Earth and Space Sciences Annual Report 2014 Dear Reader,
In front of you is now again one of our department’s yearly reports. As chair of the department it is sometimes meaningful — at least I like to think so — to reflect on what it is that characterizes a department in general and of course our own department in particular? When reading about the activities in the different research groups and the National Facility for Radio Astronomy one realizes that there are indeed many common interests, but there are also many differences. Gunnar Elgered, In a way the organization of our department seems a bit like a family structure. It provides a Head of Department framework, a platform, from which the different members, and constellations of members, may operate. Another similarity is the probability for conflicts of interest. Therefore, just as in the case of the family, there is a need for a limited amount of reasonable rules. These rules must be followed and in return you receive support in terms of logistics. Some rules we may agree upon internally and these are in general likely to be accepted. Other rules, that are given to us from outside, such as laws, may in some cases be more difficult to accept. One such law is the Swedish Public Procurement Act which for example specifies the procedures to use when we buy airplane tickets or electronic components where a specific vendor is chosen as the only possible one for a period of several years, regardless of if the price from others are lower. It causes frustration when resources could be used much more efficiently. I think this an example of a difference between the department and the family.
Let us address another important issue. In a family we usually care about each other. A family member is often willing to sacrifice quite a lot in order to help another family member through difficult times. To what extent does that apply in our department? Well, I hope I will not have to find out the answer to that question. In the mean time, in the yearly budget, we put aside a small but significant amount of funds in order to be prepared for unforeseen difficulties. This is however not of an amount that so far has caused any noticeable suffering.
On this page I usually also mention the promotions that have occurred during the last year. Today I do that with mixed feelings. The reason is that Joachim (Jo) Urban who has been with us in the department since 2004 was appointed as professor on the 1st of July. Just a few weeks later we were reached by the sad news that he passed away while on vacation in Bordeaux, France. In retrospect we are happy for the promotion and it was an accomplishment that Jo had strived for. Please read more about Jo and his professional life on the next page.
Other announcements we are happy to make, without any mixed feelings, are:
• Cathy Horellou, was appointed Director of the master’s program Physics and Astronomy for a three year period starting on the 1st of April; • Lars Ulander, our former adjunct professor, was recruited as a full professor in Radar Remote Sensing from the 1st of May; • Kirsten Kraiberg Knudsen was appointed as associate professor in Radio Astronomy on the 1st of December.
Finally, reflecting about environmental issues please note that the cost for travel in the department has not increased significantly over the last five years (see page 25). This is in spite of that the department has grown and the extent of our international collaborations, indirectly reflected by the amount of internationally coauthored papers listed towards the end of this report, has increased during the same period. With this positive statement I like to sum up 2014 by saying thank you to all my family — whoops, sorry, department members.
Production: Dept. of Earth & Space Sciences, Chalmers Printed by Chalmers Reproservice, 2015. Copies: 750
2 In Memoriam
Earlier this year our dear colleague and friend Jo Urban passed away in Bordeaux, France. As a leading expert in microwave and sub-mm atmospheric observations, he was very well known and connected in the atmospheric chemistry and remote sensing community. Jo participated in many international activities. He made important contributions to three SPARC (Stratosphere- Troposphere Processes and their Role in Climate) activities: Data Initiative (trace gas climatologies), WAVAS II (water vapour assessment) and the SPARC/IO3C/IGACOO3/ NDACC (SI2N) “Activity on Past changes in the Vertical Distribution of Ozone“. He collaborated in the still ongoing ESA (European Space Agency) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) on ozone and was co-author of Chapter 2 “Global Ozone” of the current WMO/UNEP Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion 2014.
Since 2004 he has worked at Chalmers where he was an essential part of the Odin team headed by Prof. Donal Murtagh being responsible for microwave trace gas retrieval and science analysis using data from SMR, which was successfully launched in 2001. He was also involved in the STEAM concept, a follow-up on SMR, to be flown as part of the PREMIER limb sounder proposed to the European Space Agency. After being an associate professor for several years, he just became professor in July this year.
He was an outstanding scientist, leader in his field, well known and well liked. We have lost a good friend and colleague.
“Our dead are never dead to us, until we have forgotten them.” George Elliot
Mark Weber, John P. Burrows, Harry Küllmann, and Donal Murtagh,
The Cover Contents First Degree & Master’s Studies. In the world’s largest fusion experiment, the Joint European Torus ...... 4 Bachelor´s Thesis Reports...... (JET), temperatures range from 100 million degrees in the core 5 Master’s Thesis Reports...... to 1000 degrees near the wall – a distance of a mere meter. The 5 Master´s Programmes...... extreme conditions provide a challenge for physicists; theoretically, 6 Doctoral Programme...... experimentally, as well as numerically. 8 Doctoral Dissertations...... 8 Licentiates...... The strong gradients in temperature and density present in a 9 Advanced Receiver Development...... tokamak fusion plasma provide a source of free energy that couples 10 Global Environmental Measurements and to the confining magnetic field and feeds instabilities over a wide Modelling...... range of sizes and frequencies. The small scale instabilities in turn 11 Optical Remote Sensing...... drive turbulence, the presence and nature of which has important 12 Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy...... repercussions for energy confinement. Turbulent motion act to 13 Radar Remote Sensing...... increase transport of fuel ions, heat and impurities across the magnetic 14 Space Geodesy and Geodynamics...... field lines, but can also act collectively to create large scale flows 15 Radio Astronomy and Astrophysics. that improve confinement. Understanding and predicting turbulent ...... 16 Onsala Space Observatory. transport requires the experimental effort to be supported by a ...... 18 Publications...... theoretical undertaking. 21 Public Outreach/Press Clippings ...... 24 Facts and Figures...... The cover shows micro-turbulent structures from a gyrokinetic 25 Organisation...... plasma simulation of the JET tokamak. Turbulence is more 26 pronounced on the outboard side of the tokamak, known as the bad curvature region.
Photo: EFDA/EUROfusion. Edit by Andreas Skyman, research group Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy, Chalmers University of Technology.
3 First Degree and Master’s Studies
The department is active at several levels of The department is involved in two master’s teaching: we give courses for students at Chalm- programmes: Physics and Astronomy (together Magnus Thomasson, ers’ Foundation Year, the three-year engineering with the Department of Fundamental Physics) Vice Head of Department and responsible for the programme in Electrical Engineering and five- and Wireless, Photonics and Space Engineering undergraduate teaching year master of engineering programmes in Electri- (together with the Department of Microtehnology cal Engineering, Automation and Mechatronics and Nanoscience). Engineering, and Engineering Physics. Most of our courses are at the master’s level, and many of One of the department’s teachers, Cathy Horel- them are also open for students at University of lou, was appointed Director of the Master’s Gothenburg. Programme in Physics and Astronomy in 2014. She has many years of experience from teaching and In 2014, the department was responsible for more supervising master’s students in astronomy. Since than 20 courses at Chalmers, plus thesis projects 2013 another of our teachers, Arto Heikkilä, is on bachelor’s and master’s level. Our teachers also Head of the Programme in Elecetrical Engineer- participated in courses given by other departments. ing. The subjects range from basic electrical engineer- ing to courses closely related to our research in, Göta studentkår at the University of Gothenburg Arto Heikkilä, Director of the e.g., astrophysics, remote sensing, receiver develop- awarded Alessandro Romeo with “Pedagogiska Programme in ment, and plasma physics. An important subject priset” in 2014, in honor of his much appreciated Electrical Engineering is measurement techniques. We have our own teaching ability. This year’s theme was “Commit- laboratory, which is used exclusively for teaching ment”, which we all can agree that Alessandro and where students get hands-on experience with possesses in abundance. measurement instruments. Also the instruments at Onsala Space Observatory are used in several One new course was developed and given for the courses. One example is the small radio telescope first time in 2014: Stellar physics. The course com- SALSA, which astronomy students use to observe plements the other astronomy courses in the in the atomic hydrogen gas in the Milky Way. master’s programme Physics and Astronomy.
Chalmers courses given during 2014 Cathy Horellou, (NB: many of the master’s courses were also open to students at the University of Gothenburg) Director of the Master’s Programme A Foundation Year Master’s courses and equivalent in Physics and Physics, part B Active microwave circuits (parts of the course) Astronomy Physics project (parts of the course) Astrophysical dynamics Electromagnetic waves and components Engineering programmes Experimental physics: spectroscopic methods Electrical engineering (parts of the course) Electrical engineering project Image processing Telecommunication Galaxies and observational cosmology Degree project in Earth and Space Sciences Master’s thesis in Earth and Space Sciences Microwave engineering (parts of the course) Master of Engineering programmes, year 1–3 Millimetre wave and THz technology Bachelor’s thesis in Earth and Space Sciences Modern astrophysics Electric circuits and electric power (part of the Plasma physics with applications course) Remote sensing Engineering measurements (for Automation and Radar systems and applications Mechatronics Engineering) Radioastronomical techniques and Engineering measurements (for Electrical interferometry Engineering) Satellite positioning Environmental measurement techniques Satellite communications High frequency electromagnetic waves Space science and techniques Planetary sciences Stellar physics The interstellar medium and star formation
4 Bachelor’s Thesis Reports
Erik Hellsten, Markus Polleryd, David Svensson, Frida Strömbeck, Alexander Bore, Charbel Emilio Jorge Rizk, Calle Ekdahl Study of the correlation between oceanic wave Simulation of cometary orbits in the Oort cloud height and the power spectrum of microseismic and in the proximity of planets activity using artificial neural networks (Supervisor: Magnus Thomasson) (Supervisor: Hans-Georg Scherneck)
Mattias Sjöberg, Björnborg Nguyen, Henrik Gårdh Studying ash plumes with GNSS (Supervisor: Rüdiger Haas and Johan Löfgren)
Master’s Thesis Reports
Elmin Tutkur Gustav Samuelsson Wideband directional couplers and power splitters Using Onsala’s LOFAR station to observe (Examiner/Supervisor: Vincent Desmaris) exoplanets using beamlets (Examiner/Supervisor: John Conway) Saladin Grebovic Gravitational instability of nearby galaxies: dwarfs vs. spirals (Examiner/Supervisor: Alessandro Romeo)
The photo shows the two halves of the Onsala LOFAR station. To the right, the 96 high-band antennas in their protective ‘tiles’. To the left, the 96 low-band antennas. Photo: Leif Helldner
5 Master’s programme given by us and the Department of Fundamental Physics. Master’s programme PHYSiCS anD aSTronoMY
CarEEr oPPorTUniTiES The skills in problem solving and advanced experimental techniques, as well as collaboration and presentation skills, acquired in this program are highly valued both in the academic world and on the job market. Previous students have found positions in for example industrial research, consulting, product and production development, management and From elementary particles to a complex universe administration, financial analysis. Understanding the basic laws of physics has been a fascinating The interested student will also be well prepared to enter a doctoral programme at Chalmers or at problem since the birth of modern science. It is of great intrinsic another university in both Sweden and worldwide. interest and also forms the basis of other branches of science. UniQUE FEaTUrES Trying to probe the smallest structures of matter and the largest Close connections to leading research laboratories structures of the Universe also drives the development of new like the accelerator facilities at CERN and GSI, and the Swedish National Facility for Radio Astronomy: technologies. Onsala Space Observatory.
Physics and Astronomy is intended for students with a keen SPECiaLiZaTion interest in either the theoretical or experimental aspects of front- Through the choice of elective courses it is possible to specialize in theoretical and/or experimental line physics and astronomy. aspects of particle physics, subatomic physics or astrophysics.
Year 1
Advanced Quantum Quantum Field Theory Quantum Electro- Mechanics Mechanics dynamics Astroparticle Gravitation Physics and Cosmology Advanced Experimental Subatomic Physics: Modern Physics Astrophysics Interstellar Spectroscopic Medium & Galaxies Methods Star Format. & Observat. Cosmology Elective Elective courses courses Autumn Spring
Year 2
Phys. Beyond String the Standard Theory Model Modern Astrophysical Subatomic Dynamics Detectors Master’s Thesis 30 or 60 Credits Plasma Elective Physics courses
Elective Elective Elective courses courses courses Autumn Spring
Semi-compulsory courses, select 4–8 of 12 The order of the courses might be changed. The airborne radar system CARABAS Orionnebulosan
6 Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden, Phone +46 31 772 10 00, chalmers.se Master’s programme given by us and the Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience. Master’s programme WirELESS, PHoToniCS anD SPaCE EnGinEErinG
CarEEr oPPorTUniTiES The programme provides a master’s education for a future career in engineering branches that rely heavily on electromagnetic waves, e.g. telecommunication, automotive electronics, space engineering, medical applications of microwaves and photonics, remote sensing, solid state lighting, environmental Electron beam lithography in Diffractive optics Photonics laboratory GaN MMIC X-band transceiver fabricated at Chalmers Chalmers clean room monitoring, navigation, and radio astronomy. You will find career opportunities in industry, at Electromagnetic waves in research and everyday life universities, or at research institutes. Wireless, Photonics and Space Engineering with their many UniQUE FEaTUrES The programme offers a unique opportunity to study applications are large industries and strong research fields both a combination of subjects where Chalmers has world‐class facilities: Onsala Space Observatory in Sweden and worldwide. with radio telescopes and equipment to study the Earth and its atmosphere, the Nanofabrication The master’s programme will prepare you for a career in this Laboratory with a clean room for micro and field through studies of wireless and optical communication nanotechnology, and state‐of‐the‐art photonics and microwave measurement equipment in research components and systems, RF and microwave engineering, laboratories. photonics (phenomena and applications utilizing photons), and CoUrSES space science and techniques. The programme starts with five compulsory courses. Through semi-compulsory courses, students can specialize in wireless, photonics or space engineering, or a combination thereof. To provide opportunities to study related fields, there is also a wide range of elective courses.
Year 1
Electromag- Antenna netic Waves Microwave Fundamentals Engineering and Engineering of Components Photonics Laser Engineering Active Micro- Wireless and Space wave Circuits Photonics Science Radar System and Systems Engineering Techniques Remote and Sensing Applications The research satellite Odin Autumn Spring
Year 2
Design of Mm-wave & MMIC THz Techn.
Opto- Fiber Optical electronics Communic. Master’s Thesis Satellite Satellite Communic. Positioning
Semiconduct. Elective Devices courses Spring Elective Eleven feed antenna for radio telescopes courses The airborne radar system CARABAS Semi-compulsary courses, select 3–7 of 12
7 Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden, Phone +46 31 772 10 00, chalmers.se Doctoral Programme The doctoral programme is organised as three possible specialisations within the subject area of Radio and Space Science. These specialisations are Astronomy, Environmental Science, and Electrical En- gineering, reflecting the diversity of the research carried out at the department. The school strives to give the students a thorough understanding of the research area they have chosen and in depth studies in a particular subject with the aim of achieving Chalmers goals for post-graduate education. There are Donal Murtagh, Deputy currently about 34 research students in the programme - most of whom are employed by the depart- Head of Department and responsible for the ment, although a handful have positions in industry or at other institutes. During the past year six PhD doctoral programme. degrees and six licentiate degrees have been awarded, while four new post-graduate students were recruited.
We also strive to engage the PhD students in the department and have organised a PhD-student forum in March. Here we discussed such subjects as the results of the Personnel questionaire, Generic and transferable skills courses and how to spread knowledge, such as good programming among each other.
In his PhD work, Johan Löfgren, Space Geodesy and Geodynamics, evaluated a new tide gauge at the Onsala Space Observatory that is based on reflected GNSS signals. This installation uses signals from satellite navigation systems like GPS to measure sea level. Licentiates
Taïssa Danilovich Joachim Wiegert Studies of the S-type AGB star Extrasolar Kuiper and asteroid W Aquilae : The circumstellar belts Modelling far-infrared dust envelope and the fain companion emission February April Supervisor: Kay Justtanont Supervisor: René Liseau
Lukas Lindroos Mitra Hajigholi Stacking of interferometric Observations with Herschel: data at sub-millimeter and radio High-mass star formation and wavelengths the search for NH+ March June Supervisor: John Conway Supervisor: John Black
Kazutoshi Sagi Eskil Varenius Analysis of stratospheric ozone High-resolution radio imaging of depletion in the Arctic using a galaxy nuclei data assimilation technique April June Supervisor: John Conway Supervisor: Donal Murtagh
8 Doctoral Dissertations
Marston Johnston Johan Löfgren Evaluating Tropical Upper- Local Sea Level Observations tropospheric Water in Climate Using Reflected GNSS Signals Models Using Satellite Data January April Supervisor: Rüdiger Haas Supervisor: Patrick Eriksson
Santiago Arellano Studies of Volcanic Plumes with Anders Berg Remote Spectroscopic Sensing Techniques -DOAS and FTIR Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture measurements on volcanoes of the Radar for Sea Ice Observations, Network for Observation of Volcanic Concentration and Dynamics and Atmospheric Change February October Supervisor: Leif Eriksson Supervisor: Bo Galle
Andreas Skyman Maciej Soja Gyrokinetic simulations of Modelling and Retrieval of Forest turbulent transport in tokamak Parameters from Synthetic plasmas Aperture Radar Data. February October Supervisor: Hans Nordman Supervisor: Lars Ulander
In april our PhD student Sofia Wallström got a chance to fly with NASA’s airborne observatory, appropriately named SOFIA (Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy). Sofia blogged about the experience on Chalmers website.
9 Advanced Receiver Development
The Group for Advanced Receiver Development (GARD) is a research and engineering Research group leader group working on Terahertz technologies and instrumentation. GARD research activities Victor Belitsky are focused on superconducting electronics, material science and thin-film processing. The results and experience from the research facilitate development and building of state-of-the-art instruments used in radio astronomy and environmental science.
Band 5 Full Production for ALMA During 2014, GARD continued to work on the Staff At the beginning of 2013, GARD was awarded new generation Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) Victor Belitsky the contract to build the Band 5 receiver for the mixer of the APEX T2 receiver channel. As a part Vincent Desmaris entire Atacama large Millimeter/submillimeter of that activity GARD has developed technology Andrey Ermakov Array (ALMA) project in Chile. The Project aims for deposition of ultra-thin NbN superconducting Sven-Erik Ferm to produce in total 67 ALMA Band 5 receiver car- films with record high critical temperature. Mathias Fredrixon tridges in collaboration between GARD and the A huge interest in the ALMA Band 5 receiver Igor Lapkin Nederlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie created an opportunity to install the pre- Denis Meledin (NOVA), The Netherlands, and is funded by the production receiver built under EC FP6 funded Alexey Pavolotsky European Southern Observatory at the level of project at the APEX telescope, in Chile. The Magnus Strandberg about 13 M€ for 5 years. The European consor- ALMA Band 5 covers the frequency range 163 Erik Sundin tium for full production of ALMA Band 5 also GHz – 211 GHz. The para-H O (313-220) line at Mark Whale (-Nov) 2 collaborates with the National Radio Astronomy 183 GHz lies in the middle of Band 5. It is one of a Doctoral students Observatory (NRAO), USA, responsible for the few H2O lines that can be observed from Earth (at Parisa Aghdam local oscillator system and the warm cartridge the excellent APEX/ALMA site the transmission Sascha Krause assembly. can approach 50 % at the line peak). The band 5 Hawal Marouf Rashid receiver is planned to be installed on the APEX Atacama Path finder EXperiment (APEX) telescope in February 2015. GARD has performed a service mission to upgrade cryogenic low-noise IF amplifiers of three New 2-channel MM-Wave Receiver for OSO receiver channels on the Swedish Heterodyne 20m Facility Instrument, SHeFI, in the beginning of GARD has designed and built the new 2-channel 2014. receiver that has been installed and commissioned at Onsala 20 m antenna. The work was done in collaboration with the electronic lab at the Onsala site. The receiver covers two bands: the 4 mm band where state-of-the art amplifiers (from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, USA) will be used and the channel to be installed during 2015 and the 3-mm band with 2SB SIS mixers (from Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), France) available for observations during the 2014/2015 observational season. The receiver has a very compact design suitable for the Figure capture: tight space of the Onsala 20 m GARD members M. Fredrixon, A. antenna cabin. GARD has made Pavolotsky and D. a completely new optical design Meledin in action: for this receiver with a built-in installation of the calibration for both channels and Band 5 receiver an innovative fast optical switch cartridge into the cryostat. for on/off source observations.
10 Global Environmental Measurements and Modelling Research group leader Donal Murtagh The Global Environmental Measurements and Modelling group focuses on the production and interpretation of global datasets. To a large extent these originate from the Swedish led Odin satellite project, where we are the main data processing centre for the sub-mm radiometer instrument providing the atmospheric community with quality assessed data. On the scientific side we have continued with studies of the chemical and dynamical processes affecting the atmosphere. As in earlier annual reports, we chose to highlight one or two aspects of this research each year.
Morphology of a bare (top Aerosol optics in chemical transport models left) and encapsulated soot In recent years there has been an increased aggregate (bottom lef). AOD interest in using satellite observations for computed with MATCH-SALSA validating or constraining atmospheric chemical in conjunction with the new aerosol optics model (right). transport models (CTMs). This development has been stimulated by the growing importance of hemispherical transport in air pollution modelling. It has also been prompted by recent trends of coupling CTMs to climate models in order to obtain a better description of aerosol- cloud interaction. To validate the description of hemispheric transport and of climate effects Staff of air pollutants requires a stronger focus Comparisons with laboratory measurements Patrick Eriksson on concentration fields aloft, where in situ reveal that morphologically simple particle models Michael Kahnert (adj. prof.) observations of chemical tracers are sparse. Many tend to underestimate the absorption cross section Donal Murtagh and overestimate the single scattering albedo studies on the use of satellite observations in Kristell Perot of soot aerosols. The new optics model shows CTMs have focused on trace gases, and much Joel Rasch considerably better agreement with laboratory less on aerosols. A main difficulty in exploiting David Simpson satellite data of aerosols is to map the physical observations; it has now been implemented into (adj. prof.) and chemical properties of particles described in a the Swedish CTM MATCH, which contains Joachim Urban (-Aug) CTM to the optical properties retrieved from the the Finnish aerosol dynamics module SALSA. observations. The use of over-simplified aerosol The figure shows aerosol optical depth (AOD) optics models in this mapping can introduce modelled with MATCH-SALSA in conjunction Doctoral students additional errors that complicate the comparsions with the new aerosol optics model. This work will Emma Andersson Ole Martin Christensen between CTM results and satellite products. pave the way for validation of MATCH-SALSA Maryam Khosravi (-Feb) Within the work performed in the VR-project with MODIS AOD and Calipso profiles of the Kazutoshi Sagi AGES (Aerosol optics in Global Earth-System aerosol backscattering coefficient. modelling) new aerosol optics models are being developed that account for the complex aggregate topology of externally mixed soot aggregates Polar mesospheric clouds (pictured below) are clouds that as well as for internal mixing of chemically form in the summer polar mesopause, 80 km above the heterogeneous aerosols, such as mixtures of surface. Using data from Odin we can see structures in soot with sulphate and organic compounds. the clouds and background atmosphere that have not been detectable by previous measurements. Lat 50 68 82 68 50 00 0 a at a t 5 226 5 8
0 6 85 t t 80
2 5
0 0
11 Optical Remote Sensing
The optical remote sensing group is working with The Navajo Piper aircraft that has been development and application of ground-based equipped with custom made monitoring optical remote sensing methods for atmospheric instruments for measuring exhaust plumes of Research group leader measurements. In specific we are focusing on ships. The installation has been certified by Bo Galle the European Air Safety Agency. Photo: Tue tailoring instruments and measurement strategies Friis-Hansen to address specific measurement problems related to environmental research and monitoring needs. The work is very international and field oriented, and spans a large variety of disciplines. Staff Johan Ekholm Bo Galle Volcanic gas measurements Johan Mellqvist Since 2001 we are strongly involved in developing Santiago Arellano (Nov-) methods to quantify gas emission from active volcanoes. The EU-project NOVAC (Network Doctoral students for Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric hydrocarbons, NO2, SO2 and we are involved in Santiago Arellano (-Oct) Change), coordinated by Chalmers, was initiated joint European work, CEN WG 38, to standardize Jörg Beecken in fall 2005. This project aims at establishing a these techniques. We participated in the NASA Vladimir Conde network of instruments for gas measurements and Discover AQ project in Houston in 2013 and John Johansson today comprises 27 of the most active volcanoes in during 2014 we have been working on these data the world. In 2013 a new project DECADE (Deep to compare the measurements with similar ones Earth Carbon Degassing) was initiated, aiming at carried out from airplanes and ground sites. improving the knowledge on CO2 emission from volcanoes as part of a large scale international Emissions from ships effort DCO, Deep Carbon Observatory. During A method, for remote airborne and ground based 2014 we have also made significant efforts in measurements of exhaust gas emissions from the EU-project FUTUREVOLC on Iceland, in ships has been developed. The aim with this specific in relation to the volcanic fissure eruption system is to be able to control whether ships obey at Holuhraun yielding SO2 emissions exceeding new environmental regulation within EU and 50 000 ton/day. During the year fieldwork the international maritime organization, IMO. has been carried out on volcanoes in Iceland, During 2013 and 2014 the system was rebuilt into Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Colombia, Chile and D.R. a Navajo Piper aircraft and then the installation Congo. was certified by the European Air Safety Agency. Another system has been operating from an Industrial hydrocarbon emissions island in the inlet of Gothenburg and more Emissions of hydrocarbons from oil related than 4000 ships were measured during 2014. In industrial activities constitute an important addition we participated in a joint ship emission environmental problem. We have developed campaign in Gothenburg in October 2014. optical methods for quantification of emissions of Stratospheric ozone depletion and satellite validation Since 1994 we are operating a high resolution FTIR for solar spectroscopy at Harestua in southern Norway. The instrument is part of NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change), and its main purpose is to study the composition of the atmosphere in relation to climate gases and to gases that induce stratospheric ozone loss. During 2014 regular measurements have been carried out, financed by Swedish environmental protection agency.
Volcanic fissure eruption at Holuhraun on Iceland, September 2014. Photo: Vladimir Conde
12 Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy The Navajo Piper aircraft that has been The group is focused on theoretical research on turbulent transport, magnetohydrodynamic equipped with custom made monitoring instruments for measuring exhaust plumes of (MHD) stability, and energetic particle physics of burning fusion plasmas. The research is strongly ships. The installation has been certified by integrated with the international research activities, in particular the EU and ITER program, for Research group leader the European Air Safety Agency. Photo: Tue the realisation of fusion energy as a safe, clean, and sustainable energy source. In addition to the Hans Nordman Friis-Hansen topical areas detailed below, the group is also promoting these research areas in the Integrated Tokamak modelling programme on the European level.
Turbulent transport and MHD stability Energetic particle physics The strong gradients in temperature present One important objective for the next generation Staff in tokamak fusion plasmas provide a source of tokamak ITER is the study of alpha particle Dan Andersson (prof. free energy that feeds instabilities over a wide production, confinement and consequent heating emeritus) range of sizes and frequencies. These small of the main plasma. In fact, energetic particles Luis Fazendeiro (-Jan) scale instabilities in turn drive turbulence which constitute the only heating alternative beyond Yueqiang Liu results in large transport of heat and particles the Ohmic regime, but are also known to play a (adj. prof.) across the confining magnetic field. The large decisive role for plasma stability. For example Hans Nordman turbulent transport crucially affects the size and the presence of fast ions in the plasma core Robert Nyqvist performance of a fusion device. Our current work significantly tranquilizes the often-observed Ola Olsson (Aug-) is focused on realistic large scale gyrokinetic sawtooth oscillations in the plasma electron Eva Palmberg (lecturer emeritus) turbulence simulations of the new ITER-like temperature, leading to sawteeth-free periods Pär Strand wall experiments at the Joint European Torus pertaining as long as a second. On the other (JET), and further theoretical developments of a hand, fast particles are prone to excite wave Doctoral students computationally efficient fluid model for turbulent instabilities in the Alfvénic frequency range, Frida Håkansson transport that is more suitable for regular use in which may subsequently lead to severely degraded Andreas Skyman (-Sep) analysis and predictions of experiments. alpha particle confinement and heating. Within Daniel Tegnered this field, our research activity focuses on theory The global MHD pressure stability limit is one of development and modeling of nonlinear wave- the important parameters defining operational particle interaction, which is motivated by the space of a fusion device. A pressure limit is set need to assess the implications of Alfvénic by the ideal kink mode growing on the Alfvén activity on burning plasma scenarios and may time scale (in the range of microseconds). In further provide highly desired opportunities the presence of conducting structures or due to to extract information on the inhospitable interaction of the mode with plasma particles plasma core via comparison with diagnostic (kinetic effects), the mode growth could be measurements. reduced allowing subsequent mode control or be completely stabilized making operation space wider. Our activity in this field of research is focused on the stability limit studies at the ASDEX Upgrade device. Experimental results are compared to the numerical simulations with the final aim of predicting pressure stability limits for Recent modeling results of a kinetic resonance (a) that the future generation of fusion devices. show how the formation of so called holes and clumps in the phase space density of fast particles is preceded by the establishment of a nearly unmodulated plateau (b), from which the structures eventually detach (c).
(c)
(a) (b)
13 Radar Remote Sensing The objective of our research is to develop and understand advanced radar methods and their application in forestry, glaciology and oceanography. The group specialises in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and develops algorithms for SAR image formation including autofocus. Large-scale forest mapping is an important application motivated by the need for improved climate change prediction, storm-damage mitigation and sustainable management in commercial forestry. Ocean Research group leader surface winds and currents, and sea ice are other applications with importance for the climate Leif Eriksson system, but also for support to ship routing and other maritime activities.
Sea ice mapping with interferometric SAR Forest mapping with interferometric SAR In 2014 the group carried out an unusual study The InSAR technique was also used by the group on the land-fast sea ice in the northern Baltic Sea. to estimate forest parameters. The TanDEM-X Staff Using the Italian satellite constellation known system, deployed by the German Aerospace Jan Askne (prof. emeritus) as Cosmo-SkyMed, two pairs of SAR images Center in June 2010, consists of two SAR Anders Berg (Apr-) with metre-resolution were acquired over the satellites in a tight tandem formation, with only Erik Blomberg (-Jun) same area at the coastal border of Finland and a few hundred metres distance in the operational Gisela Carvajal Sweden. The images were processed to produce phase. The formation flying significantly reduces Leif Eriksson interferograms showing the small-scale (cm-mm the coherence loss due to temporal changes Malin Johansson range) movements and deformation that took between acquisitions. The SAR system operates Maciej Soja (Dec-) place during the 24 hours between the satellite at X-band, i.e., with a 3 centimetre wavelength, Lars Ulander overpasses. The radar technique, known as and has a high a spatial resolution (ca. 1 m) which Interferometric SAR, or InSAR, was also used to makes it useful for mapping of tree canopies. Doctoral students study regional variations in the coherence over The group has developed a interferometric Wiebke Aldenhoff (Oct-) the ice. Loss in coherence could be attributed model (two-level model, TLM), in which forest Anders Berg (-Mar) Erik Blomberg (Jul-) to temporal effects such as temperature change, is represented by two discrete scattering levels, Maciej Soja (-Nov) movement of the ice and snowfall. The low ground and vegetation including gaps. It has been Jan Torgrimsson coherence of the open water channels filled with shown that direct inversion of TLM provides brash ice made it possible to separate them from estimates of forest height and canopy density, the refrozen leads. Fringe patterns indicated without the need for reference data. A biomass deformation due to thermal ice expansion and model has also been developed, in which the grounded ice ridges. Large deformation could be above-ground biomass is estimated from the observed closer to the fast ice edge, where the TLM inversion products. Future work will include drifting pack ice appeared to exert pressure on the extension to regional- and national-level mapping fast ice, and around leads and rocky islands. using the National Forest Inventory (NFI) data base.
42’ 48’ 30’ N
65 o 36.00’ N
45’ 30’
24’ Using the single-pass interferometric SAR system TanDEM-X together with a high-resolution digital terrain model and the new interferometric two-level model,
24 forests can be mapped in terms of forest height, canopy o E Fast ice edge density, and biomass with good accuracy, as it has been 0 5 10 km shown for the test site of Remningstorp, situated in the 15’ 30’ 45’ province of Västergötland, just 10 km north-east of Skara. Two-pass SAR interferometry was used to map surface movements of the sea ice in the northern Bay of Bothnia. The gray area is decorrelated, whereas one colour cycle corresponds to a differential movement in the radar line- of-sight direction of 1.56 cm over 24 hours.
14 Space Geodesy and Geodynamics
Our main interests are geodynamic phenomena and atmospheric processes. We study e.g. deformations of the Earth’s crust due to mass redistribution, inter- and intra-plate tectonics, loading effects, and variations in the Earth’s orientation and rotation. We also study spatial Research group leader Rüdiger Haas and temporal variations of water vapour in the atmosphere. We address these research topics using a variety of observational techniques together with theoretical modelling.
Multi-GNSS-R for sea-level monitoring
In January, Johan Löfgren successfully defended his PhD thesis. He investigated the use of reflected Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals from different satellite systems, i.e., multi-GNSS, to monitor the local sea level. The work mainly focused on the GNSS tide gauge at the Onsala site, which has been operated since 2011. Two complementing analysis strategies were used to derive local sea level with commercial A sketch of the instrumentation used to derive the local-tie vector at Onsala from GPS measurements. Two geodetic GNSS equipment. Time series of the A GPS-derived local- gimbal-mounted GNSS antennas are installed on the rim resulting GNSS-derived sea level were compared tie vector at Onsala of the 20 m telescope. The local-tie vector between the with results from co-located traditional tide GPS data recorded with reference points of the 20 m telescope and the ONSA gauges. Johan proved that the variations in the two GNSS receivers, GNSS monument is derived from the analysis of semi- kinematic and/or kinematic GPS observations. sea level estimated from the GNSS data, gave mounted on the 20 m high correlations (up to 0.97) and low standard telescope (see figure), deviations (3–4 cm) compared to the results from were analyzed to derive the so-called local-tie traditional techniques. The advantage of this vector between the reference point of the 20 novel sea level monitoring technique is that one m telescope and the Onsala GNSS monument. instrument can measure both land motion and Several observation campaigns were analyzed, Staff sea level motion, either separate or together. By both semi-kinematic and kinematic ones. The Gunnar Elgered combining these two measurements, it is possible recorded data were analyzed together with Rüdiger Haas to measure the absolute sea level, i.e., the sea GPS data from the GNSS station ONSA with Thomas Hobiger (Aug–) level with respect to the International Terrestrial an in-house developed Matlab-based software Jan Johansson (adj. prof.) Reference Frame. package. The results obtained from the analysis Johan Löfgren (Feb–) gave sub-millimetre standard deviations for the Tong Ning (–Jun) horizontal components of the local-tie vector Hans-Georg Scherneck while a slightly larger standard deviation was Doctoral students obtained for the vertical component. The project Susana Garcia-Espada shows that it is possible to monitor the local- (industrial student) tie vector during telescope operations with an Johan Löfgren (–Jan) accuracy of a few millimetres. Compared to the Niko Petteri Kareinen classical geodetic measurements, this approach is less time consuming and significantly reduces the workload.
Nordic Geodetic Commission (NKG) General Assembly 2014 In September, Jan Johansson together with the Sea level derived from the GNSS tide gauge at the Onsala Swedish National Land Survey organized the site during 20 days in 2012 (Oct. 9 to 29). From top to bottom General Assembly of the NKG at Chalmers. the sea level times series are derived from: GPS phase (L1), The conference had more than 120 international GLONASS phase (L1), GPS and GLONASS phase (L1), GPS participants and lasted for four days, including SNR (L1), GLONASS SNR (L1), GPS phase (L2), GLONASS phase (L2), GPS and GLONASS phase (L2), GPS SNR (L2) a joint seminar of the NKG, the Nordic and GLONASS SNR (L2). Each time series is paired with the Institute of Navigation, and the Swedish independent sea level observations from the co-located tide gauge “Radionavigeringsnämnden” on high accuracy (black line). A mean is removed from each time series and the positioning and navigation. pairs are displayed with an offset of 40 cm to improve visibility. 15 Radio Astronomy and Astrophysics
Our research covers a wide range of topics from planetary atmospheres, through the early evolution of stars and planets, to late stages of stellar evolution, the physics and Research group leader Susanne Aalto chemistry of interstellar and intergalactic matter, the structure and evolution of galaxies, and cosmology. We carry out observations both at radio frequencies and in other parts of the spectrum. We do theoretical research and develop numerical simulations and models of complex systems like galaxies and gas clouds and help to develop future telescopes on the ground and in space. Here we present a few examples of the groups very recent results. Staff Susanne Aalto Arnold van Ardenne The interstellar medium and star formation Evolved stars (adj. prof.) As a result from the last month of Herschel Space Using the large global VLBI network, including Per Bjerkeli Observatory observations we made a unique our own Onsala 25 m telescope, it has been John Black detection of gaseous water in the dark interstellar possible to produce one of the deepest images Roy Booth (prof. emeritus) cloud Barnard 5 where the temperature is only of a globular cluster (M15). The observations Guillaume Drouart 10 degrees above absolute zero. Normally water revealed a number of the expected pulsars, and the Lulu Fan would only exist in the form of ice layers on dust high angular resolution observations allowed for Arto Heikkilä grains in such an environment, more than 0.5 pc accurate astrometry to determine the motions of Åke Hjalmarson (prof. emeritus) away from the nearest protostar, but the observed the pulsars through the cluster. The binary pulsar Cathy Horellou amount of water as compared to methanol M15C disappeared during our observations, as Kay Justtanont indicates that the uppermost layers of ice are expected when precession moves the pulsar beam Kirsten Kraiberg Knudsen contributing to the gas-phase composition via non- away from our line of sight. However, we noted René Liseau thermal desorption. that the pulsar reappeared a few months later Tuomas Lunttila instead of after the expected few hundred years. Matthias Maercker (Sep-) For the first time we have detected absorption of This shows that pulsar beams must have a complex Eamon O’Gorman (Jun-) the [N II] 205 μm line by extended low-density emission pattern. Hans Olofsson foreground material towards bright far-infrared Carina Persson background continuum sources. We attribute this VY Canis Majoris is an extreme red supergiant Glenn Persson absorption to the warm ionised medium (WIM). and with a radius of 1400 times that of the Sun, Alessandro Romeo The detection points to a low WIM density and is one of the largest known stars in the Galaxy. Gustaf Rydbeck (prof. emeritus) (0.1–0.3 cm-3) and a high filling factor (0.4-0.7) It is a highly evolved star and is currently losing Magnus Thomasson in our Galaxy. The detection of the 205 μm line in extreme amounts of mass to the interstellar Karl Torstensson (-Oct) absorption offers a new tool for investigation of medium, creating a dense and dusty circumstellar Wouter Vlemmings the WIM and star forming regions. We have also environment in its wake. We used the high spatial Anders Winnberg investigated the interstellar nitrogen chemistry resolution provided by ALMA (Atacama Large (prof. emeritus) both theoretically and observationally by deep Millimeter Array) to image this dust very close to Eva Wirström searches for the so far undetected key molecule, the star and found that dust with a mass of about NH+, establishing low upper limits constraining 100 Earth masses had been created in the last few Doctoral students chemical models for dense and diffuse interstellar decades alone. This dust was found to be located Daria Dall’Olio (Sep-) gas. along two main directions, and not at random Taïssa Danilovich Niklas Falstad locations, in contradiction with current theories of Judit Fogasy mass loss in red supergiants. K km/s Mitra Hajigholi Lukas Lindroos Galaxy nuclei and their winds Maryam Saberi (Jun-) With ALMA and SMA (Submillimeter Array) Eskil Varenius observations of the luminous merger NGC3256 Sofia Wallström we have discovered two powerful bipolar Joachim Wiegert
Figure 1: Left: Methanol emission map of Barnard 5 from the ARO 12 m telescope. Red and blue arrows show the direction of outflows from the IRS 1 protostar, while white circles show size and position of the Herschel beam. Right: Spectra observed toward the northern methanol peak. The lower panel shows the arcsec self-absorbed water detection. SO and C18O were observed with the Onsala 20 m telescope. 16 molecular outflows – one from each nucleus. One is part of a starburst-driven superwind seen Figure 3: A false color Hubble nearly pole-on. The molecular outflow from the Space Telescope near southern nucleus is a highly collimated bipolar jet infrared image of VY CMa’s seen nearly edge-on. Outflow velocities are very circumstellar environment is shown along with the new high: 1000-2000 km/s. With ALMA we have also ALMA data at 321 GHz (white discovered a molecular outflow from the Seyfert contours) and 658 GHz (black galaxy NGC1068 where the gas seems to be driven contours). The expected out by the AGN (Active Galactic Nucleus). The position of the star is labelled feedback from nuclear activity through molecular ‘VY’ while a massive dust clump south-east of the star is outflows is significant in the gas consumption with labelled ‘C’. short gas depletion times, and hence evolution, of these systems.
We are also using ALMA, IRAM and Herschel to a highly unreliable indicator of gravitational study the properties of the obscured nuclei that instability. Our work shows that multi-scale in some cases are also driving these spectacular observations are necessary to star formation and outflows and winds. One example includes the disk-stability. Our prediction provide baseline to quasar Mrk231 where we find OH, H O, CO and 2 future dedicated ALMA surveys. HCN emission in the outflow and where we use vibrationally excited (through the absorption of To search for the light from distant galaxies that mid-infrared photons) HCN to probe the dusty, are too faint to be individually detected, we warped inner region. Recent Herschel results on have developed and investigated a new stacking the luminous galaxy Zw049.057 reveal very high algorithm for radio interferometric data. Our new H O abundances in the central region where H 2 2 algorithm makes it possible to do a robust stacking column densities are extremely large resulting directly on the visibilities. The algorithm and in the core being invisible in many wavelengths tool has received important attention from other - even in X-rays. In addition we find that gas is international research teams and has potential to infalling onto the central region very likely feeding impact studies beyond our research group. the nuclear activity. Massive galaxy cluster amplify the light of faint The high redshift Universe background sources. In our multiwavelength study Cosmologically distant galaxies of different of the MS0451-0305 cluster, CO(3-2) emission types represent galaxy evolution in a variety of line observations have revealed a very complex conditions. We study these both observationally structure of the z=2.9 multiply-image merging and theoretially using state-of-the-art facilities and system. Further using LABOCA and APEX, multi-wavelength data. our initial observations of the ‘El Gordo’ galaxy cluster show detections of lensed submm galaxies. Gravitational instabilities play a primary role in Also, we are preparing for upcoming high angular shaping the clumpy structure and powering the resolution JVLA observations of the individual star formation activity of gas-rich high-redshift giant molecular clouds in a very strongly lensed galaxies. In a theoretical analysis of the stability, SMG. we have showed that scaling relations for mass-size and linewidth-size can have a strong impact on the In a comparative study of the morphologies of size and mass of star-forming clumps, as well as on AGN host galaxies and non-active galaxies, we the stability properties of the disc at all observable have investigated if major mergers can be the main scales. This makes the classical Toomre parameter mechanism for triggering AGN activity. We took the comprehensive structural and morphological analyses of X-ray-selected AGN host galaxies in the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey-Cosmic Evolution Survey (CANDELS-COSMOS) field using HST/ WFC3 H-band imaging at 1 < z < 3.Combining with the previous results, we can conclude that X-ray selected AGNs at z<3 show no difference in morphologies compared to non-active galaxies. Major merger may be not important in triggering Figure 2: ALMA map of the CO 3-2 emission the active this type of AGNs activities. galaxy NGC1068. The CO is tracing the molecular gas with unprecedented resolution and sensitivity revealing individual cloud complexes in and between the spiral arms. Bright nuclear emission is linked to feeding of the supermassive black hole and a powerful molecular outflow. 17 Onsala Space Observatory
Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) is the Swedish National Facility for Radio Astronomy. In Onsala, the observatory operates two parabolic radio telescopes, a 25 m diameter cm-wave dish and a 20 m diameter mm-wave dish, and the Swedish LOFAR (Low Frequency Array) station. The observatory is also one of three partners in the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX), a 12 m diameter submillimetre-wave telescope in Chile, Director and provides the channel through which Sweden is involved in large international radio John Conway astronomy projects, such as EVN (European VLBI Network), LOFAR, ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array), and SKA (Square Kilometre Array).
In addition to radio astronomy, geoscience activities are an official part of the mission of the observatory. The geoscience equipment consists of receivers for GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems), several tide gauge sensors, a superconducting gravimeter, a seismometer (owned by Uppsala University), and radiometers for aeronomy. The 20 m telescope is partly used for geodetic VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometry). The observatory also contributes to establishing the official Swedish time, by hosting two hydrogen maser clocks and one cesium clock.
The 20 m telescope evidence of the CH molecule in space – a radical The radome protecting the 20 m diameter which has an important role in the chemistry telescope in Onsala was upgraded in 2014. The of the interstellar medium. As early as 1968, old radome had started showing wear and tear, the telescope took part in the first transatlantic and it had become necessary to replace it. All 620 VLBI measurements. In 2004, a new optical triangular panels were replaced with new ones fibre network was installed and the telescope in August and September. The upgrade marks participated in the first e-VLBI experiments. a new lease of life for the telescope, which has Today, the 25 m telescope continues to participate contributed to the research since 1976. in VLBI observations of stars and distant galaxies, mainly within the European VLBI Staff A new receiver for the 3 mm band, 85–116 GHz, Network (EVN). Per Bergman was installed in March 2014. This receiver is dual Two results from VLBI observations, including Bhushan Billade polarisation sideband separating, each sideband the Onsala 25 m telescope and made by teams Per Björklund having a bandwidth of 4 GHz. The receiver with Onsala astronomers, are good examples of Tobia Carozzi temperature is approximately 50–60 K (single- the power of VLBI: EVN observations pinpointed Simon Casey sideband), and the baseline stability is much better the locations where the nova V959 Mon emitted John Conway than with the receiver it replaced. gamma rays. The discovery revealed a probable Robert Cumming mechanism for the gamma-ray emissions, which Elvire De Beck (Sep-) The number of proposals for single-dish mystified astronomers when first observed in Lars Eriksson astronomical observations with the telescope 2012. EVN observations of supernova 2014J in Jonas Flygare (Oct-) increased substantially in 2014, with both galactic the galaxy Messier 82, together with other data, Peter Forkman and extragalactic observations proposed. The 20 showed that the merger of two white dwarf stars Roger Hammargren m telescope is also used for VLBI observations by is by far the most likely cause for this Type Ia Leif Helldner Christer Hermansson the astronomical and geodetical communities. supernova, and ruled out other models. Karl-Åke Johansson Jan Karaskuru The 25 m telescope and VLBI Ulf Kylenfall The 25 m diameter telescope in Mikael Lerner Onsala celebrated its 50th birthday Michael Lindqvist on 26 November 2014. Since 1964, Iván Martí-Vidal the telescope has observed the Mathias Maercker (Mar- universe. One of its most important Aug) discoveries came in 1973, when it was Sebastien Muller the first telescope in the world to find Michael Olberg Henrik Olofsson Miroslav Pantaleev The most spectacular event during the Lars Pettersson upgrade of the 20 m telescope radome was Lars Wennerbäck the replacement of the 50 panels forming Ronny Wingdén the cap of the radome. The new panels were lifted in place with a 54 meter high crane. Photo: Lars Wennerbäck
18 The Onsala Twin Telescope Preparations for the installation of two new radio telescopes, for geodetic VLBI, continued during 2014. The procurement process was finished, and the two 13.2 m diameter telescopes have been ordered. It is expected that the first test observations with the new telescopes, the Onsala Twin Telescope (OTT), will begin in 2016. The OTT will follow the new international VGOS (VLBI Geodetic Observing System) recommendations, and lead to improved measurement accuracy: 1 mm for station position and 0.1 mm/yr for station velocity.
SKA The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) project is now ALMA image of the Mira binary star, with the heart shaped in its design phase. Chalmers and Onsala Space bubble. The Nordic ALMA Regional Centre node in Observatory are part of two design consortia Onsala assisted with the analysis of the data, and several which started their work in 2014. The Wide-band Chalmers astronomers participated in the project. Single Pixel Feeds (WBSPF) consortium, led by OSO, is developing and testing technology also the newly installed SuperCam array was Staff shared with which enables dish antennas to be sensitive to a used, as were the bolometer cameras LABOCA research groups much broader frequency range than in today’s and ArTeMiS. Like previous years, the projects Gunnar Elgered telescopes. Chalmers is one of the six institutes in Rüdiger Haas covered a wide range of research topics, e.g., the WBSPF consortium. OSO is also a member of Thomas Hobiger (Aug-) comets, star and planet formation, the interstellar the Dish consortium, within which it is designing Johan Löfgren (Sep-) medium, evolved stars, and both nearby and high- the 350–1050 MHz receiver for SKA. Tong Ning (-Jun) redshift galaxies. At least 74 refereed papers based Hans-Georg Scherneck on APEX data were published in 2014. Other activities in Onsala Magnus Thomasson Observations with the LOFAR station in Karl Torstensson (-Dec) ALMA Onsala continued in 2014. LOFAR produces an Wouter Vlemmings The Nordic ARC node based at OSO has been enormous amount of data; a new computer for in great demand during 2014 to assist Nordic recording data locally (during 48 h) was installed A majority of the Group users of ALMA and is heavily involved in for Advanced Receiver in 2014. The first referred paper presenting Development (p. 10) the European verification of results from the images using international LOFAR observations is also part of the telescope. observatory. (of the starburst galaxy M82) led by Chalmers ALMA observations of evolved stars continue astronomers was accepted for publication. to deliver surprises. A spectacular heart shaped The outreach activities have continued, with, bubble was revealed in the CO molecular e.g., school classes and other groups visiting the envelope of the Mira binary pair. The existence of observatory, as described on page 24 in this report. Preparations for the this bubble proves that a tenuous, but fast, wind is two geodetic VLBI twin blown from the companion (Mira B), cementing APEX telescopes. This is the site its debated nature as a white dwarf. Additionally, for the northern telescope. The Supercam visiting instrument was successfully the CO line also reveals the expected spiral The site of the southern installed in the Cassegrain cabin of APEX in structure arising from the binary interaction. telescope is just outside the autumn of 2014. Supercam is a 64-pixel 345 this photo, to the right. GHz heterodyne array built by the University of Arizona. It is by far the largest such array, and allows wide areas to be mapped in the CO(3- 2) line. Making use of the optimal atmospheric transparency at Chajnantor, Supercam will map several extended regions such as the Galactic Plane, the Magellanic Clouds and the Orion star forming region.
More than 50 projects were observed at APEX during Swedish time in 2014. The principal investigators of these projects were affiliated with research organisations and universities in more than 10 different countries. Most of the projects used the SHFI heterodyne receiver, but of course
19 Publications The list contains peer reviewed journal publications that were actually published during 2014. The publications are presented for each research group and in alphabetical order based on the first author´s last name. A few publications with authors from more than one research group are listed in each group. In order to have a list of a reasonable size, we have chosen to only include peer reviewed journal publications on these pages. PhD and licentiate theses are presented on pages 8 and 9. A complete list for 2014, and in most cases also links to the full papers, can be found at: publications.lib.chalmers.se/cpl/lists/publications/departments.
Pleijel, H.; Danielsson, H.; Simpson, D.; et al. (2014).Have Advanced Receiver Development ozone effects on carbon sequestration been overestimated? A new biomass response function for wheat. Biogeosciences., 11, Billade, B.; Pavolotsky, A.; Belitsky, V. (2014). 4521-4528. Experimental Study of Frequency Multiplication in a Distributed Array of SIS Junctions. IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol., 4, 254-259. Pérot, K.; Urban, J.; Murtagh, D.P. (2014). Unusually strong nitric oxide descent in the Arctic middle atmosphere in early Hammar, A.; Whale, M.; Forsberg, P.; et al. (2014). Optical 2013 as observed by Odin/SMR.Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, Tolerance Analysis of the Multi-Beam Limb Viewing Instrument 8009-8015. STEAMR. IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol., 4, 714-721. Sagi, K.; Murtagh, D.P.; Urban, J.; et al. (2014). The use Krause, S.; Meledin, D.; Desmaris, V.; Pavolotsky, A.; Belitsky, V.; of SMILES data to study ozone loss in the Arctic winter et al. (2014). Epitaxial growth of ultra-thin NbN films on AlxGa1- 2009/2010 and comparison with Odin/SMR data using xN buffer-layers. Supercond. Sci. Tech. 27. assimilation techniques. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12855-12869. Rashid, H.; Meledin, D.; Desmaris, V.; Belitsky, V. (2014). Novel Simpson, D.; Andersson, C.; Christensen, J.H.; et al. Waveguide 3 dB Hybrid with Improved Amplitude Imbalance. (2014). Impacts of climate and emission changes on nitrogen IEEE Microw. Compon. Lett., 24, 212-214. deposition in Europe: a multi-model study.Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6995-7017. Rashid, H.; Meledin, D.; Desmaris, V.; Pavolotsky, A.; Belitsky, V. (2014). Superconducting 4-8-GHz Hybrid Assembly for 2SB Simpson, D.; Arneth, A.; Mills, G.; et al. (2014). Ozone - the Cryogenic THz Receivers. IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol. 4, persistent menace; interactions with the N cycle and climate 193-200. change. Curr. Opin. Env. Sust. 9-10, 9-19, 2014.
Stevens, M.H.; Lossow, S.; Siskind, D.E.; … ; Urban, J.; Global Environmental Measurements Murtagh, D.P.; et al. (2014). Space shuttle exhaust plumes in the lower thermosphere: Advective transport and diffusive and Modelling spreading. J. Atmos. Sol-Terr. Phy., 108, 50-60. Eriksson, P.; Rydberg, B.; Sagawa, H.; Johnston, M.; et al. Urban, J.; Lossow, S.; Stiller, G.; et al. (2014). Another Drop (2014). Overview and sample applications of SMILES and in Water Vapor. EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 95, 245- Odin-SMR retrievals of upper tropospheric humidity and cloud 246. ice mass. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 12613-12629. Wu, D.L.; Lambert, A.; Read, W.G.; Eriksson, P.; et al. Hassler, B.; Petropavlovskikh, I.; Staehelin, J.; … ; Urban, J.; (2014). MLS and CALIOP Cloud Ice Measurements in the et al. (2014). Past changes in the vertical distribution of ozone - Upper Troposphere: A Constraint from Microwave on Cloud Part 1: Measurement techniques; uncertainties and availability. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 1395-1427. Microphysics. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 53, 157-165.
Hegglin, M.I.; Plummer, D.A.; Shepherd, T.G.; … ; Urban, J.; et al. (2014). Vertical structure of stratospheric water vapour Optical Remote Sensing trends derived from merged satellite data. Nat. Geosci., 7, 768-776. Aiuppa, A.; Robidoux, P.; Tamburello, G.; Conde, V.; Galle, B.; et al. (2014). Gas measurements from the Costa Johnston, M.; Eliasson, S.; Eriksson, P.; et al. (2014). Rica-Nicaragua volcanic segment suggest possible along-arc Diagnosing the average spatio-temporal impact of convective variations in volcanic gas chemistry. Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., systems - Part 2: A model intercomparison using satellite data. 407, 134-147. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8701-8721. Beecken, J.; Mellqvist, J.; Salo; K.; Ekholm, J.; et al. (2014). Karl, M.; Castell, N.; Simpson, D.; et al. (2014).Uncertainties Airborne emission measurements of SO2; NOx and particles in assessing the environmental impact of amine emissions from from individual ships using a sniffer technique. Atmos. Meas. a CO2 capture plant. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8533-8557. Tech. 7, 1957-1968.
Kleinböhl, A.; Khosravi, M.; Urban, J.; et al. (2014). Conde, V.; Robidoux, P.; Avard, G., Galle, B.; et al. (2014). Constraints for the photolysis rate and the equilibrium constant Measurements of volcanic SO2 and CO2 fluxes by combined of ClO-dimer from airborne and balloon-borne measurements DOAS; Multi-GAS and FTIR observations: a case study from of chlorine compounds. J. Geophys. Res-Atmos., 119, 6916- Turrialba and Telica volcanoes. Int. J. Earth Sci., 103, 2335- 6937. 2347.
Kylling, A.; Kahnert, M.; Lindqvist, H.; et al. (2014).Volcanic Conde, V.; Bredemeyer, S.; Duarte, E.; … ; Galle, B.; et al. ash infrared signature: porous non-spherical ash particle (2014). SO2 degassing from Turrialba Volcano linked to seismic shapes compared to homogeneous spherical ash particles. signatures during the period 2008-2012. Int. J. Earth Sci., 103; Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 919-929. 1983-1998.
Laeng, A.; Grabowski, U.; von Clarmann, T.; … ; Urban, J.; Geirsson, H.; Rodgers, M.; LaFemina, P.; … ; Conde, et al. (2014). Validation of MIPAS IMK/IAA V5R_O3_224 V.; Nilsson, D.; Galle, B.; et al. (2014).Multidisciplinary ozone profiles. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 3971-3987. observations of the 2011 explosive eruption of Telica volcano; Nicaragua: Implications for the dynamics of low-explosivity ash Larsson, R.; Buehler, S.; Eriksson, P.; et al. (2014). A eruptions. J. Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 271, 55-69. treatment of the Zeeman effect using Stokes formalism and its implementation in the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator (ARTS). J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer. 133, 445-453.
20 Johansson, J.; Mellqvist, J.; Samuelsson, J.; Offerle, B.; et al. (2014). Emission measurements of alkenes; alkanes; SO2; and Radar Remote Sensing NO2 from stationary sources in Southeast Texas over a 5 year Berg, A.; Eriksson, L.E.B. (2014). Investigation of a Hybrid period using SOF and mobile DOAS. J. Geophys. Res-Atmos., Algorithm for Sea Ice Drift Measurements Using Synthetic 119, 1973-1991. Aperture Radar Images. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 52, 5023–5033. Johansson, J.; Mellqvist, J.; Samuelsson, J.; Offerle, B.; et al. (2014). Quantitative measurements and modeling of industrial Carvajal, G.; Eriksson, L.E.B.; Ulander, L.M.H. (2014). formaldehyde emissions in the Greater Houston area during Retrieval and Quality Assessment of Wind Velocity Vectors on campaigns in 2009 and 2011. J. Geophys. Res-Atmos., 119, J. the Ocean with C-Band SAR. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Geophys. Res-Atmos 4303-4322. Sens., 52, 2519-2537. Loov, J.; Alfoldy, B.; Gast, L.; ... ; Mellqvist, J.; Beecken, Sandberg, G.; Ulander, L.M.H.; Wallerman, J.; et al. (2014). J.; Berg, N.; et al. (2014). Field test of available methods to Measurements of Forest Biomass Change Using P-Band measure remotely SOx and NOx emissions from ships. Atmos. Synthetic Aperture Radar Backscatter. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Meas. Tech., 7, 2597-2613. Remote Sens., 52, 6047-6061. Lubcke, P.; Bobrowski, N.; Arellano, S.; Galle, B.; et Sjögren, T.K.; Vu, V.T.; Pettersson, M.I.; … ; Ulander, al. (2014). BrO/SO2 molar ratios from scanning DOAS L.M.H.; et al. (2014). Suppression of Clutter in Multichannel measurements in the NOVAC network. Solid Earth, 5, 409- SAR GMTI. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 52, 4005- 424. 4013. Saballos, J.; Conde, V.; Malservisi, R.; et al. (2014). Relatively Torgrimsson, J.; Dammert, P.; Hellsten, H.; Ulander, L.M.H. short-term correlation among deformation; degassing; and (2014). Factorized Geometrical Autofocus for Synthetic seismicity: a case study from Concepcion volcano; Nicaragua. Aperture Radar Processing. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote B. Volcanol., 76. Sens., 52, 6674-6687. Smets, B.; d’Oreye, N.; Kervyn, F.; … ; Arellano, S.; … ; Galle, B.; ... ; Norman, P.; et al. (2014). Detailed multidisciplinary monitoring reveals pre- and co-eruptive signals at Nyamulagira Radio Astronomy and Astrophysics and volcano (North Kivu; Democratic Republic of Congo). B. the Swedish National Facility for Radio Volcanol., 76. Astronomy
Aleman, I.; Ueta, T.; Ladjal, D.; … ; Vlemmings, W., et al. Plasma Physics and Fusion Energy (2014). Herschel Planetary Nebula Survey (HerPlaNS) First detection of OH+ in planetary nebulae. Astron. Astrophys., Anderson, J.; Kim, E.; Moradi., S. (2014). A fractional Fokker- 566. Planck model for anomalous diffusion. Phys. Plasmas, 21. Arroyo-Torres, B.; Marti-Vidal, I.; Marcaide, J.M.; et al. Anderson, J.; Halpern, F.; Xanthopoulos, P.; et al. (2014). (2014). VLTI/AMBER observations of cold giant stars: Statistical analysis and modeling of intermittent transport atmospheric structures and fundamental parameters. Astron. events in the tokamak scrape-off layer. Phys. Plasmas, 21, Astrophys., 566. 122306. Azulay, R.; Guirado, J.; Márcaide, J.; Marti-Vidal, I.; et Borgdorff, J.; Ben Belgacem, M.; Bona-Casas, C.; Fazendeiro, al. (2014). Radio detection of the young binary HD 160934. L.; … ; Strand, P.; et al. (2014). Performance of distributed Astron. Astrophys., 561. multiscale simulations. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 372. Billade, B.; Pavolotsky, A.; Belitsky, V. (2014). Experimental Study of Frequency Multiplication in a Distributed Array of Chapman, I.; Becoulet, M.; Bird, T.; … ; Yadykin, D.; et al. SIS Junctions. IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol., 4, 254-259. (2014). Three-dimensional distortions of the tokamak plasma boundary: boundary displacements in the presence of resonant Bjerkeli, P.; Liseau, R.; Brinch, C.; … ; Black, J.H.; … ; magnetic perturbations. Nucl. Fusion, 54, 083006. Justtanont, K.; et al. (2014). Resolving the shocked gas in HH 54 with Herschel. CO line mapping at high spatial and spectral Falchetto, G.; Coster, D.; Coelho, R.; … ; Strand, P.; et al. resolution. Astron. Astrophys., 571, A90, 1-6. (2014). The European Integrated Tokamak Modelling (ITM) effort: achievements and first physics results. Nucl. Fusion vol. Calves, G.M.; Pogrebenko, S.V.; Cimo, G.; … ; Haas, R.; et 54. al. (2014). Observations and analysis of phase scintillation of spacecraft signal on the interplanetary plasma. Astron. Lilley, M.; Nyqvist, R. (2014). Formation of Phase Space Holes Astrophys., 564. and Clumps. Phys. Rev. Lett., 112. Cataldi, G.; Brandeker, A.; Olofsson, G.; … ; Liseau, R.; et Semenov, V.; Rasch, J.; Rakova, E.; et al. (2014). General al. (2014). Herschel/HIFI observations of ionised carbon in the Study of Multipactor Between Curved Metal Surfaces. IEEE T. beta Pictoris debris disk. Astron. Astrophys., 563. Plasma Sci., 42, 721-728. Cernicharo, J.; Teyssier, D.; Quintana-Lacaci, G.; … ; De Semenov, V.; Rakova, E.; Zharova, N.; Rasch, J.; Anderson, Beck, E.; et al. (2014). Discovery of time variation of the D.; et al. (2014). Simple model of the rf noise generated by intensity of molecular lines in IRC+10216 in the submillimeter multipacting electrons. J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 47. and far-infrared domains. Astrophys. J. Letters., 796.
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22 Parise, B.; Bergman, P.; Menten, K. (2014). Characterizing A wise bird, a Eurasian the chemical pathways for water formation - a deep search for hydrogen peroxide. Faraday discuss., 168, 349-367. eagle-owl, overlooking the department’s production of Perez-Torres, M.A.; Lundqvist, P.; Beswick, R.J.; ... ; Marti- scientific articles. Vidal, I.; et al. (2014). Constraints on the Progenitor System Photo: Magnus Thomasson and the Environs of SN 2014J from Deep Radio Observations. Astrophys. J., 792, 38.
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23 Public Outreach
In all 1689 people visited the observatory in used our SALSA telescopes in projects. Onsala, its telescopes and exhibition during 2014. During the Gothenburg Science Festival in They came on 52 guided tours led by department April, we joined forces with city observatory students and observatory staff, and as part of two Slottsskogsobservatoriet for a day of talks and public open days, during the Gothenburg Science activities in Slottsskogen in Gothenburg. On Festival and on the Mothers’ day open house in Sweden’s Day and Night of Astronomy on 18 May. October, we organized our small but unique radio Our SALSA radio telescopes were booked astronomical star party “Onsala stjärnträff” for an average of 23 hours every week by high for the third time, and a family-oriented Big school students and classes from Sweden and Bang Day at science centre Universeum in abroad to study interstellar gas in the Milky Way. collaboration with the Young Academy of Of the 50 users, most were Swedish but some Sweden. connected remotely from as far away as Madeira Via press releases, items on Chalmers website, and Honduras. We have upgraded our SALSA- social media and by direct contact with media, telescope to be more user friendly, using new we communicated news from Onsala facilities hardware and new software. A new online data- and research by our scientists. In particular, we archive allows users to store their data for later communicated news on the upgrade of the 20 m use, and a new, flexible receiver will enable more telescope’s radome, about progress developing projects using the telescope in the future. broadband feeds for the Square Kilometre Array, During 2014 we started a program to broaden and the observatory’s innovative GNSS tide our work with schools. Funds awarded from the gauge. The radome change and SKA work led Chalmers University of Technology Foundation in particular to several appearances on regional were used to buy optical lab equipment to be television. Observatory staff handled many used for both visits to schools and for school media enquiries on astronomical topics and were students visiting the observatory. All in order of regularly quoted in news media. Sofia Wallström helping students discover astronomers’ tools and reported from her observations with the NASA- methods. In November, two 15-year old school run airborne telescope Sofia in the Chalmers students from the Gothenburg area came to the science blog Forskning pågår. We also translated observatory as part of their work experience and edited the SKA telescope’s new website in (prao) week in November. During the year we Swedish, http://sweden.skatelescope.org. also helped three other high school students who Press Clippings
The sniffer in the harbor going to hunt cheaters Peaks and valleys on the ocean surface Our research group Optical Remote Sensing was noticed Hans-Georg Scherneck, Space Geodesy when they placed a “sniffer” in the Gothenburg harbour and Geodynamics, starred in Sveriges in order to catch ships who ran on illegal fuel. Johan Radio P3’s popular science show Mellqvist from the group was interviewd by GP. “Institutet” where he, among other things, GP – December talked about the peaks and valleys on the ocean surface. Sveriges Radio P3, “Institutet” – February
Scientists aim for the stars With a new telescope, to be the biggest in “An extreme amount of” sulfur dioxide from Bárðarbunga the world, scientists are hoping for answers When the Icelandic volcano Bárðarbunga erupted Bo Galle, to the universe’s biggest questions. And in Optical Remote Sensing, responded quickly. Ny Teknik, this big, international project, Onsala Space among other media outlets, interviewd him about the event. Observatory has a critical role. Ny Teknik - November TV4, “Nyheterna” – February
24 Facts and Figures
First Chalmers Other degree Foundation and Master's Income (SEK 1,000) 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 students Research grants 91 513 90,298 86,816 88,868 80,359 Research, faculty funding 41 543 38,099 37,561 35,195 30,032 Research, First degree and Master’s studies 7 720 6,602 5,980 6,394 8,154 faculty Other 2 308 4,003 3,531 4,040 2,816 funding Chalmers Foundation 1 771 – 125 524 – Research grants Total 144 855 139,002 136,025 135,021 121,361
Investments Travel Used grants (SEK 1,000) 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010
Personnel 78 622 74,068 68,504 67,284 61,821 Other Internal overhead, IT, etc. 17 561 17,410 18,144 17,492 15,640
Fees (APEX, JIVE, etc.) 10 322 9,274 9,580 7,680 10,831 Premises Premises 9 505 9,322 8,656 8,776 8,925 Fees Other 12 724 14,279 12,685 19,959 13,462 Personnel Investments 5 919 6,174 6,472 5,130 4,148 Internal Travel 4 110 4,086 3,818 4,500 4,164 overhead Total 138 763 134,613 127,859 130,821 118,991
Int. VINNOVA External funding (SEK 1,000) 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 Organisations Swedish Research Council 46 128 46,006 49,007 50,654 41,801 European Community 11 821 6,238 12,885 12,378 16,391 Swedish National Space Board 16 516 17,429 12,621 10,898 10,862 Others Swedish Other 9 863 10,735 7,413 8,345 5,497 Research Foreign universities - – – 1,982 – Swedish Council National Intl. Org. (ESA, ESO, CNES) 8 443 7,404 2,391 1,548 4,168 Space Swedish Energy Agency - – – – 830 Board VINNOVA (Swedish Govt. Agency for Innovation Systems) 2 547 4,553 4,112 4,537 810 Total 95 318 92,365 88,429 90,342 80,359 European Community
Personnel (Dec 31) 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 Professors 15 14 12 11 12 Adjunct and affiliated professors 7 7 6 5 5 Adjunct and Afilliated Administrative Professors Associate professors and Doctoral professors University lecturers 10 8 10 10 10 staff students Associate Assistant professors 1 3 3 4 3 professors and Researchers 3 2 2 5 11 University Post doc 13 10 8 1 4 lecturers Assistant Research engineers 26 24 21 21 20 Technical professors staff Technical staff 12 12 16 13 12 Postdocs
Administrative staff 7 7 7 8 7 Research Doctoral students 25 30 31 36 33 engineers
Ammanuens - – 2 – – Researchers Total 121 117 118 114 117
25 Organisation
Our astronomer Eva Wirström is excited about the performance of the 20-metre telescope’s new 3 mm receiver, which she was one of the very first to use in May 2014. Eva’s preliminary data from the dark nebula Barnard 5 seem to show that complex molecules like formic acid and acetaldehyde can form even in the coldest parts of interstellar clouds. Departmental Advisory Team
The advisory team’s task is to identify and take a Internal representatives 2014 standpoint on overall strategic issues that are of relevance • Gunnar Elgered, Head of Department to the long-term development of the department, and to • Camilla Andersson, Secretary support the department’s steering group in other matters • Alessandro Romeo, Teacher’s representative that may arise. The team met three times during 2014. • Jo Urban, Teacher’s representative • Leif Eriksson, Teacher’s representatitve External representatives 2014 • Alexey B. Pavolotsky, Technical/Administrative • Göran Netzler, Chairman staff’s representative • Göran Berndes, Chalmers’ President’s representative • Niklas Falstad, PhD Student’s representative • Thomas Lewin, Ericsson Research • Emil Rosenberg, Students’ representative • Sven Grahn, Swedish Space Corporation • Unni Engedahl, Students’ representative • Marie Rådbo, University of Gothenburg • Kirsten Kraiberg Knudsen, Substitute
26 The Department went on a great voyage with a “Paddan” boat during the Day of the Department, on the 28th of August. Photo: Anders Berg
Management Group Teaching Staff The management group handles strategic as well The teaching staff has approximately 30 as operational matters for the department as members. Johan Mellqvist and Arto Heikkilä are a whole. It meets every third week. The group Chairman and Vice Chairman, respectively. The consists of: the Head of Department, the Deputy group has an advisory function on research and Head, the Vice Head, a Secretary, the Head educational issues and meets 4–5 times per year. of Administration and Finance, the Personnel Officer, the Director of the Onsala Space Observatory and our seven research group leaders.
Administration and Finance The group works with organisational and financial planning and follow-up, accounting, study administration, HR administration, purchasing, web and other forms of communication, as well as any other services needed by the research and teaching staff. On December 31 the group consisted of: • Ingrid Jakobson • Paula Rosell Head of Administration and Finance Administrator • Maria Karlsson • Paulina Sjögren Department Financial Officer Administrator • Katarina Norheim • Oskar Ängermark Financial Officer Communications Officer • Camilla Andersson Administrator
Local Collaboration Group The Local Collaboration Group is a forum for discussing all issues concerning the management of the department: appointment of staff members, matters related to the premises and general working conditions, including the work environment (physical as well as psychosocial) and gender equality. The group consist of the Head of Department, the Head of Administration and Finance, the Personnel Officer, three representatives from our unions, a work environment ombudsman and an equality ombudsman, and meets every sixth week.
27 Department of Earth and Space Sciences Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden Telephone: +46 31-772 10 00 Internet: www.chalmers.se/rss
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