Undermining Violent Extremist Narratives in East Africa a How-To Guide

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UNDERMINING VIOLENT EXTREMIST NARRATIVES IN EAST AFRICA A HOW-TO GUIDE

SARA ZEIGER AUGUST 2018

*THIS GUIDE IS NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION* UNDERMINING VIOLENT EXTREMIST NARRATIVES IN EAST AFRICA A HOW-TO GUIDE

SARA ZEIGER

*THIS GUIDE IS NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION* NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 1

The views expressed in this practical Guide are the opinions of the author, and do not necessarily reflect the views of Hedayah or the United States INTRODUCTION Department of State.

1 Cover design and publication layout by Iman Badwan. Terrorism and violent extremism have been a problem in East Africa over the course of the past several decades. This problem has manifested from ethnic, ABOUT THIS GUIDE religious, social, economic, cultural and tribal conflicts. The diversity of the region has at times contributed to the worsening of factors leading to radicaliza- This Guide is the follow-on product of the “Expert Workshop on East and Horn of Africa Collection of Counter-Narratives for Countering Violent Extremism (CVE)”, held 5-7 February 2018 in Kigali, Rwanda. The workshop and How-To Guide are funded through the support of the U.S. Department of State. tion and violence, but at other times has helped to build community resilience and to foster transitions from conflicts to peace. This Guide and the annex of counter-narratives are available and accessible through Hedayah’s existing Counter-Narrative Library (www.cn-library.com). For more information on the project, please see Annex A. For access to the Counter-Narrative Library, please contact [email protected]. The most recent and pressing threat in the region continues to be Al-Shabaab, based out of Somalia but with evidence of operating also in Djibouti, Ethiopia, ABOUT THE AUTHORS Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. After a truck bomb exploded in Mogadishu in Oc- Sara Zeiger is the Program Manager for the Department of Research and Analysis at Hedayah and leads the portfolio at Hedayah on P/CVE and education. tober 2017, killing over 350 people, it is clear that Al-Shabaab will not disappear Sara supports the Director in providing oversight for the Department’s programs, including the Counter-Narrative Library, non-resident Fellowship Pro- as a threat to the region in the near future (“This was not ‘just another bomb,’” gram and annual International CVE Research Conference. She also led the development of an App for Monitoring, Measurement and Evaluation for P/CVE 2017). From a lens of preventing and countering violent extremism, undermining projects titled MASAR. Her recent publications include Violent Radicalisation and Far-Right Violent Extremism in Europe and Preventing and Countering the radicalization and recruitment narratives of Al-Shabaab is highly important Violent Extremism in Africa: The Role of the Mining Sector. She also co-authored the previous two volumes of “How-To Guides” for South East Asia & Mid- dle East and North Africa. Sara is also currently a Non-Resident Fellow in International Relations and Counter-Terrorism for TRENDS Research & Advisory. to the region.

Prior to joining Hedayah, Sara worked as a Research Assistant at the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Harvard University. She also served as a Head At the same time, there are a number of localized conflicts that have the poten- Teaching Fellow for the Harvard Extension School and was a Graduate Assistant at Boston University. Sara holds an M.A. in International Relations and tial of manifesting in violent extremist activity in the region. Moreover, inconsis- Religion (concentrations: Security Studies and Islam) from Boston University, and graduated as valedictorian with a B.A. in Psychology and Religion from tent national politics and freedom of movement have allowed different factions Ohio Northern University. of rebel and violent extremist groups to form even across borders. For example, EXPERTS (IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER) a Uganda-born rebel movement, the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) is operating out of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and recruiting individuals across This How-To Guide could not have been drafted without the insights and contributions from the group of experts that attended the workshop in Kigali, Rwan- the Western border of Uganda. Considered a terrorist group by the Ugandan gov- da. The experts contributed to the workshop through presentations and discussions that shaped this Guide and populated it with examples of counter/ ernment, the ADF was initially founded in religious ideology (Islamic) but has alternative narratives. These experts are: since morphed to include political ideology as part of their recruitment efforts. Fauziya Abdi Sami Gathii Martha Nghambi Still a threat to the DRC and the Ugandan government, the ADF is suspected of UN Development Program YADEN East Africa, Kenya Global Peace Foundation, Tanzania conducting an attack in Semuliki, DRC, in 2017 (“RDC: Mandats d’Arrêt,” 2018).

Fatma Ahmed Mugita Gesongo Joseph Nkurunziza Albany Associates BRICS Implementation, Kenya Never Again Rwanda In other countries, swift political changes have created scenarios for new violence to potentially emerge. For example, in Burundi in 2015, President Pierre Mahamoud Ahmed Claudia Harley Simon Nyambura Nkurunziza announced that he would run for a third term in office, sparking pro- IGAD Center of Excellence United Religious Initiative, Djibouti European Institute of Peace tests across the country. One month later, a coup led by Major General Godefroid Ursula Iszler May Salem Niyombare attempted to oust the President unsuccessfully. While the political Rebecca Besant Cairo International Center for Conflict Search for Common Ground, Rwanda US Embassy, Kigali negotiations to change the term limits of the Presidency have resulted in some Resolution, Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding constitutional changes, violence has manifested in political protests through- Abdi Billow Nuwagaba Muhsin Kaduyu Allied Muslim Youth Uganda Murat Uzunparmak out the country—with several attacks in Bujumbura occurring throughout sum- WAJIR Peace and Development Agency, Kenya Hedayah mer 2017 (“Three killed in Burundi grenade attack,” 2017). Chris Maitland Chris Chant Emmanuel Wakana Australian Embassy, Ethiopia Adam Smith International Youth Empowerment and Leadership Initiative, Historically speaking, East Africa has also been susceptible to several violent Burundi Adam Matan conflicts and violent extremist groups. For example, the Lord’s Resistance Army Patricia Crosby Anti-Tribalism Movement, Somalia and UK (LRA) was a key threat to Uganda, South Sudan, Central African Republic and the Commonwealth Secretariat Yosa Wawa University of Juba, South Sudan Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in the mid-1990’s. Under the leadership of Omar Mattar Jessie Francescon Joseph Kony, the LRA wanted to ultimately establish a democracy based on the Organization for Community Empowerment, Rebecca Wiles Hedayah Tanzania Ten Commandments. However, the LRA is also historically ethnic Acholi from Breakthrough Media northern Uganda, meaning there are ethnic tensions affiliated with its political Matthew Freear Ayub Mohamud Elizabeth Young goals. Most well-known worldwide, the violent genocide perpetrated by the Hutu Royal United Services Institute Community Development Initiative, Kenya BRICS, Kenya government against the Tutsi in Rwanda in the mid-1990’s serves as an extreme example of massive loss of life and the potential dangers of violent extremism. Finally, in the 1970’s a violent military junta, the Derg, plagued Ethiopia with a ACKNOWLEDGMENTS genocide in what was known as the Qey Shibir or “Red Terror,” where political op- The author would like to thank Jessie Francescon, Hedayah’s Director of Dialogue and Communications, and Murat Uzunparmak, Hedayah’s Director of Re- ponents of the Marxist-Leninist group in power were killed en masse (“Mengistu search and Analysis, for their contributions to the workshop and the Guide. The author would also like to thank Sara Pan Algarra for her work to support the is handed life sentence,” 2007). drafting of this Guide and the Annex.

1 For the purposes of this report, the region includes Burundi, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Kenya, South Sudan, Somalia, Tan- zania and Uganda. 2 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION

Given both the current and historical context of East Africa and its complexi- ties, it is important to stop the spread of messages of hate, violence, violent extremism and terrorism throughout the region, and instead provide alternative approaches to overcome conflict and tensions between different groups. More- over, in an age where internet and social media play a significant role in the lives of young people susceptible to violent extremism, it should be noted that in the context of East Africa, the majority of the recruitment in the region is still taking place “offline” (UNDP, 2017). This means that counter-narratives and alternative narratives for the efforts of preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) need to include components that materialize on traditional forms of media, or take place in a face-to-face setting.

The aim of this How-To Guide is to provide practitioners, civil society organizations and policymakers engaging in the space of counter-messaging and counter/alternative narratives with a tool to better enhance and amplify the messages against violent extremism in East Africa. The Guide includes a detailed list of open-source counter-narratives and alternative narratives that are culturally and socially resonant and relevant to the variety of contexts and countries in East Africa (See Annex B). The languages of the narratives in the collection include Arabic, English, French, Kirundi, Somali, and Swahili.

This Guide was developed using a mixed methodological approach through two core components. First, the relevant counter-narratives, good practices and case studies were collated through recommendations from a group of experts that convened in Kigali, Rwanda from the 5-7 February 2018 at an “Expert Work- shop on East and Horn of Africa Collection of Counter-Narratives for Countering Violent Extremism (CVE).” The workshop was hosted by Hedayah and the IGAD Center of Excellence for Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism (ICEPCVE). Second, the author of the report conducted desk research to supplement context, content and theoretical frameworks in this Guide. It should be noted that the present How-To Guide takes a similar format and structure from two previous reports by Hedayah, Undermining Violent Extremist Narratives in South East Asia: A How-To Guide (Zeiger, 2016), and Undermining Violent Extremist Narratives in Middle East and North Africa: A How-To Guide (El Sayed, Faris & Zeiger, 2017). The previously devised framework relied on a development process that included in- puts from counter-narrative experts, academics and government officials, and underwent a peer review process, and therefore provides a good foundation for this and additional How-To Guides in the series.

What is “Countering Violent Extremism” (CVE)?

In the spectrum of counter-terrorism approaches, the “soft” or “preventive” strategies, policies and programs that identify and challenge the “push” and “pull” factors of radicalization and recruitment are described as “countering violent extremism” or CVE programs and policies.

For the purposes of this How-to Guide, CVE describes both the longer-term prevention strategies that address potential macro socioeconomic and political factors, and the specifically designed targeted interventions that take place at both the community and individual level (to include psycho-social counseling for at-risk individuals as well as detainees) (Original text box from Zeiger, 2016). NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 5 DEVELOPING A COUNTER-NARRATIVE

In accordance with Hedayah’s previous series of “How-To Guides,” there are 9 steps to developing a counter-narrative for CVE (Zeiger, 2016):

UNDERSTAND AND For any P/CVE intervention, including those in the counter-narrative space, the 1 ASSESS RELEVANT first step to the process is to understand the local context and local drivers of radicalization. In East Africa, there are some very particular factors that lead an 1 2 PUSH AND PULL UNDERSTAND AND individual towards violent extremism, and due to the diverse nature of society it IDENTIFY THE TARGET FACTORS ASSESS THE RELEVANT is all the more relevant to assess the local drivers of radicalization at a commu- AUDIENCE nity level before designing any counter-narrative campaign. PUSH AND PULL FACTORS In order to illustrate this concept for the region of East Africa, previous How- To Guides have utilized the USAID (2011) model of identifying “push” factors and “pull” factors. However, it should be noted that there has been recent literature by the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) that has defined these drivers of radicalization as “structural drivers,” “individual incentives,” and “enabling factors” (Khalil & Zeuthen, 2016, p. 10). As such, in the below framework, all three 3 4 categories are used to more articulately differentiate the individual and psycho- IDENTIFY THE EXPLICIT SET CLEAR GOAL AND OR IMPLICIT VIOLENT logical “pull” towards terrorism that are internal attractions compared to the ex- OBJECTIVE OF THE ternal factors that may facilitate a faster recruitment process. This is particularly EXTREMIST NARRATIVE COUNTER-NARRATIVE important for the context of East Africa where historically speaking, charismatic BEING COUNTERED leaders such as Joseph Kony are especially important in recruiting new followers and maintaining the support of the group.

The chart below summarizes the main drivers of radicalization in East Africa. It should be noted that there have been a number of significant studies inves- tigating the drivers of radicalization in different East African country contexts. 5 6 Therefore, the chart comprises of information from two sources: 1) the discus- DETERMINE AN DEVELOP THE CONTENT sions on drivers of radicalization during the Expert Workshop in Kigali; and 2) key drivers indicated in relevant literature coming out of East Africa. This list is not EFFECTIVE MESSENGER AND LOGIC TO THE MESSAGE intended to be comprehensive, but instead shows the diversity in types of factors that may lead to radicalization and recruitment to various terrorist groups and militant groups in the region.

It is important to determine the main causes or drivers of radicalization in the region or locality before designing any CVE intervention, but in particular for counter-narratives for two main reasons: 1) to avoid the fallacy of incorrectly 7 8 labeling a population as “vulnerable” without proper assessment; and 2) to cor- IDENTIFY THE MEDIUM(S) rectly choose a target audience that might be most influenced by the counter- DEVELOP A STRATEGY WHERE THE MESSAGE narrative. FOR DISSEMINATION WILL BE DISSEMINATED PUSH FACTORS/ PULL FACTORS/ STRUCTURAL MOTIVATORS INDIVIDUAL INCENTIVES

9 Political Social /Psychological • African Union Mission in Somalia • Incentive to find a spouse due EVALUATE AND ASSESS THE IMPACT OF (AMISOM) troops and their presence to prestige in a militant organi- THE COUNTER-NARRATIVE in Somalia; zation; • Weak governance, especially in • Revenge, for example for police rural areas across East Africa (Du- brutality or execution of family aleh, 2015); member (Scofield Associates, • Aggressive actions taken by secu- 2017); rity or police that exacerbate local • Ability to have a career (Botha, grievances (Africa Center for Stra- 2016); tegic Studies, 2012); 6 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 7

PUSH FACTORS/ PULL FACTORS/ The next step in the process of developing a counter-narrative to violent extrem- STRUCTURAL MOTIVATORS INDIVIDUAL INCENTIVES 2 IDENTIFY THE ism is to identify the main target audience your campaign wants to address. As TARGET AUDIENCE mentioned in Hedayah’s first How-To Guides for South East Asia and Middle East and North Africa, this Guide takes a marketing approach that defines the target • Frustration with political system or • Idealization of violent extremist audience as the core and central component of the campaign (El Sayed, Faris & lack of political influence; or terrorist due to lack of father Zeiger, 2017). A description of the specific target audience should include age, • Police profiling of minorities. figure (Botha, 2016); gender, education level, localization, priority interests and online activities (Tuck • Attractiveness of having access & Silverman, 2016). Socio-economic to a gun, a sign of power; Defining the target audience is especially important in the context of East Africa, • High exposure to violence (Small • Marginalization of tribes, eth- where manifestations of violent extremism and their narratives incorporate ele- Arms Survey, 2017); nicities or clans (e.g. Soma- ments of different ethnicities, tribes, religions and social backgrounds. More- • Attractiveness of power, status lis and Kenyans) (Botha, 2016; over, the narratives utilized by violent extremists adapt to the local languages and opportunities within group. Strasser, 2016); and dialects of each region, country and district within the country. For example, • Unemployment or poverty (Rus- Al-Shabaab may start a video with Arabic to establish religious legitimacy, but Religious/Ideological then switch to Swahili or Somali for the targeted recruitment message. As such, sell, 2017); a counter-narrative campaign designer should also consider the resonant lan- • Lack of access to basic services • Reward in the after-life for ac- guage of the target audience they are trying to reach. and infrastructure; tions; • Lack of education or access to • Political ideology, desire for re- There is also a tendency to emphasize “youth” as a target audience for count- education;2 form and change. er-narrative campaigns. However, as the experts at the workshop in Kigali point- • Expectation from society and ed out, the category of “youth” is not a tailored target audience. Therefore, cam- the failure to meet these expec- paigns should have in mind the particular subset of youth they want to address Economic and Consumer-Based tations (e.g. employment, hous- and anticipate their needs and interests in the design process. This tactic is of- Incentives ing); ten used, for example, by Al-Kataib Foundation for Media Productions, the media • Pressure from community to • Physical rewards such as mo- arm of Al-Shabaab by matching the message to the needs and interests of the target audience and the grievances in the local community.4 Some examples of perform in a certain way; torbikes or access to weapons; different subsets of a “youth” population may include: • Lack of network and support • Provision of basic services, food, system of peers; shelter, medical and water; • Youth in the formal education system • Income inequality and shift- • Offering a hide-out and escape • Youth who have dropped out of school ing socio-economic conditions from authorities; • Youth in urban areas versus youth in rural areas in vulnerable neighborhoods. • Access to drug and alcohol net- • Youth who have been released from prison or were engaged in criminal networks (Guha, 2017). works (Le Sage, 2014). • Youth with families and no basic source of income • Youth with education and no employment

ENABLING FACTORS It was noted at the Kigali workshop that youth that have participated in gangs or criminal activity were particularly susceptible to recruitment by groups such as Al-Shabaab. In this respect, Al-Shabaab sometimes uses the criminality of an • Presence of radical preachers in mosques;3 individual to coerce or pressure that person to join their cause—threatening to • Peer-to-peer exchanges encouraging increased social status; expose them if they do not participate in terrorism. • Charismatic leaders such as Joseph Kony in Uganda. In addition, the campaign designer should take into consideration what is considered “cool” in the community. One expert at the workshop indicated that ef- Figure 1: Potential Push and Pull Factors in East Africa. fective violent extremist propaganda is “rebel cool” because it shows defiance Note: This chart is for illustrative purposes and should not be considered a comprehensive list. and rebellion against governments. He gave the example of complaints from the Factors can differ across countries and between regions within the same country, and grievances local community when police do not confront protesters because it is “cool” to can be real or perceived. be seen as rebellious.5

2 For example, in Uganda where the LRA members only had access to primary school education (80%) (Botha, 2015). 4 Presentation by Matthew Freear at Expert Workshop on “Counter-Narratives for Countering Violent Extremism in East and Horn 3 For example, there have been calls to action by domestic supporters of Al-Shabaab such as the Pumwani Riyadha Mosque of Africa,” February 2018, Kigali, Rwanda. and the Muslim Youth Center near Eastleigh (starting in 2008) in Kenya. Reportedly these recruitment centers are no longer 5 Presentation by Sami Gathii at Expert Workshop on “Counter-Narratives for Countering Violent Extremism in East and Horn of operating overtly, and radicalization has “gone underground” since 2012 (Odhiambo, E., Onkware, K., & Leshan, M, 2015). Africa,” February 2018, Kigali, Rwanda. 8 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 9

Types of Target Audiencees IDENTIFY THE The next step in the process is to identify the main message of violent extremist propaganda that the counter-message will address. The narrative that is coun- 3 EXPLICIT OR IMPLICIT tered can be either explicitly or directly addressed, or implicitly addressed (i.e. NARRATIVE BEING providing an alternative narrative or solution to a grievance). GENERAL AUDIENCE KEY INFLUENCERS COUNTERED This type of target audience refers to Counter-narratives aimed at a general au- Building on some of the modules presented through previous How-To Guides, the influential community actors such as dience may emphasize shared cultural or most relevant narratives of violent extremists from East Africa are: tribal leaders, teachers, peer groups, historical values, may underline common family members or social workers. Key themes of humanity, or may emphasize influencers are the individuals that have peace, tolerance and solidarity (Briggs & POLITICAL & SOCIAL & ETHNIC & RELIGIOUS & the best ability to impact “vulnerable” ECONOMIC Feve, 2013). In the context of East Africa, MILITARY PERSONAL CLAN-BASED IDEOLOGICAL individuals. However, key influencers NARRATIVES campaigns aimed at a general audience may may lack knowledge of how to engage NARRATIVES NARRATIVES NARRATIVE NARRATIVES include participatory theatre, public con- and counter-message. For example, certs and public debates and dialogues. It mothers of victims of terrorist attacks is important to note here that the counter- may have powerful stories, but may not narrative for a general audience should still be trained on how to deliver their mes- It should be noted that in the examples below, some of the groups identified are be as localized as possible, and tailored to fit sage. Therefore, campaigns aimed at not considered terrorist groups by international standards. However, the narra- the needs of the community. The grievances key influencers can incorporate ele- tives of militant or insurgent groups are also extremely relevant for the context of and challenges a community faces will vary ments of building the knowledge and East Africa, and therefore some of the relevant propaganda strategies of these from country to country and region to region skills for message delivery. organizations are described to better contextualize the narrative types given. It within the same country. should also be noted that the narratives of violent extremists in East Africa are also adaptive and have changed over time—therefore it is important to consider SYMPATHIZERS JUSTIFIERS the latest and changing narratives of violent extremism.6 This category refers to individuals who do not Political and Military Narratives actively or publicly/vocally support violent ex- The category of “justifiers” includes indi- tremism but may be sympathetic to some of the vidual who actively justify the arguments arguments made in terrorist propaganda due to The most common narratives utilized by violent extremists in East Africa to re- and actions of terrorist groups in a public cultural, social and historical context of the recruit and radicalize individuals use political and military justifications for exhort- or semi-public way. This encompasses, for gion. Sympathizers are passive in their support ing violence. Several examples of political and military narratives are summarized example, a preacher that actively supports for violent extremism—they may not act when military actions against the Somali gov- below. However, this list should not be considered comprehensive, as the variety faced with messages of violent extremism, but ernment, including those violent actions of violent extremist narratives in the East Africa region is large. silently agree with those messages. This cate- taken by Al-Shabaab. gory also includes individual that are “at risk” of radicalization or actively viewing terrorist propa- 1. Operational Capacity and Ability to Govern. ganda online (Briggs & Feve, 2013). This narrative utilizes political arguments to suggest that the terrorist group is more credible as a governing body than the governments in East Africa. For example, prior to the elections in Kenya in June 2017, Al-Kataib Foundation PERPETRATORS AND TERRORISTS for Media Productions, Al-Shabaab’s media arm, released a video titled “An Analysis of Events: A Message to the Muslims in Kenya” that emphasized Al- The most challenging target audience to reach for counter-narratives as they are comprised of dedicated individuals that are actively participating in terrorism or inciting violent activi- Shabaab’s abilities to obtain resources, territory and protect their own, implic- ties to achieve their political, ideological or religious objectives. In the context of East Africa, itly suggesting the Kenyan government cannot govern appropriately (MEMRI, this would include terrorists captured and imprisoned by governments, or those convicted 2017). Similarly, in a video produced by Al-Shabaab after a January 2016 at- of a terrorist crime. tack that killed over 100 troops, the focus of the video is on the vulnerability and defeat of the troops in the attacks, and the success of Al-Shabaab in that attack (PBS, 2016). A third example of this narrative strategy can be seen in the propaganda that was put out on Radio Andalus in mid-January 2013 after the failed rescue attempt of Denis Allex, a French hostage. The messages put out immediately after that attempts claimed: “victory in repelling the attack” and demonstrating its authority and capacity to operate (Sikorski, 2014).

Another example of political narratives is the Allied Democratic Forces mani- festo that explained that the purpose of the movement was to overthrow the

6 For a good review of the shifting tactics of Al-Shabaab in their media strategies for the past decade, see a report by Hate Speech International (Anzalone, 2016a). 10 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 11

Ugandan government, and warned that anyone supporting President Museveni would be killed or responsible for the targeted deaths of their family members to recruit East Africans to join their cause, despite the high-profile defection (Titeca & Vlassenroot, 2012). Similarly, the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) has of a predominant Al-Shabaab preacher in 2015 (Anzalone, 2016b). claimed that the social and economic inequalities faced by the population in Northern Uganda, and the inability of the government to provide basic ser- In a similar manner, the ideological roots of the LRA can be traced to the Holy vices, were justifications for the rebellion (Jackson, 2002). Out of Rwanda, the Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena, a spiritual and military movement that rebel group “Forces démocratiques de liberation du Rwanda” (FDLR) attempts sought to purify the population and establish an alternative way of life. As to convince the Rwandan refugees living in the DRC that the Rwandan gov- Beevor (2017) noted, the subsequent vision of the LRA is more millenarian than ernment is oppressing Hutus, and should therefore take up arms against the the vision of Al Qaeda or Daesh, which is apocalyptic. In other words, the LRA government (“Democratic Front for the Liberation of Rwanda,” 2015). believes they are they are “God’s chosen Elect, destined to ensure that righteousness overcomes evil” (Rinehart, 2006, p. 23). Therefore the State nar- 2. War against Islam. rative of the LRA is not for the common person—it is for a particular religious The main narrative utilized by Al-Shabaab is to mobilize support for violent elite that is spiritually “pure.” The members of this society were named the “jihad” against Western governments, Somali governments and the African “Acholi Manyen” or “New Acholi” (Titeca & Vlassenroot, 2012, p. 65). According Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM). As Timothy Sikorski (2014, p. 10) puts it, to Joseph Kony’s supporters, the authority of his rule was justified based on this type of narrative involves “portraying the actions of Western nations, the the Ten Commandments and under the control of the “Holy Spirit” which ac- Somali government, and AMISOM as being part of a larger war on Islam, with the cording to his followers, possessed him (Beevor, 2017). governments in the Horn of Africa beholden to Western interests.” It should be noted that Al-Shabaab’s guerrilla war with Ethiopia has helped to support this Social and Personal Narratives claim, suggesting that the Ethiopians were “acting as puppets of the West- ern ‘far enemy’ intent on attacking Islam” (Ibid). This is evidenced further by 1. Coercion and forced recruitment. propaganda videos throughout their existence that have featured encour- In the context of East Africa, the idea of forced entry into a terrorist group or agement of attacks and martyrdom against Western targets, the Transitional coercion should not be underestimated. Al-Shabaab often uses the threat of Federal Government (TFG), AMISOM, or the Ethiopian military (Anzalone, 2016a). violence to intimidate populations but to also forcibly recruit new members. For this particular narrative, it remains to be seen what the effects might be For example, in 2017, Al-Shabaab was reportedly meeting with clan members of the AMISOM troop withdrawal on the propaganda tactics that are utilized by from Bay and Bakool in southwestern Somalia to identify children and meet Al-Shabaab. with specific young people ages 9-18 to be educated and trained under Al- Shabaab leadership (Maruf, 2017). The United Nations recently expressed 3. Establishment of a religious “State”. concern over a significant campaign by Al-Shabaab to recruit child soldiers in Particularly utilized by Al-Shabaab, this argument emphasizes the establish- a 2017 letter addressed to the President of the Security Council (UN Security ment of a state based on Islamic principles and “sharia” law. In a historical Council, 2017). However, this is not a recent phenomenon, as Al-Shabaab was sense, Al-Shabaab takes its ideology partially from the Islamic Courts Union reportedly abducting teenage girls to marry their fighters since 2010 (Spillus, (ICU), which was formed as a “pseudo-government providing some semblance 2012). of law and order through strict enforcement of sharia law in vast ungoverned areas of Somalia” (Sikorski, 2014, p. 10). According to a 2016 report, the “narra- Historically speaking, the LRA often abducted Acholi children and inundated tives in Al-Shabaab’s films also promote the notion of an idyllic ‘Islamic’ polity them to the group with psychological and physical threats. A regular practice capable of representing and defending the interests of Muslims domestically, was to have new abductees kill a member of their group. As Beevor (2017, p. regionally and globally” (Anzalone, 2016a, p. 10). 504) notes, “killing a companion makes the thought of returning home terri- fying. There is also a spiritual impact. In Acholi cosmology, killing pollutes the The Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) in Uganda was also founded in the context killer with the cen, the spirit of the deceased, bringing the perpetrator terrible of the Ugandan Mujahidin Freedom Fighters movement that retaliated against misfortune.” According to interviews with former child soldiers, beatings were a 1992 Ugandan Supreme Court ruling and sought to establish an Islamic State common amongst LRA abductees in order to establish fear and power struc- free from discrimination against the Muslim population of Uganda (Weeraran- tures (Veale & Stavrou, 2007). Moreover, the LRA commanders often threat- te, 2017). ened violence or death against family members of recruits that did not comply with the orders or requests from the group (Peel, 2015). It should be noted here that Daesh7 propaganda, which is grounded in the formation of an Islamic “Caliphate” in Syria and Iraq, has also attempted to re- 2. Attraction to violence or power. cruit East Africans. For example, a video in 2015 featured four Somalis and one Where social and economic opportunities are limited, another powerful narra- Ethiopian that called Somalis to join Daesh, referring to their oppression by tive of terrorist and militant groups in the region is the attractiveness of violence “Ethiopian Christians.”8 However, there has been the limited success of Daesh or access to power. For example, experts at the Kigali workshop mentioned that young Kenyans had been said to have been recruited to Al Shabaab when they were provided with a motorcycle upon joining. The motorcycle was seen 7 This report refers to the terrorist group as Daesh, an Arabic acronym for “ad-Dawlah al-Islamiyah fi ‘l-Iraq wa-sh-Sham” (Is- lamic State of Iraq and the Levant). as a symbol of power, and gave the young Kenyan a certain status in society. 8 See “A Message to the Muslims in Somalia,” Media Office of Wilayat al-Furat, released on May 21, 2015, in Anzalone, 2016a. 12 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 13

A similar claim was made by a research report by the Institute for Security “dogma and indoctrination, rather than more in-depth religious study, influence Studies (ISS), that the ease of accessing weapons was part of what attracted susceptibility to recruitment” (Ibid, p. 50). Here it could be argued that the reli- youth to violent extremism: “Small arms can further be a status symbol and gious and ideological narratives used by Al-Shabaab, for example, do not nec- means of expressing power that attract the youth to resistance movements essarily utilize structured theological arguments to convince their population, and crime” (Ikelegbe & Okumu, 2010). but rather create an environment that permits violence based on spiritual and emotional persuasion. Several examples of religious and ideological arguments In the LRA, abductees eventually reported that they had a sense of satisfac- are indicated below: tion and respect as they gained their own credibility in the organization, and they were attracted to the political and spiritual power of their leader (Beevor, 1. Righteousness and Elite Religious Authority. 2017). At the same time, according to interviews with former LRA members, This theme of being the religious elite cuts across several violent extremist good fighters were promoted through the ranks, so even if an individual was groups in the region. In this regard, Al-Shabaab labels those who disagree forcibly recruited by the LRA, they may eventually find meaning in violent acts with them as “infidels” or “apostates” which causes vulnerable individuals as a way to gain power and authority within the group (Peel, 2015). to doubt their own religious teaching (UNSOM, 2017). By claiming to have the moral religious authority, and by capitalizing on the lack of religious knowl- Ethnic and Clan-Based Narratives edge of the population (as mentioned above), Al-Shabaab is able to claim that their actions have the ultimate moral “high-ground.” This can also be seen Violent extremist and militant groups in East Africa have capitalized on long- through the promotion of strict religious rituals, enforced through religious standing ethnic and tribal divisions within society as a way to gain support. The punishment or “hudud” (Anzalone, 2016a). most obvious example would be from the Rwandan genocide separating the Hutu majority from the Tutsi minority—where perpetrators of the genocide justified In a similar manner, Kony’s followers in the LRA coupled violent death and de- killing the Tutsi based on ethnic and even physical indicators. Precursors to the struction with righteousness. In his framework, torture was permissible be- genocide, Belgian colonists classified the Rwandan population as Hutu, Tutsi or cause the aim was to “purify” the culture and population from “impure” religion Twa through measuring height, length of nose and eye shape (Fornace, 2009). and cultures.9 Their religious and cultic rituals were also strictly enforced, with Discrimination between different ethnic groups ensued over the course of the violators being subjected to extreme punishments, often death. next 60 years, and despite the genocide not being entirely an ethnic issue, the ethnic narratives persevered over the course of history and were utilized to jus- 2. Violent Offensive “Jihad”. tify mass killings of Tutsi (and those who helped them) by the Hutu throughout According to a 2016 report by Hate Speech International, the roots of Al- the Rwandan genocide in the 1990s. Shabaab’s ideology of “jihad” can be found in their 2008 “No Peace Except [by] Islam” campaign that promotes a narrow interpretation of the al-Anfal verse, Al-Shabaab also takes advantage of ethnic differences in appealing to different permitting violence against the ‘enemies of God’ whenever and wherever pos- audiences in its propaganda videos. For example, Al-Shabaab points to the his- sible (Anzalone, 2016). torical separation by Western powers of Somalis in the Ogaden region of Ethiopia and the North West Frontier Province in Kenya, and couples this with modern-day Another religious argument refers to the concept of “jihad” as a way to call for discrimination of Muslims in both of those countries, as a way to identify griev- action in support of fellow Muslims. For example, according to a former Kenyan ances targeted at local communities (Anzalone, 2016a). Al-Shabaab member, Al-Shabaab recruiters made the individual feel that they were not a proper Muslim because they were not acting against the enemy On a smaller scale, the ADF in western Uganda mobilized the remnants of the Rwenzururu movement and the National Army for the Liberation of Uganda (NALU), that was attacking Muslims worldwide (Meleagrou-Hitchens, 2012). Similarly, which capitalized on tensions within the local kingdom and the rejection of the a film documenting the Westgate Mall attack points out the discrimination of power of the central Ugandan government by the Rwenzururu kingdom (Titeca Muslims by the Kenyan government as one of the main reasons for the West- & Vlassenroot, 2012). Later on, the ADF also adapted to the grievances of the gate attack (Anzalone, 2016a). host country (now the Democratic Republic of Congo) and gained at least passive support from the Congolese in order to survive. 3. Migration to establish an Islamic State. Particularly for Al-Shabaab, the group promotes the idea of performing “Hijrah” Religious and Ideological Narratives (migration) to join their group in Somalia. While this argument is slightly more relevant for those recruits to Al-Shabaab from the West, such as from the US While several groups in East Africa utilize religious and ideological narratives or Europe, the concept still applies to the context of recruiting individuals from to justify their political aims and their violent actions, the religious arguments Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia or Uganda. For example, a number of East African based on theology are not necessarily the most persuasive to recruits in East foreign fighters—including Kenyans and Tanzanians—have been featured in Africa. A study conducted by the UN Development Programme (UNDP) found that propaganda videos that are subtitled in Swahili, Arabic, and English, and there from those interviewed (which included samples from former Al-Shabaab and has been an increase in Swahili propaganda put out by Al-Shabaab since 2013 Boko Haram members), those that participated in violent extremism had signifi- cantly lower levels of religious education and less knowledge of the Qur’an than the control group (UNDP, 2017, pp. 49-50). In this regard, the study notes that 9 According to an interview with Kenneth Bana, former LRA senior commander, in Beevor (2017). 14 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 15

(Anzalone, 2016b). According to Sikorski (2014), Al-Shabaab’s concept of “Hi- SET CLEAR GOALS After assessing the local context and main concern that the counter-narrative jrah” is rooted in Al Qaeda ideology and is one of the reasons why Al-Qaeda has will address, the next step is to identify the goals and objectives of the count- endorsed Al-Shabaab as taking part in their global jihad. 4 AND OBJECTIVES er-narrative and its campaign. The goals and objectives should outline clearly FOR THE COUNTER- the change in attitude or behavior that is desired in the target audience. This tar- Economic Narratives NARRATIVE get audience was identified in step 2. The below framework describes possible goals and objectives for the region of East Africa (Zeiger, 2016, p. 12; El Sayed, Economic narratives can be seen in a number of different ways—to include the Faris & Zeiger, 2017, p. 14). promise of cash rewards, access to materials or consumer goods, or opportunities for jobs or employment. All these tactics have been utilized by Al-Shabaab as ways to recruit young people to their organization. For example, a report by the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence (ICSR) DISENGAGEMENT DIVERSION suggested that Al-Shabaab promised 40,000 Kenyan Shillings (500 USD) per month as a salary for group members, which is four times the national average at This goal focuses on changing be- the time (Meleagrou-Hitchens, 2012). Al-Shabaab has also been reported to give havior where an individual’s involvement in violent extremist activities out free phones as a way to entice potential recruits, which they then use to car- This goal focuses on preventing reduces or ceases. Measurable dis- individuals from being interested ry out the recruitment process (UNSOM, 2017). Moreover, participants at the Kigali engagement can take place in set- workshop cited examples from Kenya where Al-Shabaab promised to handout tings where the counter-narratives in violent extremism in the first motorcycles to those who would join their organization. Further, a study by the are delivered face-to-face, rather place, and instead diverts them than online. As counter-narrative on other alternative means of ex- UN Assistance Mission in Somalia (UNSOM) suggested that unemployment was a work in East Africa is best-conduct- pressing opinions or grievances. significant incentive for recruitment of Al-Shabaab because it creates both “an ed face-to-face, this goal may be economic need and an excess of leisure time” (UNSOM, 2017, p. 15). more realistic for this region than other regions.

RAISING AWARENESS

This goal looks at providing information related to certain aspects of violent extremism. This includes information on drivers and processes of radicalization. This goal may be most applicable when the target audiences are “key influencers.”

LIMITING IMPACT UNDERMINING APPEAL

This goal focuses on isolating the narrative or propaganda of violent This goal focuses on diluting the extremists to limit the effects to appeal to vulnerable individuals, an individual or small group. This including discrediting the narra- may be particularly relevant when tive or message of violent extrem- the messages of violent extremists to make it less attractive. ists have the potential to appeal to larger audiences. NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 17

MEASURING IMPACT OF THE COUNTER-NARRATIVE Case Study for Goals and Objectives Defining appropriate goals for the counter-narrative is important for measuring its effectiveness. It may be useful to articulate the goals into smaller or more specific Watatu Film, Kenya sub-goals that are measurable and realistic. It is also important to consider specific indicators that can be assessed and measured over time. For more about measuring Description: the impact of the counter-narratives and campaigns, see Step 9. Watatu is a film that is set in Mombasa, Kenya that tells the story of three men involved in violent extremism: Yusuf, Salim, and Jack. Yusuf becomes radicalized by a violent extremist group, and his uncle Salim struggles to get him to reject the ideology of the group. Jack, a local policeman, attempts to gain Yusuf’s trust to prevent him from conducting an attack. The film then turns to a theatre show, where live actors play out the remaining of the narrative, with input from the live audiences. The actors are given the opportunity to make decisions for the main characters to change the outcome of the story.

For more about Watatu, see SAFE Kenya’s Website:

http://safekenya.org/watatu/

STEP 1 STEP 3 ASSESS PUSH AND IDENTIFY VIOLENT EXTREMIST NARRATIVE PULL FACTORS BEING COUNTERED

Push factors: According to the film, the narrative utilized by violent ex- Unemployment; the tremists is that the police and security services have failed fractured relationship to protect their community, that the government is unable to between security ser- provide opportunities to locals from Mombasa, and that the vices and community; “upcountry” Kenyans are given priority for jobs. extra judicial killings by police officers

Pull factors: Ideology; a sense of STEP 4 identity and purpose SET CLEAR GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

GOAL 1: STEP 2 IDENTIFY TARGET Raising awareness of the problems and narratives of vi- AUDIENCE olent extremists in the community of Mombasa amongst a general audience. General Audience: GOAL 2: The target audience is the Mombasa commu- Undermining appeal of the violent extremist narratives nity, with a particular by showing that police and security can work together focus on youth. in the Mombasa community.

GOAL 3: Limiting Impact of the violent extremist narratives by showing the negative side effects on families of the individual that join terrorism. 18 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION

5 DETERMINE AN After the goals and objectives of the counter-narrative are set, it is important EFFECTIVE to determine the messenger or messengers that will deliver the message. The experts at the workshop in Kigali emphasized that when considering a messen- MESSENGER ger, the personal attributes and characteristics such as the cultural, ethnic and religious background of the individual messenger needed to be taken into consideration.

QUESTIONS TO DETERMINE THE RIGHT MESSENGER

• What is the relationship between the messenger and the target audience? • What is the credibility of that messenger with the target audience? • What is the potential for that messenger to change attitudes? • What is the potential for that messenger to change behaviors? • What are the potential negative effects or risks associated with choos- ing that particular messenger?

Original text from El Sayed, Faris & Zeiger, 2017.

Youth (Peer-to-Peer)

In the current context of East Africa, youth play a significant role in society and comprise a large portion of the population. According to a report from the African Union, over 60% of East Africa’s population is under the age of 30 (Ababa, 2017). In fact, “Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen” (the formal name for Al-Shabaab) means “movement of the youth who strive or struggle,” pointing out that Al- Shabaab is targeting young people to carry out their ideals. In addition, peers and social networks play critical roles in shaping identity and creating a sense of belonging—important mechanisms to strengthen in the context of preventing recruitment to violent extremist groups. As such, young leaders can be important instigators of positive change and help prevent their peers from joining terrorist organization.

An example of peer-to-peer messaging from the Burundian context is through www.ivomo.net. In this website, young people are able to start conversations with each other about topics that are important to them in their community. A similar example is through YADEN East Africa’s Youth Platform of Opportunity. In this face-to-face platform, young people in Kenya are able to create a community, build a sense of belonging and identity together, build a system to access relevant opportunities for active change in their community, and create a space to create and share messages of change with each other.

A third example of youth as a messenger is through the Anti-Tribalism Move- TESTING THE MESSENGER WITH A TARGET GROUP ment’s “Let them Hear Your Voice” campaign.10 The campaign called for youth in Somalia to express their opinions about tribal divides in their communities that If there is an opportunity to do so, it is recommended that you test the messenger would be shown to presidential candidates during the elections. The result was with a selection of your target audience before conducting the campaign. This might that young people in Somalia produced 30-second videos expressing their pro- be done through a focus group discussion. Testing how the messenger is perceived posed solutions to community grievances. by the target audience can help avoid unanticipated consequences in the campaign or bring to light aspects of the messenger’s characteristics that you can leverage in the campaign. 10 The video for the “Let them hear your voice” campaign can be viewed on You Tube here: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=rh1jAucXv0Q 20 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 21

Victims and Survivors Formers and Defectors Victims and survivors of terrorist attacks, or the family members of victims of Individuals who once participated in violent extremism and terrorism and that terrorism can be powerful messengers that appeal to the emotions of potential have exited the group have the potential to be powerful messengers to prevent perpetrators by showing the negative consequences of terrorism. The model of others from joining (Ashour, 2010). A report by Neumann (2015) suggests that de- leveraging the stories of victims and survivors is utilized in Rwanda and Burundi fectors from Daesh can deliver four key messages that are also applicable in the around genocide prevention and education. For example, in an art installation context of Al-Shabaab: 1) highlighting in-fighting and divisions within the group; by Pieter Hugo, photographs of survivors of the Rwandan genocide paired with 2) revealing the brutality against Muslims; 3) exposing the corruption and un-Is- perpetrators of the violence are featured together with their personal narratives lamic practices of the group; and 4) revealing the poor quality of life (Neumann, highlighting reconciliation and community forgiveness (Ruby & Taylor, 2014). 2015). In the East African context, several young Kenyan girls were rescued by Similarly, the Kigali Genocide Memorial features a room containing the clothing the Somalia National Army in 2017 and told the story of how the group’s lead- of some of the victims of the genocide, and a short video of the stories of several ership sexually abused them and held them in captivity. The girls, who initially of the survivors and their experiences. Another example is an initiative by Never joined out of their own free will, very quickly learned that the group was not what Again Rwanda, where “spaces for peace” bring together survivors and ex-per- they had expected. According to 16-year-old Halima, “Al-Shabaab is just a ma- petrators to discuss their experiences and understand each other’s situations. rauding gang of killers. There is no Jihad in Somalia, I regret ever supporting them Those spaces are closed groups, but the experiences and stories are anony- and leaving my family for them” (“Shabaab men turn Kenyan schoolgirls into sex mously shared with outsiders as an example of reconciliation and for future pre- slaves,” 2017). vention of genocide (Kezio-Musoke, 2017).

Religious Leaders In the Rwandan context, former FDLR fighters are incorporated into the narratives utilized by the Mutobo Demobilization and Reintegration camp to contact current fighters for the FDLR in the attempts to bring them back to Rwandan society. Ac- Religious leaders have the potential to impact target audiences especially when cording to a senior former FDLR fighter, Brigadier General Semugeshi Comes, for- the content is focused more on religious or ideological arguments. An example mer members were crucial to his return home that “gave [him] assurances that out of East Africa is a program conducted by the Cairo International Center for all was well in Rwanda and that nothing would happen to [him]” (Mugabi, 2017). Conflict Resolution, Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding (CCCPA) to train women, youth and religious leaders on counter-narrative content. In this training, par- Grassroots and Community Actors ticipants learn about which religious messages are most effective in countering the religious arguments of Al-Shabaab, specifically focusing on the interpreta- Grassroots organizations and community actors can be influential messen- tions of “jihad,” “takfir,” “Jahiliyyah”11 and other Islamic concepts as well as the gers because they are connected to the communities’ needs and grievances, claims that Al-Shabaab makes with respect to the Prophet and his companions. and often address some of those grievances in their core work. In Tanzania, the Global Peace Foundation initiates counter-narrative campaigns that encourage In addition, religious leaders can be role models for interactions between sects the community to be non-violent, tolerant and peaceful. For example, the #Vija- or between religions in a tolerant and peaceful way. For example, a group of 300 naNaAmani (Youth and Peace) campaign targeted identity-based conflict in the Sufi clerics met in East Africa in 2015 to discuss violent extremism and release community by promoting stories of young people active in their communities. a statement against terrorism (Abdi, 2015). In a region where Sufi values are resonant also with local cultural and tribal traditions, the leadership of the Sufi However, it should be noted that in a study conducted by Search for Common clerics on this issue bears some significant impact on the community. Ground on key influencers and networks in Tanzania and Kenya, it was found that civil society members were the least influential of all the potential messen- Experts at the Kigali workshop did reflect on the challenges to working with gers, which included political leaders, police, religious leaders, classmates and religious leaders on counter-messaging. In this regard, it was mentioned that teachers, workplace colleagues, families and peers (Russell, 2017). In this re- sometimes religious leaders are not the most connected to the youth popula- spect, civil society groups may be best placed to provide information and train- tions in East Africa, as many of the clerics are of an older generation. To over- ing to messengers that are more influential over the target audience but may not come this challenge, the organization Allied Muslim Youth Uganda focuses on be best suited as a messenger themselves. training and mentorship of young leaders, including facilitating an interfaith and inter-generational retreat to bring together student communities with religious Political Leaders leaders (Allied Muslim Youth Uganda, 2017). Another possible way to overcome this challenge is to build the knowledge and capacities of young religious lead- Political leaders can play a significant role in convincing the community that the ers that may be more connected to the youth populations. governments in East Africa are successfully running the countries and fighting corruption, contrary to arguments made by violent extremist groups. For example, a documentary by Breakthrough Media titled “Mayor of Mogadishu” follows the everyday life of the mayor, highlighting the choices he makes and the way 11 “Jihad” refers to the Islamic concept of “struggle.” “Takfir” refers to the Islamic concept of declaring somebody a non-believer. “Jahiliyyah refers to the Islamic concept of the period of time before Islam, when the world was “ignorant.” he runs the city (Breakthrough, 2016). This documentary helped to reinforce the 22 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 23

message that the Somali government was turning around the country and dedicated to making real change in their community and country. DEVELOP THE The next step is to identify the content of the counter-message that is being de- However, it should be noted that experts at the workshop in Kigali also discussed 6 CONTENT AND LOGIC livered. Experts at the Kigali workshop also discussed taking a layered approach to content development, to mean exposing the target audience to different content the ambiguity of utilizing political leaders for countering the narrative of violent OF THE MESSAGE extremism in East Africa. First, the political narratives by violent extremist groups across multiple platforms. For more on this approach, see Step 7. Some different accusing political leaders of corruption and/or inability to govern may contain types of counter-narrative content are described in more detail below: elements of truth, meaning a political leader delivering that message may not be credible to the target audience. Second, public opinions and perceptions of political leaders can change from day to day—meaning that a message that is POSITIVE AND ALTERNATIVE NARRATIVES delivered by a political leader may be undermined if the public perception shifts to the negative. When the message is as important as countering the narrative These counter-narratives are proactive and alternative messages that are more attractive than terrorism. Positive and alternative narratives are most effective when they pro- of violent extremism, it may be more useful to choose a messenger that does not vide an alternative action to address grievances. Below are some examples: have the potential to undermine the campaign at a later stage. AMANI KWANZA KUNDUBURUNDI

Amani Kwanza (#AmaniKwanza), meaning This campaign titled “Kunduburundi” or “Es- “peace is priority” was a campaign run by the teemed Burundi” by Alkeza.net calls on Bu- Global Peace Foundation that aims to place rundian youth to love and value their home- peace as the number one priority amongst land. The campaign featured messages on youth. The campaign encouraged the com- T-shirts to encourage youth to love their munity to speak about how they would protect country, build it, edify it, and not destroy it. peace during the election period in Tanzania.

Country: Tanzania Country: Burundi

https://bit.ly/2saI5ec https://bit.ly/2MBWQzV

SOCIAL COUNTER-NARRATIVES This type of counter-narrative appeals to the “pull” factors that may impact an individual at an emotional or psychological level. This has previously been described as “emotional and ethnical” in past How-To Guides. Below are some examples:

DESTROYED LIVES #INSOLIDARITY

The “Destroyed Lives” campaign highlights In this video through YADEN’s #insolidar- the stories of mothers of victims of Al- ity campaign, two young women from Kwale Shabaab attacks. The video, by the Anti- County share their stories and encounters Tribalism Movement, seeks to appeal to the with terrorism. They talk about how youth emotions of individuals who might be seek- have been recruited for the terrorist groups ing to join terrorist groups by highlighting the and the dangers their community faces with effects on the mothers -who are highly cher- respect to violent extremism. ished in society.

Country: Somalia Country: Kenya

https://bit.ly/1B1vSK9 https://bit.ly/2t4Yge3 24 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 25

ETHNIC AND TRIBAL COUNTER-NARRATIVES RELIGIOUS AND IDEOLOGICAL COUNTER-NARRATIVES These counter-narratives seek to overcome ethnic and tribal differences by finding com- This type of counter-narrative refutes the religious claims and provides interpretations of mon solutions or common interests. Below is an example: the religious text that do not justify violence. Below are some examples:

RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE IN SOUTH SUDAN: TWO TRIBES REBUILD WHAT VIOLENCE DEMOLISHED LIFE IN ISLAM MOMBASA AND NAIROBI

In the video titled “South Sudan: Two tribes rebuild what violence demolished,” Search for Common The Hanns Seidel Foundation and Well Told Authored by Ugandan Sheikh Nuwagaba Ground started a reconciliation program for the Madi and Acholi tribes, which included radio pro- Story investigated reasons for religious intol- Muhsin Kaduyu, this video message is part of grams and in-person community dialogues. The video outlines ways in which the program brought erance in Mombasa and Nairobi. They found the ‘Life In Islam’ series aimed at informing together different community actors to find common solutions to community tensions. that conflicts between Muslims and Chris- Ugandan Muslims how to positively impact tians are often imposed by outsiders. This their communities. This video is specifically Country: South Sudan undermines messages that violent extremists focusing on the proper upbringing of the use to divide communities based on faith. The children from a Muslim perspective. results of the research and interviews were https://bit.ly/2IWiikm turned into a comic.

Country: Kenya Country: Uganda

POLITICAL COUNTER-NARRATIVES https://bit.ly/2HXmThH https://bit.ly/2KWQGsz Below are some examples of counter-narratives that address political grievances and ideologies: ANNUAL NATIONAL INTERFAITH HARMONY WALK

MAYOR OF MOGADISHU HUGUETTE LABELLE The Annual National Interfaith Harmony Walk is the largest youth-led interfaith event organized by Allied Muslim Youth Uganda every February during the UN celebration of interfaith Harmony Week. It The Chair of the Board of Transparency In- The film “Mayor of Mogadishu” looks at the brings together young people, especially students, to engage each other in activities that build trust ternational, Huguette Labelle, speaks about mayor in his everyday life to show what it is and foster mutual understanding by working towards the common goal of interfaith cooperation. Rwanda being ranked the least corrupt coun- like to have the responsibility of the city. It try in Africa in 2013. Highlighting this political promotes the idea that the government of Activities included: a public lecture, inter-generational dialogues, the Harmony Walk, blood do- fact reduces the ability of violent extremist Mogadishu is capable of decision-making nation, community service, interfaith games, inspirational talks, and poetry. groups to identify corruption as a reason to and good governance. join their cause in Rwanda. Country: Uganda

Country: Somalia Country: Rwanda https://bit.ly/2LwJUe4

https://bit.ly/2GUsdSf https://bit.ly/2t4LA78

ECONOMIC AND VOCATIONAL COUNTER-NARRATIVES This type of counter-narrative provides economic justifications for not joining terrorist groups or economic alternatives such as employment or job training. Below is an example:

CENTER FOR CONFLICT, GOVERNANCE & PEACEBUILDING

The Stability Fund opened the Center for Conflict, Governance & Peacebuilding at the City University in Mogadishu. The Center offers fully-paid summer internships and offers course materials to prepare the next generation of leaders in Somalia.

Country: Somalia

https://bit.ly/2thS3ep https://bit.ly/2IQRfqr 26 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 27

IDENTIFY THE The mechanism by which the counter-narrative or campaign is disseminated can 7 MEDIUM(S) be crucial to ensuring the campaign’s effectiveness. The medium should be one RADIO PROGRAMS that reaches the target audience in a natural and simple way and one that the THROUGH WHICH Radio is one of the most significant channels of communication in East Africa (Rus- target audience uses regularly. In the East Africa, online forms of communication THE MESSAGE WILL sell, 2017; Sika et al., 2015). Radio programs are a primary means of communica- are not as common when compared to the rest of the world, and therefore offline tions about important social issues and provide a platform for governments and BE DISSEMINATED channels of communication may be the most effective when it comes to counter- organizations to disseminate information about key causes such as gender-based ing the narrative of violent extremists. According to a survey by We are Social and violence, discrimination or health issues. Talk shows are successful in promot- Hootsuite, the internet penetration in Eastern Africa is 27% and the social media ing citizen participation and reach people especially in rural areas that constitute penetration is 7% (We are Social and Hootsuite, 2018). This is low compared to the three-quarters of East Africa’s population (Sika et. al., 2015, p. 23). Successful global internet penetration (53%) and the global social media use (42%), as well counter-messaging campaigns conducted on the radio may consider including as the internet penetration in Africa (34%) and social media penetration in Africa some element of follow-up discussion directly in the community. For example, fos- (15%) (Ibid.). However, the potential for growth in internet and social media use in tered by the Association of Media Women in Kenya, women in Kenya get together in East Africa is large, especially with significant investments in infrastructure and small groups to listen to radio programs on topics of interest and discuss the ideas commerce from countries like China (Kiprop, 2017; Pilling, 2017). As such, counter- presented during the program amongst themselves (Orlale, 2015). narrative campaigns should assess the realities of appropriate mediums in East Africa in the present, but also look to the future of technology that has the potential to expand in the region. Mediums useful for the East African context include: SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS THEATRE, ART, AND MUSIC As previously mentioned, social media There have been a number of examples FACE–TO–FACE ENGAGEMENT platforms are not as commonly utilized in of interactive theatre shows and music East Africa when compared to the global festivals that promote tolerance, inclu- In East Africa, radicalization and recruitment to violent extremism primarily take penetration of social media. However, sivity, peace and community approach- place offline, in face-to-face conversations and discussions (UNDP, 2017). With incorporating a social media element to es to preventing violence. For example, this in mind, messages may be best delivered in person, which means the key in- counter-narrative campaigns can help fluencers in the region (such as youth leaders, teachers, parents etc.) need to be the Anataban Collective in South Sudan to reach younger audiences, or supple- equipped with the knowledge and skills to refute messages of violent extremism utilizes theatre and art installations to in everyday conversation. ment the campaign by providing an addi- speak out against the violence in South tional form of engagement. For example, Sudan and to encourage the community In addition to everyday conversation, face-to-face discussions can also take in Kenya, a campaign was developed by to express “I am tired” of the violence place in a semi-formal setting. For example, in some East African countries, the Afrika Moja and the IGAD Centre of Excel- (Campeanu, 2017). In Burundi, the Pamo- “maskani” is an informal gathering place where ideas are shared, a sort of neigh- lence for Preventing and Countering Vio- ja music festival, held on an annual basis borhood gathering place “where adult men [meet] after working hours to gossip, lent Extremism to raise awareness of vio- in the region, promotes peace and social drink coffee and play bao (a kind of local chess)” (Bakari, 2001, p. 179). In the lence in the community and to encourage inclusion through Burundian Gospel mu- Tanzanian context, the “maskani” can be political, especially in Zanzibar, but also youth to speak out about it, using the sic (Pamoja Festival, 2018). However, it associated with gangs or drugs (Russell, 2017). In Kenya, the “maskani” is also hashtag #ithurtsme. Another example is 12 should be noted that the experts at the associated with drug use (such as shisha or chewing Miraa ), but can also be tea from Tanzania, where the Global Peace houses or cold drink shops. In Tanzania, there is also a tendency for the “maska- workshop in Kigali pointed out that the Foundation utilizes social media cam- ni” to be utilized by the older generation. On the other hand, in Kenya there is an theatre programs and music festivals inter-generational mix of people that socialize at the “maskani” (Russell, 2017). It paigns to accompany their events and have been criticized as only public enter- should also be noted that the attendees of “maskani” gatherings tend to be men programs such as the #AmaniKwanza tainment, and that they have not shown rather than women (Russell, 2017). (Peace is a Priority) or #VijanaNaAmani any evidence that the messages are (Youth and Peace) campaigns. leading to positive change.

TELEVISION, FILM, AND CINEMA WEBSITES AND DISCUSSION FORUMS Another medium that is useful for the East Africa region includes television, film While website and discussion forums are not very common yet in East Africa, there and cinema. Where online mediums are not as successful, public film screenings may be potential for their use in the future if the internet penetration increases in that also are accompanied by audience participation or a facilitated discussion the region. However, in a study of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) may have some impact on reducing violent extremist narratives. For example, in East Africa, it was found that information provided on government and civil society the Watatu film tells the story of three men involved in violent extremism: Yusuf, websites was reported as out of date or could be found through other channels or Salim, and Jack. The Kenya Community Support Centre (KECOSC) screens the film sources (Sika et al., 2015). In this regard, websites and discussion forums are not a in forums of 200 youth in Mombasa, which is followed by a dialogue or facilitated primary channel of communication in East Africa, and perhaps may only be utilized as discussion about the film and the outcomes. supplemental to other platforms. One example out of East Africa of an online platform is www.ivomo.net where young people have discussions in a safe space about impor- 12 According to Russell (2017), Miraa is the traditional name for qat, a stimulant plant used frequently across the Horn of Africa. tant issues and grievances in their communities. 28 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 29

SMS, MESSAGING APPS, AND TOLL-FREE NUMBERS Evaluating the impact of counter-narrative campaigns starts with linking back SMS over mobile phones is also an important channel of communication in East 9 EVALUATE THE to the goals and objectives that were set in Step 4, and articulating the desired Africa, especially as a way of collecting information on governance issues and IMPACT change of the campaign. Good evaluation of impact may also include ongoing encouraging active citizenship participation (Sika et al., 2015). The active mobile monitoring and assessment of the campaign throughout pre-designated points connectivity in Eastern Africa is 61%, and WhatsApp is the most common mes- on the campaign timeline. Monitoring, measurement, and evaluation of counter- saging App utilized in East Africa, although Telegram and Facebook Messenger narrative campaigns are important for several reasons: are also common (We Are Social and Hootsuite, 2018). This means that photos, messages, and videos that can be shared by SMS or WhatsApp might be an effective channel of communication for the region. It should also be noted that toll- WHY MONITOR, MEASURE AND EVALUATE THE IMPACT OF COUNTER-NARRATIVES? free numbers are also a common way to invite public participation and discussions on an issue or to provide a “hotline” for additional information (Sika et al., Ensures the message is being received by the target audience in an 2015). In the East African context, SaSaa Media, a grassroots journalism initiative intended way. to generate positive and alternative narratives in Kenya, often utilizes messaging Ensures the message is achieving the goal or objective that leads to the apps such as WhatsApp to share their content in a peer-to-peer style. desired change. Provides opportunities to alter the message to better fit the context. Provides information on how to better craft future campaigns. Provides feedback to donors or funders of the project for accountability. DEVELOP A Next, a counter-narrative needs an associated campaign to help distribute the 8 STRATEGY FOR message. Some of the recommendations for strategic dissemination of mes- DISSEMINATION sages include the below: Hedayah has developed a framework for monitoring, measurement, and evaluation (MM&E) of P/CVE programs that can also be applied to counter-narratives Determine the appropriate language(s) of the campaign and en- in East Africa (Mattei & Zeiger, 2018). While explaining the entire framework is sure the message will resonate in the local dialect. The original outside the scope of this Guide, the basic steps for developing good MM&E can message is best delivered in the language that is as localized as be described as follows: possible but provides translation or subtitles for a broader reach. SET GOALS AND OBJECTIVES IDENTIFY INDICATORS

Consider counter-narrative campaigns that include an element of DETERMINE COLLECTION ASSESS RESOURCES audience participation and two-way communication between the METHODS FOR THE DATA AVAILABLE FOR MM&E messenger and the recipient Campaigns with a feedback loop or an opportunity to discuss or debate the message may have more The below sections will highlight some of the key components of this process for impact on the community and target audience. developing counter-narratives in more detail below. This should not be seen as a comprehensive framework, but guidance on how to better evaluate counter- Utilize short, concise messages that draw in the target audience narratives. as an entry point. Follow up with slightly longer messages and provide additional information and platforms for engagement Identify Indicators when the target audience is interested. Good monitoring, measurement, and evaluation involved articulating the measure of change through clearly defined indicators that can be monitored and Link the timing of the campaign to existing events already evaluated over time. As was outlined in Hedayah’s previous How-To Guide for the occurring in the community. Middle East and North Africa, there are three ways in which counter-narratives can be measured: awareness, engagement, and impact (El Sayed, Faris & Zeiger, 2017; Silverman, et. al, 2016). Some examples of indicators matched to a specific goal are outlined in the following case study: Supplement offline campaigns with an online presence to provide additional information. Consider including hashtags as part of the broader campaign and link to relevant websites and online resources. 30 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 31

Case Study on Indicator Development

In Country X, there is a problem with the radicalization of youth aged 13-18 for joining a violent extremist group, Group G, that raids the local Village Y, steals AWARENESS INDICATORS crops and resources, and kills innocent people through violent sacrificial rituals. Group G aims to take over Country X and institute a political system where their • Number of people that received the selected elite group is in control, with the authority of their Spirit Guide. Group flyer for public events G recruits young people by forcing them to commit petty crimes against their • Number of “Impressions” on Twitter mothers, and then threatening to expose them if they do not carry out the wishes from target audience cohort of Group G. Country X also has a significant social media reach, and Facebook • “Reach” on Facebook and Twitter are commonly accessed through smartphones. Radio programs are • Projected viewership of public ser- also commonly listened to in Country X, especially amongst women in Village Y. vice announcements on local radio ENGAGEMENT INDICATORS channels • Number of “Likes” for Facebook video post COUNTER-NARRATIVE PROGRAM • Number of link clicks, retweets or Counter-narrative developers decide to develop a campaign to raise shares of social media video on awareness of the recruitment tactics by Group G in Village Y in Coun- Twitter and Facebook try X amongst mothers in the community. This will be done through • Number of participants attending IMPACT INDICATORS the public community discussions three channels: • Increase in knowledge of recruit- • Number of call-ins during radio discussions 1. Public community discussions in spaces commonly frequented by ment tactics by target audience women (mothers) based on qualitative analysis of replies on Twitter • Increase in knowledge of recruit- 2. Social media campaign video that uses the hashtag #CounterGroupG ment tactics by target audience (mothers) based on qualitative 3. Public service announcements and discussion forums on local radio analysis of comments on You Tube video or Facebook channels • Increase in knowledge of recruitment tactics by target audience Goal: Increase the number of mothers that are knowledgeable (mothers) based on qualitative about Group G’s recruitment tactics. analysis of discussions in public events and on radio

Collection of Data

Some of the relevant data collection methods for counter-narratives in the region may include:

• Face-to-face interviews or focus group discussions • Surveys distributed through SMS or online platforms • Keyword analysis of online comments or content • Sentiment analysis of online comments or content

Resources for Evaluation

It is also important to evaluate what resources are available for data collection and evaluation. This could include time available for evaluation; funding; evaluator knowledge and training of the local context, collection methods, and MM&E frameworks; and technological tools for analysis. 32 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 33

ALTERNATIVE AND COUNTER-NARRATIVE CASE STUDIES FROM EAST AFRICA 5. MESSENGER 6. CONTENT AND LOGIC

There are several relevant messengers for this The core message is that if young people feel program: more self-reliant and agency to take of themselves they are more resilient to being involved • Successful youth role models in violence or any violent groups. The aim is in- • Youth radio hosts (peer-to-peer) creased self-reliance, awareness and knowl- • Experts on peace and security edge through radio and online engagement and interaction with role models and experts. Youth role models and radio hosts serve as examples of credible messengers for other youth Some of the subjects for discussion on-air in Burundi, and they are able to discuss dif- include: human rights, jobs and livelihoods, ficult topics and debate key issues because how to do CVs, conflict resolution, how to stay they are facing similar challenges and situa- safe, how to prevent violent extremism. tions themselves.

7. MEDIUMS

The primary medium is through a Radio show. The contents are also complemented by social media and online platforms and websites. CASE STUDY #1: “FUTURE LEADER” RADIO SHOW | Burundi

The “Future Leader” Radio Show is being run through a Radio station called: Radio COLOMBE, affiliated to an organization called Centre Jeunes KAMENGE. It is the First Radio of run by youth in Burundi, funded and supported by UNFPA country office. Click here to view. 8. STRATEGY FOR DISSEMINATION The radio hosts are trained on how to best facilitate the discussions, even when faced with challenging topics and 1. PUSH AND PULL FACTORS debates brought up by youth. The facilitators are taught to steer the conversation to provide productive alternatives to violence or aggression. Push factors: Pull factors: The multi-faceted dissemination approach across platforms ensures that the main lessons learned on the Radio - Lack of education - Revenge for injustices Show are supplemented by follow up discussions and interactions in social media and online platforms. - Access to jobs - Sense of power, respect - Corruption & benefits through the Ruling party - Belonging to something - Ethnic manipulation and history of conflict - Job and benefits of joining a rebel group 9. MONITORING AND EVALUATION - Sense of insecurity The metrics are mostly based on the scale and reach of the discussions: - Reduced opportunity for alternative voice, Enabling/Social Networks: exploring issues, dissent - “US vs. THEM” narrative of the government opposition • Number of people who participate in the phone- Qualitative metrics include the nature and number in shows of testimonies, the range of discussion, viewpoints • Number of people who engage online – website 2. TARGET AUDIENCE and voices involved, and level of interaction of par- 3. NARRATIVE BEING COUNTERED and social media ticipants that call into the show. The violent extremist narrative being countered is that • Number of radio shows aired The target audience are 16-35 year old females and existing power structures for jobs and making life deci- males in Bujumbura and the surrounding areas. sions are limited, and that there is no solution except for the use of violence against the State.

4. GOAL OF THE COUNTER-NARRATIVE The show has several aims: • To provide an alternative voice to change mindsets and attitudes by shifting the conversation about issues relevant to youth. The show aims to introduce new ideas and approaches to problems young people are facing. For example, the show often highlights entrepreneurship and job opportunities. • For young people to feel confident and self-belief in advancing their own life prospects. 34 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 35

4. GOAL OF THE COUNTER-NARRATIVE This mothers’ forums have the aim raise awareness among Somali mothers of the warning signs and provide suggestions for how the mothers might dissuade sons from joining. Some of the sub-goals include: • Educating other mothers on risk and consequences of other sons joining Al Shabaab, especially the consequences of a loss of a son • Educating mothers about the warning signs of a son who might join Al Shabaab • Creating a network of mothers who can provide guidance, care and support on these issues • Creating concerned citizens who are critically aware of the general impact of al Shabaab and violence.

5. MESSENGER 6. CONTENT AND LOGIC

For this counter-narrative, the main messen- The logic of the main message to other moth- gers are the mothers of at-risk youth. They are ers is that the mother is a key component of trusted by the target audience (young Somali her son’s life, and that she has the ability to in- males) and have direct access and influence tervene and speak out to prevent her son from on the target audience. joining a terrorist group. The mother has emo- CASE STUDY #2: MOTHERS’ FORUM | Somalia tional appeal because she knows how to relate It should be noted that there are several risks to her son in the most efficient way. to the messenger, namely that the mother, This program by the Anti-Tribalism Movement creates a network of mothers in Mogadishu to prevent violent ex- by speaking out, becomes a target and over- tremism through intervention and interaction with their sons. The program includes mothers who have lost their ly exposed to physical risk from Al Shabaab. sons to Al Shabaab and can tell a powerful story about the dangers of violent extremism and terrorism, and the In addition, there is always the risk that the loss they suffered as a mother. The campaign takes a layered approach by targeting a key messenger through a mother herself is sympathetic to the ideals of counter-narrative campaign in terms of mother to mother as well as a secondary counter-recruitment campaign Al Shabaab and is not able to dissuade her son in the mother to son. One underlying assumption is that women feel empowered to speak out more against al from joining. Shabaab when other women with similar experiences are surrounding them with support and advice.

7. MEDIUMS 1. PUSH AND PULL FACTORS The primary point of dissemination for this Pull factors: Push factors: message is in person through meetings of

groups of mothers, and face-to-face between - Claim of VE groups of Somali nationalism - Youth unemployment mother and son. - Clan-based exclusion including political, - Family/clan protection economic and social exclusion - Job opportunities - Insecurity of individual, family and clan - Environment of stress, violence and trauma Enabling/Social Networks: - Lack of justice structures - Coercion to join 8. STRATEGY FOR DISSEMINATION

2. TARGET AUDIENCE 3. NARRATIVE BEING COUNTERED The Mothers’ Forum features a network of other mothers where ideas can be shared and support systems can be created to encourage sustainability. The conversations occur in the local language (Somali), and meetings occur on a regular basis. The target audience of the program is key influencers in The violent extremist narrative being countered is that the community, which are the mothers of at-risk youth the family will get income and protection from Al Shabaab, and that Al Shabaab will enable revenge or a sense of jus- in South and Central Somalia. The second target audi- 9. MONITORING AND EVALUATION ence are the at-risk males, aged 14-30 years, that are tice for grievances, especially acts of violence against the clan or family. the sons of those mothers. The activity was monitored or evaluated along the following indicators based on pre-post surveys:

• Mothers are more knowledgeable about warning signs of recruitment • Mothers are more knowledgeable about alternative economic opportunities for their sons

The forums were also measured based on the growth of the network and the quality of interventions:

• The mothers’ forums are growing in size (approx. 500 mothers who have been reached directly through this intervention after 2 years and there is now a core, ongoing network of 40-50 mothers) • The forums are continuing weekly meetings in 3 main locations in Mogadishu with a larger network in the city • There are some qualitative examples of successful defections from al Shabaab that were directly influenced by their mothers. 36 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 37

4. GOAL OF THE COUNTER-NARRATIVE This mothers’ forums have the aim raise awareness among Somali mothers of the warning signs and provide suggestions for how the mothers might dissuade sons from joining. Some of the sub-goals include: • Analyzing the local context and the individual pathways to radicalization, • Detecting attempts for radicalization, • Understanding the elements of radical and extremist narratives, and • Acquiring the necessary tools and skills to craft and deliver an alternative narrative – using moderate Islamic teachings – so that communities would be able to contribute to preventing radicalization and extremism.

5. MESSENGER 6. CONTENT AND LOGIC AWARENESS Potential reach in terms of Theviewership primary onmessenger social media (trainer) is a research The content of the training course provides andpage training (Facebook center followers). (CCCPA) with religious au- participants with: thority and connectedness to Al Azhar. • Tools to explore andIMPACT understand the context Quality of discourse and of conflict, depicting how and why radicali- CASE STUDY #3: Program on Preventing Radicalization and discussion during offline The key influencers trained in this program zation occurs withindebates it byand Al Mortadaidentifying the Extremism Leading to Terrorism (PRELT) | Somalia subsequently become the messengers. Here points of intervention for participants. the community are credible because: • An understanding of Islamic Law (Sharia), and This program is organized by the Cairo International Center for Conflict Resolution, Peacekeeping and Peacebuild- addressing several Islamic concepts most ing (CCCPA) as part of their efforts to undermine religious extremist narratives in Somalia. A similar program is also • They understand the complexity of the con- notably Jihad, Takfir, Hakimiyya and Jahiliyia. being run in the Nigerian context. text and the effective means of delivering • An understanding how terrorist narratives the counter narrative. and messages are constructed, including • They are credible and trusted. the way they frame the conflict and how they 1. PUSH AND PULL FACTORS • They are able to influence their circles and implicate religion in it, through “content disseminate an alternative message. analysis” of propaganda material (videos, Push factors: Pull factors: speeches, and publications) of terrorist organizations. - Presence of ongoing conflict and violence - False Promises (After life Reward, Group Identity, • Tools to formulate their very own alternative, in Somalia Saving the Muslim Ummah, etc.) positive and inclusive messages of peace - Lack of religious knowledge - Salvation from an Unjust and Corrupt society/ and tolerance that are rooted in a holistic - Unemployment goverment. understanding of Islamic traditions, founded - Illiteracy on the correct and moderate interpretation of Islamic Sharia. Enabling/Social Networks: • A set of skills to be able to deliver these inclusive messages. This would include active - Attractiveness of Extremist Narratives and Charisma of Extremist Leaders listening, communication and leadership skills, dialoguing and the ability to form a co- herent, persuasive argument. 2. TARGET AUDIENCE 3. NARRATIVE BEING COUNTERED This counter-narrative tackles three main narratives of 7. MEDIUMS The target audience are key influencers in the commu- violent extremists (Al Shabaab): nity, namely women, youth and traditional leaders. The trainings primarily take place in a face-to-face • False Interpretation of Jihad setting. The content of the trainings could then be • Misinterpretation of other Islamic Concepts (Takfir, used by participants in schools, social gatherings Hakimiya, Jahiliyya) • Misconceptions about the life of the Prophet and Com- and other online and offline platforms. panions

8. STRATEGY FOR DISSEMINATION Some of the strategies for dissemination include: • Alternative, Inclusive messages are crafted during the training and afterwards • They are disseminated in the local language of the participants and according to their context. • They are disseminated across the circles of influence of the participants in their workplaces, homes, social settings.

9. MONITORING AND EVALUATION

• Pre and Post Tests are conducted during the training to evaluate the knowledge before and after the training. • Focus Groups are conducted right after the training to acquire feedback from trainees. • Monitoring their progress and impact after 3 months, 6 months and a year. 38 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 39

5. MESSENGER 6. CONTENT AND LOGIC

The messenger of the program is AMYU staff and The core message is that Muslims and Chris- select, trained credible youthful clerics from tians can live together, cooperate with each different religious backgrounds. The founder, other and support each other in the community. Nuwagaba Muhsin Kaduyu, has significant credibility amongst the young Muslim population in Uganda as a young cleric himself. Once the young clerics have been trained and mentored on the key components of interfaith dialogue and collaboration, the messenger is the young cleric that has the skills to influence other members of his own faith to act with tolerance towards others, and to serve as a role model.

7. MEDIUMS

The message is distributed through several main mediums: CASE STUDY #4: YOUNG FAITH LEADERS | Uganda • Social media (Facebook & Twitter) • Radio (talk shows by young clerics) • Television or public service This program by Allied Muslim Youth Uganda (AMYU) supports the knowledge and skills of young faith leaders to announcements by young clerics prevent violence and promote trust and relationship building by fostering dialogue among young people of differ- • Events or face to face engagement ent faith communities in Uganda. (e.g. Interfaith Walks) • Meeting spaces It is part of the wider AMYU CVE projects that target students and youthful clerics who are most likely to influence • Training workshops their peers to build interfaith coalitions on secular and religious campuses and also develop social media campaigns or community events that promote tolerance and interfaith dialogue.

1. PUSH AND PULL FACTORS

Push factors: Pull factors: 8. STRATEGY FOR DISSEMINATION

The campaign is distributed in the local languages as well as English. The various forms of the message are also - Lack of interfaith competence - Sense of belonging - Sense of identity and self-esteem accompanied by capacity building and mentorship from AMYU on a regular basis. The AMYU network takes advantage - Marginalization of new and existing community outreach programs, and also encourages the young clerics to disseminate their mes- - Lack of religious knowledge sages on their own platforms, such as during Friday Sermons or Sunday Sermons. - Lack of role models or positive figures Enabling/Social Networks:

- Charisma of Extremist Leaders and Attractiveness of 9. MONITORING AND EVALUATION Online Narratives This program has been measured by: 2. TARGET AUDIENCE 3. NARRATIVE BEING COUNTERED • Number of interfaith activities carried out by trainees The target audience for this program are key influencers This counter-narrative targets the isolationist rhetoric of in the community through young clerics from different “US” vs “THEM” between Christians and Muslims. It also • Number of online and offline narratives developed by the clerics through social media and other platforms. faiths. The target audience of the message is the general undercuts messages of intolerance or hatred towards youth population of Uganda (16-35). other faiths.

4. GOAL OF THE COUNTER-NARRATIVE

The goal is to equip young clerics with the tools to promote interfaith dialogue, tolerance and cooperation amongst each other and build resilience against violent extremist narratives. 40 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 41

CASE STUDY #5: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE | Kenya

This program run by the Community Development Initiative in Eastleigh, Kenya, and looks at how economic private 8. STRATEGY FOR DISSEMINATION sector can contribute to countering grievances found in the radicalization process. The program requires a good partnership between the community and the private sector, which is managed by EBCA. The messages are disseminated in English and Swahili through various media channels, but mostly taking place in 1. PUSH AND PULL FACTORS offline conversations and job fairs.

Push factors: Pull factors: 9. MONITORING AND EVALUATION

- Poverty - Sense of identity The program is measured through the following indicators: - Unemployment - Economic empowerment - Unfair resource allocation (between communities) and lack of job opportunities • Youth attendance at organized activities. It should be noted here that one of the local ‘super • Social media engagement with messages about power’ gangs participated in this activity because what EBCA were doing. 2. TARGET AUDIENCE 3. NARRATIVE BEING COUNTERED it attracted their attention. This was seen as a suc- • Youth were updating local administrator about cess because it was reaching the target audience potential levels of violence. The target audience of this project was for the benefit of The violent extremist narrative being countered are two- of youth that were vulnerable to exhibiting violent • Frequency of the business community involved disillusioned youth in Eastleigh, Kenya 14 – 25 year olds, fold: behavior. male and female. • Ethnic discrimination and xenophobia – something in other meetings that would have been exploited by VEOs or communities that were endangered of being divided following the Westgate attack • Lack of economic opportunities and unfair distribution of jobs in the Eastleigh community

4.4. GOAL GOAL OF OF THE THE COUNTER-NARRATIVE COUNTER-NARRATIVE

TheThe goal goals is of to the equip counter-narrative young clerics with are to:the tools to promote interfaith dialogue, tolerance and cooperation• Prevent discrimination amongst each between other and ethnic build groups resilience against violent extremist narratives. • Prevent divisions between businesses and radicalized youth (community partnerships) • Provide alternative action through youth engagement in national conversations • Provide alternative action through allowing economic opportunities and partnerships to develop

5. MESSENGER 6. CONTENT AND LOGIC

The main messenger is the Eastleigh Business The message emphasizes that the business Community Assocation (EBCA) engaging with community in Eastleigh cares about the future the local youth population. They are a trusted of its youth by providing job opportunities and and respected association within the commu- making relevant connections for new jobs. The nity, and give credibility to the job market in secondary message is that youth deserve to Eastleigh. be heard by the greater community, including the private sector and government officials.

7. MEDIUMS

This program is delivered by the Community Development Initiative through:

• Face-to-face interactions between youth and EBCA • Television, radio and social media campaigns around EBCA’s actions and proactive programs 42 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 43

7. MEDIUMS

This program is delivered by the Community Development Initiative through: • Face-to-face interactions between youth and EBCA • Television, radio and social media campaigns around EBCA’s actions and proactive programs

8. STRATEGY FOR DISSEMINATION The program requires a good partnership between the community and the private sector, which is managed by EBCA. The messages are disseminated in English and Swahili through various media channels, but mostly taking place in offline conversations and job fairs. CASE STUDY #5: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE | Kenya 9. MONITORING AND EVALUATION The program is measured through the following indicators: This program run by the Community Development Initiative in Eastleigh, Kenya, and looks at how economic private sector can contribute to countering grievances found in the radicalization process.

• Youth attendance at organized activities. It should be noted here that one of the local ‘super 1. PUSH AND PULL FACTORS • Social media engagement with messages about power’ gangs participated in this activity because what EBCA were doing. it attracted their attention. This was seen as a suc- Push factors: Pull factors: • Youth were updating local administrator about cess because it was reaching the target audience

potential levels of violence. of youth that were vulnerable to exhibiting violent - Sense of identity - Poverty • Frequency of the business community involved behavior. - Unemployment - Economic empowerment in other meetings - Unfair resource allocation (between communities) and lack of job opportunities

2. TARGET AUDIENCE 3. NARRATIVE BEING COUNTERED

The target audience of this project was for the benefit of The violent extremist narrative being countered are two- disillusioned youth in Eastleigh, Kenya 14 – 25 year olds, fold: male and female. • Ethnic discrimination and xenophobia – something that would have been exploited by VEOs or communities that were endangered of being divided following the Westgate attack • Lack of economic opportunities and unfair distribution of jobs in the Eastleigh community

4.4. GOAL GOAL OF OF THE THE COUNTER-NARRATIVE COUNTER-NARRATIVE

5. MESSENGER 6. CONTENT AND LOGIC

The main messenger are the local neighbor- There are many strands to this project and hood personalities (leaders) to deliver the each has a different core message. They are counter-narrative. The messengers are trust- summarized as: ed, emotional, and have personal connections • Creative process: journalistic activity – with the community. improves critical thinking amongst youth leaders • Creative process: video production – trusted with equipment • Creative process: music creation – creative outlet for grievances • Creative process: general objective of expressing views and getting involved • Hang outs: promotes positive interaction between youth & group dynamics

https://bit.ly/2JcUr0t https://bit.ly/2JcNPPK CASE STUDY #6: SASAA MEDIA | Kenya 7. MEDIUMS Sasaa Media is a project that enables young people in Kenya to get involved in a variety of creative activities. It is a program run by grassroots youth journalists, and managed through YADEN East Africa. The program features train- There are several main mechanisms for delivery: ing workshops on producing content as well as platforms where that content can be shared after it is produced. • Offline (hang outs, workshops for creating the product) • Online , through social media channels 1. PUSH AND PULL FACTORS (Facebook, You Tube) • Peer-to-peer dissemination (WhatsApp Push factors: Pull factors: – infiltrating closed networks)

- Unmet aspirations - Sense of identity and purpose - Authorities not listening to youth / lack of ‘power of - Economic empowerment expression’

2. TARGET AUDIENCE 3. NARRATIVE BEING COUNTERED 8. STRATEGY FOR DISSEMINATION The main target audience of the campaign is young The main violent extremist narrative being countered is The program includes a production team and implementers that help to create the content as well as a neighborhood people in Kenya who are at a personal crossroads aged that youth’s voices aren’t heard and that youth ’aren’t liaison that is important for tailoring the content to the context. The content is distributed across many channels 14-27, both females and males. However, the communi- worth it’ (“Accounting for, and making every youth count.” appropriate for each medium (for example, CDs for music produced). The language used is Swahili, in the local dialect. cations aspect of the project also worked with key influ- Violent extremist organizations like Al Shabaab can give encers within the neighborhood in terms of several youth a sense of belonging, meaning and worth to the young leaders. people of Kenya, so this message aims to undercut that 9. MONITORING AND EVALUATION claim and provide alternatives. The message was monitored in the following ways:

4. GOAL OF THE COUNTER-NARRATIVE • Number of times songs or videos were shared on private networks 4. GOAL OF THE COUNTER-NARRATIVE The goal of this campaign is to give the target audience a sense of meaning, purpose and be- • How many people are inspired and create their own videos and music outside of direct Sasaa Media involvement • Attendance at hangouts, and number of hangouts Thelonging. goal isThis to includesequip young providing clerics alternative with the tools action to throughpromote positiveinterfaith activities dialogue, and tolerance promoting and a cooperationrelationship amongstbetween eachyouth other and governmentand build resilience officials against to develop violent constructive extremist change.narratives. 46 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 47

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Orlale, R. (2015, May 21). In rural Kenya, access to information is power. Ford Foundation. Retrieved Strasser, F. (2016, December 15). South Sudan: Looming Genocide, Plans for Prevention Experts from https://www.fordfoundation.org/ideas/equals-change-blog/posts/in-rural-kenya-ac- on World’s Newest Country Lay Out Potential Strategies. United States Institute of Peace. Re- cess-to-information-is-power/. trieved from https://www.usip.org/publications/2016/12/south-sudan-looming-genocide-plans-prevention. Pamoja Festival [Facebook]. (2018). Pamoja Festiva [Facebook Page]. Retrieved from https://www. facebook.com/PamojaFest/. Titeca, K., & Vlassenroot, K. (2012, January 26). Rebels without borders in the Rwenzori borderland? A biography of the Allied Democratic Forces. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 6(1), 154-176. PBS (Producer). (2016, April 22). Propaganda is effective weapon as Al-Shabaab makes resurgence. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17531055.2012.664708. PBS News Hours. Podcast retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/propaganda-is-effective-weapon-as-al-shabab-makes-resurgence. Tuck, H., & Silverman, T. (2016). The Counter-Narrative Handbook. Institute for Strategic Dialogue. Retrieved from http://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Counter-narra- Peel, K. (2015). Abduction, Rebellion and Reprieve: The Narratives of Former Members of the Lord’s tive-Handbook_1.pdf. Resistance Army. Retrieved from Simon Fraser University Doctoral Thesis. UN Development Programme (UNDP). (2017). Journey to Extremism in Africa. Retrieved from Rinehart, J. (2006). Apocalyptic Faith and Political Violence: Prophets of Terror. New York: Palgrave http://journey-to-extremism.undp.org/content/downloads/UNDP-JourneyToExtremism-re- Macmillan. port-2017-english.pdf.

Ruby, M., & Taylor, R. (2014, April 6). Portraits of Reconciliation. The New York Times. Retrieved from United Nations Security Council. (2017, November 2). Letter dated 2 November 2017 from the Chair https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/04/06/magazine/06-pieter-hugo-rwanda-por- of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) con- traits.html?_r=0. cerning Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the President of the Security Council. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2017/924. Russell, O. (June 2017). Meet Me at the Maskani: A Mapping of Influencers, Networks and Commu- nication Channels in Kenya and Tanzania. Search for Common Ground. Retrieved from https:// UNSOM. (2017, August 14). Countering Al-Shabaab Propaganda and Recruitment Mechanisms in www.sfcg.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/SFCG-Meet-Me-at-the-Maskani-Final.pdf. 50 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION

South Central Somalia. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/countering_al-shabaab_propaganda_and_recruitment_mechanisms_report_final_-_14_ august_2017.pdf. Veale, A., & Stavrou, A. (2007). Former Lord’s Resistance Army Child Soldier Abductees: Explorations ANNEX of Identity in Reintegration and Reconciliation. Peace and Conflict Journal of Peace Psychology, 13(3), 273-292. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233165316_Former_Lord%27s_ Resistance_Army_Child_Soldier_Abductees_Explorations_of_Identity_in_Reintegration_and_ Reconciliation.

Weeraratne, S. (2017, June 27). Jihadists, Rebels or Bandits? The Threat of the Allied Democratic Forces. Oxford Research Group. Retrieved from https://sustainablesecurity.org/2017/06/27/ jihadists-rebels-or-bandits-the-threat-of-the-allied-democratic-forces/. Annex A

Well Told Story. (2016, February 5). “...It is not about Islam” -Young Kenyans Speak on Radicalisation. Retrieved from http://www.welltoldstory.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Report-Com- About the Project ic_WTS-HSF-Exploring-Religious-Tolerance-among-Kenyan-Youth_05.02.2016.pdf.

Zeiger, S. (2016, August). Undermining Violent Extremist Narratives in South East Asia A How-To Guide. Retrieved from http://www.hedayahcenter.org/Admin/Content/File-3182016115528. pdf. Annex B Counter-Narrative Details 52 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 53

ANNEX B: COUNTER-NARRATIVE DETAILS ANNEX A: ABOUT THE PROJECT

Below is an annex of existing, open-source counter-narratives for the MENA region. The opinions expressed in the external content are not necessarily endorsed by or reflect the opinion of Hedayah or the U.S. Depart- This project serves to expand Hedayah’s Counter-Narratives Library by adding a col- ment of State. The images used are courtesy of the respective organizations’ websites. lection that focuses on East Africa as a region. This project aims to collate, collect and analyze counter-narratives in various local languages. The project as a whole, including the steps outlined below, is funded by the U.S. Department of State. TEACHING AGAINST VIOLENT EAST AFRICA SOCIAL 19 EXTREMISM The project consisted of several main steps: POS-ALT* 1 PAMOJA FESTIVAL: TOGETHER SOCIAL 20 JUST A MINUTE: KWALE EDITION SOCIAL An “Expert Workshop on Counter-Narratives for CVE in East and Horn of Africa,” 2 COOPERATION CIRCLES POS-ALT 21 SURRENDERED TO EXTREMISTS SOCIAL

held from 5—7 February in Kigali, Rwanda by Hedayah and the IGAD Center of Excellence for RELIGIOUS GOLDEN RULE TEACHING Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism (ICEPCVE). 3 IDEOLOGICAL RELIGIOUS 22 REASON & PROGRESS WITH ME IDEOLOGICAL SOCIAL RELIGIOUS 4 EAST AFRICA’S SUFI PATH TO CVE IDEOLOGICAL POS-ALT 23 THE TARGET SOCIAL

BURUNDI The development of this “How-To Guide” for the region that includes: 24 X KONVICT KONVERT SOCIAL

5 AMAHORO EGO (YES PEACE) POS-ALT elements of good practice and examples of counter/alternative narratives 25 #ITHURTSME SOCIAL resonant in the region POS-ALT 6 KUNDUBURUNDI: ESTEEM BURUNDI SOCIAL 26 FACE IT POS-ALT POS-ALT 7 ACCORD: SPEAK UP SOCIAL 27 WESTGATE POS-ALT A regional collection of counter-narratives as a distinct component in “WE ARE ACCOUNTABLE” - “FUTURE POS-ALT 8 LEADER” RADIO SHOW SOCIAL EXPLORING RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE Hedayah’s online Counter-Narratives Library. RELIGIOUS 28 AMONG YOUNG KENYANS IN NAIROBI IDEOLOGICAL POS-ALT & MOMBASA 9 KAZOZA KEZA: UN AVENIR MILLEUR SOCIAL About the Counter-Narratives Library RELIGIOUS “RWARUKA TURASHOBOYE”: 29 THE ALTERNATIVE VOICES PROJECT IDEOLOGICAL 10 POS-ALT As part of its efforts to develop better practices and strategies for counter-nar- YOUTH WE CAN SOCIAL POS-ALT ratives, Hedayah launched its Counter-Narratives Library in October 2016. The Li- RELIGIOUS brary is a comprehensive portal where governments, practitioners and civil soci- CITOYENS RESPONSABLES POS-ALT IDEOLOGICAL 11 TAFAKARI (SHINARS ARTS) ety can access content, toolkits and good practices to counter the narratives of 30 ETHNIC all forms of violent extremism. The password-protected Library includes videos, ECONOMIC movies, TV shows, cartoons, books, websites, magazines, blogs, social media 12 IVOMO POS-ALT campaigns, news articles and many other examples of counter-narratives. RWANDA KENYA ETHICAL PORTRAITS OF RECONCILIATION The original collection focused on open-source counter-narratives to Al Qaeda. 31 SOCIAL At the time, the project was supported by 8 countries, led by the government of 13 WATATU SOCIAL the Netherlands, and handed over to Hedayah in July 2015. Prior to the launch of POLITICAL 32 KUREMA, KUREBA, KWIGA SOCIAL the East Africa collection, the Library features two regional collections (South MENTORSHIP OF VULNERABLE YOUTH ECONOMIC POS-ALT East Asia and MENA), and one thematic (Daesh Defectors). 14 IN NAIROBI 33 FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION POLITICAL The key objectives of the counter-narrative library are to: 15 RADIO PILOT PROJECT IN KENYA SOCIAL

• Establish a comprehensive resource where governments, practitioners and 34 YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN RWANDA POLITICAL TEACHING ANTI-EXTREMISM IN civil society can access relevant information used to counter the narratives of SOCIAL 16 KENYA all forms of violent extremism PROVIDING EFFECTIVE SOCIO-ECO- POLITICAL • Amplify existing narratives against violent extremists 35 NOMIC PROGRAMS IN RWANDA • Promote good practice sharing and provide practitioners with relevant re- 17 AYUB MOHAMUD, THE TEACHER SOCIAL sources and tools to counter the narrative of violent extremists SOMALIA COMMEMORATION OF THE WESTGATE SOCIAL 18 TERROR ATTACK Hedayah’s Counter-Narrative Library can be found at www.cn-library.com. For 36 QURACA NABADDA ETHNIC more information about the Library, contact [email protected]. 54 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 55

LET THEM HEAR YOUR VOICE ETHICAL *Pos-Alt refers to the positive or alternative type of counter-nar- POS-ALT RETURN TO SOMALIA: ALIYA’S TANZANIA MOSQUE ATTACK FACTUAL 37 CAMPAIGN HISTORICAL 76 ratives. Information in this column refer to the type of each of the 57 STORY POLITICAL counter-narratives. PREACHING IN PRACTICE: ABDI ETHICAL RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS IN TANZANIA FACTUAL 38 SHIRE THIS WAS NOT ‘JUST ANOTHER HISTORICAL 77 58 BOMB IN MOGADISHU.’ POLITICAL HISTORICAL HISTORICAL BAR KULAN RADIO 39 POLITICAL SOCIAL TERRORIST TRAINING IN TANZANIA POLITICAL DROP THE GUN, PICK UP THE PEN 78 59 ECONOMIC FACTUAL POS-ALT 40 SOMALI YOUTH ENTREPRENEURSHIP INITIATIVE ECONOMIC IS THE REAL PROBLEM TO GROW SOCIAL 79 ONE FAMILY UNDER GOD POS-ALT 60 BEARDS? RELIGIOUS HISTORICAL THE CENTER FOR CONFLICT, POLITICAL 41 GOVERNANCE & PEACEBUILDING 61 THE POET NATION SOCIAL 80 AMANI KWANZA (PEACE IS PRIORITY) POS-ALT ECONOMIC OKOA KITAA (STAND FOR POS-ALT A BETTER LIFE THAN TODAY POS-ALT POS-ALT RECONSTRUCTION OF KISMAYO 62 81 COMMUNITY) 42 ECONOMIC HISTORICAL AMANI HUANZIA NYUMBANI (PEACE ETHICAL MAYOR OF MOGADISHU 82 POS-ALT DESTROYED LIVES 63 POLITICAL BEGINS IN THE HOME) 43 SOCIAL

LOST SOMALIA (STUDENT) SOCIAL SOUTH SUDAN DINI MBALIMBALI UMOJA NA POS-ALT 44 ALSHABAB ETHICAL 83 UPENDO (DIFFERENT RELIGIONS RELIGIOUS SOUTH SUDAN: TWO TRIBES PEACE AND LOVE) IDEOLOGICAL 64 REBUILD WHAT VIOLENCE ETHNIC 45 HUMANITY LOST: SOMALIA RAPPER SOCIAL DEMOLISHED KIJANA BADILI MWENDO ACHANA 84 NA TABIA HATARISHI (YOUTH POS- ABANDON RISKY BEHAVIOR) REFORMING MIRACLES: SOUTH SUDAN HUMANITY LOST: SOMALIA SOCIAL 65 POS-ALT 46 MECHANIC-ALSHABAAB ETHICAL REFUGEES FIND HOPE IN THEATER 85 NAKUPENDA TANZANIA POS-ALT HUMANITY LOST: SOMALI SOCIAL 66 ANA TABAN (I AM TIRED) POS-ALT 47 JOURNALIST ETHICAL UGANDA #ANATABAN OFFICIAL VIDEO: RELIGIOUS POS-ALT SOMALI YOUTH AND ELDERS UNITE 67 SOUTH SUDAN MUSIC 48 AGAINST TRIBALISM AND EXTREMISM IDEOLOGICAL ISLAM AND POSITIVE YOUTH POS-ALT 85 DEVELOPMENT ETHICAL SOUTNA (OUR VOICE): SOUTH SUDAN POS-ALT ETHNIC 68 MUSIC 49 CREDIBLE MESSENGERS RELIGIOUS 86 STUDENT CONNECTORS POS-ALT IDEOLOGICAL MALESH (SORRY): SOUTH SUDAN POS-ALT 69 MUSIC ETHNIC POS-ALT 50 SOMALI YOUTH DAY SOCIAL THEOLOGICAL 70 #DEFYHATENOW ETHNIC HISTORICAL INTERFAITH YOUTH RETREAT POLITICAL 87 POLITICAL 51 TUBTA NABADDA RELIGIOUS UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA SOCIAL IDEOLOGICAL ETHICAL VIJANA NA AMANI (YOUTH AND ETHNIC DIGITAL COUNTER-EXTREMISM 71 PEACE) CAMPAIGN POS-ALT 52 CENTER: SOMALIA POLITICAL 88 AMANI LEO POS-ALT

72 STOP THE VIOLENCE SOCIAL 53 SHABAAB MEN TURN KENYAN SOCIAL STORIES OF SURVIVORS OF VIOLENT SCHOOLGIRLS INTO SEX SLAVES 89 EXTREMISM: UGANDA SOCIAL HISTORICAL 11 SHABAAB ‘RECRUITS’ ARRESTED 54 THE SEX SLAVES OF AL SHABAAB SOCIAL 73 POLITICAL ANNUAL NATIONAL INTERFAITH AFTER REPORTS OF SECRET DRILLS 90 HARMONY WALK SOCIAL FACTUAL

55 WHY I LEFT AL-SHABAAB SOCIAL HISTORICAL POLITICAL EXPLOSION IN NORTHERN TANZANIA 74 POLITICAL 91 KONY 2012: INVISIBLE CHILDREN RELIGIOUS BAR INJURES 15 IDEOLOGICAL STORIES OF SURVIVORS OF VIOLENT FACTUAL SOCIAL 56 EXTREMISM: SOMALIA TWO BRITISH GIRLS ATTACKED BY FACTUAL 75 MUSLIMS WITH ACID IN ZANZIBAR ECONOMIC 56 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 57

ANNEX 2: COUNTER-NARRATIVE DETAILS EAST AFRICA

MESSAGE MESSAGE

This message is used for the promotion of This poster outlines key information unity and social cohesion through music. about religions of the world in celebration The main message is transmitted through a of “Golden Rule Day” on 5 April. The poster music festival. Society has an oral tradition encourages also the celebration of the that makes music an adequate channel UN International Day of Peace and World for delivering messages for social change. Interfaith Harmony Week. The poster em- The festival is of a regional scale involving phasizes acting on the “Golden Rule” and the artists of the sub-region in the con- provides quotations from each religion in solidation of peace and the promotion of support of treating others with kindness social inclusion. The music festival is held and love. on a regular annual basis and involves the participation of community members. The messages conveyed aim to restore the re- TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience PAMOJA TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience lations of the populations broken by the FESTIVAL: violent conflicts and attitudes of hatred GOLDEN RULE and revenge within the communities. The TEACHING TOGETHER AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS PamojaFest AFFILIATED URI - Horn of Africa style of music is Gospel, and celebrates the ORGANIZATIONS culture of Burundian music for the region. MESSENGER MESSENGER

Community Leaders Community Leaders Swahili, English French Pos-Alt MEDIUM Religious MEDIUM Social http://bit.ly/2JZCxe3 Ideological Social Media Page, Event, Blog Poster, Event

MESSAGE MESSAGE

The United Religious Initiative (URI) holds A group of Sufi clerics met in a three-day regular discussions in “Cooperation Cir- conference in August 2015 to discuss vi- cles” with youth on CVE, peace promo- olent extremism in East Africa. The meet- tion, and development in their communi- ing of Sufi religious leaders signaled that ties. The URI provides a place for youth Sufism in East Africa stood against terror- to brainstorm about radicalization and ism, and over 300 delegates discussed counter messages. religious ways in which they could battle extremism across the region. For example, the participants at the meeting suggested that Sufism offers an antidote to exclusivism, puritanism and intolerance.

TARGET AUDIENCE General Majority-Muslim TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience EAST AFRICA’S COOPERATION Audience, Seekers SUFI PATH TO CIRCLES AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS URI - Horn of Africa CVE AFFILIATED Pieter Hugo and Susan ORGANIZATIONS Dominus

MESSENGER MESSENGER

Community Leaders Community Leaders

French English MEDIUM Religious MEDIUM Pos-Alt https://bit.ly/2M95dSP Ideological https://bit.ly/2Lym7e7 Open Discussion Pos-Alt News Article 58 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 59

BURUNDI

MESSAGE MESSAGE

This counter-narrative seeks to undermine This counter narrative is a message in- a collective spirit of violence due to idle- tended to break the silence, to bring mem- ness, unemployment and political griev- bers of the community, through drama and ances in Burundi. In order to encourage theatrical plays within the communities, to young people’s commitment to contribute express themselves on the realities, chal- individually and collectively to peace, the lenges and social scourges which hin- Office of the United Nations High Commis- der the life of the populations. Interactive sioner for Human Rights has developed theater provides an opportunity for com- the expression: ‘Yes to Peace’ as part of a munity members to express themselves campaign. The repetition of this concept, with words and gestures that exemplify especially during an awareness day, has positive and supportive behaviors and at- awakened the collective consciousness titudes that can be adopted within society. of young people and the UN agency has in- TARGET AUDIENCE Hard Core (Perpetrators) vited young people to turn their attention TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience AMAHORO EGO towards the restoration and consolidation ACCORD: SPEAK UP (YES PEACE) of peace. Students and young people are AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS UNOHCHR AFFILIATED TUBIYAGE Association invited to say ‘Yes to peace’ and no to vio- ORGANIZATIONS lent ways of expressing frustrations. MESSENGER MESSENGER

Government Community Leaders

French French

Positive/ MEDIUM Pos-Alt MEDIUM Alternative https://bit.ly/2ttEh8D Social https://bit.ly/2M5Ip67 Website, Weblog, Event Video Clip, Event

MESSAGE MESSAGE

The Kunduburundi message calls on the The Radio Program “FUTURE LEADER” RA- youth to love their country and build it, DIO SHOW” runs via a radio station called edify it, instead of destroy it. It draws Radio COLOMBE. It is the First Radio of upon Christian principles, but also pre- youths, run by youth in Burundi, funded sents them in a “cool” way through cam- and supported by UNFPA. It addresses paigns such as during events and on underlying social conflict such as not re- T-shirts that are distributed throughout specting the property of others or not re- campuses in Burundi. specting the human rights of others. The narrative promotes and reinforces youth- led accountability of members of society and actively encourages individuals to consider the other as oneself. “WE ARE TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience ACCOUNTABLE” - KUNDUBURNDI: “FUTURE ESTEEM BURUNDI AFFILIATED Christian Life Ministries LEADER” RADIO AFFILIATED Centre Jeunes KAMENGE ORGANIZATIONS Bujumbura SHOW ORGANIZATIONS

MESSENGER MESSENGER

Community Leaders Community Leaders

Kirundi French

Pos-Alt MEDIUM Pos-Alt MEDIUM Social https://bit.ly/2MBWQzV Social https://bit.ly/2ks98Oy Event, Blog, T-Shirts Radio 60 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 61

MESSAGE MESSAGE

A message used to anchor in the con- This project was conducted by UNESCO un- sciousness of young people and active der the House of Culture and peace in Bu- people that there is hope for a better fu- jambura. The project included a national ture. The counter narrative seeks to dem- youth training workshop, and the message onstrate that young people can engage and was used for the effective involvement of invest in a better future for themselves and all social categories in solving social prob- their communities. In the context of Bu- lems and rebuilding the homeland in Burun- rundi, a better future includes peace, social di. Some of the subjects carried out by this cohesion and well-being in general (educa- national youth training workshop included: tion, economic aspects). promotion of mutual protection and mutual aid, empathy and compassion in the face of CITOYENS the vulnerability of the other and the con- RESPONSABLES: tribution of members of society to help the TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience KAZOZA KEZA: TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience formation des most needy especially the victims of violent UN AVENIR jeunes Lead- socio-political systems because what hap- ers des partis pens to the other cannot pass without con- MILLEUR AFFILIATED UNESCO AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS Leo Burundi politiques et de la sequence on its environment. société civile au ORGANIZATIONS Burundi MESSENGER MESSENGER

Community Leaders Community Leaders, Youth

Kirundi French

Pos-Alt MEDIUM MEDIUM Pos-Alt Social https://bit.ly/2KaZmPc https://bit.ly/2LDn8BA Event, Video Clip Report

MESSAGE MESSAGE

Traditionally, proverbs in Kirundi demon- On this website, Burundian youth are able strate that youth is the force for a change to start conversations with each other in the future, they are discriminated about topics that are important to them against and exploited especially by mali- in their community, share ideas, and pro- cious people who are targeting their own vide each other with information about interests. This situation makes young opportunities. This platform provides an people act under the command of the alternative space to address grievances most awake who take advantage of their and concerns. vulnerability and incapacity. This expression aims to awaken youth to demon- strate that they are capable today. Unity is strength, but this force of youth has often been oriented in the negative way “RWARUKA where they are used for the interests of TURASHOBOYE”: TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, politicians and hard-working people. The IVOMO TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience message seeks to radically change this YOUTH WE CAN Seekers reality in order to prove that young people are active and constitute the nation’s major force, useful here and now, for pos- MESSENGER itive change. MESSENGER Community Leaders Community Leaders, Youth

Kirundi French Pos-Alt MEDIUM MEDIUM Pos-Alt Social www.ivomo.net Proverb Website 62 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 63

KENYA

MESSAGE MESSAGE

The story of Watatu follows the story of STRIVE HoA broadcasted four radio fea- Yusuf and his family in Mombasa, Kenya. ture stores and four religious programs Yusuf starts to read papers from As- (hosted by moderate, educated religious Shabaab and wants to travel to Somalia. figures) focusing on issues related to His family, left devastated and shamed, radicalization in Mombasa. The shows try to find a solution to him joining a ter- attempted to raise awareness about the rorist group. The film was set up with the techniques used by violent extremism intention to start community dialogues, recruiters. Additionally, by sharing family and the film showings include a follow up and victim anecdotes, the show sought theatre performance that allows the au- to show the negative realities of radicali- dience to choose their own ending to the zation. movie. Real actors play Yusuf’s mother, sister and uncle to determine a new end- TARGET AUDIENCE Seekers, General Audience & TARGET AUDIENCE Seekers, General Audience, Gen- General-majority Muslim Audience ing & give a voice to the citizens of Mom- RADIO PILOT eral majority-Muslim Audience WATATU basa directly. PROJECT IN AFFILIATED S.A.F.E. Kenya KENYA AFFILIATED STRIVE HoA ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

MESSENGER http://bit.ly/2llXlSx MESSENGER Families Community Leaders

English Swahili MEDIUM MEDIUM Social https://imdb.to/2loaiv0 Social http://bit.ly/2JZCxe3 Video Clip, Article Report

MESSAGE MESSAGE

In collaboration with a local CSO, STRIVE This news article is an example of how edu- HoA, launched a youth mentorship program cation is one of the most powerful weapons pilot in Eastleigh and Manjengo in Nairobi. to counter messages of extremism, giving The program identified 20 youth deemed the example of the Kenyan context. Educa- extremely vulnerable to radicalization tion helps enables young boys and girls to based on a variety of factors. Each youth question extremist messages and reject was paired with a mentor. The program them. It also can create discussions about proved to be extremely successful and self- violent extremist groups where recruitment sustainable, with the one caveat that it is is taking place and give students strategies often hard to find credible and willing men- to avoid their narratives. tors. The most successful mentors were those who had been former violent extremists, as they could talk about the realities of TARGET AUDIENCE Justifiers, Sympathizers, MENTORSHIP radicalization. TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience OF VULNERABLE Seekers TEACHING ANTI- YOUTH IN EXTREMISM IN AFFILIATED STRIVE HoA KENYA AFFILIATED The New Yorker NAIROBI ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

MESSENGER MESSENGER

Community Leaders Community Leaders, Media

English English MEDIUM MEDIUM Pos-Alt http://bit.ly/2thTr1t Social http://bit.ly/2K4n8cq Report News Article 64 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 65

MESSAGE MESSAGE

Ayub Mohamud is a business studies and This source explains how one teacher, Islamic Religious Education teacher at Ayub Mohamud, is fighting radicalization Eastleigh High School, Nairobi Kenya. He and terrorism in the classroom. The video was a top 10 finalist of the Global Teacher exposes the narrative of Al-Shabaab that Prize in 2016. As a teacher, he has miti- they are fighting the African states be- gated violent extremism in his communi- cause of the invasion of the West, and ties through education, contirbuting to provides some suggestions of how to solving problems within his communities. counter that narrative through words and The video clip narrates his story. actions in the classroom.

TARGET AUDIENCE Youth TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Youth & AYUB MOHAMUD, TEACHING AGAINST Communities at Risk THE TEACHER VIOLENT EXTREMISM AFFILIATED Eastleigh Community & CCTV AFFILIATED Teachers against Violent ORGANIZATIONS Africa Story ORGANIZATIONS Extremism

MESSENGER http://bit.ly/2I4nH4g MESSENGER Community Leaders Community Leaders

Swahili English MEDIUM MEDIUM Social http://bit.ly/2M3LQdA Social http://bit.ly/2tm9nPm Video Clip Video Clip

MESSAGE MESSAGE

This video highlights a series of news stories Two females from Kwale County in Mom- of how the local community in Eastleigh com- basa share their stories and encoun- memorated the anniversary of the attack on ters with terrorism. They talk about how Westgate and condemned terrorism. The ac- youth have been recruited for the terrorist tivity by the community suggests that society groups and the dangers their community is not accepting of the use of violence, and the faces with respect to violent extremism. signs during the protest articulate that they do not believe that Islam allows for radicalization and terrorism. The event was hosted by the Community Development Initiative, a local CSO active in CVE.

COMMEMORATION TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Youth at Risk TARGET AUDIENCE Seekers, General Audience OF THE WEST- JUST A MINUTE: GATE TERROR KWALE EDITION AFFILIATED Community Development AFFILIATED #insolidarity, YADEN East Africa ATTACK ORGANIZATIONS Initiative ORGANIZATIONS

MESSENGER MESSENGER

Community Leaders Community Leaders Swahili English w/ English MEDIUM subtititles MEDIUM Social http://bit.ly/2llatqQ Social http://bit.ly/2yty9Tq Video Clip, Event Video Clip 66 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 67

MESSAGE MESSAGE

This short film depicts a discussion in This short video depicts the story of a a family. The mother and the father are young man who is torn between following complaining because the oldest son does his friends and pursuing a dance career, not collaborate in the house. The family or joining the extremist group. At the end is from the Mathare slum in Nairobi. Both he chooses to follow the extremist group, parents kick him out of the house. A simi- but it also shows the tragedy and sad- lar situation happens with another fam- ness of him joining. ily, but in this case is the daughter who is kicked out of the house. The depiction of these two stories show how they may face discrimination in other settings in their communities and how discrimina- Justifiers, Sympathizers, tion begins. These two individuals end up Seekers, Justifiers, TARGET AUDIENCE joining an extremist group. TARGET AUDIENCE SURRENDERED Seekers, General Audience Sympathizers THE TARGET TO EXTREMISTS AFFILIATED The Guetto Marvellous AFFILIATED Liberty Studios ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

MESSENGER MESSENGER Community Leaders (Families) Community Leaders

Swahili English w/ English subtititles MEDIUM MEDIUM Social http://bit.ly/2JZCxe3 Social http://bit.ly/2MDB6DU Video Clip Video Clip

MESSAGE MESSAGE

This video describes a program called In this message, a young man leaves “Credible Local Voices” that contests the prison after he is rehabilitated. When he market of violent extremist narratives in comes back to home, his family rejects Kenya, to include CDs in Mombasa and him. In the Church, he is also rejected. He Nairobi. The video explains the logic be- is practically rejected wherever he goes. hind the counter messages, and can be A group of friends accepts him, and in- useful to inspire new ideas for localized troduces him into a terrorist group. This content creation. is why he decides to create anger in a community by carrying out a terror attack. This video tries to focus on terrorist youth activity and how young people face risk to joining such groups. TARGET AUDIENCE Seekers, Justifiers, TARGET AUDIENCE Seekers, Justifiers, REASON & Sympathizers Sympathizers PROGRESS X KONVICT WITH ME AFFILIATED Liberty Studios, KONVERT AFFILIATED The Real Thespians ORGANIZATIONS Credible Local Voices ORGANIZATIONS

MESSENGER MESSENGER

Community Leaders (Imams) Community Leaders

Swahili English w/ English subtititles Religious MEDIUM MEDIUM Ideological http://bit.ly/2M7LCCi Social http://bit.ly/2ljqqOc Social Video Documentary Video Clip 68 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 69

MESSAGE MESSAGE

A campaign slogan developed together A music audio album compiling a playlist with ICEPVE to prevent violence in Kenya. of different artists drawn from locations It was shared over social media in youth where young people are often recruited in circles to raise awareness of violence in Kenya. The songs are messages of peace the community and to encourage youth to to fight against terrorist groups’ recruit- speak about it. ment. The songs are generally mellow and relaxing.

TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers #ITHURTSME WESTGATE AFFILIATED Afrika Moja AFFILIATED Liberty Studios, YADEN East ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS Africa

MESSENGER MESSENGER Community Leaders, Youth Community Leaders

Swahili Swahili English MEDIUM MEDIUM Social http://bit.ly/2K28JNZ Pos-Alt http://bit.ly/2K5BlcA Campaign Slogan Music Album

MESSAGE MESSAGE

A music audio album compiling a playlist This research study conducted by the of different artists drawn from locations Hanns Seidel Foundation by Well Told where young people are often recruited Story looked at religious intolerance in in Kenya. The songs are messages of an- Mombasa and Nairobi. The study found ti-radicalization and of peace. Generally that their is little religous intolerance, the songs are upbeat and lively. and conflicts between Muslims and Chris- tians are often imposed by outsiders. This undermines messages that violent extremists try to impose with respect to dividing communities based on faith. The results of the research and interviews were turned into a comic report. EXPLORING TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers RELIGIOUS TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience FACE IT TOLERANCE AMONG YOUNG KENYANS AFFILIATED Liberty Studios, YADEN East AFFILIATED Well Told Story ORGANIZATIONS Africa IN NAIROBI & ORGANIZATIONS MOMBASA MESSENGER MESSENGER http://bit.ly/2MHukNu Community Leaders Community Leaders

Swahili English

MEDIUM Religious MEDIUM Pos-Alt http://bit.ly/2ta9qyf Ideological http://bit.ly/2I3zm3m Music Album Comic Report 70 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 71

RWANDA

MESSAGE MESSAGE

STRIVE HoA recruited several imams and This series of photographs and portraits ukhtis and provided them with capacity- is featured in the New York Times, and in- training sessions regarding the process cludes the narratives and photos of both of individual radicalization. In addition, perpetrators and victims of the genocide they received training on topics of inter- in Rwanda. The stories show instances of est to youth. STRIVE HoA also provided forgiveness, reconciliation and the desire training to youth so they could develop to move towards a more peaceful society. monitoring techniques to study how Some of the pairings are direct perpetra- imams were tailoring their sermons and tors of violence against the survivors. how the community was receiving them. For example Godefroid Mudaheranwa is featured next to Evasta Mukanyandwi— Mudaheranwa directly tried to burn down General Audience, General Mukanyandwi’s house, but Mukanyandwi TARGET AUDIENCE Seekers, General Audience, TARGET AUDIENCE Majority- & Minority-Muslim THE eventually forgave Mudaheranwa after he General Majority-Muslim Audience PORTRAITS OF Audience, Seekers ALTERNATIVE was released from jail. RECONCILIATION VOICES PROJECT AFFILIATED STRIVE HoA AFFILIATED Pieter Hugo and Susan ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS Dominus

MESSENGER MESSENGER

Community Leaders Victims, Survivors, Defectors, Formers

English English Religious MEDIUM Ethical MEDIUM Ideological http://bit.ly/2thTr1t Social https://nyti.ms/2of9U4O Pos-Alt Report Website, Art Installation

MESSAGE MESSAGE

This narrative uses Shairi (poetry/rhyme) Kurema, Kureba, Kwiga (To create, to see, to convey the message, and it is captured to learn) is a community art project that in video form by youth using a mobile addresses social issues in Rwanda. It phone as part of YADEN #insolidarity P/ does so depicting these issues on mu- CVE project. rals that are designed by local artists and painted by members of the community. The story goes as follows: there is a new It is also an online platform on Facebook religious preacher in town. He targets two and Tumblr that promotes different forms young men working in the quarry with of art in Rwanda. a message of religious and ethnic pu- rification. Their radical ideas lead them to target those from a different religion and ethnic backgrounds. They have also TARGET AUDIENCE Justifiers, Sympathizers, Seekers, TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers been promised money in return to for their KUREMA, TAFAKARI General Audience bravery. Later the authorities move in af- KUREBA, (SHINARS ARTS) ter the young men are persuaded by the AFFILIATED #insolidarity, Shinars Arts KWIGA AFFILIATED Kurema, Kureba, Kwiga ORGANIZATIONS community of their evil plans, reporting ORGANIZATIONS the recruiter who is arrested. MESSENGER MESSENGER http://bit.ly/2M7dKFB Community Leaders, Youth Community Leaders, Artists Swahili w/ English English Religious subtitles MEDIUM Political MEDIUM Ideological http://bit.ly/2JZCxe3 Social http://bit.ly/2ytDvhy Ethnic Economic Economic Video Clip Facebook, Murals 72 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 73

MESSAGE MESSAGE

This article presents an interview of Hu- Rwanda has developed multiple policies guette Labelle, who is the Chair of the to mitigate violence in the country. The Board of Transparency International. government provides effective socio- She speaks about Rwanda, since it was economic programs such as mutuelle ranked in 2013 as the least corrupt coun- de santé which contribute to a bet- try in Africa. This is useful to counter the ter standards of living to prevent peo- narrative of extremist groups that may ple from getting involved in conflicts. point to government corruption in Africa They have also set standards for peace as a reason to join their cause. education and anti-genocide education programs both in the formal education sector and informal sectors through mu- seums and educational programs. PROVIDING TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience EFFECTIVE FIGHT AGAINST SOCIO-ECONOMIC CORRUPTION AFFILIATED Eugene Kwibuka - The New Times PROGRAMS IN AFFILIATED Government of Rwanda ORGANIZATIONS RWANDA ORGANIZATIONS http://www.rdb.rw/uploads/tx_sbdown- loader/EDPRS_2_Main_Document.pdf MESSENGER MESSENGER http://bit.ly/2t9LPxY Government Government

English English MEDIUM MEDIUM Political http://bit.ly/2JQp8Jo Political http://bit.ly/2JYr8LA News Article Document

SOMALIA

MESSAGE MESSAGE

The Youth Strategic Plan of Rwanda 2013 Quraca Nabadda is a social reconciliation - 2018 shows how Rwanda has been try- programme implemented by the Somali ing to engage youth in building social co- Youth Development Network (SOYDEN). hesion, encouraging youth to participate The 12-week programme aimed to con- in the political sphere as the future lead- solidate the nascent peace in Somalia ers country’s leaders. through workshops, counselling and offering a pathway out of the vicious cycle of violence for victims of clan conflict, crime, gender-based violence and terrorism.

Part of the project included creating billboards. The billboards featured on this site are paintings by local Somali artists, TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience TARGET AUDIENCE General audience, Seekers, YOUTH created in the Center for Research and QURACA General majority-Muslim Audience PARTICIPATION Dialogue. They were put up around Moga- NABADDA dishu to stimulate debate about conflict IN RWANDA AFFILIATED Government of Rwanda AFFILIATED Center for Research & Dialogue ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS and community issues.

MESSENGER MESSENGER Community Leaders, http://bit.ly/2yqFtz9 Government Local Artists English Somali MEDIUM MEDIUM Political http://bit.ly/2I3JJUQ Ethnic http://bit.ly/2to72Dh Document Events, Billboards 74 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 75

MESSAGE MESSAGE

This video call by the Anti-Tribalism move- Radio Bar Kulan broadcasts news and in- ment invites youth to express their opin- formation to Somali-speaking networks ions against hate and tribalism in their across Somalia and to the Somali Dias- communities. The “Let them Hear Your pora. News features recent terrorism-re- Voice” campaigns are the submissions by lated stories as well as information on young Somalis in response to the call. “Let international bodies such as the UN and Them Hear Your Voice” was a campaign IGAD. The program also runs events for that enabled youth be heard by presiden- youth and more involvement with their tial candidates where youth across Soma- government and communities. lia sent a 30-second video with message stated: “We will be peaceful citizens who respect our government and the rule of law, and in return our government should: Seekers, General Audience, TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers (1) Create job opportunities, (2) Provide TARGET AUDIENCE General-majority & general- LET THEM HEAR better higher education opportunities, (3) BAR KULAN minority Muslim Audience www.bar-kulan.com YOUR VOICE Give young people a voice in policy deci- RADIO CAMPAIGN AFFILIATED Anti-Tribalism Movement (ATM) sions, (4) Tackle corruption, (4) End tribal- AFFILIATED Radio Bar Kulan Website ORGANIZATIONS ism, (5) “End Al-Shabaab”. ORGANIZATIONS

MESSENGER MESSENGER http://bit.ly/2yoGR5a Youth Community Leaders, Youth http://bit.ly/2JTboh6 Somali Somali

MEDIUM Historical MEDIUM Pos-Alt Political http://bit.ly/2JYt2Me Video Clips http://bit.ly/2tcg87b Website, Radio Broadcast

MESSAGE MESSAGE

This video clip highlights the story of Abdi In light of the lack of funding opportuni- Shire, who is also a poet and activist in So- ties for Somali youth, the Stability Fund malia. Abdi Shire is using his poetry and ce- created the Somali Youth Entrepreneur- lebrity status to actively speak out against ship Initiative. Comprised of two micro- terrorism and violent extremism, and pro- finance institutions and two NGOs, the motes messages of peace and highlights initiatives enables young Somali entre- the problems of extremism in the media. preneurs to start up their own businesses The video features a graphic video of an by providing competitive loans and other attack on a graduation ceremony in Soma- financial products. lia where 30 people were killed. This attack was not only seen as an act of terrorism, but also an attack on education. The video also features a singing group, Qaylodhaan, TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience which received a lot of attention in Mogadi- TARGET AUDIENCE Seekers, General Audience PREACHING IN shu, and on Youtube, for their performanc- SOMALI YOUTH PRACTICE: es and songs for peace. Finally, the video ENTREPRENEURSHIP ABDI SHIRE AFFILIATED Anti-Tribalism Movement (ATM) also features a conference held by the An- INITIATIVE AFFILIATED Stability Fund ORGANIZATIONS ti-Tribalism movement in Istanbul, Turkey to ORGANIZATIONS find solutions to terrorism in Somalia. MESSENGER MESSENGER

Community Leaders https://bit.ly/1B1vSK9 Community Leaders, Youth

Somali English MEDIUM Pos-Alt MEDIUM Ethical Economic https://bit.ly/1W86E5G Video Clip, Event https://bit.ly/2IUj94N Article, Program 76 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 77

MESSAGE MESSAGE

In October 2015, the Stability Fund in- The aim of this video is to show and give augurated the Center for Conflict, Gov- voice to mothers who are suffering the ernance & Peacebuilding at City Univer- brutality of the ideology of Al-Shabaab. sity in Mogadishu. The Center offers a Their suffering takes on different forms. post-graduate program in Conflict, Gov- These mothers have sons and/or daugh- ernance & Peacebuilding, with a 12-stu- ters participating in Al-Shabaab, and their dent annual intake. Students benefit from crying comes out of their loss, as their are a fully-paid summer internship abroad. killed by Al-Shabaab. The objective of the center is to prepare the next generation of leaders, fully-educated in Somalia.

THE CENTER TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers FOR CONFLICT, DESTROYED GOVERNANCE & LIVES AFFILIATED Stability Fund & City University AFFILIATED Anti-Tribalism Movement (ATM) PEACEBUILDING ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

MESSENGER MESSENGER https://bit.ly/2rTOcDi Community Leaders Community Leaders, Family Somali English w/ English Historical subtitles MEDIUM Ethical MEDIUM Political https://bit.ly/2IQRfqr Social https://bit.ly/1B1vSK9 Economic Article Video Clip

MESSAGE MESSAGE

In collaboration with Dhasheeg Con- This is a report of an individual was kid- struction and Trading Company, Stability napped by an Al-Shabaab member. It Fund began a pilot project with the aim shows some of the arguments of Al- of improving youth employment for Kis- Shabaab claiming that this group is mayo youth. The project involved the re- fighting for the welfare of the people are construction of a major road in Kismayo, faulty. While she escaped the kidnapping, which connects Farjano and Faanooles this individual still receives threats from residents to Kismayo’s main market, hos- terrorists on a regular basis. She shows pital and schools. The project employed the consequences of terrorism, including 200 youth and facilitated transportation victimhood. in the town.

TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers LOST TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers, RECONSTRUCTION SOMALIA Justifiers OF KISMAYO (STUDENT) AFFILIATED Stability Fund Website AFFILIATED Anti-Tribalism Movement (ATM) ORGANIZATIONS ALSHABAB ORGANIZATIONS

MESSENGER https://bit.ly/2bcHZNJ MESSENGER Community Leaders Community Leaders Somali English w/ English subtitles Pos-Alt MEDIUM Social MEDIUM Economic https://bit.ly/1KBPS5H Ethical https://bit.ly/2wWT9Bk Article Video Clip 78 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 79

MESSAGE MESSAGE

A young Somali musician sheds light on This journalist shares his story of receiv- the lack of tolerance among the extrem- ing threats of death every day for report- ists due to their inability to accept mu- ing on their stories. The journalist shares sic. He shares his experience with violent his scars from when he was kidnapped extremism, including threats on his life, and tortured by Al Shabaab. The narrative because of his music.. Al-Shabaab claims is powerful because Al Shabaab claims to to be fighting for welfare of the people, be in favor of the welfare of Somalia, but but doesn’t allow them to express them- stories of victimhood and torture suggest selves through music. otherwise.

TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers, TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers, Justifiers HUMANITY LOST: Justifiers HUMANITY LOST: SOMALI SOMALIA RAPPER AFFILIATED Anti-Tribalism Movement (ATM) JOURNALIST AFFILIATED Anti-Tribalism Movement (ATM) ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

MESSENGER MESSENGER

Community Leaders, Youth Community Leaders, Media Somali Somali w/ English w/ English subtititles subtititles MEDIUM Social MEDIUM Social https://bit.ly/2rVfcmZ Ethical https://bit.ly/2IRT1HY Video Clip Social Media Page

MESSAGE MESSAGE

This young Somali mechanic was taken This project facilitated by the Anti-Trib- into custody by Al Shabaab. While the in- alism Movement convened the Somali dividual has now escaped to Mogadishu, Imams at a Conference in Istanbul, Tur- he lives under constant threats and in- key, to issue a fatwa against Al-Shabaab. timidation. The story shows the conse- In this conference, both youth and elders quences of terrorism, and of living under came together against tribalism and ter- fear. rorism in order to collectively speak with one voice.

SOMALI YOUTH General Audience, Seekers, Justi- HUMANITY TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers, TARGET AUDIENCE fiers, Sympathizers, General mi- AND ELDERS LOST: SOMALIA Justifiers nority & majority Muslim Audience UNITE AGAINST MECHANIC- AFFILIATED Anti-Tribalism Movement (ATM) TRIBALISM AND AFFILIATED Anti-Tribalism Movement (ATM) ALSHABAAB ORGANIZATIONS EXTREMISM ORGANIZATIONS

MESSENGER MESSENGER

Community Leaders Community Leaders (Imams) Somali Somali w/ English English subtititles Social MEDIUM Religious MEDIUM Ethical https://bit.ly/2ItgfEO Ideological https://bit.ly/2k8QlYt Video Clip Video Clip 80 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 81

MESSAGE MESSAGE

Credible Messengers is a project based Tubta Nabadda is Somali government in south and Central Somalia that works platform, through a video series, that with group of imams to provide counter regularly invites Somali clerics to share narratives theological to Al-Shabab’s. The correct understandings of Islam and Credible Messengers host regular events they have been successful by battling in their cities and villages and discuss with Al-Shabaab with text references number of issues associated with Al- and made tint to Al-Shabaab religious Shabaab such as suicide and how forbid- appeal. The series is also accompanied den is in Islam. by a hashtag, #TubtaNabadda.

General Audience, Sympathiz- TARGET AUDIENCE ers, Seekers, General Majority- TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Justifiers, Muslim Audience Sympathizers CREDIBLE TUBTA NABADDA MESSENGERS AFFILIATED Anti-Tribalism Movement AFFILIATED UNSOM Somalia & Somalia ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS National TV

MESSENGER MESSENGER

Community Leaders (Imams) Government Somali Somali English Ethnic MEDIUM Political MEDIUM Religious https://bit.ly/2Gybjsk Religious https://bit.ly/2DVzZdi Ideological Ideological Website Video Series

MESSAGE MESSAGE

To celebrate Somali Youth Day, the ATM Somalia’s government a digital counter- created a forum where young people from extremism center aims to dissuade young different clans could come together and Somalis from supporting militant groups discuss how they could contribute to a such as Al-Shabaab and Islamic State. positive future for Somalia. The forum was The center carries out campaigns on Fa- designed to harness the fact that Somali cebook, YouTube, Twitter, and state-run youth can and have played an important media designed to promote stability in role in the recent prosperity of Somalia and the Horn of Africa nation. encourage other young Somalis to play their part in the development of the country. In addition to organizing the forum, Break- through Media designed a campaign to take the key messages to a wider audi- General Audience, Justifiers, TARGET AUDIENCE Justifiers, Sympathizers ence throughout Somalia. To do this, DIGITAL TARGET AUDIENCE Breakthrough Media organised a billboard Sympathizers SOMALI COUNTER-EXTREMISM YOUTH DAY campaign within Mogadishu, a national AFFILIATED Breakthrough Media, social media campaign consisting of writ- CENTER: SOMALIA AFFILIATED Somalia Government ORGANIZATIONS Anti-Tribalism Movement ten, graphic and video content and a four- ORGANIZATIONS week radio PSA campaign. Breakthrough MESSENGER Media also broadcast the forum live on na- MESSENGER tional radio and set up an inbound SMS and Community Leaders call service to allow the radio audience to Government Somali contribute to the discussion. English English Ethnic MEDIUM MEDIUM Political Social https://bit.ly/2D4YjO7 Website http://bit.ly/2K4nhg9 News Article 82 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 83

MESSAGE MESSAGE

The story of four Kenyan girls who had This news article features the story of joined Al Shabaab highlights the hypocri- Zakariya Ahmed Ismali Hersi, a former cies of the group through their treat- leader of Al Shabaab. In his testimony, ment of women. The narrative of Halima, he indicates he initially joined to liberate a 16-year-old, illustrates how the Al- the country, but eventually realized that Shabaab fighters and leaders repeatedly his original mission was not able to be raped and abused the young girls during carried out through the terrorist group. their time in the group. They were also He felt that the group had deviated from taken as wives, but were also forced to the original purpose, and that he real- undergo an abortion when she became ized the security forces were killing and pregnant. arresting many of his colleagues. He de- fected from Al Shabaab to save his own life. SHABAAB MEN TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers WHY I LEFT TURN KENYAN TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers SCHOOLGIRLS INTO AL-SHABAAB AFFILIATED BBC SEX SLAVES ORGANIZATIONS

MESSENGER MESSENGER

Defectors, Formers Defectors, Formers

English English MEDIUM MEDIUM Social https://bit.ly/2Iy7Pw7 Social https://bbc.in/1K2nFVU News Article News Article, Video Clip

MESSAGE MESSAGE

The story of four Kenyan girls who had This website contains the short sto- joined Al Shabaab highlights the hypocri- ries of survivors of the violence in So- cies of the group through their treat- malia, including attacks carried out by ment of women. The narrative of Halima, Al-Shabaab. The stories summarize the a 16-year-old, illustrates how the Al- physical and emotional trauma felt by Shabaab fighters and leaders repeatedly the victims and survivors. Included in the raped and abused the young girls during stories are also accounts of family mem- their time in the group. They were also bers who lost loved ones in Al-Shabaab taken as wives, but were also forced to attacks. undergo an abortion when she became pregnant.

TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers STORIES OF TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers, THE SEX SLAVES SURVIVORS OF Justifiers OF AL SHABAAB VIOLENT EXTREM- AFFILIATED BBC AFFILIATED UNDP ORGANIZATIONS ISM: SOMALIA ORGANIZATIONS

MESSENGER https://bit.ly/2LhL4dw MESSENGER Defectors, Formers, Victims Victims of Terrorism of Terrorism English English MEDIUM MEDIUM Social https://bbc.in/2qgh0YM Social https://bit.ly/2GxScig Documentary, Video Clip Website 84 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 85

MESSAGE MESSAGE

The video follows the story of Aliya Dur- This program focuses on the disarma- ban, a music promoter from Atlanta and ment, rehabilitation and reintegration of ethnically a Somali woman. The video young women and men that have partici- follows her story as she returns to Soma- pated in armed conflict in Somalia since lia to discover her family’s history, roots the 1990’s. The focus on the program is and the country of her mother and father. the reintegration of child soldiers and She experiences the destruction of the youth. The program uses community work war, including the ruins of her old family and employment skills as part of the rein- home. She also experienced the poverty tegration strategy. of people living in the ruins of her family’s old house—internally displaced people. Aliya’s experience highlights both the General Audience, General positive and negative aspects of life in TARGET AUDIENCE Minority- & Majority- Muslim Somalia from the perspective of someone TARGET AUDIENCE Justifiers, Perpetrators RETURN TO Audience who has grown up in the West. DROP THE GUN, SOMALIA: PICK UP THE PEN ALIYA’S STORY AFFILIATED Breakthrough Media AFFILIATED Elman Peace ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

MESSENGER MESSENGER https://bit.ly/2IyIfag Victims, Survivors Community Leaders

English English Ethical MEDIUM Social MEDIUM Historical https://bit.ly/2INr2dm Economic https://bit.ly/2kcnyT1 Political Video Clip Video Clip

MESSAGE MESSAGE

After a large truck bomb exploded in The article discusses the long standing Mogadishu on 14 October 2017, the com- crisis in Somalia. The author ridicules So- munity in Somalia is devastated, but also mali Islamist leader in the Islamic party, at more resilient against Al-Shabaab. The a press conference, who despite the cri- bombing killed over 350 people, and ac- sis the country is going through demand- cording to the author, has diminished the ed that all people should grow a beard support of Al-Shabaab in the country. The and shave their moustache as compul- community response against the attack sory set of laws of their religion. was to donate a significant amount of blood. A civil society coordination effort (#Gurmad252) was also active to support the victims of the attack. Medical sup- THIS WAS NOT plies were flown in by local and interna- ‘JUST TARGET AUDIENCE Justifiers, Sympathizers, TARGET AUDIENCE Justifiers, Sympathizers Seekers tional airlines to help with some of the re- IS THE REAL ANOTHER BOMB lief efforts. Protests against Al-Shabaab PROBLEM TO IN MOGADISHU.’ AFFILIATED Abdirahman Omar Osman also occurred the 2 days after the at- GROW BEARDS? AFFILIATED Al Awsat IT WILL DESTROY ORGANIZATIONS (Engineer Yarisow) tack, demonstrating resilience. Former ORGANIZATIONS AL-SHEBAAB al-Shabaab leader, Abu Mansur Mukhtar Robow, was one of the blood donors, and MESSENGER MESSENGER condemned his former organization for Victims, Survivors attacking the “children of the nation. Community Leaders

English Article Historical MEDIUM Social MEDIUM Political https://bit.ly/2KWESqc Religious https://bit.ly/2rYt0Mw Newspaper Article Article 86 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 87

MESSAGE MESSAGE

The website’s goal is to engage the Somali The film “Mayor of Mogadishu” follows youth, including the diaspora from around the mayor in his everyday government the world, through poetry, music and story- responsibilities to show what it is like telling. The website intends to be a platform to run the city. The video features inter- for positive conversations that promote views and explanations of government peace, harmony and traditional Somali val- decisions by the mayor. It also highlights ues to the young generation. a street festival hosted in Mogadishu to celebrate Somali culture, music and traditions as a way to bring the city together.

TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers MAYOR OF THE POET NATION MOGADISHU AFFILIATED Poet Nation AFFILIATED Breakthrough Media ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

MESSENGER MESSENGER

Community Leaders, Youth Government

English English

MEDIUM Historical MEDIUM Social https://bit.ly/2GUsdSf http://thepoetnation.com/ Political Website Video Clip

SOUTH SUDAN

MESSAGE MESSAGE

The Stability Fund, in collaboration with This video highlights a program con- BBC Media Action Service, have partnered ducted by Search for Common Ground in to create an interactive radio drama for South Sudan in 2015. The program start- young Somalis, in which listeners can ed a reconciliation process between the vote to decide the fate of the characters. Madi and Acholi tribes, and radio pro- The show is called Maalmo Dhama Maanta grams and community dialogues have (A better Life than Today). The storyline continued the process. The program is centered on young Somalis who dream identified interlocutors that were able of a better future. The drama touches on to intervene in the conflict and brought topics such as politics, migration, the them together to find common solutions economy, and governance. The show airs to tensions in the community. on Radio Hargeisa, Radio Goobjoog, and Radio Garowe. SOUTH SUDAN: TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience TWO TRIBES A BETTER LIFE REBUILD WHAT THAN TODAY AFFILIATED Stability Fund, BBC Media Action VIOLENCE AFFILIATED Search for Common Ground ORGANIZATIONS websites DEMOLISHED ORGANIZATIONS

MESSENGER MESSENGER https://bit.ly/2KFX4Ei Youth Community Leaders

Somali English MEDIUM MEDIUM Pos-Alt https://bbc.in/2oGxTZ8 Ethnic https://bit.ly/2IWiikm Article Video Clip 88 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 89

SOUTH SUDAN

MESSAGE MESSAGE

This video describes a program in refu- This song created by the Anataban col- gee camps for South Sudanese in Kenya lective examines the war-torn country where individuals are using participatory and all that is necessary to make changes theatre to express grievances and start for a brighter future in South Sudan. The discussions about difficult topics. The song also is accompanied by the hashtag theatre shows also provide an opportu- #Anataban. nity for the individuals in the camps to find solutions together. The theatre stories are based on true events & allow the audience to respond to what is happen- ing on stage, and even make decisions on how the performance ends. PERFORMING TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience #ANATABAN TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers MIRACLES: SOUTH OFFICIAL VIDEO: SUDAN REFUGEES SOUTH SUDAN AFFILIATED Search for Common Ground AFFILIATED Anataban Collective FIND HOPE IN MUSIC THEATER ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

MESSENGER MESSENGER Community Leaders, Actors Community Leaders, Artists Arabic English (South MEDIUM Sudanese) MEDIUM Pos-Alt https://bit.ly/2d27rl1 Pos-Alt https://bit.ly/2MhYNk1 Video Clip Song, Music Video

MESSAGE MESSAGE

The Anataban Collective uses graffiti, This song created by the Anataban col- theatre, sculpture and poetry to spread lective highlights the call from the youth their message of peace. Their murals for peace in South Sudan. The message is made by members of the collective, and aimed at leaders of South Sudan to end they are seen on walls in Juba, South the violence, war, injustice and poverty. Sudan. The project started in September The song also is accompanied by the 2016 when South Sudanese artists and hashtags #Anataban and #BloodShed- activists joined forces to bring an end Free2017. to the violence that has been troubling the world’s newest country since 2013. The movement is accompanied by a cor- responding hashtag, #Anataban, which has become popular amongst youth in TARGET AUDIENCE TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers General Audience, Seekers South Sudan. SOUTNA (OUR ANA TABAN VOICE): SOUTH (I AM TIRED) SUDAN MUSIC Anataban Collective AFFILIATED Anataban Collective https://reut.rs/2IZrCUm AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

MESSENGER MESSENGER

Community Leaders, Artists https://reut.rs/2t9C5AG English Community Leaders, Artists English Arabic Arabic (South MEDIUM Sudanese) MEDIUM Pos-Alt Pos-Alt https://bit.ly/2LhotxG News Article, Photos, Social https://bit.ly/2IU3vXm Media Campaign Song, Music Video 90 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 91

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

MESSAGE MESSAGE

This song created by the Anataban collec- This message was intended to target iden- tive looks at the wrongdoings that South tity-based conflict and violent extremism Sudanese have committed against each in Tanzania, who constitute 60% of the other, including violence, war and mur- population. The Vijana Na Amani peace der. The song promotes healing, forgive- campaign seeks to encourage education, ness and reconciliation. The song also is sensitization, leadership and capacity- accompanied by the hashtag #Anataban. building through a campaign for peace by the youth themselves.

General Audience, Seekers, TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers TARGET AUDIENCE General-majority & general- MALESH (SORRY): VIJANA NA AMANI minority Muslim audience https://bit.ly/2LnDYnK SOUTH SUDAN (YOUTH AND MUSIC AFFILIATED Anataban Collective PEACE) CAMPAIGN AFFILIATED Global Peace Foundation ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

MESSENGER MESSENGER https://bit.ly/2J2gciH Community Leaders, Artists Community Leaders English Arabic English (South Swahili Sudanese) MEDIUM Ethnic MEDIUM Pos-Alt https://bit.ly/2KeBK9i Pos-Alt https://bit.ly/2KKZeTl Song, Music Video Event, Program, Social Media

MESSAGE MESSAGE

#DefyHateNow is a peacebuilding pro- These posters and brochures by Zanzibar ject that undermines hate speech and Youth Forum advocate for stopping vio- seeks to strengthen mobilizing actions lent conflict. They provide examples of of youth that promote peace and non- healthy ways of managing conflict that violence. The project utilizes online and do not lead to violence. They also pro- offline techniques and aims to enhance vide suggestions for successful conflict awareness and knowledge of social me- resolution in a non-violent way. dia tools in South Sudanese youth.

General Audience, Justifiers, TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers TARGET AUDIENCE Sympathizers, General majority- STOP THE Muslim audience #DEFYHATENOW VIOLENCE AFFILIATED #defyhatenow AFFILIATED Zanzibar Youth Forum ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

MESSENGER MESSENGER

Community Leaders, Youth Community Leaders, Youth

English English Swahili MEDIUM MEDIUM Ethnic https://bit.ly/2K6T2JH Social Website Poster, Brochure 92 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 93

MESSAGE MESSAGE

A news article based on police in the Mt- This message highlights the negative wara region in Tanzania. The police arrest- consequences of terrorism. In this re- ed 11 Al-Shabaab recruits in possession port, two British girls had acid thrown of 25 digital video discs (DVDs) featuring at their faces in Stone town in Zanzibar. Al-Shabaab training manuals. This article The story highlights the experience of can be a potential deterrent for individu- the British girls as victims of a violent at- als that might be interested in Al-Shabaab tack. The You Tube video also highlights propaganda and warns about the dangers the economic consequences of carrying of distributing propaganda in Tanzania. out attacks against tourists, stating that tourism is an important component of Zanzibar’s economy. 11 SHABAAB ‘RECRUITS’ TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers TWO BRITISH GIRLS TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers ARRESTED ATTACKED BY AFTER REPORTS MUSLIMS WITH AFFILIATED Abdallah Bakari AFFILIATED Katie Gee and Kirstie Trup OF SECRET ORGANIZATIONS ACID IN ZANZIBAR ORGANIZATIONS DRILLS MESSENGER MESSENGER https://bit.ly/2s21LRZ Government Victim, Survivor, Community Leader

English English Historical MEDIUM Factual MEDIUM Political https://bit.ly/2x6SKMt Economic https://bbc.in/2x3KLjr Factual News Article Video, News Article

MESSAGE MESSAGE

This message exposes the dangers of This message highlights the negative terrorism through highlighting the nega- consequences of terrorism. Three peo- tive consequences on tourism. A bomb ple were killed in a mosque in the Mwan- exploded at a popular bar with tourists za region in Tanzania after a group of in Arusha. The attack injured 15 people. young individuals armed with machetes It happened when football fans were stormed into the mosque slashing those watching an English Premier League inside, including the Imam. The attack- match on the bar’s television. ers were about 15 individuals and had covered their faces with masks when they stormed the mosque. According to a narration by survivors, the suspects displayed a black flag with white words reading ‘Islamic State’. EXPLOSION TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers IN NORTHERN TANZANIA TANZANIA BAR AFFILIATED Reuters MOSQUE ATTACK BBC, CCTV INJURES 15 AFFILIATED ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

MESSENGER MESSENGER

Media Media https://bbc.in/2IGbVxX

English English Historical MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM Political https://reut.rs/2ICsMWy Factual https://bit.ly/2x6V8CV Factual News ArticleNews Article News Article, Short video 94 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 95

MESSAGE MESSAGE

People killed and more than 60 injured Recently, local adherents to extremism during explosion at a crowded church in have increased tensions between Muslim the northern Tanzanian city of Arusha, and Christian communities. This narrative Mwanza and Zanzibar, radical Muslims by Global Peace Foundation aims to un- burnt three churches in Mwanza region dermine the inter-faith conflict through because of claims that four Christians teaching young Tanzanians that they are had burnt the Quran. all part of the same family under God.

https://bbc.in/2GJKXnA TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS IN ONE FAMILY UNDER GOD TANZANIA AFFILIATED BBC, World Watch Monitor, AFFILIATED Global Peace Foundation ORGANIZATIONS EuroNews, Zephania Ubwani https://bit.ly/2s5RjZ2 ORGANIZATIONS https://bit.ly/2LvL4H0

MESSENGER MESSENGER

Media https://bit.ly/2J0bbY9 Community Leaders https://bit.ly/2J9VPR3 Swahili English English MEDIUM MEDIUM Factual https://bit.ly/2GIGiSA Pos-Alt https://bit.ly/2IMfjeU News article, Short video Social Media Page, Video Clip

MESSAGE MESSAGE

This news article highlights the con- Amani Kwanza (Peace is priority) is a Swa- sequences of joining a terrorist group hili counter narative message that empha- through arrest and imprisonment. Eight size to give Peace the first priority. This women and children have been arrested message provides the community a plat- on suspicion of being part of a terrorist form of airing out their voices on how they training camp on the outskirts of Tanza- should maintain and protect peace dur- nia’s biggest city, Dar es Salaam. It is the ing general elections and after elections latest in a number of high-profile arrests period. The message seeks to inspire and in East Africa that have led to concerns encourage all Tanzanians to avoid political that terrorists may be trying to spread violent extremism and maintain peace, the their influence in Tanzania. community are educated to ensure that they maintain Peace during and after general election. TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience TERRORIST AMANI KWANZA TRAINING IN (PEACE IS https://bit.ly/2saI5ec TANZANIA AFFILIATED Warrior Security; CCTV PRIORITY) AFFILIATED Global Peace Foundation ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS https://bit.ly/2kqX9B0 MESSENGER MESSENGER https://bit.ly/2IFZJBx Government Community Leaders https://bit.ly/2sa0vf9 English English Swahili Historical, MEDIUM MEDIUM Political, https://bit.ly/2IEOQzX Pos-Alt Factual News article, Short video Website https://bit.ly/2IJsD3K 96 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 97

MESSAGE MESSAGE

This message was developed to encour- This message intend to encourage Tan- age youth to stop violent extremism and zanian to live as one family regardless engage in activities that support devel- of their religious differences. Addition- opment of their community. The main tar- ally number of incidents has occurred in geted group is youth from Tandale, one of Tanzania over the past 10 years that has the places most affected by gangs in Dar resulted into tension between Muslims Es Salaam. The low-income area is char- and Christians such as confrontation over acterized with high population density, the destruction of pork butcheries in the lack of reliable basic social services, and Mwembechi area of Dar es Salaam, a con- most of youth are uneducated. The nar- flict whether Zanzibar could belong to OIC rative encourages local youth to support in 1994, the incidence of police entering their own communities and take initiative a mosque to make arrest in Mwembechai, and action against these grievances. clashes over the use of graveyard in the TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience DINI MBALIMBALI TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience OKOA KITAA Manzese neighborhood in Dar es Salaam UMOJA NA UPENDO between Muslims and Christians, and the (STAND FOR (DIFFERENT RELI- Tandale Youth arrest of Muslim preacher by insulting COMMUNITY) AFFILIATED GIONS PEACE AND AFFILIATED Inter Religious Council For ORGANIZATIONS Development Centre Christian religion. LOVE) ORGANIZATIONS Peace Tanzania (ICPT) MESSENGER MESSENGER

Community Leaders Community Leaders English English Swahili Swahili MEDIUM Pos-Alt Pos-Alt http://bit.ly/2MlXkJt Religious Social Media Page, Blog Ideological

MESSAGE MESSAGE

This message is used to promote peace This counter narrative message con- from family level so that to discourage veyed to youth through short film video violent extremism in the community. The produced by Weupe group specifically campaign aims to encourage ways to to encourage their fellow youth who are support families so that violent extrem- living from most vulnerable community at ist ideologies do not take root, and family Tandale and Manzese, Dar Es Salaam, and members protect each other against rad- shared to the Youtube so that to ensure icalization. it reach as many youths as possible and change their bad behavior including to stop in engaging in violent extremism and youth radicalization. KIJANA BADILI AMANI HUANZIA TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience MWENDO ACHANA TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience NYUMBANI NA TABIA HA- (PEACE BEGINS IN AFFILIATED Global Peace Foundation TARISHI (YOUTH AFFILIATED Weep Group/Okoa Kitaa THE HOME) ORGANIZATIONS ABANDON RISKY ORGANIZATIONS BEHAVIOR) MESSENGER MESSENGER

Community leaders Community leaders, Youth English Swahili English MEDIUM Swahili MEDIUM Pos-Alt https://bit.ly/2xbgeAf Pos-Alt https://bit.ly/2kolYgJ Social Media Video Clip 98 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 99

MESSAGE MESSAGE

“Nakupenda Tanzania“ is a message #StudentConnectors is national network through a song to motivate Tanzanians of University Students Interfaith Platforms to love their country and be royal to their in Uganda working to promote interfaith country so that to stay away from all dialogue and cooperation. Established by forms of violent extremism. The author Allied Muslim Youth Uganda as part of their of this song is Global Peace Foundation P/CVE program, the student-led initiative and it was recorded by one of the popular provides a platform for youth, especially musician in Tanzania, Barnabas Boy, the University students, from different faith song has been played in radios in Tan- communities where they discuss mutu- zania and also the link has been shared ally perceived problems, social and moral mostly through WhatsApp users. issues, the value of education, use and abuse of the doctrine of human rights, the exploitation of young women, child labor, TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Sympathizers etc as a way of promoting non-violent be- NAKUPENDA STUDENT havior and peaceful co-existence among TANZANIA CONNECTORS individuals. The network is composed of AFFILIATED Global Peace Foundation AFFILIATED Allied Muslim Youth Uganda ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS members of Muslim Students Associa- tions, Christian Scripture Union and other fellowship groups in both circular and reli- MESSENGER MESSENGER gious universities. Community Leaders Community Leaders, Youth

Swahili English MEDIUM MEDIUM Pos-Alt Pos-Alt https://bit.ly/2GRuTAi Radio Event

UGANDA

MESSAGE MESSAGE

Authored by Muhsin Kaduyu, this video Each year, Allied Muslim Youth Uganda message is part of the ‘Life In Islam’ se- (AMYU) implements interfaith youth re- ries which is aimed at enlightening the treats where youth drawn from universi- Ugandans, especially the Ugandan Mus- ties representing variety of faiths engage lim community on how to live peacefully each other for 3 days directly in small- and positively impact their communities. group dialogue sessions. Together, they This one is specifically focusing on the tackle the most painful and divisive is- proper upbringing of the children. sues defining their environments, sharing their personal experiences, reflecting on competing narratives, and challenging each other’s prejudices.

TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, General TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience ISLAM AND Majority-Muslim Audience INTERFAITH POSITIVE YOUTH YOUTH RETREAT DEVELOPMENT AFFILIATED AFFILIATED Allied Muslim Youth Uganda ORGANIZATIONS Allied Muslim Youth Uganda ORGANIZATIONS

MESSENGER MESSENGER

Community Leaders, Youth Community Leaders, Youth

English English Pos-Alt MEDIUM Theological MEDIUM Pos-Alt https://bit.ly/2KWQGsz Ethical Historical https://bit.ly/2xeBF3g Video Clip Political Event, Video Clip Social Ethical 100 NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION 101

MESSAGE MESSAGE

This video is part of online campaign The Annual National Interfaith Harmony called Amani Leo means “peace to- Walk is the largest youth-led interfaith day.” Amani Leo is an initiative of the event organized by Allied Muslim Youth Uganda Muslim Youth Development Fo- Uganda every February during the United rum (UMYDF) that focuses on promoting Nations celebration of interfaith Harmony peace, delegitimizing hate speech and Week. It brings together hundreds of peo- providing peaceful alternatives to the ple, especially students, regardless of problems that inflame violence in Ugan- their nationality, gender, origin, religion, da and the world at large. language, or any other status, to engage each other in activities that build trust, foster mutual understanding and cooperation by working together toward a common goal i.e. interfaith action. TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience ANNUAL TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience NATIONAL AMANI LEO INTERFAITH AFFILIATED Uganda Muslim Youth AFFILIATED AMYU ORGANIZATIONS Development Forum HARMONY WALK ORGANIZATIONS

MESSENGER MESSENGER https://bit.ly/2J6iNs6 Community Leaders, Youth Community leaders, Youth

English English MEDIUM MEDIUM Pos-Alt https://bit.ly/2xcpOmt Social https://bit.ly/2LwJUe4 Event, Social Media Event, Video Clip

MESSAGE MESSAGE

This website documents short stories of Invisible Children is an organization that survivors of the 2010 Kampala bombings partners with community leaders on pro- in Uganda. The victims describe the trau- grams to empower local communities. ma they faced and the process they went The goal is for local communities to learn through to survive the attacks. They also how to protect each other from violence, talk about the reasons why they think the heal from trauma, and demand justice attacks were carried out, and potential from their leaders in Central Africa. Invis- community solutions to prevent similar ible Children also offer multiple counter attacks in the future. narratives through documentaries. One of the movies is a brief overview of the LRA Conflict. The other movie is about the commitment of the organization to fight against Kony. STORIES OF TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience, Seekers, TARGET AUDIENCE General Audience SURVIVORS OF Justifiers KONY 2012: VIOLENT INVISIBLE EXTREMISM: AFFILIATED UNDP CHILDREN AFFILIATED Invisible Children UGANDA ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

MESSENGER MESSENGER

Website Community Leaders https://bit.ly/2KVxLOQ

English English MEDIUM Political MEDIUM Social https://bit.ly/2Lz9bV1 Religious https://bit.ly/2G05QeB Victims of Terrorism Ideological Video, Website ABOUT HEDAYAH

Hedayah was created in response to the growing desire from members of the Global Counterterrorism Forum (GCTF) and the wider international community for the establishment of an independent, multilateral center devoted to dialogue and communications, capacity building programs, research and analysis to counter violent extremism in all of its forms and manifestations.

During the ministerial-level launch of the GCTF in New York in September 2011, the UAE offered to serve as the host of the International Center of Excellence for Coun- tering Violent Extremism. In December 2012 Hedayah was inaugurated with its headquarters in Abu Dhabi, UAE.

Hedayah aims to be the premier international center for expertise and experience to counter violent extremism by promoting understanding and sharing good practice to effectively serve as the true global center to counter violent extremism.