Legend Has It That the First Russian Czar of the Romanov Dynasty
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Legend has it that the first Russian czar 80 of the Romanov dynasty, Mikhail Feodorovich, was born in the house of his grandfather, Boyar Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuriev. This house, one of the oldest in Moscow, is still there. In 2013 the RAS Institute of Ethnology 73 and Anthropology turned eighty. Its regular, tenth, congress held in Moscow last summer had kudos for the job done. Lying in the coastal area 103 of southern Primorye, or the Maritime Region, is the Far Eastern Natural Sanctuary in care of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Also out there is the Krabbe Peninsula, an open-air mineralogical museum with its old dead volcanoes and deposits of industrial stones. No. 6 (198) 2013 CONTENTS Karelia’s pristine carbon-containing SEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT rocks are wonderful Radiochemical Technologies for Fuel Cycle of Fast Reactors, natural formations A. Shadrin ........................................................................ 4 of the Proterozoic age— Plutonic Geodynamics as the Mechanism of Earth Evolution, about two billion years old M. Kuzmin, V. Yarmolyuk, V. Kravchinsky ...................... 10 and having no analogs Pressing Problems of Arctic Medicine, L. Panin ................. 20 in the geological history of the earth. MicroRNAs in Cancer Diagnostics, Such rocks have a wide range N. Kolesnikov, S. Titov, I. Zhimulev ................................ 27 of carboniferous inclusions, rich and lean alike. TALKING POINTS Shining schungites certainly Aspects of Interaction Between Birds and Plants on the Sea take pride of place of Okhotsk Coastline, O. Mochalova, M. Khoreva ............ 36 among the minerals of that northern land. INNOVATIONS. NANOTECHNOLOGIES These objects command Powerful Instrument in the Hands of Phthisiotherapeutists, close attention of the home M. Malygina ................................................................... 43 research institution— the Karelian Research Center The Unknown Myocardium, Ye. Ponizovkina ..................... 48 of the Russian Academy of Sciences. AT FIRST HAND Trends of Atomic Power Engineering Development, M. Khalizeva .................................................................. 51 Editorial Office address: HISTORY OF SCIENCE Science in Russia Chemistry and Metallurgy, L. Leontyev, I. Nekrasov ......... 59 26, Maronovsky Pereulok, GSP-1 Shungite Rocks: Horizons of Scientific Research, Moscow 119049, Russia Yu. Kalinin, V. Kovalevsky .............................................. 66 Tel./Fax: 8-499-238-43-10 www.ras.ru E-mail:[email protected] JUBILEES The Center of National Ethnology and Anthropology, Nauka Publishers V. Tishkov, Ye. Pivneva ................................................... 73 90, Profsoyuznaya St., GSP-7, B-485 Moscow 117997, Russia 400th ANNIVERSARY OF THE ROMANOV DYNASTY H.M. Court in Old Moscow, O. Bazanova .......................... 80 Журнал «Наука в России» № 6, 2013 (на английском языке) “Glorious Epic Hero”, S. Bazanov ..................................... 88 PPE Nauka Printing House HUMAN ENVIRONMENT 6, Shubinsky per., Moscow 121099, Russia Alien Species: Ecological Threat, Yu. Dgebuadze ............... 95 Licence No. 014339 (January 26, 1996) “Live” Stones of Krabbe Peninsula, V. Popov ...................103 © Russian Academy of Sciences BOOKS AND PRESS REVIEW Presidium, Proton Versus Cancer ....................................................... 34 Science in Russia, 2013 Contents of Science in Russia in 2013 ........................111 Human Environment 103 “LIVE” STONES OF KRABBE PENINSULA by Vladimir POPOV, Cand. Sc. (Geol. & Mineral.), Senior Research Fellow, Petrology and Volcanology Laboratory, Far Eastern Institute of Geology, RAS Far Eastern Branch, Vladivostok, Russia Southern Primorye, or the Maritime Region of the Russian Far East, is unique in many ways. A region described with much love by such great travelers and naturalists as Nikolai Przewalski, Yuri and Valery Jankowskis, and by story writer Mikhail Prishvin. Most of this ecosystem is under the Far Eastern Sea and Biosphere Preserve in care of the Russian Academy of Sciences, together with the adjacent Khasan Natural Park. As a major area of international ecology and research tourism it needs special care and attention. Its geological objects (Krabbe and Novgorodsky peninsulas above all) are in fact open-air mineralogical museums with old, now dormant volcanoes that became inactive thirty million years ago. This is a mineral-rich territory with deposits of industrial stones— opal, chalcedony, agate… hese two peninsulas, Krabbe and Novgorodsky, The author of the present article also made a close attracted geologists long ago. Back in 1928 study of volcanic formations there in the nineteen- T Edouard Anert, an eminent explorer of our Far nineties and later on. Field research data and those on East, described the Tertiary deposits flora there; and in succession of geological events made it possible to 1945 Georgi Vlasov, another explorer, came up with a identify several foci of eruptions at Kraskino and Zai- detailed map of Cenozoic formations in the Kraskino sanovka, and also on Novgorodsky and Krabbe penin- hollow—he did it during surveys for brown coal depos- sulas. Basalts and andesites (basic and intermediate its in the Khasan district. His research findings still rocks composed of plagioclase, olivine, pyroxene and hold today. volcanic glass), as it came out, are present in the 104 Human Environment KRASKINO ZAISANOVKA Seashore map of southern Primorye where Krabbe Peninsula is situated. GVOZDEVO EXPEDITION BAY Novgorodsky Peninsula POSIET NOVGORODSKAYA BAY MAYACHNOYE clouds—as a “live stone”. “A volcano is like man—it is KRABBE PENINSULA Cape Astafieva born, it lives through its young, mature and old age, and dies when its vital sustenance, the magma, ceases to CHINA LEBEDINOYE Mount Majet BAY support life in it.”—“The ‘soul’ leaves its body in little RAID PALLADA Cape Deger clouds of bluish gas rising from lava streams or lava domes. Thereupon the lava turns into ordinary stone.” Bay Pemzovaya Thus volcanites turn dead. Stone dead. Such rocks on Krabbe Peninsula can tell a remarkable lot about the Bay Kalevala birth and life of once raging volcanoes. Their eruptions, Lake Ptichye according to geochronological datings, occurred in the Late Eocene, that is 38-32 mln years ago. Butakov cape Lake Khasan Vera isle This peninsula is just a bit over ten kilometers long, Lake Lotos Falshivy islet cape Furuhelm isle and no more than five kilometers wide. A narrow isth- KHASAN Tumannaya mus, about five hundred meters wide (an ancient spit), river links it with the mainland. Minonosok Bay cuts deep into the central part of the isthmus; this bay, along with the neighboring Bay Kreiserok, is within the sea pre- NORTH serve. The western part of the peninsula ends with the KOREA CHINA steep Cape Astafyev plunging into the sea. A gently PETER THE GREAT GULF VLADIVOSTOK sloping range in the middle of the peninsula is crowned by several summits. The tallest, Mount Novgorodskaya, is almost 180 m above sea level. Looking at the penin- KOREA sula from the isthmus or the nearest point, the top of a small volcano (Dinosaurian Spine), we clearly see the km SEA OF JAPAN step-like relief features of its slopes. The gentle lateral ridges merge into ranges inclined toward the open Gulf Posiet. In Novgorodskaya Bay they form steep ledges on the seaside. This is what we call a cuesta, the Span- wrecks of strato-volcanoes (stratified cones)*, while ish word for a mountain slope, or scarp. As a rule it is rhyolites and dacites (acid, or persilicic rocks made up confined to sedimental rock strata, or occasionally to of quartz, soda-potash feld spar and biotite) are actu- volcanic rock of heterogeneous structure. ally extrusive lava structures with pyroclastic (frag- About a kilometer away from Cape Astafyev lies a mental) deposits most conspicuous on Krabbe Penin- long Nazimov (Churkhado) spit stretching for more sula. The diversity of facies and the petrografy of its than four kilometers. Towering above its northwestern volcanic rocks, the good exposure and clear morphol- tip is a scenic andesite cliff. Lying in between two spits ogy of its geologic bodies as well clearly “readable” is an unnamed islet, a relic of andesite lavas. North- profiles in sea bluffs including bedrock shows of zeo- ward is a small peninsula, Novgorodsky, where back in lites, chalcedonies and quarts—all that makes this 1859 Russian seafaring explorers discovered the first object unique. deposit of lignite, or brown coal (today the site of the Manifestations of volcanicity, a characteristic and community of Posiet). important geological process, are of immense signifi- All these coastal landscapes of Krabbe Peninsula are cance in earth crust formations. Each land surface on the living pages of the stone chronicles of bygone vol- our planet—be it a continental or an oceanic trough, a canic events, a major object of sight-seeing and scien- folded region or a plateau—could not be formed with- tific tourism. This peninsula was named in 1863 for out lava flows. Dr. Yevgeny Markhinin, a lead volca- Vice-Admiral Nikolai Krabbe (1814-1876) by an expe- nologist, describes fiery lava and what goes with it— dition led by Colonel Vassily Babkin that, aboard incandescent ashes, scoria (slag) and scorching the training corvette Kalevala, were making hydro- graphic studies. Vice-Admiral Krabbe had sailed on * Volcanoes composed of continually interbedding loose deposits and continual lava streams.—Ed. board naval