Chapter 1 Hydrogeological Evaluation by Satellite Image Analysis

(4) Mpumbuli village General geology and image interpretation results in Mpumbuli village are shown in Table 1.3.6 and Figure 1.3.7 respectively. Table 1.3.6 Geologic Feature of Mpumbuli Village

General Granite (Gb) as a basement in the region is widely distributed in this village. According to a regional geologic setting, the area is located in the first structural block from the east, which is elongated in N-S direction, tilting slightly eastward. As the western major fault limiting its west end seems to be a reverse fault, it should dip eastward in general. An intersection of fractures makes groundwater storage structure.

Geologic - A NNW-SSE trending major fault defined in Phase I study is located 3.5 km west to the village. features for - NE-SW trending clear and unclear lineaments defined in the study are developed well. further study - N-S trending interpreted dykes defined in the study are developed very well in the vicinity. - An intersection between major fault and clear lineament forms groundwater storage structure.

Image data PRISM stereoscopic view N Mu07 Mu04 Mu01 used Nadir (N) and Forward (F) Mu08 Mu05 Mu02 Scale: 1:50,000 Index: Mu01 – 09 Mu09 Mu06 Mu03

Image The result of image interpretation is shown in the next page, and the following features were interpretation observed, - Topography: Showing extremely flat ground. - Surface: Showing mosaic texture between moderately cultivated lands and forests. - Geology: Granite (Gb) is widely distributed in the area. - Fracture: The NNW-SSE trending major fault and the NE-SW trending clear and unclear lineaments are developed. The N-S trending interpreted dykes are also developed in the vicinity. The intersection between the major fault and clear lineament makes large depression landform. - Drainage: Huge drainage basin sits upstream and its main drainage flows down to northeast. - Others: Poorly accessible by a car except for main road.

Point selection - Position: Points No. 1 through No. 3 shown in the next figure are selected as possible positions. based on image - Direction: E-W direction could be recommended for further study. interpretation - Hydrogeology: Huge drainage basin upstream as a recharge, clear lineament as a groundwater path and intersection between the major fault and the lineament as a groundwater storage would function.

Remarks Surface water floods in wet season.

1-28 Chapter 1 Hydrogeological Evaluation by Satellite Image Analysis

N Unclear lineament Interpreted dyke No. 1

Unclear lineament No. 2

Unclear lineament

Interpreted dyke

Wider drainage basin

No. 3

Clear lineament

Major fault zone

Interpreted dyke

0 1 2 km Area name: Usunga (Us) Legend Portion: Us05N Point No. with survey direction Data: PRISM image Original point (center of the village) Scene ID: ALPSMN196233710 Acquisition date: 30/Nov./2009 Look angle: Nadir Shift: -2 Figure 1.3.7 Image Interpretation Result in Mpumbuli Village

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(5) Mabama village General geology and image interpretation results in Mabama village are shown in Table 1.3.7 and Figure 1.3.8 respectively. Table 1.3.7 Geologic Feature of Mabama Village

General Granite (Gb) as a basement in the is widely distributed in this village and gneiss (Gn) is also distributed in the northern part of the village. According to a regional geologic setting, the area is located in the most southern part of the forth structural block from the east, which is elongated in N-S direction, tilting slightly eastward. As the south-western major fault limiting its south end seems to be a normal fault, it should dip south-westward in general.

Geologic - An intersection between NNE-SSW and NW-SE trending major faults defined in Phase I study is features for located 2 km north to the village. further study - Interpreted dykes defined in the study are situated in NNE-SSE direction 2 km north to the village. - A clear lineament defined in the study is situated in NNW-SSE direction 3.5 km northeast to the village.

Image data PRISM stereoscopic view Mm07 Mm04 Mm01 N used Nadir (N) and Forward (F) Mm08 Mm05 Mm02 Scale: 1:50,000 Mm09 Mm06 Mm03 Index: Mm01 – 09

Image The result of image interpretation is shown in the next page, and the following features were interpretation observed, - Topography: Showing extremely flat ground except for hilly landform in the northern part. - Surface: Showing mosaic texture between moderately cultivated lands and forests. - Geology: Granite (Gb) is commonly distributed and Gneiss (Gn) crops out in the northern part of the village. - Fracture: The NW-SE trending Major fault is cut by two interpreted dykes in N-S direction. The major fault shows 1 km wide fracture zone indicated by its fault scarves. - Drainage: The basin elongated in N-S direction is wider size than others. Drainage bends toward southeast at a place meeting with the major fault. - Others: almost accessible by a vehicle.

Point selection - Position: Points No. 1 through No. 4 shown in the next figure are selected as possible positions. based on image - Direction: E-W and ENE-WSW directions could be recommended respectively for further study. interpretation - Hydrogeology: Wider drainage basin upstream as a recharge, fault zone as a groundwater path and intersection between the fault zone and the interpreted dykes as a groundwater storage would function.

Remarks None

1-30 Chapter 1 Hydrogeological Evaluation by Satellite Image Analysis

N

Linear structure

Interpreted

Wider drainage basin No. 2 Village center

No. 3 Interpreted No. 4

No. 1

Linear structure

Down structural block

Major fault zone in 1 km width

0 1 2 km Area name: Mabama (Mm) Legend Portion: Mm05N Point No. with survey direction Data: PRISM image Original point (center of the village) Scene ID: ALPSMN140803705 Acquisition date: 15/Sep./2008 Look angle: Nadir Shift: -1 Figure 1.3.8 Image Interpretation Result in Mabama Village

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(6) Kakola village General geology and image interpretation results in Kakola village are shown in Table 1.3.8 and Figure 1.3.9 respectively. Table 1.3.8 Geologic Feature of Kakola Village

General Granite (Gb) as a basement in the Tabora region is widely distributed in this village. According to a regional geologic setting, the area is located in the forth structural block from the east, which is elongated in N-S direction, tilting slightly eastward. As the eastern major fault limiting its east end seems to be a reverse fault, it should dip eastward in general.

Geologic - A major fault defined in Phase I study is situated in N-S direction 3 km east, interpreted dykes features for defined in the study are situated in the same direction 2 km east and 1 km east and an unclear further study lineament defined in the study is also situated in NNW-SSW direction 0.5 km south to the village. - It is important that these lineaments congest into one point.

Image data PRISM stereoscopic view Kl07 Kl04 Kl01 N used Nadir (N) and Forward (F) Kl08 Kl05 Kl02 Scale: 1:50,000 Kl09 Kl06 Kl03 Index: Kl01 – 09

Image The result of image interpretation is shown in the next page, and the following features were interpretation observed, - Topography: Showing flat ground except for hilly landform in the northern part. - Surface: Showing high level of land-use as a cultivated land. - Geology: Granite (Gb) is commonly distributed and shows NW-SE trending texture. - Fracture: The major fault is developed in N-S direction and the clear lineaments are developed as well. The major fault shows 2 km wide fracture zone indicated by its fault scarves. - Drainage: The basin elongated in N-S direction is medium size, originating from Tabora Municipality. - Others: Accessible by a vehicle.

Point selection - Position: Points No. 1 through No. 3 shown in the next figure are selected as possible positions. based on image - Direction: NE-SW, N-S and NW-SE directions could be recommended for further study. interpretation - Hydrogeology: Medium drainage basin upstream as a recharge, fault and lineaments as groundwater paths and fault zone and intersection of lineaments as groundwater storages would function. In addition, alignment of granite might work groundwater path due to weak structure and weathering and the interpreted dykes form groundwater storage due to their low permeability.

Remarks None

1-32 Chapter 1 Hydrogeological Evaluation by Satellite Image Analysis

N

Clear lineament with Interpreted dyke fault scarfs

Clear lineament

Fault scarf

No. 2

No. 1 Direction of the village No. 3

Major fault zone Clear lineament in 2 km width Fault scarf

Medium drainage basin

Fault scarf

Interpreted dyke

0 1 2 km Area name: Kakola (Kl) Legend Portion: Kl05N Point No. with survey direction Data: PRISM image Original point (center of the village) Scene ID: ALPSMN187773695 Acquisition date: 03/Aug./2009 Look angle: Nadir Shift: +2 Figure 1.3.9 Image Interpretation Result in Kakola Village

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(7) Mabisolo village General geology and image interpretation results in Mabisilo village are shown in Table 1.3.9 and Figure 1.3.10 respectively. Table 1.3.9 Geologic Feature of Mabisilo Village

General Granite (Gb) as a basement in the Tabora region is widely distributed in this village. A regional geologic structure is similar to the one in the Isanga village. According to a regional geologic setting, the area is located in the second structural block from the east, which is elongated in N-S direction, tilting slightly eastward. As the eastern major fault limiting its east end seems to be a reverse fault, it should dip eastward in general.

Geologic - An interpreted dyke defined in Phase I study is situated in N-S direction 1 km west to the village features for and an unclear lineament defined in the study is also situated in the same direction 2 km west to further study the village. - There is no wider drainage basin in the village than others because of being located near ridge between two drainage basins. - Intersection of two unclear lineaments is located 6 km NW far from the village.

Image data PRISM stereoscopic view N Ms07 Ms04 Ms01 used Nadir (N) and Forward (F) Ms08 Ms05 Ms02 Scale: 1:50,000 Ms09 Ms06 Ms03 Index: Ms01 – 09

Image The result of image interpretation is shown in the next page, and the following features were interpretation observed, - Topography: Showing extremely flat ground. - Surface: Showing high level of land-use as a cultivated land. White dots like irrigation ponds are observed on the image. - Geology: Granite (Gb) is commonly distributed in the area. - Fracture: Unclear lineaments are developed in N-S and NNE-SSW directions. The former is almost parallel to the major fault. The intersection of these unclear lineaments sits 6 km northwest to the village. Dips of these lineaments are not observed on the image owing to flat ground expression. - Drainage: Wider basin sits in the north where WNW-ESE trending unclear lineament is located. - Others: Not accessible by a vehicle.

Point selection - Position: Point No. 1 shown in the next figure is selected as a possible position. based on image - Direction: NE-SW direction could be recommended for further study. interpretation - Hydrogeology: Wider drainage basin upstream as a recharge, unclear lineament as a groundwater path and intersection of unclear lineaments as a groundwater storage would function. Dips of the unclear lineaments should be observed in the field.

Remarks None

1-34 Chapter 1 Hydrogeological Evaluation by Satellite Image Analysis

N

Unclear

Unclear

Unclear

Wider

drainage No. 1 basin

Direction of village center

Unclear Unclear

0 1 2 km Area name: Mabisilo(Ms) Legend Portion: Ms04N Point No. with survey direction Data: PRISM image Original point (center of the village) Scene ID: ALPSMN091353695 Acquisition date: 12/Oct./2007 Look angle: Nadir Shift: 0 Figure 1.3.10 Image Interpretation Result in Mabisilo Village

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1.3.7 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE

The results of field reconnaissance composed of 8 aspects are showed below. Detailed results of the field reconnaissance are also attached in Data Book. (1) Isanga village Table 1.3.10 The Result of Field Reconnaissance in Isanga Village Aspects Characteristics Coordination and No. 1: S05o18’35.4”, 33o28’41.8” (Way point 041), NE-SW in direction direction No. 2: S04o02’58.9”, 33o12’36.3” (Way point 006) , NE-SW in direction Distance from the village No. 1: 2.4 km No. 2: 0.9 km Recharge Large drainage basin upstream from south to north in direction Groundwater Path Clear lineament Groundwater storage Intersection of clear lineament and unclear lineament Surface condition Cultivated field Access Possible by a car Remarks Gold mine nearby Deep well in 58 m depth is also a target in NE – SW direction. (2) Usunga village Table 1.3.11 The Result of Field Reconnaissance in Usunga Village Aspects Characteristics Coordination and No. 1:, ENE-WSW in direction direction No. 2: S05o42’44.7”, 32o56’59.8” (Way point 035) , ENE-WSW in direction Distance from the village No. 1: 1.4 km No. 2: 1.6 km Recharge Large drainage basin upstream from north to south in direction Groundwater Path Clear lineament Groundwater storage Intersection of clear lineament and unclear lineament Surface condition Cultivated field (mainly paddy field) Access 500 m to a vehicle road Remarks Avoiding flood area in wet season (3) Mpombwe village Table 1.3.12 The Result of Field Reconnaissance in Mpombwe Village Aspects Characteristics Coordination and No. 1: S05o25’08.4”, 32o42’02.7” (Way point 036), NW-SE in direction direction No. 2: S05o22’28.0”, 32o41’11.6” (Way point 037) , NE-SW in direction Distance from the village No. 1: 4.4 km No. 2: 1.5 km Recharge Large drainage basin upstream from mainly ENE-WSW in direction Groundwater Path Unclear lineament Groundwater storage Intersection of major fault zone and unclear lineament trapped by fault edge Surface condition Cultivated field Access Possible by a car Remarks Intersection of major fault zone and interpreted dyke is also target.

1-36 Chapter 1 Hydrogeological Evaluation by Satellite Image Analysis

(4) Mpumbuli village Table 1.3.13 The Result of Field Reconnaissance in Mpumbuli Village Aspects Characteristics Coordination and No. 1: S05o22’27.9”, 32o41’11.5” (Way point 038), E-W in direction direction No. 2: S05o19’04.2”, 33o28’34.6” (Way point 039) , E-W in direction Distance from the village No. 1: 3.6 km No. 2: 1.0 km Recharge Huge drainage basin upstream Groundwater Path Clear lineament Groundwater storage Intersection of major fault and clear lineament Surface condition Large swamp Access Just along the main road Remarks Avoiding flood area in wet season. No access road to point No. 3. (5) Mabama village Table 1.3.14 The Result of Field Reconnaissance in Mabama Village Aspects Characteristics Coordination and No. 1: S05o08’21.1”, 32o32’51.0” (Way point 029), E-W in direction direction No. 2: S05o07’16.0”, 32o31’53.3” (Way point 030) , E-W in direction No. 3: S05o07’42.3”, 32o31’50.6” (Way point 032) , E-W in direction No. 4: S05o07’38.7”, 32o32’49.2” (Way point 031) , E-W in direction Distance from the village No. 1: 3.3 km No. 2: 1.2 km No. 3: 1.4 km No. 4: 3.2 km Recharge Large and small drainage basins upstream from mainly north to south in direction Groundwater Path Major fault zone and interpreted dyke Groundwater storage Intersection of major fault zone and interpreted dyke trapped by its dyke Surface condition Primary forest Access Possible by a car Remarks Intersection of major fault zone and another interpreted dyke is target as well. (6) Kakola village Table 1.3.15 The Result of Field Reconnaissance in Kakola Village Aspects Characteristics Coordination and No. 1: S04o51’58.8”, 32o49’25.3” (Way point 025), NE-SW in direction direction No. 2: S04o51’39.7”, 32o50’09.3” (Way point 020) , N-S in direction No. 3: S04o51’49.1”, 32o49’50.9” (Way point 021) , NW-SE in direction Distance from the village No. 1: 2.6 km No. 2: 1.4 km No. 3: 0.5 km Recharge Medium drainage basin upstream from south to north in direction Groundwater Path Congestion among clear lineaments, unclear lineament and interpreted dyke in the vicinity of major fault zone Groundwater storage Intersection of clear lineaments trapped by interpreted dyke Surface condition Cultivated field (mainly paddy field) Access Possible by a car Remarks Railroad built nearby (7) Mabisilo village No investigation in the field.

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1.3.8 HYDRO-GEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION

The result of hydro-geological interpretation for each Level-2 village is shown in Table 1.3.16. Their contents are as follows, Table 1.3.16 Comparison among Hydro-geological Interpretation for Each Level-2 Village Village Groundwater Water Recharge Storage Sealing name Point path quality Isanga No. 1 A A B A B No. 2 B B C B B Usunga No. 1 A A B A A No. 2 A A B A A Mpombwe No. 1 A A A A A No. 2 B A A A A Mpumbuli No. 1 A A A A A No. 2 A A B A A No. 3 A A A A A Mabama No. 1 A A A A A No. 2 B A A A A No. 3 A B A A A No. 4 B A A A A Kakola No. 1 A A A A A No. 2 A B A A A No. 3 B A B A A Mabisilo No. 1 A A B A A Note: A/ excellent, B/ fair, C/ poor, N/ no information Regarding a recharge, expression ‘A’ in the table shows possessing relatively larger drainage basin upstream than others. For instance, expression ‘B’ is common in point No. 2 because of possessing another smaller drainage basin than No.1. Regarding groundwater path, it makes expression ‘A’ that fractures such as major faults, clear lineaments and unclear lineaments exist along the drainage. For instance, expression ‘B’ is common in point No. 2 because of poor development of fractures along the drainage. Regarding groundwater storage, expression ‘A’ shows storage structure formed by major faults and dykes, expression ‘B’ done by intersection of lineaments and expression ‘C’ done by single lineament. For instance, point No. 2 of Isanga village marks expression ‘C’, while deep groundwater well exists in the vicinity. Most of the points mark expression ‘A’ as a seal because of locating in drainages. Isanga village marks expression ‘B’ as a water quality because of poor quality record from Phase I study. There is no precise information about groundwater level. Generally, point No.1 in each village marks excellent conditions in the view of hydrogeology.

1.3.9 RESULT OF ANALYSIS FOR TARGET VILLAGES CONCLUSION

The objective of this survey is to extract hydro-geologically potential points for the geophysical exploration in the target villages for the priority project by the use for the collection and the analysis of existing data, high ground resolution satellite PRISM image interpretation and field reconnaissance.

1-38 Chapter 1 Hydrogeological Evaluation by Satellite Image Analysis

It is important that we make a requirement for groundwater potential into consideration when interpreting the images. There exist 6 requirements in the study, particularly first three items, namely recharge, groundwater path and groundwater storage are indispensable. As a conclusion, following points were selected through this study, Isanga village, District: 2 points are selected and NE-SW direction is recommended in further study. An attention should be paid at the location of a gold mine and water quality. Usunga village, : 2 points are selected and ENE-WSW direction is recommended in further study. All requirements are satisfied at the point, but drainage basins upstream are smaller than others. Mpombwe village, Sikonge District: 2 points are selected and NW-SE and NE-SW directions are recommended in further study. All requirements are satisfied at Point No. 1 because of fault zone developed very well. Mpumbuli village, Tabora Rural District: 3 points are selected and E-W direction is recommended in further study. All requirements are completely satisfied at Point No. 1. Point No. 3 shows poor accessibility instead of all requirements. Mabama village, Tabora Rural District: 4 points are selected and E-W direction is recommended in further study. All requirements are satisfied at Point No. 1 because of fault zone developed very well. Kakola village, Tabora Municipality: 3 points are selected and NE-SW, N-S and NE-SW directions are recommended respectively in further study. All requirements are satisfied at Point No. 1 because of fractures developed very well.

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REFERENCES

B.M. Wilson (2007): Igneous petrogenesis a global tectonic approach, pp.325-374.

Cain et al. (1996): Fault zone architecture and permeability structure, pp.1025-1028

H. Saegusa, K. Inaba, K. Maeda, K. Nakano and G. McCrank (2003): Hydrogeological modeling and groundwater flow simulation for effective hydrogeological characterization in the Tono area, Gifu, Japan, Groundwater Engineering, pp. 563-569. Japan International Cooperation Agency (2008)：The Study on the Groundwater Resources Development and Management in the Internal Drainage Basin in the United Republic of -Final Report, JICA, Tokyo. Japan International Cooperation Agency（2009）：: Preparation Report of Rural Water Supply in Tabora region in the United Republic of Tanzania, pp. 1-50. J.C. Lysonski, A. Vilakati, O. Ngwenya and T. Negash (1991): Geophysics procedure manual for well sitting in Swaziland, Prepared for Canadian international development agency and Swaziland department of geological surveys and mines, pp. 1-123.

Land Resources Development Centre (1982): Land Unit Atlas, Tanzania Tabora Rural Integrated Development Project, Land Use Component, Project Record 63, TANZA-05-32/REC-63/82, pp.1-67. Patrick A. Domenico and Franklin W. Schwartz (1997): Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology, Second Edition Remote Sensing Technology Center of Japan (2010): ALOS Data Product Service Guide, pp. 1 - 13 (in Japanese)

Satoshi Kanisawa (1997): Fluorine in Granitic rocks in Kitakami Mountains, Geological Society of Japan, p.43.

Shunzo Ishiwara, Satoshi Nakano, Shigeru Terashima (2005): Chemical features of Tagami Granite in Kinki District-Especially the Role of Radioactive Minerals and Rare Earth Minerals-, Geological Survey Study Report, Geological Survey of Japan, Vol. No. 56-3/4, pp. 93-98.

United Republic of Tanzania (1976-79): Airborne Magnetic Survey, Magnetic Interpretation Map in Scale of 1:100,000, Map sheets 63, 64, 65, 66, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 173, 174, 175, 191 (Totally 40 sheets).

1-40 Chapter 2 Geophysical Exploration

CHAPTER 2 GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

2.1 ABSTRACT

The geophysical exploration was carried out to select the candidate points for the test well drilling survey and the candidate points of the water sources for the priority project.

2.2 OBJECTIVES

1) To delineate promising areas for drilling at villages envisioned as level-1 schemes 2) To choose promising areas for drilling at villages envisioned as Level-2 schemes 3) To choose promising areas for drilling at water quality check sites in

2.3 SURVEY CONTENTS

2.3.1 GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION METHODS

The EM method, radon method and 2D Electrical sounding were adopted in the Study.

Table 2.3.1 Features of Geophysical Exploration Methods Methods Handiness Volume of information Remarks

Apparent Electrical Conductivity of the EM Method ○ △ It is possible quickly, but there is little information. Horizontal Direction(1D)

Same as the above. The accuracy of survey improves when this Radon Method ○ △ Fracture Zone on Surface（1D） method is used together with the 2D Electrical Sounding

2D Electrical Resistivity of Underground Section This method gets much information, but needs a × ○ Sounding (2D) lot of survey time. ○：good △：fair ×： poor

Three kinds of geophysical exploration shown above were carried out according to the following figure.

2-1 Chapter 2 Geophysical Exploration

1.Satelite Image Interpretation

Presum ptio n o f H y d ro g e o logy （S cale:1:50,000) Geophysical Survey Outline Survey

2 . E M M e th o d 2. Radon Method The presum ption of fra c ture zone and The extra c tion of fra c ture zone on surface weathered zone.

The narrow down the presum ed Hydrogeology structure (Line Length 0.3～1.5km Spacing 20m） Detailed Survey

3. 2D Electrical Sounding

Two dimension structure of fracture zone and weathered zone is detected.

G rasped detailed H ydrogeology structure (Line Length:0.3～0.7km Spacing:<10m ）

Selection of drilling point

Figure 2.3.1 Flow of Geophysical Survey in the Study

2-2 Chapter 2 Geophysical Exploration

2.3.2 AMOUNTS OF GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION. (1) Target Villages for Level-1 Scheme EM method was carried out at 36 sub-villages in 14 villages in Tabora Region. Numbers of the survey lines was 98 and the total line length was 44.38km. The area name and amounts of exploration are listed in the following Table 2.3.2. Table 2.3.2 Amounts of Geophysical Exploration at the Villages for Level-1 Scheme District / Line Village Sub-Village Line No. Municipality Length Kagua Kati 2 1.2km Busomeke Kusini-A 2 1.1km Bulyawela 2 1.1km Igunga Kusini District 2 1.1km Mashariki Kalemela Kusini 2 1.0km Mashariki 2 1.0km Bukoli 3 0.8km Kitangili Shandu 5 1.0km Idubula 2 1.0km Nzega Makomelo Kalangale 2 1.0km District Makomelo 2 0.9km Kityelo 2 1.0km Wela Mashariki 2 1.2km Usalama 2 0.8km Kasandalala 2 1.2km Sikonge Kasandalala Ujungu 2 1.2km District Utawambogo 2 1.3km Imalamapaka 2 1.1km Tabora Iyogelo 2 1.0km Rural Ufuluma Ufuluma District 2 1.1km Senta Misha Kati 4 1.6km Misha Utusini 4 2.3km Tabora Mandelo 4 1.14km Municipality Uyui Milambela 4 1.4km Mtukula 4 1.4km Imalamakoye- 5 1.7km B Imalamakoye Imalamakoye- 3 1.0km D Kawawa 4 1.7km Kalembela Mwinye 4 1.5km Urambo Kilambero 2 1.54km Kapilula District Mlimani 3 1.6km Kiloleni-A 4 1.9km Kiloleni Kiloleni-B 3 1.4km Nsungwa 2 1.1km No.7 Nsungwa Nyota 2 0.8km Usonga 2 1.2km Total 14 36 98 44.38km

2-3 Chapter 2 Geophysical Exploration

(2) Target Villages for Level-2 Scheme and Water Quality Check Site A geophysical survey was carried out in 7 villages of the target Level-2 scheme. The EM method and Radon Method were done as an outline survey. Afterwards, 2D Electrical sounding was done as a detailed survey. About 3 water quality check sites, these do not require much information. Therefore, only a 2D electrical sounding was carried out Table 2.3.3 shows the amounts of geophysical exploration.

Table2.3.3 Amounts of Geophysical Exploration at the Villages for Level-2 Scheme and Water Quality Check Site 2D Electrical EM Method Radon Method District/ Sounding Village Line Line Line Municipality Line Line Line object Lengh Lengh Lengh No. No. No. (km) (km) (km) Nzega Dist. Isanga 2 0.96 2 1 6 2.96 Usunga 2 1.3 2 1.3 6 3.29 Sikonge Dist. Mpombwe 4242 8 3.3

Mpumbuli 1 0.6 1 0.6 2 0.95 Tabora Mabama Rural Dist. 4 2.9 4 2.64 6 3.18 Ufuluma

Level-2 scheme Level-2 - - - - 1 0.75

Tabora Mun. Kakola 5 1.84 5 1.84 7 2.67 Sub-total 18 9.6 18 9.38 36 17.1

Igumo - - - - 1 0.64

Igunga Dist. Buhekela - - - - 2 0.95

check Kagongwa 2 0.8 - - 2 1.06

Water quality Sub-total 2 0.8 - - 5 2.65

Total 20 10.4 18 9.38 41 19.75

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2.3.3 BASIC PRINCIPLES AND METHODOLOGY (1) EM Method EM method was carried out using EM34-3 manufactured by Geonics. EM34-3 consists of a transmitter with coil and a receiver with coil. The distance between coils of the transmitter and the receiver is 40m. Electromagnetic wave of 0.4Hz is transmitted by the transmitter and the secondary field is measured by the receiver to calculate the apparent conductivity. The exploration depth is about 60m. The measurement was carried out every 20m along the survey line. The study area is dominated by bedrock and it is considered that fault or fracture zone and thick weathered zone has potentiality of groundwater. The apparent conductivity changes rapidly at the fault or fracture zone and is relatively high where the weathered zone is thick.

(2) Radon Method Radon is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, occurring naturally as the decay product of radium. There are three isotopes of radon as follows; ‐ 222Rn (Rn) called radon belongs to uranium series has a half-life of 3.8235 days. ‐ 220Rn (Tn) called thoron belongs to thorium series has a half-life of 55.6 seconds. ‐ 219Rn (An) called actinon belongs to actinium series has a half-life of 3.96 seconds. It is empirically known that radon concentration is generally higher at the ground surface where fault or fracture exists. The reason of it is considered as follows; ‐ Uranium or thorium which is parent nuclide of radon is dissolved into groundwater and comes up through the fracture toward the surface. As the results, it is deposited at the surface soil layer and forms the source of radon. ‐ Radon comes up through the fracture accompanied by groundwater or carrier gas such as H2, CO2 or H2O and is concentrated within the surface soil layer. Radon is unique natural radioactive element which makes alpha decay and exists in the form of gas. Therefore radon concentration can be quantified by measuring the amount of alpha particles in the soil gas. The amount of alpha particles in the soil gas is measured by scintillation method. A scintillator such as Zinc sulfide excited by alpha particles emits light (it is called scintillation). The scintillation counter detects this light using photomultiplier tube. Radon method is carried out using Radon detector RD-200 manufactured by EDA. RD-200 consists of scintillation counter, soil gas cell and soil gas probe. The procedure of measurement is as follows; 1) Making hole. Make the sample hole using soil auger. Leave the auger in the hole until the soil gas probe will be installed. 2) Measurement of background value. Squeeze the rubber bulb pump 5 or 6 times keeping the soil gas probe in the air. Set the period select switch on the detector "1 min". Carry out a measuring of background value 1 minute by pressing the "SAMPLE" button on the detector..

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If the background value is higher than 10 cpm, ventilate the cell and remeasure. If the background value is still high, change the cell. 3) Pumping the soil gas into the cell and measurement. Carefully remove the auger from the hole and insert the soil gas probe into the hole making as good as seal as possible. Set the period select switch on the detector "Manual". Squeeze the pump 5 or 6 times. Immediately after pumping, start measurement by pressing the "SAMPLE" button on the detector. Read the value on the LED display at 1, 2 and 3 minutes after pressing the "SAMPLE" button. 4) Ventilation of the cell Immediately flush out the cell by removing the soil probe from the ground and pumping air through the system. The concentrations of radon and thoron are calculated as follows using measured values of B.G.(background value), V1(value at 1 minute), V2(value at 2 minutes) and V3(value at 3 minutes). Rn = 0.868*C3 + 0.317*C2 – 0.339*C1, Tn = 0.862+C1 – 0.674*C3 where Rn, Tn are concentrations of radon and thoron respectively. C1 = V1 – B.G. C2 = V2 – V1 – B.G. C3 = V3 – V2 – B.G. The half life time of Tn is shorter than that of Rn and Tn is decayed while radon gas move upward through fracture. Therefore, Rn concentration and the ratio of Rn/Tn both are high at fracture zone.

(3) 2D Electrical Sounding The Measurement of resistivity uses a pair of current electrodes and another pair of potential electrodes that are installed in the surface of the earth. Current a direct current or long exchange of a cycle is sent from a current-electrode, and measures the potential difference which is produced with a potential-electrode. According to the purpose and efficiency of the investigation, there are several methods in how (electrode arrangement) in the surface of the earth of a current-electrode and a potential-electrode can be arranged.

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Table 2.3.4 Feature of Array Settings Effective Density of Array Settings Efficiency Sensitivity depth data Pole-Pole ◎ ◎ × ◎ Pole-Dipole ○ ○ ○ ◎ Dipole-Dipole △ × ◎ ◎ Eltrun × △ △ ○ Wenner × ○ × ○ Schlumberger △ ○ ○ - ◎：Excellent ○：good △：fair ×： difficulty -：poor A high-density explorations (Pole-Pole, Pole-Dipole, Dipole-Dipole array) are suitable for the extraction of the fracture zone. The Pole-Pole array has the widest horizontal coverage. However, it does not have the highest resolution. The Dipole-Dipole array has high sensitivity but the signal strength is small. Therefore, it is not suitable for a deep survey (Less than 50m). The Pole-Dipole array is the most suitable method for this area among these (Target: fissure water at GL-50-100m). Because this array is positioned in the middle of the “Pole-Pole array” and the “Dipole-Dipole array”, namely the “Pole-Dipole array” has reasonably good signal strength and sensitivity. Figure 2.3.2 shows the Pole-Dipole configuration.

Figure 2.3.2 Pole-Dipole Configuration The apparent resistivity is expressed as,

ρa=2n(n+1)πaV/I ρa: apparent resistivity （Ω-m） n: separation coefficient a: spacing V: Potential I: Current

The main measurement apparatuses are shown in the following; Table 2.3.5 Measuring Instruments Name Type Specification Quantity

Maximum voltage:400V Measurement McOHM profiler 4 Maximum current: 1000mA 1 set equipment （(in case of the power booster using)

Booster POWER BOOSTER MODEL-2142 Conduction current: 250,500,750,1000mA 1 set

Observation Cable Exclusive cable 10m interval and 16 ingredient 2 set

electorode steel-manufacture stick φ15mm l＝50cm 80 set The electric wire for Single line Electric strength: 600V 1000m remote electrode Battery vehicle battery 12V 50AH 2 set

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2.4 RESULTS OF GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION OF LEVEL-1

2.4.1 IGUNGA DISTRICT

EM method was carried out at 6 sub-villages in 2 villages in Igunga district. (1) Busomeke Village 1) Kagua Kati sub-village Exploration was carried out along 2 lines. The change of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is not recognized. The apparent conductivity shows low value in whole. Therefore, it is considered that the thickness of weathered zone is thin. 2) Kusini-A sub-village Exploration was carried out along 2 lines. The apparent conductivity shows low value in whole. Therefore, it is considered that the thickness of weathered zone is thin. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is recognized between 180m and 260m along the line E-01. 3) Bulyawele sub-village Exploration was carried out along 2 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is not recognized. It is estimated that the thickness of weathered zone is relatively thick at the northern part and the western part of the survey area. But it is considered that the thickness of weathered zone is not thick because the apparent conductivity shows low value in whole. (2) Kalemela Village 1) Kusini Mashariki sub-village Exploration was carried out along 2 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is recognized between 580m and 640m along the line E-01 and between 240m and 280m along the line E-02. 2) Kalemela village, Kusini sub-village Exploration was carried out along 2 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is recognized between 280m and 320m along the line E-02. 3) Kalemela village, Mashariki sub-village Exploration was carried out along 2 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is recognized between 100m - 180m and 220m - 340m along the line E-01 and between 180m and 220m along the line E-02.

2.4.2 NZEGA DISTRICT

EM method was carried out at 8 sub-villages in 3 villages in Nzega district.

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(1) Kitangili Village 1) Bukoli sub-village Exploration was carried out along 3 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is not recognized. The apparent conductivity shows low value in whole. Therefore, it is considered that the thickness of weathered zone is thin. 2) Shandu sub-village Exploration was carried out along 5 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is recognized between 40m and 60m along the line E-03 and between 120m and 180m along the line E-04. Relatively high apparent conductivity zone is distributed from 40m of the line E-03 to 100m of the line E-04 and 40m of the line E-05 in the direction of NW-SE. (2) Makomelo Village 1) Idubula sub-village Exploration was carried out along 2 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is recognized between 80m - 120m and 400m - 600m along the line E-02. 2) Kalangale sub-village Exploration was carried out along 2 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is not recognized. The apparent conductivity shows low value in whole. Therefore, it is considered that the thickness of weathered zone is thin. 3) Makomelo sub-village Exploration was carried out along 2 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is not recognized. The apparent conductivity is higher at the western part of the line E-01, and it is considered that the thickness of weathered zone is relatively thick. (3) Wella village, 1) Kityelo sub-village Exploration was carried out along 2 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is recognized between 80m - 140m and 380m - 440m along the line E-01. The apparent conductivity shows low value in whole. Therefore, it is considered that the thickness of weathered zone is thin. 2) Wella village, Mashariki sub-village Exploration was carried out along 2 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is recognized between 540m and 600m along the line E-02. 3) Wella village, Usalama sub-village Exploration was carried out along 2 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is not recognized. The

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apparent conductivity shows low value in whole. Therefore, it is considered that the thickness of weathered zone is thin.

2.4.3 SIKONGE DISTRICT EM method was carried out at 3 sub-villages in 1 villages in Sikonge district. (1) Kasandalala Village 1) Kasandalala sub-village Exploration was carried out along 2 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is recognized between 460m and 520m along the line E-02. The apparent conductivity is relatively high at the southern part. 2) Ujungu sub-village Exploration was carried out along 2 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is recognized between 580m and 800m along the line E-01. The apparent conductivity is relatively high at the eastern part. 3) Utawambogo sub-village Exploration was carried out along 2 lines. The apparent conductivity shows high value in whole. Therefore, it is considered that the thickness of weathered zone is thick. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is recognized between 420m and 480m along the line E-01 and between 100m and 200m along the line E-02.

2.4.4 TABORA RURAL DISTRICT EM method was carried out at 3 sub-villages in 1 village in Tabora Rural district. (1) Ufuluma Village 1) Imalamapaka sub-village Exploration was carried out along 2 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is recognized between 140m - 200m and 380m - 440m along the line E-02. 2) Iyogelo sub-village Exploration was carried out along 2 lines. The apparent conductivity shows high value in whole. Therefore, it is considered that the thickness of weathered zone is thick. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is recognized between 360m and 380m along the line E-02. The apparent conductivity is relatively high at the eastern part. 3) Ufuluma sub-village Exploration was carried out along 2 lines. The apparent conductivity becomes higher at the eastern part and it is considered that the thickness of weathered zone is thicker at the eastern part.

2.4.5 TABORA MUNICIPALITY EM method was carried out at 5 sub-villages in 2 villages in Tabora Municipality.

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(1) Misha Village 1) Misha Kati sub-village Exploration was carried out along 4 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is recognized between 120m and 200m along the line E-04. The apparent conductivity shows low value in whole. Therefore, it is considered that the thickness of weathered zone is thin. 2) Utusini sub-village northern part Exploration was carried out along 2 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is recognized between 400m and 600m along the line E-04. 3) Utusini sub-village southern part Exploration was carried out along 2 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is not recognized. It is estimated that the thickness of weathered zone is thick at the southern part of the line E-03 and at the western part of the line E-04 because the apparent conductivity shows relatively high value. (2) Uyui Village 1) Mandelo sub-village Exploration was carried out along 4 lines. The apparent conductivity shows relatively high value between 0m and 80m along the line E-01 and between 300m and 380m along the line E-02. This anomaly zone is distributed in the direction of north-south on the plan map. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is not recognized. It is estimated that the thickness of weathered zone is thick at the southern part of the line E-03 and at the western part of the line E-04 because the apparent conductivity shows relatively high value. 2) Milambela sub-village Exploration was carried out along 4 lines. It is estimated that the thickness of weathered zone is thick at eastern part of the survey area because the apparent conductivity shows relatively high value. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is recognized between 220m and 400m along the line E-04. 3) Mtukula sub-village Exploration was carried out along 4 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is recognized between 200m and 220m along the line E-01. The apparent conductivity shows low value in whole. Therefore, it is considered that the thickness of weathered zone is thin.

2.4.6 EM method was carried out at 11 sub-villages in 5 villages in Urambo district.

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(1) Imalamakoye Village 1) Imalamakoye B sub-village Exploration was carried out along 5 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is not recognized. The apparent conductivity shows low value in whole. Therefore, it is considered that the thickness of weathered zone is thin. 2) Imalamakoye D sub-village Exploration was carried out along 3 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is recognized between 140m and 180m. The apparent conductivity shows low value in whole. Therefore, it is considered that the thickness of weathered zone is thin. (2) Kalembela Village 1) Kawawa sub-village Exploration was carried out along 3 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is not recognized. The apparent conductivity shows low value in whole. Therefore, it is considered that the thickness of weathered zone is thin. 2) Mwinye sub-village Exploration was carried out along 4 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is recognized between 180m and 240m along the line E-01 and between 240m and 300m along the line E-04. The apparent conductivity shows low value in whole. Therefore, it is considered that the thickness of weathered zone is thin. (3) Kapilula Village 1) Kilambero sub-village Exploration was carried out along 2 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is recognized between 1120m and 1200m along the line E-01 and between 60m and 120m along the line E-02. The apparent conductivity shows low value in whole. Therefore, it is considered that the thickness of weathered zone is thin. 2) Mlimani sub-village Exploration was carried out along 3 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is not recognized. The apparent conductivity shows low value in whole. Therefore, it is considered that the thickness of weathered zone is thin. (4) Kiloleni Village 1) Kiloleni A sub-village Exploration was carried out along 4 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is recognized between 320m and 500m along the line E-01 and between 0m and 100m along the line E-02. The apparent conductivity shows low value in whole. Therefore, it is considered that the thickness

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of weathered zone is thin. 2) Kiloleni village, Kiloleni B sub-village Exploration was carried out along 4 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is recognized between 240m and 300m along the line E-03 and between 220m and 280m along the line E-04. The apparent conductivity shows low value in whole. Therefore, it is considered that the thickness of weathered zone is thin. (5) Nsungwa Village 1) Nsungwa No.7 sub-village Exploration was carried out along 2 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is recognized between 420m and 480m along the line E-02. The apparent conductivity shows low value in whole. Therefore, it is considered that the thickness of weathered zone is thin. 2) Nyota sub-village Exploration was carried out along 2 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is recognized between 40m and 60m along the line E-02. It is estimated that the thickness of weathered zone is high at the eastern part of the line E-01 (0m - 280m) because the apparent conductivity shows relatively high value. 3) Usonga sub-village Exploration was carried out along 2 lines. The anomaly of the apparent conductivity suggesting fault or fracture is recognized between 340m and 400m along the line E-01.

2.4.7 CONCLUSION

The study area is dominated by bedrock and it is considered that fault or fracture zone and thick weathered zone has potentiality of groundwater. As a result of EM survey, faults or fractures are estimated at 26 sub-villages and thick weathered zone are at 6 sub-villages. Table 2.4.1 shows the results of geophysical survey for Level-1. The results show that faults or fractures are detected at many points but thick weathered zone is rare. Especially, in Igunga and Nzega district located in northern part of Tabora region, thick weathered zone is not recognized at all. In the survey area in Igunga and Nzega district, the outcrop of bedrock is recognized everywhere. Therefore, the thickness of weathered zone is generally thin in there districts. The detailed structure of estimated fault of fracture and weathered zone is not cleared because that EM method is just horizontal survey. Therefore, the detailed survey such a 2D resistivity method should be done before drilling is conducted.

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Table 2.4.1 Results of Geophysical Exploration at the Villages for Level-1 Scheme Type of promising area District / Thick Village Sub-Village Fault or Municipality weathered fracture zone Kagua Kati Busomeke Kusini-A O Bulyawela Igunga Kusini O Mashariki Kalemela Kusini O Mashariki O Bukoli Kitangili Shandu O Idubula O Makomelo Kalangale Nzega Makomelo Kityelo O Wela Mashariki O Usalama Kasandalala O Sikonge Kasandalala Ujungu O Utawambogo O O Imalamapaka O Tabora Iyogelo O O Ufuluma Rural Ufuluma O Senta Misha Kati O Misha Utusini O O Tabora Mandelo O Municipality Uyui Milambela O O Mtukula O Imalamakoye-

B Imalamakoye Imalamakoye- O D Kawawa Kalembela Mwinye O Kilambero O Urambo Kapilula Mlimani Kiloleni-A O Kiloleni Kiloleni-B O Nsungwa O No.7 Nsungwa Nyota O O Usonga O Total 14 36 26 6

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9506000

1250

1 2 8 9505000 0 Bulyawele 40 12

0 250 29 0 1 1 70 6 12 2 1 0 126

9504000 0 0 0 7 3 2 1 1

60 0 12 7 2 9503000 1280 1 1250 1290 1270

0 0 3 1 9502000

50 12 60 2 1 1 2 1 8 2 0 7 0

9501000

1 2 5 0 1

2 Kagua Kati

7

0 0

8

2

9500000 1 1 2 7 0

60 12

0 7 0 2 125 9499000 1

1 2 6 0

9498000

0 1 6 2 2 5 1 0 Kusini A

9497000

549000 550000 551000 552000 553000 554000 555000 Figure.2.4.1 Geophysical survey location at Busomeke village in Igunga district

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9500000

9499500

0 8 2 1

9499000

0 1 7 2 2 7 1 0 1 27 9498500 0 1 1 2 2 6 6 0 Kusini Mashariki 0

9498000

9497500

0 6 2 1 1 2 5 Mashariki 0 9497000 Kusini

9496500 547000 547500 548000 548500 549000 549500 550000 550500 551000 551500 552000

Figure.2.4.2 Geophysical survey location at Kalemela village in Igunga district

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9500300

9500200 0 E-02 2 4 6 Primary 8 School 9500100 10 12 E-01 14 0 6 4 2 12 10 8 16 18 16 14 26 24 22 20 32 30 28 34 18 9500000 36 38 20 40 42 22 44 VEO 58 56 54 52 50 48 46 60 24 Office 26 28 9499900 30 32 34 3.5 3 2.5 36 2 1.5 38 9499800 1 0.5 40 0 -0.5 42 -1 -1.5 -2 44 -2.5 -3 46 -3.5 -4 48 -4.5 9499700 -5 50 -5.5 -6 52 -6.5 -7 54 -7.5 -8 56 -8.5 -9 -9.5 58 -10 : Road 9499600 -10.5 60 : Foot path : House

550900 551000 551100 551200 551300 551400 551500 551600

10 5 0

(mS/m) -5

App. conductivity App. -10 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 Line : E-01 10 5 0

(mS/m) -5

App. conductivity App. -10 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 Line : E-02 Figure.2.4.3 Geophysical survey results at Kagua Kati sub-village in Busomeke village

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9497300

0 E-01 9497200 2 4 6 8 10 9497100 12 14 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 16 34 32 30 28 26 24 18 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 20 0 9497000 22 E-02 24 26 28 30 6 5 9496900 32 4 3 34 2 1 36 0 -1 38 -2 -3 40 -4 -5 9496800 42 -6 -7 44 -8 -9 46 -10 -11 48 -12 -13 50 -14 -15 9496700 52 -16 -17 54 -18 56 58 60 : Road 9496600 : Foot path : House

552000 552100 552200 552300 552400 552500 552600 552700

10 5 0 -5 (mS/m) -10

App. conductivity App. -15 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 Line : E-01 10 5 0 -5 (mS/m) -10

App. conductivity App. -15 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 Line : E-02 Figure.2.4.4 Geophysical survey results at Kusini-A sub-village in Busomeke village

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9505800

0 E-02 2 9505700 4

6 50 48 8 46 Primary School 44 10 42 (under construction)40 12 38 9505600 36 34 14 32 30 28 24 1626 20 22 14 16 18 18 10 12 8 20 6 4 2 4 22 3 0 2 9505500 24 1 26 0 E-01 -1 28 -2 -3 30 -4 -5 32 -6 9505400 34 -7 -8 36 -9 -10 38 -11 -12 40 -13 42 -14 -15 9505300 44 -16 -17 46 48 50 52 54 56 9505200 58 60

: Road : Foot path : House

9505100 550800 550900 551000 551100 551200 551300 551400

10 5 0 -5 (mS/m) -10

App. conductivity App. -15 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 Line : E-01 10 5 0 -5 (mS/m) -10

App. conductivity App. -15 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 Line : E-02 Figure.2.4.5 Geophysical survey results at Bulyawele sub-village in Busomeke village

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9498200

12 E-02 11 0 10 2 9 8 4 9498100 7 6 6 8 E-01 5 0 4 10 2 3 4 12 6 2 8 1 14 10 9498000 12 0 14 1616 -1 18 20 18 -2 22 -3 24 20 -4 26 28 22 -5 30 32 24 34 9497900 36 38 26 40 42 28 44 46 30 48 50 52 32 54 56 34 9497800 58 60 36 62 64 38 66 : Road 68 40 70 : Foot path : House

9497700 548700 548800 548900 549000 549100 549200 549300 549400

15 10 5

(mS/m) 0

App. conductivity App. -5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 Line : E-01 15 10 5

(mS/m) 0

App. conductivity App. -5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 Line : E-02

Figure.2.4.6 Geophysical survey results at Kusini Mashariki sub-village in Kalemela village

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17 16 0 E-01 9497200 15 14 2 13 12 4 11 6 10 9 8 8 7 10 6 9497100 5 12 4 3 14 2 1 16 0 -1 18 -2 -3 20 9497000 -4 22 -5 -6 24 26 28 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 30 26 24 22 20 18 9496900 16 32 14 12 34 10 8 6 4 36 2 0 38 E-02 40 9496800 42 44 : Road 46 : Foot path 48 : House 50

9496700 547200 547300 547400 547500 547600 547700 547800

20 15 10

(mS/m) 5

App. conductivity App. 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Line : E-01 20 15 10

(mS/m) 5

App. conductivity App. 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Line : E-02

Figure.2.4.7 Geophysical survey results at Kusini sub-village in Kalemela village

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9497800

9497700 E-02 60 14 0 58 13 12 2 56 11 10 4 54 9 6 8 52 7 8 50 6 5 9497600 10 48 4 12 3 0 2 2 4 46 6 8 14 1 10 12 44 0 E-01 14 1642 -1 40 -2 16 38 18 -3 18 36 20 -4 -5 20 34 22 22 32 -6 9497500 24 24 -7 26 30 -8 28 26 -9 28 -10 -11 -12 30 -13 32 -14 34 9497400 36 38 : Road 40 : Foot path : House

9497300 550100 550200 550300 550400 550500 550600 550700

15 10 5

(mS/m) 0

App. conductivity App. -5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 Line : E-01 15 10 5

(mS/m) 0

App. conductivity App. -5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 Line : E-02

Figure.2.4.8 Geophysical survey results at Mashariki sub-village in Kalemela village

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9536000

1

2

0 9535000 1 0 2

1

0 12 10

0 0 2 1

1 0 9534000 2 2 2 12 0 1210

1 2 2 0 12 9533000 30 Shandu 1 2 Bukoli 12 3 30 0

1 2 2 0 9532000

9531000 525000 526000 527000 528000 529000 530000 531000 Figure.2.4.9 Geophysical survey location at Kitangili village in Nzega district 9536000

9535500

1210 9535000 Idubula

1

2

2

0

9534500 1220

1220 9534000 Makomelo

0 23 9533500 1

9533000

1 240 9532500 Kalangale

9532000

1

20 0 2 2 0 4 0 5 1 3 5 2 0 2 1 2 9531500 1 1

9531000 514000 514500 515000 515500 516000 516500 517000 517500 518000 Figure.2.4.10 Geophysical survey location at Makomelo village in Nzega district

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9544000

1 0 200 118 9543000 Usalama Kityelo 1 31 1 0 130 1290 12 280 12610207 1250 0 0 12 40 9 30 1 12 1 20 1 0 210 8 9542000 1 1 00 12 1 200

1 180 1200

1 1 9541000 8 0

0 1 1 1 2 90 Mashariki1 0 119 1220 9540000

530000 531000 532000 533000 534000 535000 536000 537000 Figure.2.4.11 Geophysical survey location at Wella village in Nzega district

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9533100

9533050

30

28 20 E-03 1 0 0 18 2 261 16 0 9533000 24 2 14 12 10 22 2 4

2 8 20 18 6 3 6 E-02 1 0 2 16 2 9532950 4 8 14

12 10 10

12 8 5 9532900 6 4.5 2 4 14 4 3.5 3 3 16 2 2.5 1 2 2 0 E-01 1.5 9532850 18 1

- 0.5 2 0

20 1 -0.5 - -1

-1.5 1 22 0 -2 1 9532800 -2.5 24 -3 -3.5 1 (mS/m) 26

3 28 9532750 2

30 : Road : Foot path : House

9532700 525400 525450 525500 525550 525600 525650 525700 525750 525800

15 10 5

(mS/m) 0

App. conductivity -5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Line : E-01 15 10 5

(mS/m) 0

App. conductivity App. -5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 15 Line : E-02 10 5

(mS/m) 0

App. conductivity App. -5 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Line : E-03 Figure.2.4.12 Geophysical survey results at Bukoli sub-village in Kitangili village

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9533250

0 0 9533200 E-01 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 20 14 16 18 20 9533150 14 18 13 12 18 20 11 16 12 14 16 6 8 10 10 E-02 0 2 4 9 0 8 14 7 0 9533100 6 5 4 12 3 2 16 18 20 1 8 1010 12 14 0 2 4 6 0 -5 -1 E-03 9533050 -2 8 -3 5 5 20 -4 18 -5 16 6 14 12 0 -6 10 (mS/m) 8 6 4 2 0 4 E-04 9533000

5 2 5 0 : Road : Foot path 0 E-05 : House

9532950 530000 530050 530100 530150 530200 530250 530300 530350

15 10 5

(mS/m) 0

App. conductivity -5 0 50 100 150 200 Line : E-01 15 10 5

(mS/m) 0

App. conductivity -5 0 50 100 150 200 15 Line : E-02 10 5

(mS/m) 0

App. conductivity App. -5 0 50 100 150 200 15 Line : E-03 10 5

(mS/m) 0

App. conductivity -5 0 50 100 150 200 15 Line : E-04 10 5

(mS/m) 0

App. conductivity App. -5 0 50 100 150 200 Line : E-05 Figure.2.4.13 Geophysical survey results at Shandu sub-village in Kitangili village

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