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss represent the species . 7.01-7.44 8.7 14 NR Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss 8.0 8-10 12-13.5 Renewal Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Notes: Italicized studies are duplicates and have been removed from the geomean calculation Green shading indicates key information for the derivation of the chloride Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD)
Page 2 of 9 Appendix C. Toxicity Data Points Used in the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) to Determine the Short-term SSWQO for Chloride
Category Class Order Family Genus Species Reference Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis tricaudatus Lowell, R.B., J.M. Culp, and F.J. Wrona. 1995. Toxicity testing with artificial stream: effects of differences in current velocity. Environ Toxicol Chem 14: 1209-1217.
Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis tricaudatus Lowell, R.B., J.M. Culp, and F.J. Wrona. 1995. Toxicity testing with artificial stream: effects of differences in current velocity. Environ Toxicol Chem 14: 1209-1217.
Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Baetis tricaudatus Lowell, R.B., J.M. Culp, and F.J. Wrona. 1995. Toxicity testing with artificial stream: effects of differences in current velocity. Environ Toxicol Chem 14: 1209-1217.
Benthos Insecta Ephemeroptera Baetidae Centroptilium triangulifer Struewing, K.A., et al. 2015. Part 2: Sensitivity comparisons of the mayfly Centroptilum triangulifer to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna using standard reference toxicants; NaCl, KCl, and CuSO4. Chemosphere 139:597-603.
Benthos Insecta Diptera Chironomus Chironomus dilutus Elphick,J.R.F., K.D. Bergh, and H.C. Bailey. 2011. Chronic Toxicity of Chloride to Freshwater Species: Effects of Hardness and Implications for Water Quality Guidelines. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(1): 239-246.
Benthos Maxillopoda Cyclopoida Cyclopidae Cyclops abyssorum Baudouin, M.F. and P. Scoppa. 1974. Acute toxicity of various metals to freshwater zooplankton. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 12 (6): 745-751.
Benthos Maxillopoda Calanoida Diaptomidae Eudiaptomus padanus Baudouin, M.F. and P. Scoppa. 1974. Acute toxicity of various metals to freshwater zooplankton. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 12 (6): 745-751.
Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/ Gyraulus parvus Soucek,D.J., T.K. Linton, C.D. Tarr, A. Dickinson, N. Wickramanayake, C.G. Delos, and L.A. Cruz. 2011. Influence of Water Hardness and Sulfate on the Acute Toxicity of Chloride to Sensitive Freshwater Invertebrates. Planorbinae Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(4): 930-938. Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/ Gyraulus parvus GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. Planorbinae October 28, 2008. Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/ Gyraulus parvus GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. Planorbinae October 28, 2008. Benthos Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalellidae Hyalella azteca Lasier, P.J., P.V. Winger, and R.E. Reinert. 1997. Toxicity of Alkalinity to Hyalella azteca. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 59:807-814
Benthos Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalellidae Hyalella azteca Elphick,J.R.F., K.D. Bergh, and H.C. Bailey. 2011. Chronic Toxicity of Chloride to Freshwater Species: Effects of Hardness and Implications for Water Quality Guidelines. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(1): 239-246.
Benthos Malacostraca Amphipoda Hyalellidae Hyalella azteca Rescan Environmental Services Ltd. 2007. Ekati Diamond Mine Proposed Discharge Criterion for the Sable Kimberlite Pipe Development. Toxicity Testing for Chloride: Appendix A- Data Report. Yellowknife, Northwest Territories and Vancouver, BC
Benthos Clitellata Lumbriculida Lumbriculidae Lumbriculus variegatus Elphick,J.R.F., K.D. Bergh, and H.C. Bailey. 2011. Chronic Toxicity of Chloride to Freshwater Species: Effects of Hardness and Implications for Water Quality Guidelines. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(1): 239-246.
Benthos Clitellata Lumbriculida Lumbriculidae Lumbriculus variegatus ENVIRON International Corporation. 2009. Chloride toxicity test results. Prepared for: Iowa Water Pollution Control Association. Project Number: #20-22235A.
Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Musculium transversum Soucek,D.J., T.K. Linton, C.D. Tarr, A. Dickinson, N. Wickramanayake, C.G. Delos, and L.A. Cruz. 2011. Influence of Water Hardness and Sulfate on the Acute Toxicity of Chloride to Sensitive Freshwater Invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(4): 930-938. Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Musculium transversum US EPA. 2010. Final report on acute and chronic toxicity of nitrate, nitrite, boron, manganese, fluoride, chloride and sulfate to several aquatic animal species. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Science and Technology, Health and Ecological Criteria Division, Region 5 Water Division. EPA-905-R-10-002. November 2010. Benthos Gastropoda unranked Planorbidae/ Physa gryina Birge, W.J., J.A. Black, A.G. Westerman, T.M. Short, S.B. Taylor, D.M. Bruser, and E.D. Wallingford. 1985. Recommendations on numerical values for regulating iron and chloride concentrations for the purpose of protecting warm water species of aquatic Physidae life in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Memorandum of Agreement No. 5429. Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet. Lexington, KY. Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium simile GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium simile GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Benthos Bivalvia Veneroida Sphaeriidae Sphaerium simile Soucek,D.J., T.K. Linton, C.D. Tarr, A. Dickinson, N. Wickramanayake, C.G. Delos, and L.A. Cruz. 2011. Influence of Water Hardness and Sulfate on the Acute Toxicity of Chloride to Sensitive Freshwater Invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(4): 930-938. Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Naididae Tubifex tubifex GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Naididae Tubifex tubifex GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Naididae Tubifex tubifex Elphick,J.R.F., K.D. Bergh, and H.C. Bailey. 2011. Chronic Toxicity of Chloride to Freshwater Species: Effects of Hardness and Implications for Water Quality Guidelines. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(1): 239-246.
Benthos Clitellata Oligochaeta Naididae Tubifex tubifex Soucek,D.J., T.K. Linton, C.D. Tarr, A. Dickinson, N. Wickramanayake, C.G. Delos, and L.A. Cruz. 2011. Influence of Water Hardness and Sulfate on the Acute Toxicity of Chloride to Sensitive Freshwater Invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(4): 930-938. Fish Actinopterygii Gasterosteiformes Gasterosteidae Gasterosteus aculeatus Garibay, R., and S. Hall. 2004. Chloride Threshold Recommendations for the Protection of Aquatic Life in the Upper Santa Clara River. The Advent Group, Brentwood, TN. Attachment 8: NaCl Testing with Three-Spined Stickleback;Attachment 9: NaCl Testing with Chorus Frog Tadpoles. Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss Dow, S., K. Pitts, P.N. Saucedo and K. Murray. 2010. Summary of Zequanox biobox trials at DeCew II Generation Facility, St. Catharine’s, Ontario, Canada. Prepared for Niagara Plant Group, Ontario Power Generation. December 13, 2010.
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss Elphick,J.R.F., K.D. Bergh, and H.C. Bailey. 2011. Chronic Toxicity of Chloride to Freshwater Species: Effects of Hardness and Implications for Water Quality Guidelines. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(1): 239-246.
Fish Actinopterygii Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss Vosyliene,M.Z., P. Baltrenas, and A. Kazlauskiene. 2006. Toxicity of Road Maintenance Salts to Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Ekologija2:15-20.
Notes: Italicized studies are duplicates and have been removed from the geomean calculation Green shading indicates key information for the derivation of the chloride Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD)
Page 3 of 9 Appendix C. Toxicity Data Points Used in the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) to Determine the Short-term SSWQO for Chloride
EKATI Hardness Effect Conc. (mg/L) Resident Test (mg/L Threshold/ Effective Conc Normalized to 30 mg/L Species Effect Conc. for Species Effect Conc. Species Effect Conc. (95%
Category Class Order Family Genus Species Species? Surrogate? Lifestage Duration Endpoint Effect CaCO 3) (mg/L) CaCO 3 SSD (Standard deviation) Confidence Interval) Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas N Y larvae 96h LC50 Mortality 96.3 6,570 4,646.58
Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas N Y juvenile 96h LC50 Mortality 76 4,079 3,094.97
Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas N Y 1-7d 96h LC50 Mortality 84.8 4,223 3,101.65 3,094.97 - -
Zooplankton Monogononta (Rotifera) Plioma Brachionidae Brachionus calyciflorus N Y <4 hph 24 hours LC50 Mortality 80 1,645 1,229.29 1,229.29 - -
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - < 24-hours 2 days LC50 Mortality 80 1,068 798.10
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 49 767 663.00
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 30 947 947.00
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 44 955 852.32
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 25 1,007 1,063.03
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 280 1,109 571.26
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 96 1,130 799.92
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 194 1,195 686.43
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 290 1,199 611.21
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 280 1,206 621.22
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 281 1,214 624.68
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 283 1,240 636.72
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 276 1,258 650.78
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 279 1,311 676.03
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 95 1,369 972.13
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 280 1,394 718.06
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 280 1,400 721.15
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 400 1,491 690.83
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 280 1,500 772.66
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 180 1,609 945.03
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 560 1,652 692.63
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 280 1,720 885.99
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 800 1,764 665.25
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 570 1,907 795.35
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 792 1,909 722.09
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - neonate (<12-hours old) 2 days LC50 Mortality 102 2400 1,668.64
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 375 1,987 938.46
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - (neonates, < 24 hr old) 48h LC50 Mortality 278 1,179 608.61
Notes: Italicized studies are duplicates and have been removed from the geomean calculation Green shading indicates key information for the derivation of the chloride Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD)
Page 4 of 9 Appendix C. Toxicity Data Points Used in the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) to Determine the Short-term SSWQO for Chloride
Dissolved O 2 Category Class Order Family Genus Species Notes pH (mg/L) Temp (˚C) System Concentration Chemical Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas Different lifestages. As measure of conservatism the lowest effect 7.81 7.9 21.7 Flowthrough Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration was considered the representative effect concentration for the Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas species . 7.47 6.9 24 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas 7.5 - 9 >40% saturation 25 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Monogononta (Rotifera) Plioma Brachionidae Brachionus calyciflorus NR NR 25 NR Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia All studies are comparable. Some pH data NR, but neither temperature or pH NR NR 25 NR Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) are known to significantly modulate toxicity of chloride (CCME, 2011). All Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia studies were included in the calculation of the species geomean. 7.9 7.81 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.9 7.83 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8.1 7.69 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8 7.61 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8 8.54 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8.1 7.76 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8.1 7.43 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.8 7.42 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8 8.27 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8 7.65 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8 7.32 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.9 7.5 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8 7.48 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8 7.72 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8.1 8.21 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8 8.36 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8 8.28 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8.2 8.21 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8 7.91 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.9 8.06 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 81 8.5 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8 7.94 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8 7.79 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8.2 7.42 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8.4 8.6 26.4 NR Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.9 7.55 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 8 7.2 24-26 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Notes: Italicized studies are duplicates and have been removed from the geomean calculation Green shading indicates key information for the derivation of the chloride Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD)
Page 5 of 9 Appendix C. Toxicity Data Points Used in the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) to Determine the Short-term SSWQO for Chloride
Category Class Order Family Genus Species Reference Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas Birge,W.J., J.A. Black, A.G. Westerman, T.M. Short, S.B. Taylor, D.M. Bruser, and E.D. Wallingford. 1985. Recommendations on Numerical Values for Regulating Iron and Chloride Concentrations for the Purpose of Protecting Warmwater Species of Aquatic Life in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY:73 p. Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas Elphick,J.R.F., K.D. Bergh, and H.C. Bailey. 2011. Chronic Toxicity of Chloride to Freshwater Species: Effects of Hardness and Implications for Water Quality Guidelines. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(1): 239-246.
Fish Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pimephales promelas Mount, D.R., D.D. Gulley, J.R. Hockett, T.D. Garrison and J.M. Evans. 1997. Statistical models to predict the toxicity of major ions to Ceriodaphia dubia, Daphnia magna, and Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnows). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16: 2009- 2019. Zooplankton Monogononta (Rotifera) Plioma Brachionidae Brachionus calyciflorus Elphick,J.R.F., K.D. Bergh, and H.C. Bailey. 2011. Chronic Toxicity of Chloride to Freshwater Species: Effects of Hardness and Implications for Water Quality Guidelines. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(1): 239-246.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Elphick,J.R.F., K.D. Bergh, and H.C. Bailey. 2011. Chronic Toxicity of Chloride to Freshwater Species: Effects of Hardness and Implications for Water Quality Guidelines. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(1): 239-246.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Cowgill,U.M., and D.P. Milazzo. 1991. The Response of the Three Brood Ceriodaphnia Test to Fifteen Formulations and Pure Compounds in Common Use. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.21(1): 35-40.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia GLEC (Great Lakes Environmental Center) and INHS (Illinois Natural History Survey). 2008. Acute toxicity of chloride to select freshwater invertebrates. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Contract Number: 68-C-04-006. October 28, 2008. Notes: Italicized studies are duplicates and have been removed from the geomean calculation Green shading indicates key information for the derivation of the chloride Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD)
Page 6 of 9 Appendix C. Toxicity Data Points Used in the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) to Determine the Short-term SSWQO for Chloride
EKATI Hardness Effect Conc. (mg/L) Resident Test (mg/L Threshold/ Effective Conc Normalized to 30 mg/L Species Effect Conc. for Species Effect Conc. Species Effect Conc. (95%
Category Class Order Family Genus Species Species? Surrogate? Lifestage Duration Endpoint Effect CaCO 3) (mg/L) CaCO 3 SSD (Standard deviation) Confidence Interval) Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - neonate 48 H EC50 Mortality 66 964 762.74
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - neonate (<24-hours old) 2 days LC50 Mortality 39.2 447 412.86
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - neonate (<24-hours old) 2 days LC50 Mortality 39.2 507 468.28
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - neonate (<24-hours old) 2 days LC50 Mortality 47 861 753.52
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - neonate (<24-hours old) 2 days LC50 Mortality 187 1,402 814.17
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - neonate (<24-hours old) 2 days LC50 Mortality 28 977 997.23
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - neonate (<24-hours old) 2 days LC50 Mortality 282 1,317 676.97
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - neonate (<24-hours old) 2 days LC50 Mortality 278 1,489 768.63
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Y - <24 h neonates 2 d LC50 Mortality 90 1,519 1,096.11 753.00 214.52 69.12
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia ambigua Y - neonate (24-48 hours old) 2 days EC50 Immobilization 63 1,213 973.11 973.11 - -
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia hyalina Y - adult, 1.27 mm 48 h LC50 Mortality 7533 5,308 1,028.43
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - neonate 48 h LC50 Mortality 41.5 2,529 2,296.64
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - neonate 48 h LC50 Mortality 45.3 2,806 2,482.74
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - < 24-hours 2 days LC50 Mortality 100 3,136 2,193.21
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - < 24-hours 2 days LC50 Mortality 100 3,222 2,253.36
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - < 24-hours 2 days LC50 Mortality 100 3,137 2,193.91
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - neonate 48 h LC50 Mortality 136 3,559 2,271.81
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - < 24-hours 2 days LC50 Mortality 98 3,630 2,553.98
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - neonate 48 h LC50 Mortality 39.2 3,038 2,805.99
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - neonate 48 h LC50 Mortality 39.2 2,726 2,517.82
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - neonate 48 h LC50 Mortality 39.2 2,053 1,896.22
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - neonate 24h EC50 Immobilization 240 621 334.87
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - < 24-hours 24h LC50 Mortality 3014 2,076 528.02
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - < 24-hours 24h LC50 Mortality 1678 1,131 342.20
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - neonate 48 h LC50 Mortality 84.8 2,893 2,124.81
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - neonate 48 h LC50 Mortality 169.5 2,669 1,595.84
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - < 24 h neonates 2 d LC50 Mortality 90 2,953 2,130.88
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - < 24-hours 2 days LC50 Mortality 169.5 3,944 2,358.19
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Y - < 24-hours 2 days LC50 Mortality 82.9 3,009 2,224.93 1,677.15 758.78 371.79
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex Y - NR 2 days LC50 Mortality 92.8 892 637.83 637.83 - -
Benthos Clitellata Arhynchobdellida Erpobdellidae Nephelopsis obsucra N Y 7cm length, 0.3 g weight 96h LC50 Mortality 290 4,310 2,197.10 2,197.10 - -
Notes: Italicized studies are duplicates and have been removed from the geomean calculation Green shading indicates key information for the derivation of the chloride Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD)
Page 7 of 9 Appendix C. Toxicity Data Points Used in the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) to Determine the Short-term SSWQO for Chloride
Dissolved O 2 Category Class Order Family Genus Species Notes pH (mg/L) Temp (˚C) System Concentration Chemical Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia All studies are comparable. Some pH data NR, but neither temperature or pH 8.11-8.66 7.46-9.14 23-27 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl) are known to significantly modulate toxicity of chloride (CCME, 2011). All Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia studies were included in the calculation of the species geomean. NR NR 25 NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia NR NR 25 NR Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.65-8.02 7.56-8.07 25 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.65-8.02 7.56-8.07 25 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.65-8.02 7.56-8.07 25 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.65-8.02 7.56-8.07 25 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.65-8.02 7.56-8.07 25 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia 7.4 - 7.8 NR NR renewal Nominal Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia ambigua 8.11-8.66 7.46-9.14 19-23 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia hyalina Studies are comparable. Neither temperature or pH are known to significantly 7.2 air saturated 9.5-10.5 Static unmeasured Calcium chloride (CaCl2) modulate toxicity of chloride (CCME, 2011). Excluded a single study from the Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna geomean calculation due to adult lifestage, which also was an older reference 7.74 9 18 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl) (1974). The geomean of the studies was used to derive a representative effect Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna concentration for the species. 7.74 9 18 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna 7.5-8.1 >80% sat 20 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna 7.5-8.1 >80% sat 20 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna 7.5-8.1 >80% sat 20 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna 7.69 8.7 20 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna NR NR 20 NR Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna 7.6-8 NR 25 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna 7.6-8 NR 25 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna 7.6-8 NR 25 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna 7.6 5.6 13 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna 7.5-9 >40%Sat 20 Static Unmeasured Calcium chloride (CaCl 2)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna 7.5-9 >40%Sat 20 Static Unmeasured Calcium chloride (CaCl 2)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna 7.5-9 >40% saturation 20 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna 8-9.2 >90% saturation NR Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna 7.4 - 7.8 NR NR renewal Nominal Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna NR NR NR Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna 7.81 >5.0 19-21 Static Unmeasured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex 7.83 8.7 20 Static Measured Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Benthos Clitellata Arhynchobdellida Erpobdellidae Nephelopsis obsucra 8.03 8.6 22.5 Static Renewal Measured Sodium Chloride (NaCL)
Notes: Italicized studies are duplicates and have been removed from the geomean calculation Green shading indicates key information for the derivation of the chloride Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD)
Page 8 of 9 Appendix C. Toxicity Data Points Used in the Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) to Determine the Short-term SSWQO for Chloride
Category Class Order Family Genus Species Reference Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Harmon,S.M., W.L. Specht, and G.T. Chandler. 2003. A Comparison of the Daphnids Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia ambigua for Their Utilization in Routine Toxicity Testing in the Southeastern United States. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.45(1): 79-85. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Hoke,R.A., W.R. Gala, J.B. Drake, J.P. Giesy, and S. Flegler. 1992. Bicarbonate as a Potential Confounding Factor in Cladoceran Toxicity Assessments of Pore Water from Contaminated Sediments. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.49(8): 1633-1640.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Hoke,R.A., W.R. Gala, J.B. Drake, J.P. Giesy, and S. Flegler. 1992. Bicarbonate as a Potential Confounding Factor in Cladoceran Toxicity Assessments of Pore Water from Contaminated Sediments. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.49(8): 1633-1640.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Soucek,D.J., T.K. Linton, C.D. Tarr, A. Dickinson, N. Wickramanayake, C.G. Delos, and L.A. Cruz. 2011. Influence of Water Hardness and Sulfate on the Acute Toxicity of Chloride to Sensitive Freshwater Invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(4): 930-938. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Soucek,D.J., T.K. Linton, C.D. Tarr, A. Dickinson, N. Wickramanayake, C.G. Delos, and L.A. Cruz. 2011. Influence of Water Hardness and Sulfate on the Acute Toxicity of Chloride to Sensitive Freshwater Invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(4): 930-938. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Soucek,D.J., T.K. Linton, C.D. Tarr, A. Dickinson, N. Wickramanayake, C.G. Delos, and L.A. Cruz. 2011. Influence of Water Hardness and Sulfate on the Acute Toxicity of Chloride to Sensitive Freshwater Invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(4): 930-938. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Soucek,D.J., T.K. Linton, C.D. Tarr, A. Dickinson, N. Wickramanayake, C.G. Delos, and L.A. Cruz. 2011. Influence of Water Hardness and Sulfate on the Acute Toxicity of Chloride to Sensitive Freshwater Invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(4): 930-938. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Soucek,D.J., T.K. Linton, C.D. Tarr, A. Dickinson, N. Wickramanayake, C.G. Delos, and L.A. Cruz. 2011. Influence of Water Hardness and Sulfate on the Acute Toxicity of Chloride to Sensitive Freshwater Invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(4): 930-938. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Ceriodaphnia dubia Struewing, K.A., et al. 2015. Part 2: Sensitivity comparisons of the mayfly Centroptilum triangulifer to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna using standard reference toxicants; NaCl, KCl, and CuSO4. Chemosphere 139:597-603.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia ambigua Harmon,S.M., W.L. Specht, and G.T. Chandler. 2003. A Comparison of the Daphnids Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia ambigua for Their Utilization in Routine Toxicity Testing in the Southeastern United States. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.45(1): 79-85. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia hyalina Baudouin, MF & Scoppa, P. 1974. Acute Toxicity of Various Metals to Freshwater Zooplankton. Bulletin of Environemntal Contamination and Toxicology. 12 (6): 745-751.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Biesinger, K.E., and G.M. Christensen. 1972. Effects of Various Metals on Survival, Growth, Reproduction, and Metabolism of Daphnia magna. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. 29(12):1691- 1700.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Biesinger, K.E., and G.M. Christensen. 1972. Effects of Various Metals on Survival, Growth, Reproduction, and Metabolism of Daphnia magna. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. 29(12):1691- 1700.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Davies, T.D., and K.J. Hall. 2007. Importance of Calcium in Modifying the Acute Toxicity of Sodium Sulphate to Hyalella azteca and Daphnia magna. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 26:1243-1247.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Davies, T.D., and K.J. Hall. 2007. Importance of Calcium in Modifying the Acute Toxicity of Sodium Sulphate to Hyalella azteca and Daphnia magna. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 26:1243-1247.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Davies, T.D., and K.J. Hall. 2007. Importance of Calcium in Modifying the Acute Toxicity of Sodium Sulphate to Hyalella azteca and Daphnia magna. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 26:1243-1247.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Dow, S., K. Pitts, P.N. Saucedo and K. Murray. 2010. Summary of Zequanox biobox trials at DeCew II Generation Facility, St. Catharine’s, Ontario, Canada. Prepared for Niagara Plant Group, Ontario Power Generation. December 13, 2010.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Elphick,J.R.F., K.D. Bergh, and H.C. Bailey. 2011. Chronic Toxicity of Chloride to Freshwater Species: Effects of Hardness and Implications for Water Quality Guidelines. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.30(1): 239-246.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Hoke,R.A., W.R. Gala, J.B. Drake, J.P. Giesy, and S. Flegler. 1992. Bicarbonate as a Potential Confounding Factor in Cladoceran Toxicity Assessments of Pore Water from Contaminated Sediments. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.49(8): 1633-1640.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Hoke,R.A., W.R. Gala, J.B. Drake, J.P. Giesy, and S. Flegler. 1992. Bicarbonate as a Potential Confounding Factor in Cladoceran Toxicity Assessments of Pore Water from Contaminated Sediments. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.49(8): 1633-1640.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Hoke,R.A., W.R. Gala, J.B. Drake, J.P. Giesy, and S. Flegler. 1992. Bicarbonate as a Potential Confounding Factor in Cladoceran Toxicity Assessments of Pore Water from Contaminated Sediments. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.49(8): 1633-1640.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Khangarot, B.S., and P.K. Ray. 1989. Investigation of Correlation Between Physicochemical Properties of Metals and Their Toxicity to the Water Flea Daphnia magna Straus. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 18(2):109-120.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Mount, D.R., D.D. Gulley, J.R. Hockett, T.D. Garrison and J.M. Evans. 1997. Statistical models to predict the toxicity of major ions to Ceriodaphia dubia, Daphnia magna, and Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnows). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16: 2009- 2019. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Mount, D.R., D.D. Gulley, J.R. Hockett, T.D. Garrison and J.M. Evans. 1997. Statistical models to predict the toxicity of major ions to Ceriodaphia dubia, Daphnia magna, and Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnows). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16: 2009- 2019. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Mount, D.R., D.D. Gulley, J.R. Hockett, T.D. Garrison and J.M. Evans. 1997. Statistical models to predict the toxicity of major ions to Ceriodaphia dubia, Daphnia magna, and Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnows). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16: 2009- 2019. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Seymour, D.T., A.G. Verbeek, S.E. Hrudey, and P.M. Fedorak. 1997. Acute Toxicity and Aqueous Solubility of Some Condensed Thiophenes and Their Microbial Metabolites. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16:658-665.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Struewing, K.A., et al. 2015. Part 2: Sensitivity comparisons of the mayfly Centroptilum triangulifer to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna using standard reference toxicants; NaCl, KCl, and CuSO4. Chemosphere 139:597-603.
Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna WISLOH. 2007. Tables of Data (provided to C. Stephan, US EPA). Iowa Chloride Criteria Development Reference List. May 2009 Cited In: CCME Scientific Criteria Document for the Development of the Canadian Water Quality Guideline for the Protection of Aquatic Life- Chloride. 2011. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia magna Valenti,T.W., D.S. Cherry, R.J. Neves, B.A. Locke, and J.J. Schmerfeld. 2006. Case Study: Sensitivity of Mussel Glochidia and Regulatory Test Organisms to Mercury and a Reference Toxicant. In: J.L.Farris and J.H.Van Hassel (Eds.), Freshwater Bivalve Ecotoxicology,SETAC, Pensacola, FL14:351-367. Zooplankton Branchiopoda Cladocera Daphniidae Daphnia pulex Birge,W.J., J.A. Black, A.G. Westerman, T.M. Short, S.B. Taylor, D.M. Bruser, and E.D. Wallingford. 1985. Recommendations on Numerical Values for Regulating Iron and Chloride Concentrations for the Purpose of Protecting Warmwater Species of Aquatic Life in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY:73 p. Benthos Clitellata Arhynchobdellida Erpobdellidae Nephelopsis obsucra ENVIRON International Corporation. 2009. Chloride toxicity test results. Prepared for: Iowa Water Pollution Control Association. Project Number: #20-22235A.
Notes: Italicized studies are duplicates and have been removed from the geomean calculation Green shading indicates key information for the derivation of the chloride Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD)
Page 9 of 9
Appendix D
Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) Statistical Analysis Outputs
EKATI DIAMOND MINE Short-term Site-specific Water Quality Objective for Chloride CORPORATION PROJECT 1 EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS Species Sensitivity Distribution for Chloride (mg/L)
This report presents an analysis to inform the estimation of a species sensitivity distribution for Chloride. Exploratory graphs of the empirical probability density distribution and empirical cumulative density distribution are included to inform the choice of transformation and distributional fit.
1 Exploratory Data Analysis
The concentration data used for the analysis are presented in Table 1.
Table 1: Concentration Data Species conc Hazen.Rank 3 Centroptilium triangulifer 288.64 0.02 18 Sphaerium simile 632.95 0.07 8 Daphnia pulex 637.83 0.12 4 Ceriodaphnia dubia 753.00 0.17 6 Daphnia ambigua 973.11 0.21 11 Hyalella azteca 1100.07 0.26 2 Brachionus calyciflorus 1229.29 0.31 21 Eudiaptomus padanus 1422.79 0.36 7 Daphnia magna 1677.15 0.40 13 Musculium transversum 1678.55 0.45 16 Physa gryina 1775.86 0.50 1 Baetis tricaudatus 1844.66 0.55 20 Cyclops abyssorum 2134.41 0.60 14 Nephelopsis obsucra 2197.10 0.64 12 Lumbriculus variegatus 2352.15 0.69 10 Gyraulus parvus 3043.30 0.74 17 Pimephales promelas 3094.97 0.79 19 Tubifex tubifex 3324.57 0.83 5 Chironomus dilutus 4451.63 0.88 15 Oncorhynchus mykiss 5536.18 0.93 9 Gasterosteus aculeatus 7491.55 0.98
With small sample sizes a histogram of the data will be influenced by how the histogram bins are created.
Therefore, the empirical probability density distribution of log10 chloride concentration (Figure 1) is presented using a smooth function created with the ‘density’ function in R (R Development Core, 2015). The probabil- ity density distribution for the normal distribution with the mean and sd estimated from the chloride data is superimposed in red. A Q-Q plot shows the normal distribution fits the log10 chloride concentration well.
EKATI Chloride SSD Sept, 2016 CORPORATION PROJECT 1 EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS
Smoothed Histogram: log10 Chloride mg/L
1.2 Data Normal Fit 0.6 Density 0.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
log10 Chloride mg/L
Normal Q−Q Plot: log10 Chloride mg/L 3.8 3.2 2.6 Sample Quantiles −2 −1 0 1 2
Theoretical Quantiles
Figure 1: Density Plot and QQ-Plots
EKATI Chloride SSD Sept, 2016 CORPORATION PROJECT 2 PARAMETRIC FITS
2 Parametric Fits
The CWQG recommends considering the following models (based on Zajdlik, 2006) for fitting species sensi- tivity distributions:
• Normal or Lognormal
• Weibull
• Logistic
• Gumbel
• Burr Type III
For HC5 estimation, it is important to consider the fit of the distribution in the lower tail. Goodness of fit tests assess the overall fit of a distribution across the full range of values. Therefore, it is essential to assess goodness of fit statistics in conjunction with a graphical analysis that focuses on the lower left tail of the distribution. Figure 2 shows the empirical density estimate in black. This can be thought of as a smoothed histogram of the log transformed data. Zajdlik (2005) recommends maximum likelihood estimation (mle) of the param- eters which characterize each distribution. Mles were obtained for each of the above distributions using the ’fitdistr’ function in R. The resulting distributional fits were superimposed in the indicated colors. The maximum th likelihood estimates of HC5 (the 5 percentile) from each distribution are indicated by a vertical line. Figure 3 shows the empirical cumulative distribution function (ecdf) with parametric distribution fits super- imposed. As per the CWQG analysis, the Hazen plotting positions were used: (r − 0.5)/n, where r is the rank and n is the number of data points. Again, it is important to focus on the bottom left tail of the distribution. The well known normal distribution appears to provide a good fit to the data in the bottom left tail.
EKATI Chloride SSD Sept, 2016 CORPORATION PROJECT 2 PARAMETRIC FITS
Density and Fits
Normal Weibull
1.2 Logistic Gumbel Burr Type III 1.0 0.8 Density 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
log10 Concentration
Figure 2: Density and Distributional Fits
EKATI Chloride SSD Sept, 2016 CORPORATION PROJECT 2 PARAMETRIC FITS
Empirical CDF: log10
1.0 Normal Weibull Logistic Gumbel Burr Type III 0.8 0.6 0.4 proportion of species affected 0.2 0.0
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
transformed concentration
Figure 3: Cumulative Distribution Functions
EKATI Chloride SSD Sept, 2016 CORPORATION PROJECT 3 GOODNESS OF FIT
3 Goodness of Fit
Anderson and Darling (1952; 1954) proposed a k sample rank test for assessing goodness of fit. Their test can be used to compare a random sample to a specified distribution or to compare several samples of data in order to determine if the data may be pooled. Here the k-sample test is used to assess whether each of the above specified distributions provides a reasonable fit to the chloride concentration data.
Table 2: Anderson-Darling Test for Normal Distribution AD T.AD asympt. P-value version 1: 0.15 -1.11 1.00 version 2: 0.15 -1.11 1.00
Table 3: Anderson-Darling Test for Weibull Distribution AD T.AD asympt. P-value version 1: 0.17 -1.08 1.00 version 2: 0.17 -1.09 1.00
Table 4: Anderson-Darling Test for Logistic Distribution AD T.AD asympt. P-value version 1: 0.12 -1.15 1.00 version 2: 0.12 -1.15 1.00
EKATI Chloride SSD Sept, 2016 CORPORATION PROJECT 3 GOODNESS OF FIT
Table 5: Anderson-Darling Test for Gumbel Distribution AD T.AD asympt. P-value version 1: 0.51 -0.64 0.73 version 2: 0.51 -0.64 0.73
Table 6: Anderson-Darling Test for Burr Distribution AD T.AD asympt. P-value version 1: 0.17 -1.08 1.00 version 2: 0.17 -1.08 1.00
EKATI Chloride SSD Sept, 2016 CORPORATION PROJECT 4 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION FIT TO CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION DATA
4 Normal Distribution Fit to Chloride Concentration Data
Based on the graphical analysis and the goodness of fit tests, the normal distribution provides a good fit for
log10 chloride mg/L. The probability density function for the normal distribution is:
1 2 2 f(x|µ, σ) = √ e−(x−µ) /2σ (4.1) σ 2π
where x = log10(chloride) and the estimated mean and standard deviation are: µˆ = 3.39 and σˆ = 0.346 respectively. Least squares regression on probit transformed data (Wheeler et. al., 2002) was used to fit the normal th distribution to the log10 chloride data and obtain an estimate of the 5 percentile. That is, percentiles were calculated for the concentration data and the probit of the percentile was regressed on the log concentration value. The ranks of the data were transformed using the Hazen method so that the highest rank was not assigned the 100th percentile to avoid obtaining a transformed value of infinity for the 100th percentile.
Table 7: HC5 Estimates for Chloride mg/L Using LS Method HC5 90% LFL 90% UFL 468.34 391.89 559.71
Table 8: HC5 Estimates for Chloride mg/L Using MLE and NLS Methods HC5 from MLE HC5 from NLS Method 491.12 516.07
EKATI Chloride SSD Sept, 2016 CORPORATION PROJECT 4 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION FIT TO CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION DATA
Normal Fit with 95% Confidence Intervals Least Square Method
1.0 LS Estimate 0.9 feducial limits 0.05 0.8 0.6 0.4 Proportion Affected 0.2 0.0
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
log10 concentration
Figure 4: Normal Distribution Fit
EKATI Chloride SSD Sept, 2016 CORPORATION PROJECT 4 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION FIT TO CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION DATA
Normal Fit via Non−linear Least Squares Method and Least Squares Method
1.0 * Observations * − Normal Fit via NLS * − Normal Fit via LS * *
0.8 * * * *
0.6 * * * * * 0.4 * Hazen Plotting Position Hazen * * * 0.2 * * * * 0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5
log10(concentration)
EKATI Chloride SSD Sept, 2016 CORPORATION PROJECT 5 REFERENCES
5 References
1. Anderson, T. W. and Darling, D. A. (1952). Asymptotic theory of certain ”goodness-of-fit” criteria based on stochastic processes. Annals of Mathematical Statistics 23: 193-212. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177729437.
2. Anderson, T.W. and Darling, D.A. (1954). A Test of Goodness-of-Fit. Journal of the American Statistical Association 49: 765-769. doi:10.2307/2281537.
3. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (2007). Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life, Protocol. Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines.
4. R Core Team (2015). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statis- tical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL http://www.R-project.org/.
5. Wheeler, J.R., Grist, E.P.M, Leung, K.M.Y., Morritt, D., Crane, M. (2002). Species sensitivity distributions: data and model choice. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 45, 192-202.
6. Zajdlik & Associates (2005). Statistical Analysis of the SSD Approach for Development of Canadian Water Quality Guidelines, Project # 354-2005. Prepared for the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME).
7. Zajdlik & Associates (2006). Potential Statistical Models for Describing Species Sensitivity Distributions CCME Project # 382-2006. Prepared for the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME).
EKATI Chloride SSD Sept, 2016
Appendix E
Response to James Elphick Comments on the Draft Proposed Short-term Site-specific Water Quality Objective for Chloride
EKATI DIAMOND MINE Short-term Site-specific Water Quality Objective for Chloride Appendix E. Responses re James Elphick’s Review of the Proposed Short-term SSWQO for Chloride
Number Summary Comment Response 1 The calculation of the slope of the relationship between hardness Some discussion was included that acknowledges the and toxicity needs a bit more justification. In particular, one of the physiological similarities between Gyraulus and Physa gyrina, six species with data has no relationship between hardness and and the likelihood that Cl toxicity to P. gyrina is also not toxicity. The reason presented for Gyraulus not having a hardness affected by hardness. It was also acknowledged that there relationship was because of “physiological differences” associated could be other species with data points included in the SSD that with this species being a snail. Some discussion should be included might also not respond to changes in hardness (e.g., species on whether the same might also be the case for Physa gyrina , which without gills). However, since hardness relationships could not is also a snail (note that this species name is mis-spelled throughout be determined for many of the species included in the SSD, the as P. gryina ), and whether any other species represented in the SSD data points are conservatively adjusted to a hardness of might also not respond to changes in hardness. 30 mg/L, which resulted in lower effect concentrations (i.e., increased sensitivity) used in the SSD. 2 Since a hardness-based equation has been included for a water A statement was incorporated into the report that compares quality guideline in Iowa, a comparison of the hardness slope the SSWQO slope, 0.297, with the Iowa guideline hardness derived here with that in the Iowa guideline would be appropriate. slope, 0.206. 3 Separate endpoints were included in the SSD for Chironomus tentans Thank you for this clarification. Data from the Nautilus and Chironomus dilutus ; these are actually the same species report has been removed from the revised report. (C. tentans was re-named C. dilutus ). In fact, these two data-points are results from the same test, and were reported as C. tentans in the original Nautilus Environmental report, but C. dilutus when it was subsequently published. I would suggest deleting the data from the Nautilus report, and just reporting the data from the Elphick et al. (2011) publication. This will reduce the number of species in the SSD by one. 4 Data from the Nautilus report and the Elphick et al. (2011) Duplicate entries were removed from analyses for the revised publication are also present as duplicate entries for a number of report other species; in some cases, removal will not affect the final species mean; however, in others, the duplicate entry is altering the geometric mean calculation for that species. I would suggest removing the Nautilus report data for Chironomus, Lumbriculus, Hyalella, Tubifex, Oncorhynchus, Pimephales, Brachionus, Daphnia and Ceriodaphnia from the Appendix and calculations
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Number Summary Comment Response 5 The species mean value calculated for D. magna included two end- When data points are from the same test, only one end-point points from the same test: a 48-h LC50 and a 48-h EC50 for was included in the revised report. The 48-h LC50 for immobilization. The same appears to be the case for Daphnia D. magna (Khangarot and Ray 1989) and the LC50 for ambigua . Only one endpoint should be included in the geomean D. ambigua (Harmon et al. 2003) were removed. calculation, since otherwise the results of this one test, which happens to be the most sensitive test result in the case of D. magna , are over-represented in the species mean. 6 There were a number of studies that were excluded on the basis that the All of the listed references that are electronically available authors were unable to obtain the original documents. While in some were added to the revised report. The two papers published cases, this may be reasonable justification, there should be no reason in the Archives of Hydrobiology journal (Cowgill and not to obtain documents that are published in widely available journals. Milazzo 1990, 1991) were not electronically available. All For example, the following should be obtainable, but were excluded: tables were updated with data from the obtained papers. • Biesinger, K.E., and G.M. Christensen. 1972. Effects of various metals on survival, growth, reproduction, and metabolism of Daphnia magna . Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. 29(12):1691- 1700. • Cowgill, U.M., and D.P. Milazzo. 1990. The sensitivity of two cladocerans to water quality variables: salinity and hardness. Archives of Hydrobiology. 120: 185-196. • Cowgill,U.M., and D.P. Milazzo. 1991. The response of the three brood Ceriodaphnia test to fifteen formulations and pure compounds in common use. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.21(1): 35-40. • Cowgill,U.M., and D.P. Milazzo. 1991. Demographic effects of salinity, water hardness and carbonate alkalinity on Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia . Arch. Hydrobiol.122(1): 33-56. • Hamilton,R.W., J.K. Buttner, and R.G. Brunetti. 1975. Lethal levels of sodium chloride and potassium chloride for an oligochaete, a chironomid midge, and a caddisfly of Lake Michigan. Environ. Entomol.4(6): 1003-1006. • Seymour, D.T., A.G. Verbeek, S.E. Hrudey, and P.M. Fedorak. 1997. Acute toxicity and aqueous solubility of some condensed thiophenes and their microbial metabolites. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16:658-665.
Page 2 of 8 APPENDIX E. RESPONSES RE JAMES ELPHICK’S REVIEW OF THE PROPOSED SHORT-TERM SSWQO FOR CHLORIDE
Number Summary Comment Response • Waller,D.L., S.W. Fisher, and H. Dabrowska. 1996. Prevention of zebra mussel infestation and dispersal during aquaculture operations. Prog. Fish-Cult. 58(2): 77-84. 7 Species that were excluded on the basis of not being representative A list of species exclusions is included in the revised report in of the receiving environment at Ekati should be identified so that it Section 4.2.2. is clear to the reader of the report which data were excluded. 8 The calculation for adjustment of data to a common hardness Hardness levels were calculated at the LC50 concentration for (30 mg/L) was applied correctly, with the exception that the all tests using calcium chloride as the test chemical. Tests hardness of tests in which CaCl2 was used rather than (or in with calcium chloride had hardness levels at the LC50 addition to) NaCl would be different from the hardness of the ranging from 1,678 to 17,533 mg/L after correcting for the dilution water that was used, since the calcium ions would have added calcium from the test chemical. The hardness contributed to water hardness. In order to appropriately adjust relationship was assumed to remain constant at these higher chloride LC50 data obtained using CaCl2, it would be necessary to hardness levels, thus the calcium chloride test results were determine the quantity of calcium corresponding to the chloride included in the short-term SSWQO SSD. concentration at the LC50. For example, if an LC50 was 1000 mg/L Cl, and the chloride was added as CaCl2, then at the LC50 for chloride, there would have been 565 mg/L of Ca present, contributing 1412 mg/L of hardness as CaCO3. Although there are only a small number of studies that used CaCl2, this difference would substantially affect the hardness-normalization for these data. 9 The hardness for a test for Oncorhynchus mykiss was entered Thank you for catching this data entry error. The O. mykiss incorrectly as 90 mg/L (data from the Nautilus Environmental data from the Nautilus report has been excluded. Only the report), rather than 40 mg/L; this should be adjusted, and replaced data from the Elphick report is included now. with the data from Elphick et al. (2011). 10 The SSD was calculated using R, rather than using SSD Master. I am Estimates in the tails of distributions, such as HC5, tend to be not sufficiently familiar with this program, or the statistical highly variable. Especially with small sample sizes, HC5 underpinnings of the calculations, to comment on the relative estimates are sensitive to choice of distribution, statistical accuracy of those two statistical programs; however, SSD Master assumptions and methodological choice. For instance, produces a somewhat different HC5 than that presented in the different choices of distribution, type of plotting positions report. The HC5 presented by ERM may in fact be appropriate; and methodology (linear or non-linear regression) can lead to however, since SSD Master is the tool that CCME typically uses in substantially different HC5 estimates. deriving water quality guidelines (including the chloride guideline) CCME guidance (2007) provides a protocol for the statistical some discussion of the relative merits of the two software programs derivation of SSDs. Non-linear regression or linear least squares may be advisable, since it is likely that other reviewers of this regression methods are recommended. SSD Master v2.0
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Number Summary Comment Response document may undertake this comparison. implements non-linear least squares regression using the SOLVE function in Excel. The HC5 estimate provided in the report was based on a least squares regression approach. R code was created to follow the CCME (2007) protocol, guidance provided by Zajdlik (2005; 2006), and a linear least squares regression on probit transformed data (Wheeler et al., 2002). The two methods produced very similar lower 90% fiducial limits (511 and 509)*. However, the HC5 estimate was very sensitive to choice of methodology. The estimate from SSD Master was 586; the probit linear regression estimate was 627. However, this difference was small relative to the difference across distributions. The SSD Master estimates varied from 353 to 771 depending on the choice of distribution. Zajdlik (2005) suggests maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) as the method of choice. MLEs for various distributions were shown in the report (Figure 2, Appendix D – log transformed data). Again, there was a great deal of variability across distributions. For the set of distributions considered, the mle ranged from 476 (Burr III distribution) to 745 (Gumbel distribution). Using goodness of fit measures to determine the ‘best’ distribution is not straight forward. As seen in Figure 2, Appendix D, the assessment of distributional fit depends on the range of data considered. Some distributions provide a good overall fit whereas others fit the lower tail better and may be more appropriate for SSDs. To make matters more challenging, most SSDs are developed using small data sets, often with fewer than 30 samples, so that the underlying population distribution is not necessarily well represented. Thus, HC5 estimates can be highly variable and need to be interpreted with care. Finally, given the variability in the estimates from various methods, we calculated the HC5 for the updated data using a variety of methods. The LS method gave an estimate of 468, the mle was 491and the NLS method estimate was 516. Thus,
Page 4 of 8 APPENDIX E. RESPONSES RE JAMES ELPHICK’S REVIEW OF THE PROPOSED SHORT-TERM SSWQO FOR CHLORIDE
Number Summary Comment Response in this case the LS estimate was the most conservative. * the report states 95% fiducial limits (lower limit of 487). These have been updated to 90% limits. 11 In particular, it would be helpful to discuss whether the data points The studies for C. triangulifer (Streuwing et al. 2015), C. dubia for C. dubia that fall below the curve were associated with relatively (Hoke et al. 1992), and D. magna (Khangarot and Ray 1989, high concentration of sulphate. If this was the case, and if chloride Mount et al. 1997) that fell below the curve did not report and sulphate are expected to increase in conjunction with one other potential confounding effects, such as high sulfate another, it would likely be appropriate to consider further whether concentrations. C. triangulifer appears to be a very sensitive sulphate should be accommodated in some manner within the species, but the reason for the increased sensitivity in the guideline. C. dubia and D. magna tests is unclear. 12 I just came across this study, in which a mayfly is quite sensitive to The 3 data points from Streuwing et al. (2015) for D. magna, NaCl – the 48 hr LC50 was reported as 659 mg/L as NaCl, which is C. dubia, and C. triangulifer have been added to the dataset. 400 mg/L as Cl. This puts this species as the most sensitive species tested (depending on what the hardness was – I’ll get a copy of the paper, as have only reviewed the abstract at this point).
Editorial Changes:
Number Editorial Comment Response 1 Page 2-1, 1st para. – it is probably a good idea to explain what the Further explanation of the SSD approach has been added on SSD approach involves here (this is done later in the report) page 2-1. 2 Section 3.1, 1st line – suggest you use the word derived (or This has been replaced. calculated), rather than conducted 3 Section 3.2 – delete the bracket that follows the numbers “3.6”, and These deletions have been done. the comma that follows the word “exposure” 4 Section 3.3.2 – as noted above, you can’t really include data for See response to Summary Comment #8 calcium chloride if you are going to hardness normalize the data unless you calculate what the hardness of the test solution was at the LC50 from each test, since the Ca ions increase the water hardness 5 Section 3.3.2 – variegatus is mis-spelled This has been corrected.
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Number Editorial Comment Response 6 Section 3.4, 1st para., last line – this is likely not the mechanism for This sentence has been revised as suggested. the role of hardness in affecting chloride toxicity. Suggest you add something along the lines of “Hardness has also been shown to reduce toxicity of anions such as chloride, sulphate and nitrate, possibly as a result of an effect of calcium on the cell membrane.” 7 Section 3.5.1, 1st para, 2nd sentence – this could be a bit clearer The sentence has been revised as follows: “The selection of toxicological studies used in the derivation of the SSWQO met the CCME (2007) requirements for aquatic toxicity test endpoints (quality) and number of applicable species (quantity).” 8 Section 3.5.1.1., Primary Data – you should probably either note here This statement has been deleted. that most acute toxicity tests are static, or delete the statement starting “Generally static laboratory tests are not considered…” 9 Section 3.5.1.1, second last bullet, should read “96 hr or less” Corrected, thank you. 10 Section 3.6, 2nd para. – focus, rather than focussed Corrected. 11 Section 4.1, 3rd para. 4th line – “high in surface waters” is not really The sentence has been revised as follows: “The chloride ion an accurate statement, since chloride can either be present in surface does not adsorb readily onto mineral surfaces and, therefore, waters at a range of concentrations (including low ones) concentrations are expected to be higher in surface water and sediment pore water than in sediment (CCME 2011).” 12 Section 4.1, 5th para., 4th line – “pathways” is used twice in this The sentence has been revised as follows: “Chloride does not sentence; perhaps a different word could be used bioaccumulate in aquatic food chains due to its water-soluble nature and the multiple regulatory pathways for absorption and excretion in organisms (US EPA 1988).” 13 Section 4.2.1, 1st para., 3rd line – this could use a citation CCME (2011) was the source for all information in this paragraph. The citation has been added to the first sentence. 14 Section 4.2.1, 3rd para, 2nd line – remove the duplicate entry of the Thank you for the suggestion; the report has been updated word “pump”. Also in this section, pre-larval fish (which accordingly. presumably are eggs?) would not have skin. Perhaps “…although prior to development of the gills, osmoregulation in early life stages occurs through the external membrane”. 15 Section 4.2.2.1, 2nd para., 3rd line – here, and elsewhere, the range Thank you for this, the text has been updated. that is presented is singular. So, it should say “a hardness range”.
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Number Editorial Comment Response 16 Section 4.2.2.2, 2nd para, 1st line – change “sensitivity” to Corrected. “sensitive” 17 Section 4.2.2.2, 2nd para, 2st line – throughout the document Agreed, the entire document has been updated to be (including Appendices), you should use similar abbreviations for consistent. No abbreviation is used for hours/hours. time periods. On this line, 48 hours is entered as both “48 hr” and “48h”. There also appears to be an additional period at the end of this paragraph, prior to the citations. 18 Section 4.2.2.2, 3rd para, 1st line – suggest you use “summarized” Thank you for the suggestion, this change has been made. rather than “observed”, since CCME did not do any of the tests. 19 Section 4.3.3 – at a hardness of 300 mg/L, the Iowa water quality Unfortunately, a large majority of the dataset for the SSWQO guideline for chloride is 822 mg/L at a sulphate concentration of does not provide sulfate concentrations associated with the 1 mg/L and 538 mg/L at a sulphate concentration of 300 mg/L. So, test results. As it is unclear if sulfate and chloride will be increasing sulphate from 1 to 300 mg/L causes an increase in the auto-correlated in the discharge and the relationship between Iowa guideline by approximately 50%. The fact that CCME chloride toxicity and sulfate is unclear for the Ekati resident indicated that the effect of sulphate was not considered significant is species dataset, the exclusion of data based on low sulfate not really a sufficient argument to ignore this potential interaction, concentrations and/or a guideline with sulfate influence since CCME also did not incorporate hardness as a toxicity considered is not possible. modifying factor. So, while it may be appropriate to ignore the role of sulphate, I’d suggest that this section be bolstered further, potentially including some information on whether sulphate and chloride are predicted to be auto-correlated in the discharge. If they are, it might be appropriate to exclude data for low sulphate in the calculation of the geometric mean for this species, or otherwise evaluate the proposed guideline in conjunction with the potential influence of sulphate. 20 Section 4.3.4, 2nd para. – this argument might be bolstered if there Unfortunately, a search of the ECOTOX database found no were data that showed that hardness does also not affect toxicity of results for aquatic toxicity tests with metals for Gyraulus other constituents, such as metals. parvus and Physa gyrina. 21 Section 4.3.4, 5th para. – on the first and last line of this paragraph, Corrected. there needs to be a space entered following the word Mine. There is also no period at the end of this paragraph. 22 Section 4.5.1.1, 1st para – this should read C. dubia , rather than Thank you for noting this; the correction has been made. C. daphnia
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Number Editorial Comment Response 23 Table 4.5.1 – should comment on why there is no R square values for This is a good point. An additional statement has been data with N=2 for readers that are not familiar with the calculation added. 24 Section 4.5.1.1, 4th para bullets – would be best to present the actual Yes, we agree that the practice of reporting exact p-values is p values better than using less than an arbitrary cut off such as 0.05. The p-values for hardness and species were very very (4.16e-06 and <2.2e-16 respecitivley) therefore a value of p<0.0001 was reported. 25 Section 4.5.1.1, 6th para, - some further explanation of what is meant Yes, a statement has been added to describe the residual by “Diagnostics of the residuals” might be helpful. diagnostics that were carried out. 26 Section 4.5-2 – it is not clear what is meant by “lowest effect In Section 4.5.2, this sentence has been added: “As described concentrations”. This is not the best terminology to use, since this is in Section 3.6.2, in cases where there was more than one too similar to the definition of LOEC. effect concentration for a given species but the experimental conditions, and/or life stages differed between studies, the lowest effect concentration data point was conservatively selected as the representative species effect concentration in the short-term SSD (CCME 2011).” 27 Section 4.5.3 (and throughout) – using two decimal places on the Agreed, this has been implemented in the revised reporting. adjusted endpoints, and the HC5, implies a level of accuracy that is not supported. Suggest rounding all numbers to the nearest mg/L. 28 Section 4.5-3, 4th paragraph – it is not clear what the SSWQO is if the The SSWQO for 10 and 20 mg/L hardness have been added hardness is less than 30 mg/L. to Table 4.5-3. 29 Section 4.5.3, last line – the SSD calculation for a short-term This sentence has been removed. guideline is not a particularly conservative approach, since it uses LC50 values. I would suggest deleting this sentence. 30 Section 6, 1st para. –there are only 23 species in the SSD, not 97 The number of species has been updated and reflects additional deletions as per duplicate data.
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