Destination Cinema’s Niagara: Miracles, Myths and Magic TEACHER’S GUIDE A note about the learning materials

Dear Teachers,

These materials are designed to be used with students in the late primary year through junior high level. However, many of the activities may be adapted to any grade level. They are intended to be used in conjunction with the viewing of the IMAX film “Niagara: Miracles, Myths and Magic and historical exhibits to enhance the students educational experience.

Objectives • To use Niagara: Miracles, Myths and Magic to encourage the development of literature, art, writing and science skills.

• To provide the opportunity for students to practice the scientific processes of observing, communicating, comparing, organizing and relating.

• To encourage critical thinking

• To integrate computer technology skills

Organization INDEX OF LESSONS

Niagara-Background Lesson Grade Level Information 1 Readers Theatre: Grades 3 to 6, but some of the The Legend of Lilawala supporting activities are suitable for Communicating Ideas: and follow up activities students in the upper Grades. 2 Be An Artist Grades 2 up Activities in Literature, 3 Debate Grades 4 to 9 Art and Writing 4 Mirette on the High Wire The stories are suitable for students Mirette and Bellini k to 4, but can be used successfully Examining Ideas: Cross with older students to introduce the Scientific Activities outlined themes. 5 Be A Tourist Grades 1 up Checking for Understanding 6 Scientific Experiments Grades 4 to 7 • Slope Power • Water Power Supplementary Activities 7 The Retreat of Niagara Falls Grades 6 to 9, but the graphs can be Analysis of the data and Graph prepared by students in grade 4 up. preparation on graph paper List of Resources 8 Mastering the Facts Grades 4 to 7

Niagara Miracles, Myths & Magic A Large-Format Film Produced by Destination Cinema Materials made available by Destination Cinema Incorporated BACKGROUND INFORMATION Great Thundering Waters

Some 12,000 years ago, the glaciers from falls. Some sources claim the Seneca turns north, flowing the last great Ice Age covered large portions Indians named the river and falls for swiftly through a narrow, 7 mile of North America. As the glaciers melted, “great throat” while the Iroquois (11 km) gorge. The gorge is rarely the waters formed a large inland sea. As Indians called them Onguiaahro, more than 1/4 mile (0.4 km) wide but the inland sea grew larger, it overflowed meaning “the strait”. All were right, the water ranges from 200 to 500 feet its banks forming Niagara Falls. and their names reflected their point (60 to 150 meters) deep. of view and culture. While only the 49th highest waterfall, Whirlpool Rapids is located just below Niagara Falls is the most famous Niagara Falls actually consists of two the falls, formed as the river scoured out waterfall on earth. Four of the Great falls: in on a deep basin. The waters swirl violently Lakes, Superior, Michigan, Huron, and the United States side, and in the whirlpool reaching speeds of Erie all feed water into the Niagara River. Horseshoe Falls in on the 26 miles (43 km.) per hour. Downstream So much water flows over the falls, some Canadian side of the Niagara River. rapids form before the Niagara River 1,500,000 gallons every second, that only After it drops over the falls, the empties quietly into Lake Ontario. two other falls in the entire world carry more water. NIAGARA FALLS FACTS AND FIGURES HORSESHOE FALLS AMERICAN FALLS Niagara comes from a Neutral Indian Height of falls 54 m (176 ft) 56 m (184 ft) Plunge basin 55 m (180 ft) word meaning “thundering waters.” Total drop 109 m (356 ft) 56 m (184 ft) Other tribes had other names for the Width 675 m (2215 ft) 320 m (1050 ft) Water flow (average)* 5214 m3/sec (180,200 cu ft/sec) 919 m3/sec (31,800 cu ft/sec) *data from several sources

COMMUNICATING IDEAS: ART, LITERATURE AND WRITING

The Legend of Narrator 1 In those days the Native people who inhabited the area around Niagara Falls Lilawala-Maid of the Mist referred to their homeland as the Land of The Thundering Waters. Narrator 2 They believed that the greatest beings, The Thunder Beings, lived in a cave behind Readers Theater the great falls. Narrator 3 They were lead by Hinu, the most powerful Thunder Being. This recreation of the tale of the Indian Narrator 4 The Falls were an important and sacred place for the people. maiden who, with the help of the Narrator 1 Life was good in the Land of the Thundering Waters except for one problem. Thunder Being, saved her people from A great sickness came upon the people who lived in the village and no one knew the sickness that haunted them, is what to do about it. Many villagers died each year. written for children in grades 3 to 6. Narrator 2 The chief of the people was strong and courageous. Chief I am proud to lead the people of the thundering waters , but there is one problem... Characters Narrator 3/ the sickness that kills many of my people. What to do?? What to do?? Chief Old Wise Man Narrator 3 The chief of the people had a lovely daughter named Lilawala. She was a pleasant girl with long flowing hair. Narrator 1 Narrator 4 Lilawala My name is Lilawala and I love our village. I try to do my share of the work, and I Narrator 2 Hinu give thanks to the spirits for the abundance of food that we have and for the Lilawala Great Thundering Waters

2 After reading the story, Narrator 4 One day the chief called his daughter to him. the students can Chief Lilawala, I have decided that it is time for you to marry. • sequence the events Narrator 1 Lilowala was happy to hear the news. Lilawala Oh, how wonderful father, which of the young braves will I marry?? Will it be the • create a story board with brave Running Deer or the handsome Hunter of the Rabbit? illustrations and dialogue Narrator 2 Lilawala was particularly hopeful about Hunter of the Rabbit, she liked him. • turn this story board into a slide Narrator 3 The chief answered sternly. show on the computer Chief You will not marry one of those unworthy men. Particularly in these difficult times, you must have a man of wisdom. You will marry the oldest and wisest • identify the story type (legend, man in the village. folk tale, fairy tale, fable, myth) Narrator 4 Lilawala was shocked to hear her father’s words. She felt that she could not marry the old, wise man, and she pleaded with her father to change his mind. and explain its components Lilawala Oh father please, change your mind. I cannot marry a man who SMELLS so • compare this story with another disagreeable and IS disagreeable. story of the same type Narrator 1 But the chief and the old wise man insisted that this was the best option for her. • perform this readers theatre as a Old, Wise Man Oh Lilawala, you will be my bride and together we will live for many moons. puppet play Narrator 2 The chief insisted that Lilawala carry out his wishes. Chief Lilawala do not be foolish. Marry the wisest man in the village in these troubled times. • Read another version of the legend of Lilawala entitled “The Wife of Narrator 3 Lilawala pleaded with her father. Thunderer” in Iroquois Stories: Lilawala I cannot love him father, please donít force me to marry him. Heroes and Heroines Monsters and Narrator 4 But the chief remained firm Magic, by Joseph Bruchac Notice Chief You WILL marry him!! the similarities and differences in Narrator 1 Lilawala did not want to disobey her father or bring dishonour on her people. the details of the story. Make a Narrator 2 She decided that she had to leave her village. Sadly she ran away, and when she Venn Diagram showing these had put some distance between her and the village, she sat down and cried for she did not know where to go or what to do. similarities and differences. Narrator 3 The chief had two big problems now, sickness in the village and a disobedient • Write your own tale that explains daughter. What could he do?? What could he do?? another aspect of Niagara Falls or Narrator 4 After a while she began to run again, this time in the direction of a mysterious voice some other mystery of nature. Tell that seemed to be calling her. your story. Decorate a paper bag as Hinu Lilawala, Lilawala, follow me your prop or storyteller’s bag and Narrator 1 She walked and walked following the voice which lead her to the edge of the great river. choose appropriate items as your props to help tell or illustrate the Hinu Lilawala, Lilawala, follow me. story as native storytellers did. Narrator 2 The voice continued to call her. Some simple prop suggestions are Hinu Lilawala, Lilawala follow me. belts, beads, strings of beads, Lilawala I am following though I am frightened. Oh, who is calling me? flowers, sticks, pipes, rattles, Narrator 3 She jumped into the swiftly flowing river that led to the thundering waters. feathers, bark, masks, and drawings Narrator 4 The river took control of Lilawala and forced her closer to the falls. or small figures of animals.

Narrator 1 Down she fell over the falls and into the turbulent water. • Videotape the story. Narrator 2 She was bounced, and buffeted by the water. Lilawala was terrified • Write your own readers theatre Narrator 3 Suddenly, she landed softly and she heard the voice more clearly. based on Bruchac’s version of the Hinu I have saved you, Lilawala. The Great Thundering Waters have taken away your life, but you are safe here. You can live in the cave behind the Falls with the tale of Lilawala or another tale Thunder Beings. that interests you.

3 Narrator 4 Lilawala lived happily in the Land of the Thunder Beings. Some suggested strategies Narrator 1 Although she never returned in person to her village, she continued to be concerned about the villagers, so she whispered in her fatherís ear the secret that Encourage the children to read the she had learned from Hinu. script silently and then to rehearse the Hinu Your people are dying because a giant snake is poisoning the water they drink. script in small groups. After the Lilawala Donít drink the water. Lead all of the villagers out of the village, and when the groups have had the opportunity to giant snake emerges from the river, kil him, father. practice, they can present to the entire Narrator 2 The villagers moved from the village, and they fought the snake. class. Remind students that in readers Narrator 3 When the snake was injured, it wriggled in pain and as it was dying it formed a theatre they speak to the audience great arc shape rather than to each other and they say Narrator 4 That great snake in its great arc shape formed the Horseshoe Falls. their lines as they think the character Narrator 1 The chief and villagers were happy. The sickness was gone and they had a beautiful would say them. new falls. Chief I miss Lilawala, but I know she is near for it was her voice that warned me and Props or costumes are not necessary, saved the village. but may be used if they do not interfere Narrator 2 The chief and the villagers believed that Lilawalaís spirit continued to live happily with the students’ reading. Some behind the falls keeping a close look on her people. suggested costumes/props are Narrator 3 Many insisted that they saw her in the mist at the base of the falls. headdresses, necklaces, and drums. Narrator 4 If you ever go to Niagara Falls, look for the Great Thundering Waters, the arc shaped Horseshoe Falls and for Lilawala, the Maid of the Mist, emerging from the falls with her long hair flowing.

Be an Artist

The first Europeans to see Niagara Falls such as Moulin Huet Bay, Guernsey, are depicting. Be sure that they clean were awed by it and wanted to recreate 1884, The Seine at Champrosay, 1876 their fingers between the application it so others who couldn’t witness it and Treboul, near Douarnenez, 1895, of different colours. Once there is could appreciate some of its splendour. draw the students’ attention to the enough paint on the page, use the Father Hennepin, in the first eyewitness colour choices and the amount of end of a paintbrush or comb to account of Niagara Falls in 1678, paint used in each painting . create texture. described the170 ft. waterfall as 500 ft Encourage them to dab the paint Examine photos of other waterfalls high, so the first drawings were onto paper or cardboard and then to paint or draw in the medium of inaccurate. However, many artists chose spread it with a finger or fingers to your choice. to visit what Hennepin called “an form an impression of the scene they incredible cataract or waterfall which has no equal” and to paint the site from Left : Robert their own perspective. One example Hancock-Engraving , appears here. 1794, after a sketch by Father Hennepin What medium would you choose to Photo:National Archives illustrate Niagara Falls? One of Canada, c-014586 suggestion is finger painting with acrylic paint in the style of the great French Impressionist, Renoir. After examining a few paintings by Renoir

4 Daredevils: Debate Niagara Falls

Niagara Falls has attracted its share Niagara Parks Police, The Coast of daredevils. Their death defying Guard, Niagara County Sheriff’s feats can be examined in the following Marine Patrol, helicopters and jet web sites: boats. You may wish to consult the American Bill of Rights, the Canadian www.infoniagara.com/d-dare.html Charter of Rights and Freedoms and www.infoniagara.com/d-fast.html the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights while www.iaw.on.ca/~falls/daredevils.html preparing your argument. www.iaw.com/~falls/devil_frame.html • Debate whether or not people These types of activities have been should be allowed to risk their illegal since 1911. There are those who lives trying such feats. feel that it is the human right of each • Following the debate, you may individual to risk their lives to test wish to cast your vote on this • Design a broadside or themselves against the falls in anyway issue at the Niagara Parks advertisement for one of the that they wish. There are others who Commission site at daredevils. remind us that these types of activities www. Niagara-info.com/debat.html not only endanger the lives of the • Write a letter from the point of participants, but of those involved in Be it resolved that any individual view of Annie Taylor at the end of the rescue operations as well. Some of should have the right to challenge her life. Tell about your adventure the rescue operations can involve Niagara Falls in any way he may choose. and how you feel about it at the end of your life.

• Be a reporter at the scene and report on one of the death defying events.

Above: The Niagara Falls Public Library (Ontario) William Hunt using the name Signor Farini walks across the falls carrying a wash tub on his back, 1860. He lowered the tub to fill it with water, washed some items and then hung them on his balance pole.

Left: The Public Library of Niagara Falls (Ontario) Inscription on her Gravestone Annie Edson Taylor First to go over the The Horse Shoe Fall In a Barrel and Live October 24, 1901

5 Read a Story about Niagara Falls

Read Mirette on the High Wire by Emily example, how did you feel the her to work toward acquiring this skill. Arnold McCully, and/or Mirette and first time you tried to ride a bike, Is there anyone who inspires you? Bellini Cross Niagara Falls. Mirette is a inline skate or snowboard? What has this person accomplished daredevil who begs Bellini, a high wire Design a poster advertising your that makes you want to emulate him walker to teach her how to do it. After accomplishment(s). or her? What difficulties or challenges much effort she attains her goal and • Bellini is based on the true to life did he/she encounter ? Or…Bellini is assists Bellini in recovering his courage character Jean Francois Gravelet, Mirette’s teacher. Describe a person as well. She then travels with him to known as Blondin. He was a who has taught you how to do North America where they experience tightrope walker who crossed something that you thought was very an extra challenge when attempting to Niagara Falls on one occasion difficult. What special qualities did cross Niagara Falls. with his manager on his back, on this good teacher have? another with his assistant on his • Have you ever had to work hard • The question of good back and on still another to learn how to do something? sportsmanship is raised in the occasion he cooked a meal while Tell about one of your story about Niagara Falls. What on the wire. accomplishments. How long did is good sportsmanship? What are you practice and how did you feel Mirette admires Bellini and she wants examples of it in the sporting once you could do what you to emulate (be like, or copy) him. His world today and/ or in the wanted to accomplish. For great ability on the high wire inspires history of sport?

Be A Tourist at Niagara Falls

In the years between the end of the War • Write a radio play of 1812-1814 and before the American or newspaper story Civil War, 1861-65, tourists began to about your visit. flock to Niagara Falls in larger When making your numbers. Once the American Civil war choice of subjects was over, tourism flourished again. to discuss, Along with the tourists came those who remember the story viewed the falls as the greatest place to of seven year old entertain crowds by trying death Roger Woodward’s defying feats. In addition, the number adventure or of inns, taverns and tour guides misadventure over increased on both sides of the border. the Falls reenacted so realistically in • You are one of the sightseers in the the film Niagara: photo. Write a post card to a Miracles, Myths and Magic friend from Niagara Falls describing what you have seen on • Prepare a travel brochure Above: The National Archives of Canada, your visit. Draw the event on the advertising the wonders of PA-147956. Man and woman seated on a bench other side of the post card. Niagara Falls. before the falls.

6 SCIENCE

Materials: 2. The greater the slope, the greater 3. Small particles were carried away the rate of erosion. fastest. Rounder, smoother Slope Power and Water Power. particles were carried away faster. 3. The slope of a stream changes 1. A plastic trough fashioned from continuously through erosion 4. During dry months, water volume plastic pipe cut in half lengthwise and/or deposition. decreases. Volume can increase or wallpaper tray (cut out). with rain, melting snow, or 4. The slope of Niagara Falls is 90˚ or 2. gravel/sand mixture. tributaries. vertical, the steepest slope possible. 3. Two plastic buckets, three to Erosion occurs rapidly from the 5. Erosion is occurring very rapidly five-quarts in size. force of the pounding water. at Niagara Falls. The tremendous volume of water combined with a A. Advance preparation: B. Duplicate and nearly vertical slope contributes to Slope Power - distribute Water Power- rapid erosion at the crest and base Investigating the Effect of Investigating the Effect of the falls. Numerous blocks of Slope on Stream Erosion. of Water Volume on rock that have tumbled into the Cautions: Stream Erosion. gorge can be seen at the base of Materials: the falls. Students will be using water during this investigation. Have sponges, towels, and Materials are identical to those in C. Duplicate and mops available for spilled sand and Slope Power discussed above. distribute The Retreat water. Several trials may be made before Cautions: of Niagara Falls. the catch bucket becomes full; remind Answer to questions: students to empty the buckets often. Same as those for Slope Power except When the trough angle is low the gravel when investigating the effect of water 1. The Niagara River flows north. may not move; try tapping gently on volume, students must keep the slope 2. The falls are retreating to the the side of the trough to get the gravel the same. south toward Lake Erie moving. When investigating the effect Range of results: 3. Students should describe the of stream slope, students must keep the steep slope during the first water volume the same. Quantitative result will vary widely. interval and then the flattening Typical student data will range from 5 Range of results: of the line. In general, the retreat to 30 seconds to erode the gravel. has slowed with time. Quantitative results are likely to vary Answers to questions: widely: if students average their data it 500 will take from 5 to 30 seconds to erode 1. Answers should indicate that the 400 the gravel/sand mixture. sand/gravel mixture eroded fastest when the volume of water was 300 Answers to questions: highest. 200

1. Students should mention the Retreated (Feet) 2. The greater the volume, the 100 data and point out that the greater the rate of erosion. gravel eroded faster when the 0 slope was steepest . 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 Year

7 4. The falls retreated 470 feet (143m.) 6. R=D/T; R = 865 feet/185 years = completely drained and in its in the first interval. They retreated 4.7 feet/year. (264m./185 place would be a river connecting another 80 feet (25m.) during 1906 years=1.425m./year) Lake Huron and Lake Ontario. to 1926. This question is designed 7. R=D/T; R= (7 miles X 5,280 Some scientists have stated that merely to have students examine feet/mile)/l 2,000 years = 36,960 the land under the Niagara region their graphs. Caution students feet/12,000 years - 3.08 feet/year. is slowly rising and could raise the that a better comparison would (11km.X 1000m/km./12,000 riverbed above the surface of Lake be to compare rate of retreat since years+11,265m./12,000 years- Erie. If this happens Lake Erie each interval is a different 0.94m/year) would have to seek another outlet number of years. to the sea, perhaps southward 8. At the present rate of retreat, the through the Mississippi River 5. The falls have retreated 865 feet falls would retreat to Lake Erie in drainage basin. (264m.) in 185 years. 25,000 years. Lake Erie would be

Slope Power: Investigating the Effects of Slope on Stream Erosion

Objectives: 3. Place about 500 ml (2 cups) of the Data: gravel/sand mixture in the trough To determine the effect of slope on Observations about 15 cm (6inches) from the stream erosion. edge of the highest end. Analysis: Materials needed: 4. Release the clamp and let the 1. Examine your data and write what (Per team of three to six students) water run onto the trough and the data means. Plastic trough, tubing and clamp for then into the gravel/sand mixture. 2. What is the relationship between siphon supports to raise one end of Do not put the water from the stream slope and the rate of trough, gravel/sand mixture, 500 ml tube directly onto the gravel/sand. erosion? (2cups) 2 to 3 buckets to catch water 5. Measure the time it takes the gravel timer, water, protractor. 3. How can the slope of a stream or to be washed into the catch bucket river change in nature? Procedure: 6. Record your observations. Record 4. After viewing the film NIAGARA: 1. Place the trough so it is sloped the time in the Data Table. Miracles, Myths & Magic, describe only slightly. Raise one end about 7. Repeat two more times and the slope of the Niagara River at 5˚. Be sure the lower end drains average your results. Niagara Falls? What effect do you into a catch bucket. think this has on erosion of the 8. Repeat the investigation but 2. Place a second bucket Filled with riverbed? change the slope of the trough. water at the highest end of the Use angles of 10˚ and 15˚. Make Sample Data Table: trough. Insert the siphon tube sure the same amount of water is into the water-filled bucket. released each time. Slope Trial Trial Trial Average 1 2 3

5˚

10˚

15˚

8 Water Power: Investigating the effect of water volume on stream erosion.

Objectives: 3. Place about 500 ml (2 cups) of the let the water flow at the same rate gravel/sand mixture about 15 each time. To determine the effect of water cm(6inches) from the highest end volume on stream erosion. 8. Repeat the investigation but of the trough. change the volume of water. To Materials needed: 4. To simulate a low volume of water simulate “normal” water volume, (Per team of three to six students) flow, release the clamp only open the clamp all the way. For Plastic trough, tubing and clamp for partially so that the flow of water high volume of water flow you can siphon, supports to raise one end of is restricted. Let the water run have another team place its bucket trough, gravel/sand mixture, 500 ml onto the trough. near your equipment setup and (2 cups) 2 to 3 buckets to catch water allow water from both buckets to 5. Measure the time it takes the timer, water, protractor. flow down the trough. gravel to be washed into the catch Procedure: bucket. (You may have to tap the Data: trough lightly to start the 1. Place the trough at an angle of 5˚. Observations gravel/sand moving.) Be sure the lower end drains into a Analysis: catch bucket. 6. Record your observations in the space provided. Record the time in 1. Examine your data and write what 2. Place a second bucket filled with the Data Table. the data indicates about volume water at the highest end of the of water and erosion. trough. Insert the siphon tube 7. Repeat two additional times and into the water filled bucket. average your results. Remember to 2. What is the relationship between water volume and rate of erosion?

3. What did you notice about the movement of different size particles? Different shape particles?

4. How can the volume of water carried by a stream be changed in nature?

5. After viewing the film NIAGARA: Miracles, Myths and Magic do you think erosion is occurring rapidly at Niagara Falls? Explain your answer.

Sample Data Table:

Volume Trial Trial Trial Average 1 2 3

Low

Normal

High

9 The Retreat of Niagara Falls Background Information on top of soft, flaky shale. Dolomite is resistant dolomite above. Eventually so Niagara Falls has not always been where more resistant to erosion than shale. much shale is removed that the overhanging dolomite collapses and it is today. Since the falls were formed Moving water and winter ice cause the tumbles to the base of the falls. As the they have been moving south. If we do shale to erode. Because shale is softer it dolomite is removed the position of the not interfere Niagara Falls eventually erodes faster, undermining the more will move all the way to Lake Erie. Since falls moves a little bit farther back the time Niagara Falls was formed upstream. about 12,000 years ago, they have Engineers have been recording the moved steadily upstream. This DOLOMITE CAP position of the falls since 1764. The processes is called head- ward erosion data in the table below shows how because the falls are moving toward the RIVER much Niagara Falls moved upstream head waters or origin of the river. LEVEL between 1764 and 1949. SOFT As the tremendous volume of water in RROCKOCK RIVER BOTTOM the Niagara River rushes over the falls it PLUNGE The fast flowing water causes the soft rock to wears away at the rock that forms the POOL weaken underneath the stronger dolomite river bottom. This rock is a hard, black cap. Eventually the unsupported cap falls off rock called dolomite. The dolomite lies and the waterfall recedes.

Procedure and Analysis

1. Locate Niagara Falls on a map 6. The rate at which the falls have electric generating plants and which shows the New York/Ontario retreated can be determined from modifications such as the area. In which direction does the the data. Rate (in feet or metres installation of iron rods to Niagara River flow? If the falls are per year) can be calculated by strengthen the rock underneath moving upstream, in which dividing total distance (in feet or the falls. The present rate of direction are the falls retreating? metres) by total time (in years). retreat of Horseshoe Falls is about According to the data in the table, 1 foot (30cm.) per year. American 2. Plot the data provided for Dates what is the rate at which the falls Falls retreat at a miniscule rate and Retreat of Falls on a graph. have retreated during the interval? because of human modifications. (NOTE: Use the last year listed for What would happen if the falls each interval. For example, when 7. The original falls formed 12,000 retreated all the way to Lake Erie? you plot the data for the interval years ago about 7 miles (11km) 1764-1842 use 1842 as the year.) downstream from the present Interval Retreat Total falls. What is the rate at which Date (Years) of Falls Retreat 3. Connect the points and describe (Feet-Metres) (Feet-Metres) Niagara Falls migrated since they the slope or shape of the line. 1764-1842 78 470 ft. 470 ft. were formed? (HINT: There are (143m.) (143m.)

4. During what interval did the falls 5,280 feet in one mile and 1000m. 1842-1875 33 133ft. 603 ft. retreat the most? Least? in one kilometre) (41m.) (184m.) 1875-1906 31 110 ft. 713 ft. 5. How much have the falls retreated 8. In recent years the rate of erosion (34m.) (217m.) since they have been measured? of the falls have been slowed as a 1906-1926 20 80 ft. 793 ft. (24m.) (242m.) How many years has this taken? result of the diversion of some of 1926-1949 23 72 ft. 865 ft. the water flow to the hydro (22m.) (264m.)

10 Comprehension - Mastering Facts

Use these clues to complete the puzzle below. Answers may be found in the Student Handouts and by viewing the film NIAGARA: Miracles, Myths & Magic.

1. Jesuit priest who wrote one of the earliest accounts of a European expedition to Niagara Falls

2. Cause of the retreat of the falls 1 N upstream 2 I 3. School teacher who survived a ride over the falls in a barrel in 1901 3 A

4. Name of the river that flows over 4 G Niagara Falls 5 A 5. Of the two falls making Niagara Falls, the one in the United States 6 R

6. Lake from which the water flows 7 A before tumbling over Niagara Falls

7. Famous boat which takes tourists 8 F to the base of Niagara Falls 9 A 8. Of the two falls, the one that is in Canada 10 L

9. Lake into which the water flows 11 L after falling over Niagara Falls 12 S 10. Hard, erosion-resistant type of rock capping Niagara Falls

11. Indian woman who sacrificed her life to the “Thunder Beings“

12. Soft, easily eroded rock type found

in the cliffs of Niagara Falls

2 Shale 12. 9. Ontario Ontario 9. 6. Erie Erie 6. 3. AnnieTaylor AnnieTaylor 3.

11. Lelawalla Lelawalla 11. 8. Horseshoe Falls Falls Horseshoe 8. 5. American Falls Falls American 5. 2. Erosion Erosion 2.

10. Dolomite Dolomite 10. 7. Maid of the Mist Mist the of Maid 7. 4. Niagara River River Niagara 4. 1. Hennepin Hennepin 1.

11 History & Geography

• Examine the vital role of Niagara parks in major cities in19th • Investigate how a canal works, Falls in the early history of North century North America, and the significance of the America. particularly Niagara Falls. Welland Canal.

• Study one of the earliest park • Examine the development of the • Study the culture of the Native builders. Examine the role of St. Lawrence Seaway and its groups that inhabited the area Frederick Law Olmstead in the affect on commercialism in around Niagara Falls. development of green spaces and North America.

Resources Books Granfield, Linda Videos Berton, Pierre All About Niagara Falls. Morrow, Canada: A People’s History (video Niagara: A History of the Falls. 1988 series) Episode 5. A Question of McClelland and Stewart, 1992 McCully, E. Arnold Loyalties. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, c. 2001. Berton, Pierre. Mirette and Bellini Cross Niagara A Picture Book of Niagara Falls. Falls. Putnam, 2000. The Challenge of Niagara Falls (25 Min) McClelland and Stewart, 1996. Mirette on the High Wire. Putnam, Lafayette California: International Video Network c. 1985 Bruchac, Joseph. 1992. (picture books) Iroquois Stories: Heroes and McGreevy, Patrick. Naturally Niagara Falls (30 min) Heroines Monsters and Magic. Imagining Niagara: The Meaning and Lockport New York: Video The Crossing Press, 1985. Making of Niagara Falls. University Vacation c. 1991 Charles, Veronika Martenova of Massachusetts Press, 1994. St. Lawrence Seaway to the Sea (96 min) Maiden of the Mist, Legend of Wishinsky, Freda National Film Board of Canada, Niagara Falls, Stoddart Kids, The Man Who Made Parks: The Story 1986. 2001. of A Parkbuilder Frederick Law Fisher, L. Everett Olmstead. Tundra Books, 1999. Niagara Falls: Nature’s Wonder. (picture book) Holiday House, 1996. Wood, Jenny Waterfalls: Nature’s Thundering Splendour. Gareth Stevens, 1991.

Academic Advisor: Diana Nason BA. Dip Ed., MA For More Information Contact: Destination Cinema, 4155 Harrison Blvd., Suite 210, Ogden, Utah 84403 [email protected] Phone: (801) 392-2001 • Fax: (801)-392-6703 A Large-Format Film Produced by Destination Cinema