18 SWALLOWTAILS family Papilionidae family Papilionidae SWALLOWTAILS 19 PLATE 1 SWALLOWTAILS (family Papilionidae) Swallowtails are among the largest and the most spectacular . The 12 species found in Turkey include four festoons, five apollos, and three swallowtails. FESTOONS Medium-size yellow butterflies decorated with black and red spots and bars. Sexes are similar, but females are more heavily marked. All four species have been recorded in the province of Bolu.

EASTERN STEPPE FESTOON Zerynthia deyrollei SIZE: 2.5-3.0cm. ID: A pale yellow festoon with strongly serrated hindwing outer margin, short tail, postmedian band of small red spots on hindwing and abdomen 1. Eastern Steppe Festoon 2. Eastern Steppe Festoon barred with orange on its sides. Prominent black bars on forewing do not extend across the width of cell. FL: April to mid-June. HB: Open pine forests and dry flowery valleys in steppes. RG:Absent from Marmara region and Aegean coast; widespread elsewhere. FP: Birthworts (Aristolochia sp.). CO: Only festoon found in eastern and most of central Anatolia. See Eastern Festoon.

EASTERN FESTOON Zerynthia cerisy SIZE: 3.0-3.4cm. ID: Very similar to Eastern Steppe Festoon, but median rectangular markings on hindwing below are larger and mostly black inside; on Eastern Steppe Festoon they are smaller and yellow inside. Also, abdomen lacks conspicuous orange bars found on Eastern Steppe Festoon. FL: Late February- early June, according to altitude. HB: Lush brook valleys, rocky and bushy areas, vineyards, flowery roadsides and meadows. RG: All coastal provinces in southern, 3. Eastern Steppe Festoon 4. Eastern Festoon western and northwestern Turkey; also K›z›lcahamam (Ankara), Bolu, Kastamonu, Amasya and Ordu. FP: Birthworts (Aristolochia sp.). CO: Range overlap with Eastern Steppe Festoon is limited to K›z›lcahamam area in Ankara and Lake District in southwest.

SOUTHERN FESTOON Zerynthia polyxena SIZE: 2.4-2.8cm. ID: Extremely wavy black submarginal lines on both wings give them a strongly scalloped look. Broad black bars extend across the width of forewing cell. Below, note the two red bars within forewing cell. FL: Mid-March to late April; June at mountains in Bolu. HB: Mainly wet meadows near woodland and open woodland with heavy undergrowth; sometimes near cultivated areas. RG: Marmara region, eastwards to Bolu and Eskiflehir. FP: Birthworts (Aristolochia sp.). CO: Generally found below 1000m. No longer common within Istanbul due to 6. Eastern Festoon habitat destruction. 5. Eastern Festoon

CAUCASIAN FESTOON Zerynthia caucasica (not illustrated) SIZE: 2.5-3.0cm. ID: Two broad black bars that often extend across the width of forewing cell and relatively straight wing margins are distinctive. Hindwing has a complete and relatively conspicuous black median spotband, and a postmedian band of small red spots that are bordered outside by a band of blue spots ringed in black. FL: April-May in coastal areas; late May-late June at higher altitudes. HB: Moist bushy clearings in open mixed and deciduous woodland; wet meadows. RG: Bolu; also very locally Ordu, Giresun and Rize. FP: Birthworts (Aristolochia sp.). CO: World range of this globally threatened species is confined to the Caucasus and a few provinces in northern Turkey.

7. Southern Festoon 8. Southern Festoon 20 SWALLOWTAILS family Papilionidae family Papilionidae SWALLOWTAILS 21 PLATE 2 APOLLOS Large butterflies with white translucent wings decorated with black and/or red spots.

FALSE APOLLO Archon apollinus SIZE: 3.0cm. ID: Male has translucent forewing mottled with dark scales and two large black cell spots. Hindwing is pale yellowish white, with a submarginal row of black-ringed blue spots bordered inside by tiny red spots. Female is similar, with heavier dusting of black and reddish scales and more conspicuous band of red postmedian spots. FL: Early March-early April in coastal areas; late April-June elsewhere. HB: Sheltered places in stony, dry grasslands, open forests of all types, and olive-groves. RG: Nearly all provinces west of Erzurum, Elaz›¤, and Mardin. FP: Birthworts (Aristolochia sp.). CO: Considered threatened in its Greek and 1. False Apollo 2. False Apollo Turkish European range.

LITTLE FALSE APOLLO Archon apollinaris (not illustrated) SIZE: 2.5cm. ID: Nearly identical to, but noticeably smaller than False Apollo, which it replaces in southeastern Anatolia. FL: April-June, according to altitude. RG: Erzincan-Elaz›¤-Mufl area; also from Siirt to Hakkari and Van. HB: Cereal fields and wooded steppes. FP: Birthworts (Aristolochia sp.). CO: Ranges of false apollos barely overlap only in Mardin and Diyarbak›r.

CLOUDED APOLLO Parnassius mnemosyone SIZE: 3cm. ID: A relatively large white with prominent black veins, two black spots in forewing cell, and transparent wings. Female’s wings are slightly grayer. Note the distinctly concave hindwing trailing margin. FL: May-June in 3. Clouded Apollo 4. Clouded Apollo western and southern Turkey; June-July in northern and eastern Anatolia; and late July to mid-August at high altitudes. HB: Open woodland of all types, wooded steppes and subalpine and alpine grassland. RG: Extremely local in Aegean and Marmara regions and much of central Anatolia; widespread elsewhere. FP: Various corydalises (Corydalis sp.). CO: When found together, generally flies at higher altitude than Apollo.

APOLLO Parnassius apollo SIZE: 4-5cm. ID: A large, magnificent mountain species with a distinctive floating flight. Forewing has four large black spots, two of them in cell. Two large black-ringed red or orange hindwing eyespots usually have white pupils. FL: July-August. HB: Rocky, flowery mountain valleys and meadows, usually above 1500m. RG: Mountains in northern, south-central and extreme southeastern 5. Apollo 6. Apollo 7. Apollo Turkey; also Lake District in southwest and Uluda¤ (Bursa). FP: Various stonecrops (Sedum sp.). CO: Has declined seriously in most of its range due to habitat loss and collection for commercial purposes; population in Uluda¤ has especially been hit hard by collectors.

CAUCASIAN APOLLO Parnassius nordmanni SIZE: 3.2-3.6cm. ID: This difficult to find butterfly also has two black spots in its cell, but lacks Apollo’s additional forewing spots. Note the extensive black scaling along forewing outer margin and two black-ringed blind red or orange eyespots on hindwing, which are often angular (rounded on Apollo). FL: Mid-July to mid-August. HB: Rocky, grassy areas above timberline. RG: Erzurum, Rize, Artvin and Ardahan. FP: About half a dozen species of corydalis (Corydalis sp.). CO: Obviously smaller in size than Apollo; generally flies near and above 3000m. 8. Apollo 9. Caucasian Apollo 22 SWALLOWTAILS family Papilionidae family Papilionidae SWALLOWTAILS 23 PLATE 3 TRUE SWALLOWTAILS Swallowtails are large, popular yellow butterflies with black stripes and long tails. The Scarce Swallowtail and the Swallowtail are widespread in Turkey, but the Southern Swallowtail is relatively local and more difficult to find.

SCARCE SWALLOWTAIL Iphiclides podalirius SIZE: 4.5cm. ID: Easily identified by its very large size, yellowish wings heavily striped in black, very long tail with whitish tip, and a distinctive floating flight. FL: Late March-September, depending on seasonal conditions. HB: Open flowery fields, woodland margins, orchards and gardens at low and mid-altitudes. RG: All regions. FP: Rosaceous shrubs and trees, including sloe and cherry (Rosaceae). CO: Spring generation has bright yellow wings, whereas summer generations look somewhat whitish. Common and widespread. Easily seen in and around towns, but rarely above 2000m.

SOUTHERN SWALLOWTAIL Papilio alexanor 1. Scarce Swallowtail (spring) 2. Scarce Swallowtail SIZE: 4-4.5cm. ID: A bright yellow swallowtail with black stripes and a long tail; blackish hindwing postmedian band has a continuous blue filling. Yellow forewing basal area, conspicuous black discoidal bar on hindwing and a continuous yellow submarginal band on forewing distinguish it from other swallowtails. FL: Late May-early July in coastal Mediterranean, June-July in the interior; July to late August in northeast. HB: Hot, dry, flowery mountain slopes. RG: All regions. FP: Mainly fennels (Ferula sp.) in parsley family (Apiaceae). CO: This powerful flyer is more thinly distributed than Swallowtail. Likes to hilltop.

SWALLOWTAIL Papilio machaon SIZE: 4-4.5cm. ID: A fast flying, large yellow and black butterfly with a conspicuous tail and yellow submarginal bands broken into spots. Note the black forewing basal area, a large round red spot at hindwing anal angle and wide blue hindwing postmedian band. FL: July to mid-August at higher altitudes in northeast; early March-November in southern and western Turkey. HB: Diverse. RG: All regions. FP: Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and other plants in parsley family (Apiaceae). CO: Another hilltopper. 3. Scarce Swallowtail (summer) 4. Southern Swallowtail

5. Swallowtail 6. Swallowtail 24 WHITES AND YELLOWS family family Pieridae WHITES AND YELLOWS 25 PLATE 4 WHITES AND YELLOWS (family Pieridae) Whites and yellows (also known as pierids) include some of our most familiar butterflies. This family is well-represented in Turkey, with wood whites, bath whites, whites of genera and Euchloe, orange tips, clouded yellows, brimstones, and unique species like the Black-veined White. LARGE SALMON ARAB Colotis fausta (not illustrated) CO: Above, salmon ground color and forewing apex checkered black-and- salmon are unique. Yellow-orange below, with discoidal spots and postmedian band of blackish markings on both wings. A very rare stray to the southeast, generally during late summer and fall. AFRICAN EMIGRANT Catopsilia florella (not illustrated) 1. Black-veined White 2. Black-veined White 3. Black-veined White CO: A large all-whitish subtropical species found in Africa and Arabian Peninsula. Known from at least one record in Bingöl in 1986. BLACK-VEINED WHITE Aporia crataegi SIZE: 3.5cm. ID: Male has prominent black veins on white wings with no black cell spots. Female is similar, but has browner veins and a variable amount of dark scales on its more transparent wings. FL: May to mid-June in coastal areas, early June-July elsewhere. HB: Hot, open, bushy fields, flowery meadows and orchards. RG: All regions. FP: Shrubs and trees of rose family (Roseceae). CO: Can only be confused with Clouded Apollo, but lacks black spots on its forewing. WOOD WHITES These two very small and weak-flying species with rounded wings and long, narrow 4. Black-veined White 5. Wood White (summer) 6. Wood White (spring) abdomens are easily recognized in the field. WOOD WHITE Leptidea sinapis SIZE: 1.8-2.3cm. ID: A dainty white butterfly with rounded wings and long, narrow abdomen. Below, hindwing has a smudged look in spring brood, but is generally unmarked white in summer generations. Note the white spot on antennal club. FL: Late March-October in its western and southern range; May-July elsewhere. HB: Woodland openings and edges. RG: Widespread in northern and southern Turkey, but absent from much of central and southeastern Anatolia. FP: Trefoils, clovers and peas (Fabaceae). CO: Very difficult to separate from Fenton’s Wood White (L. morsei), which has been recently recorded in Turkey. On hindwing underside, outer half of veins tend to be grayer on Fenton’s Wood White. Also, there seems to be some confusion about the status of this species in Turkey; some now argue that Turkish populations may belong to Real’s Wood White (L. reali), 7. Wood White 8. Wood White 9. Eastern Wood White safely distinguishable from Wood White only by genitalia. (spring) (summer) (spring) EASTERN WOOD WHITE Leptidea duponcheli SIZE: 1.7-2.2cm. ID: Similar to Wood White, but lacks the white spot on its antennal club. Below, basal half of hindwing is dark greenish in spring brood, except for a white rectangular area in cell, but summer brood is unmarked white, often with an obvious yellowish tinge. FL: Late March-Mid May along Mediterranean coast and early April-early June elsewhere; and again between mid-June and mid-August under favorable conditions. HB: Diverse, including sheltered brook valleys, dry and scrubby slopes, and disturbed areas. RG: All regions. FP: Sainfoins, vetches and other legumes (Fabaceae). CO: Forewing apex of summer generation females of both wood whites lack dark scales.

10. Eastern Wood White (summer) 11. Eastern Wood White (summer) 26 WHITES AND YELLOWS family Pieridae family Pieridae WHITES AND YELLOWS 27 PLATE 5 WHITES (genus Pieris) The eight species of Pieris whites found in Turkey can be divided into two groups: “whites” and “green-veined whites.” Two of the whites, the Small White and the Large White, and one of the green-veined whites, the Green-veined White, are three of the most frequently seen butterflies in Turkey.

SMALL WHITE Pieris rapae SIZE: 2.5cm. ID: Above, male of this familiar white butterfly has one black spot on its forewing; female has two. Note that black forewing apical marking is relatively restricted (see Southern Small White). Below, hindwing is unmarked white with variable amount of dark scaling and often with a yellowish tinge. FL: March-November. HB: Diverse. RG: Widespread. FP: Wild crucifers as well 1. Small White 2. Small White as cultivated brassicas (Cruciferae). CO: Generally, the only small white seen in or near urban areas.

SOUTHERN SMALL WHITE Pieris mannii SIZE: 2.3cm. ID: Very similar to Small White, but underside of hindwing is heavily dusted with dark scales, especially in spring brood (on Small White, dark scaling is more variable and often more obvious along trailing margin). Black apical mark extends down forewing outer margin farther than it does on Small White. FL: April-October. HB: Hot, dry and rocky places. RG: Widespread in eastern Black Sea Region and eastern Taurus Mountains; localized elsewhere. FP: Various mustards, especially garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata). CO: Adult males often gather on damp ground. 3. Small White 4. Southern Small White MOUNTAIN SMALL WHITE Pieris ergane SIZE: 2.2cm. ID: Identify this species by absence of any black spots on underside of its forewing (all other similar whites have one or two black spots) and somewhat square black forewing apical mark. Generally looks whiter below than other similar whites. FL: April-August. HB: Dry grassy and bushy slopes. RG: Widespread in eastern Turkey; thinly distributed elsewhere, and extremely local in Marmara and Aegean regions. FP: Mainly Aethionema sp. CO: Males are often seen on damp ground.

5. Southern Small White 6. Mountain Small White

7. Mountain Small White 8. Mountain Small White 28 WHITES AND YELLOWS family Pieridae family Pieridae WHITES AND YELLOWS 29 PLATE 6 LARGE WHITE Pieris brassicae SIZE: 3.5cm. ID: Much larger than Small White. Above, male’s white wings are unmarked, except for black forewing apical marking that extends down along the outer margin farther than on any of the small whites. Female has two large round black spots on its forewing. Below, forewing has two black spots in both sexes; hindwing is unmarked white, often with yellowish tinge. FL: Late FebruaryNovember. HB: Flowery places of all kinds, cultivated fields, woodland margins and gardens. RG: All regions. FP: A variety of crucifers (Cruciferae). CO: One of the most frequently encountered species in most of Turkey.

KRUEPER’S SMALL WHITE Pieris krueperi SIZE: 22.5cm. ID: Above, both sexes are white, with black triangular marks along forewing outer margin and another somewhat triangular spot at costal margin; these markings are more prominent on females. Forewing below has a large round black postmedian spot. In spring brood, hindwing is mostly green, except for outer one-third; in summer broods it is entirely white or pale yellowish green. In all broods, note the greenish triangular marking at forewing costal margin below. 1. Large White 2. Large White FL: In many areas, March-April and July; in warmer places also August-September. HB: Steep rocky, flower-rich slopes, often near water in otherwise dry areas. RG: Local in southern and eastern Turkey. FP: Mainly crucifers of genera and . CO: Most widespread in Hakkari-fi›rnak and Erzurum-Artvin provinces.

3. Large White 4. Krueper’s Small White

5. Krueper’s Small White (summer) 6. Krueper’s Small White (spring) 30 WHITES AND YELLOWS family Pieridae family Pieridae WHITES AND YELLOWS 31 PLATE 7 GREEN-VEINED WHITES This group includes three closely related and similar-looking species (formerly a single species, Pieris napi) with greenish veins on the hindwing below.

GREEN-VEINED WHITE Pieris napi SIZE: 2.5cm. ID: Above, spring brood male resembles Small White, though outer half of its veins are covered with dark brown scales, especially on forewing; underside of hindwing is distinctive with strong green-gray veining. Female is similar, but dusting of dark scales along veins above is conspicuous on both wings. Summer generations of both sexes are lightly veined on both surfaces and may be confused with Small White, but black forewing apical mark extends farther down outer margin. FL: February-November. HB: Woodland openings, woodland margins 1. Green-veined White 2. Green-veined White 3. Green-veined White and riverbanks. RG: Relatively widespread, but largely absent from barren steppes. (spring) (summer) (summer) FP: A large variety of crucifers (Cruciferae). CO: A “super-species” with many forms and subspecies throughout northern hemisphere. Some consider the subspecies living in Turkey (with veins more strongly and broadly suffused green-gray) to be a distinct species, P. pseudorapae (False Cabbage White).

MOUNTAIN GREEN-VEINED WHITE Pieris bryoniae SIZE: 2.5cm. ID: Similar to spring brood of Green-veined White, but veins below and above are dusted more heavily with dark scales, especially along margins above and on females. Also, ground color above is pure white without yellowish tinge and forewing tip is more pointed. FL: Mid-June to mid-July, a month later in the East. HB: Alpine and subalpine meadows. RG: Most easily seen in the northeast; very local in western Black Sea region; also found in Uluda¤, Bursa. 4. Green-veined White (spring) 5. Green-veined White (spring) FP: Crucifers, including mountain species like Biscutella laevigata and several Cardamine sp. CO: Still considered by some to be a subspecies of Pieris napi, which it replaces at higher altitudes.

BOWDEN’S WHITE Pieris bowdeni (not illustrated) SIZE: 2.3cm. ID: Both sexes strongly resemble spring brood of Green-veined White, but they are smaller on average, with somewhat weaker green scaling along veins on hindwing below. Male is brighter white above, and female varies between white and creamy yellow. FL: Early June to mid-July. HB: Grassy, flowery marshes and bogs in mountains, but sometimes also drier areas in subalpine and alpine slopes. RG: Northeastern Turkey, from Gümüflhane eastwards to Ardahan; also locally in Van. FP:Probably crucifers (Cruciferae), though not much is yet known about its early stages. CO: A high altitude species first described in 1984, but still regarded 6. Green-veined White (spring) 7. Green-veined White (summer) as a subspecies of Pieris napi by some.

8. Mountain Green-veined White 9. Mountain Green-veined White