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A Amritsar Massacre (1919), 281 Aberdeen, George Gordon, 4th Earl Ancient Order of Hibernians, 224 of, 120, 130, 168 Andrew Blayney, Major-General Lord, Act of Union (1800), 6, 14, 67, 68, 74, 75, 102n24 70–4, 95, 99, 216, 275, 276 Anglo-Boer Wars, 202 repeal movement, 15, 69, 95, 100, Anglo-Celt, The, 144, 215, 217, 109, 160, 257 232n110, 268n36 Adrianople Treaty (1829), 124 Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921), 258, 262, Afghanistan, 117 265, 266, 278 Agricultural Society (Poland), 162 Anglo-Zulu War (1879), 3 Albert, Prince, 161, 162 Anthologia Hibernica, 27, 57 Alexander I, Emperor of Russia, 34, anti-Catholicism. See Catholics 80, 82, 83, 138, 162–4 anti-colonialism, 1–20, 117, 224, 280 Alexander II, Emperor of Russia, 161, post-World War II, 9 162, 166, 190 anti-imperialism, 3, 17n22, 150n37, Alsace-Lorraine, 226, 248 228n5 Althorp, Lord. See Spencer, John anti-Islamic feeling, 224 Charles, 3rd Earl anti-semitism, 202, 261 Alvensleben Convention (1863), 167 Antsey, Thomas Chisholm, 140, 141 America. See United States of America Archbishop Bialobretzski, 163 American Civil War, 173 Argus, The, 76 American Revolution (1765–1783), Army. See military involvement 62n75 Association for the Relief and American War of Independence Education of Polish Youth, 99 (1775–1783), 53, 55 Ausgleich (1867), 182, 183

Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ denote notes.

© The Author(s) 2017 303 R. Healy, Poland in the Irish Nationalist Imagination, 1772–1922, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-43431-5 304 INDEX

Austria-Hungary. See also Galicia Biagini, Eugenio, 114, 148n10, (Poland); Habsburg Monarchy 149n21, 153n125 annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bismarck, Otto von, 177, 184, 209, 161 211, 214. See also Kulturkampf Dual Alliance (1879), 218 Black Madonna of Jasna Góra, 241, and German unification, 161, 183 244 World War I, 11, 201, 203, 277 Black Sunday (Dublin 1914), 242 Austro-Hungarian Compromise Boers, 4, 202, 217, 218 (1867). See Ausgleich Boer Wars. See Anglo-Boer Wars Bohemia, 5, 117, 119, 182, 276 Bohemian Girl (opera), 119, 276 B Bolivar, Simón, 80 Bailey, W. F., 244, 269n45 Bonar Law, Andrew, 226, 252, 260, Bakunin, Mikhail, 7, 131, 167 272n137 Balfe, Michael, 119 Boole, Ethel, 204, 205 Balfour, Arthur, 207 border changes (Poland), 12 Balfour, Gerald, 213, 251 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 19n39, 161 Balkans, 5, 11, 19n39, 187, 188, Boulanger, General Georges Ernest, 198n168, 224, 237, 268n29 210 Bar, Confederation of (1768), 28, 47 Bourne, Cardinal Francis, 260 Barton, Dunbar, 213, 214 Brest-Litovsk Treaty (1918), 254, 256 Belfast Monthly Magazine, 76, 77, 82 Bright, John, 176 Belfast Newsletter British and Foreign Bible Society, 79 on Catherine the Great, 48, 84 British and Foreign Review, 114 on France, 26, 36, 38, 41, 48, 94 British foreign policy, 17n17, 37, 68, on Frederick II, 36 83, 98, 165 Freeman’s Journal attack on, 34, 84, British rule in Ireland, 3, 4, 7, 15, 69, 94, 97, 256 116, 121, 147, 160, 164, 165, on Galicia, 208 177, 276–8 on partition of Poland, 33, 36, 39 Brosnahan, 175 on rights of small nations, 98 Brougham, Henry, 81, 104n54, 132 on Stanisław August, 34, 36, 48 Browne, Dominick, 93 Belgium Browne, Frances Catholics under Protestant rule, Last of the Jagellons, 141 110, 235, 245 Star of Attéghéi, 124, 126, 151n68 German invasion of, 235, 245 Bryce, James, 206 independence, 93, 110, 136, 166, Bulgaria, 5, 179, 188 235, 238, 239, 247, 256, 257 Bunbury, Selina, 146, 155n157, role in Irish discussions, 238 155n158 Beresford, John Claudius, 78 Bunn, Alfred, 119 Berlin Treaty (1878), 188 Burke, Edmund Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von, on Constitution of 3 May 1791, 14, 248 43 INDEX 305

on intervention in Poland, 48 Irish, 26, 29, 44, 46, 78, 87, 120, on partition of Poland, 33 129, 158, 183, 184, 186, 235, Butterwick, Richard, 17n14, 22, 275 59n2, 62n76, 63n83, 64n97, Italian, 6, 11, 110, 112, 119, 158, 102n19 165, 168, 180 Butt, Isaac, 126, 144, 182, 197n140 persecution of, 122, 183–90 Byron, Lord George, 83 Polish, 22, 28, 38, 122, 129, 165, 168, 181, 185, 242 Cecil, Hugh, 1st Baron Quickswood, C 226 Callanan, Annie, 237 Celltology, 10 Calvinism, 22 censorship, 207, 212, 238 Cambon, Jules, 261 Chamberlain, Joseph, 189, 206, 207, Campbell, Thomas, 69, 84, 91, 94, 213, 217 114, 124, 131, 224 Charles I, Emperor of Austria, 119 Canning, Sir Stratford, 143 Charles X, King of France, 89 Carberry, Mary, 245 Chartism, 110, 114, 132, 141 Cardon, Anthony, 57 Chechen community, 126 Carlow College, 168 Chelm, 185 Carr, E.H., 261 Childers, Erskine, 224 Casement, Roger, 225, 226, 233n125, Churchill, Winston, 264 236, 246, 247, 253, 280 Circassia, 124, 125, 133 Casey, John Keegan, 175, 195n97 Clan na Gael, 245 Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount, Clare by-election (1917), 253 71, 80–3, 97, 102n11, 103n46, Cobden, Richard, 176 104n50, 165, 169 Coercion Catherine the Great, Empress of Coercion Act (1881), 207 Russia, 30, 48, 84, 134 Coercion Act (1886), 204 Catholic Association, 79 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 56, 57 Catholic Bulletin, 259 Collins, Michael, 277 Catholic emancipation, 15, 67, 69, Commission on Polish Affairs (1919), 78, 79, 82, 100, 109, 116, 119, 261 127 Committee of the Polish Emigrants Catholic Relief Resident in Great Britain and Catholic Relief Act (1793), 49 Ireland, 132, 153n101 Catholic Relief Acts (1778 & 1782), Compromise (1867). See Ausgleich 40 Congress Kingdom, 68, 83, 88, Catholics 89, 94, 98, 113, 128, 147, Belgian, 79 163, 165, 169, 170, 185. Catholic persecution of Protestants, See also January Uprising in 122, 128 Russian Poland (1863–1864); confessionalisation of the Polish November Uprising question, 127, 128 (1830–1831) 306 INDEX

Connolly, James, 241, 268n24 Czartoryski, Prince Wladysław, 168 Connor, Bernard, 9 Czestochową , 241, 244 conscription Ireland, 144, 211, 225, 238, 250, 253, 255–8 D Poland, 144, 211, 225, 238, 250, Dáil Éireann, 258 253, 255–8 Danzig (Gdańsk), 9, 27 Constantine Pavlovich, Grand Duke, Davis, Thomas, 17n22, 117, 118, 166 126, 137, 150n37, 175 constitutional monarchy for Poland, Davitt, Michael, 19n40, 182, 188, 248 204, 216, 227n3, 228n15, constitution of 3 May (1791), 14, 231n77–80, 231n82, 282n7 43–9, 72, 73 Dabrowski,̨ Jan Henryk, 74 Cooke, Edward, 73, 102n15 De Blácam, Aodh, 105n73, 265 Coppinger, Fr. William, 91, 92, 95 Declaration of Papal Infallibility Copson-Niecko, Maria J. E., 145, (1870), 183 154n140, 155n152, 155n155 Declaration of the Rights of Man and Costello, E.W., 138 the Citizen (1789), 279 Coxe, William, 41, 63n79, 63n80, Declaratory Act (1719), 21 103n27 Defence of the Realm Act (1914), Cox, Walter, 77 238 Cracow, 35, 83, 131, 132, 136–8, Defenders, 42, 87 140, 165, 166, 168, 192n37, De Lacy Evans, Sir George, 143 193n51, 194n76, 212 Delavigne, Casimir, 90 Crawford, Mrs., 116 Denman, George, 167 Crimean War (1853–1856), 143 Denmark, 41, 62n69, 63n79, 82, 177, Cromwell, Oliver, 129, 169, 179 253 Crowley, 217 De Valera, Éamon, 257, 259, Cullen, Archbishop Paul, 172, 272n130 179, 180, 194n82, Devlin, Joseph, 237, 260 196n125, 196n126, Dickens, Charles, 131 196n128, 197n128 Dillon, John, 217, 220, 221, 237, Cumann na mBan, 247, 256 248, 252, 256, 257, 271n109, Cunningham, Waddell, 47, 48, 271n114 64n102 Dillon, John Blake, 171, 173, 195n83, Curzon Line, 264 195n96 Custine, Astolphe-Louis-Léonor, Dinneen, Patrick, 240, 242 marquis de, 114, 149n18 disestablishment of the Church of Czapski, Count, 172, 194n79 Ireland (1869), 160, 181, 183, Czapski, Józef Kazimierz Sulpicjusz 252 Napoleon, 95, 107n122 dissidents in Poland, 28, 29, 33, 35, Czartoryski, Adam Jerzy, 58, 82, 84, 38, 78 130, 143, 144 Dittrichswalde, 185 INDEX 307

Dmowski, Roman, 202, 227, 236, Elliott, Marianne, 64n104, 239, 254, 258, 261 64n108–10, 71, 101n8, 102n10 Dobrzyński, Wacław Tadeusz, 277, emigration 282n5 German, 209 Doherty, John, 93, 95 Irish, 1, 183, 203, 211, 223, 253, Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan, 225–6 280 Dual Alliance (1879), 218 Polish, 1, 38, 74, 94, 183, 203, Dublin Lock-Out (1913), 219 209, 211, 223, 253, 280 Dublin University Magazine (DUM), Emmet, Robert, 87, 277 126, 127, 144 Endecja, 202, 227, 281 Duffy, Charles Gavan, 117, 137 Engels, Friedrich, 7, 131, 167 Duffy, George Gavan, 225, 259 Enlightenment, 3, 18n27, 22, 23, 26, DUM. See Dublin University Magazine 33, 41, 50, 62n76 (DUM) Ensor, George, 95, 96, 107n125 Entente Cordiale (1904) Entente powers in World War I, 9, E 203 Earls, Brian, 11, 18n26, 18n32, Irish press support for, 9, 203 19n41, 43, 44, 59n8, 63n86, support for Polish independence, 9, 63n91, 63n92, 100, 107, 203 108n144, 108n145, 108n147, Eppel, Ellard, 190 108n148, 121, 150n40, 150n44, Erskine, Henry, 50, 224 150n52, 150n53, 150n56, ethnic minorities. See also 153n105, 174, 190n2, 191n2, anti-colonialism 194n67, 195n91, 195n92, eastern Europe, 219 n123–6 Poland, 9, 219, 220, 224, 252, 257, Easter Rising (1916), 237, 238, 248, 261 278 European Economic Community, 10 East Prussia, 185, 241, 257, 262 European Union, 279 Ecclesiastical Titles Act (1851), 109 Expropriation Law. See Resettlement economy Commission Ireland, 178–9, 201–2 Poland, 178, 201–2 Edinburgh Review, 82, 104n54, 249 F Educational Commission (Poland) famine (1773), 42 Ireland, 11, 101, 109, 130, 133–5, Eglinton, Earl Archibald 137, 147, 177, 186, 217, 241, Montgomerie, 142 265, 278 Éire Ireland, 17n22, 17n37, 198n155, Poland, 135, 278 238 Fenians, 3, 8, 15, 159, 160, 164, 171, Elizabeth I, 212 172, 174, 175, 178, 180, Ellenborough, Edward Law, 1st Earl 196n128, 197n128, 217, 245, 249 of, 114 Rebellion (1867), 160 308 INDEX

Fergusson, Robert Cutlar, 96 217, 220, 221, 238, 244, 245, Field, John, 70, 101n6 248, 249, 251, 252, 256, 257, Field, William, 221 261, 264, 276 Finland, 5, 11, 201, 206, 216, 221, on Catholic persecution of 224, 231n79, 241, 256, 277 Protestants, 128 Fischer, Joachim, 11, 18n36, on the confessionalisation of the 197n145, 232n91, 233n128, Polish question, 127, 128 233n130, 271n97 on the Duchy of Warsaw, 75, 76, Fitzgerald, Desmond, 278, 282n2 80, 83 Fitzgerald, James, 73, 198n147 on the Entente Cordiale, 9, 203 Fitzpatrick, Mr., 91, 92 on ethnic minorities, 220, 252, 257, Flanagan, Mary C., 237, 267n15 261 Fletcher, James, 101, 101n7 on European nationalism, 112 Flood, Henry, 27, 29, 40, 190n1 foundation of, 213 Foley, Dr. Patrick, 245, 269n52 on France, 27, 36, 76, 80, 91, 93, Fourteen Points (of Woodrow 94, 132, 146, 162, 164, 173, Wilson), 250, 254 178, 184, 249, 264 Fox, Charles, 43, 48, 52, 54, 57 on Galicia’s expanded powers, 83, Foxites, 50 132, 182, 248, 257, 264 France. See also Napoleon Bonaparte, on Germany, 243 Emperor of France; Napoleonic on Irish uprisings, 27, 29, 36, 75, Wars; Napoleon III, Emperor of 76, 83, 84, 91, 93, 97, 112, France 115, 116, 121, 127, 128, 130, alliance with Austria, 36 132, 162, 164, 169, 173, 178, Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1815), 48, 182, 184, 186–8, 202, 205, 141 213, 216, 217, 220, 238, 244, Entente Cordiale (1904), 9, 203 245, 248, 249, 251, 256, 257, Irish relations with, 10, 11 261, 264, 276 and Kościuszko, 54, 56, 69–71 O’Connell on Simón Bolívar, 80 and the November Uprising, 9, 69, on Palmerston, 97 89, 91, 100, 118, 141 on Polish expansion after World War Polish soldiers, 70, 74 I, 264 Frederick II, King of Prussia, 36 on Polish language, 146, 182, 202, Frederick William III, King of Prussia, 205, 216, 245 50 on Polish uprisings, 131 Frederick William IV, King of Prussia, on Russia, 29, 34, 36, 80, 83, 84, 140 93, 94, 97, 115, 121, 128, Freeman’s Journal 130, 146, 162, 186–8, 205, on British policies, 27, 36, 75, 76, 220, 221, 249, 251, 252, 274 80, 83, 84, 93, 97, 112, 116, French Revolution (1789–1799), 121, 130, 146, 163, 164, 169, 40–3, 45, 47, 48, 50, 58 182, 188, 202, 205, 213, 216, French Second Republic (1848), 259 INDEX 309

French Third Republic (1870), 161 Gnesen (Gniezno), 129, 184 Friedrich, Karin, 23, 59n5 Gooch, G.P., 219 Gore-Booth, Constance. See Markiewicz, Constance G Government of Ireland Act (1920), Gaelic Athletic Association, 219 259 Gaelic League, 190, 209, 213, 215, Grabski, Wladysław, 259 222 Grattan, Henry, 40, 45, 47, 72, 78, Galicia (Poland) 161, 190n1 Austrian control of, 140, 182, 206, Great Hunger, 15, 140. See also famine 243, 250, 255 Greece, 5, 6, 58, 71, 79, 83, 90, 98, famine and poverty, 135, 137, 147, 100, 110, 120, 137, 166, 189, 206 201, 217, 241, 265 championing the Greek cause, 90 model of autonomy, 140, 182, 183, degenerate Greeks, 98 206, 209, 217, 218, 227, 236, Greeks, Bulgarians, 206 243, 248 Greek and South Americans, 79 Smith O’Brien’s tour of, 170–5 Greeks had the Romans, 58 World War I, 201, 203 Greek struggle for independence, 5, Galician Misery, 203 100, 137 Galway, unrest (1905), 219–21 Greek Catholics, 5, 152n79, 198. See Gardner, Monica, 237, 267n6 also Ulster Unionists Gargett, Graham, 27, 60n13 Gregory XVI, Pope, 94, 130 Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 7, 167 Grey, Edward, 1st Viscount of Gdańsk. See Danzig Fallodon, 245 Germany. See also Bismarck, Otto von; Griffith, Arthur, 3, 19n38, 201, Kulturkampf; Prussia; 217–19, 223, 232n90, 238, 245, Resettlement Commission 246, 256, 271n114, 277 Irish relations with, 11 Resurrection of Hungary, 19n38, language policy in Poland, 215, 222 218, 232n90, 271n114 revolutions (1848), 140 Grochów, Battle of, 163 unification of, 89 Grodno, 73, 146, 172, 174 World War I, 9, 11, 15, 190, 203, 218, 265 Gibson, William, 225 H Ginnell, Laurence, 245, 248, 251 Habsburg Monarchy. See also Gladstone, William Ewart, 144, 160, Ausgleich (1867); 183, 186–8, 206–8, 211, 213, Austria-­­Hungary; Galicia 227n2, 229n35, 230n46 (Poland); partition of and Bulgaria, 210 Poland criticism of Russia, 209 alliance with Britain, 165, 218, 255 and Irish nationalism, 109, 201 annexation of Schleswig-Holstein, Glenbeigh evictions, 207 219–20 310 INDEX

Habsburg Monarchy (cont.) and European nationalism, 8, 112, and Crimean War, 165 266 Irish relations with, 5, 119, 165, Irish sympathy for (see Griffith, 172, 201, 213, 218, 219, 255 Arthur) tripartite note (1863), 176 Hunt, Henry, 93 war with Turkey, 42 Hunt, Leigh, 83 Haji-Mohammad, 126 Hyde, Douglas, 214 Hanley, Brian, 6, 17n16 Hardy, Francis, 72 Harrowby, Earl of, 142 I Hart, Charles, 119 Imperial Association Law of Germany, Hastings, Warren, 81 225 Healy, T. M., 206 India, 3, 4, 15n3, 16n5, 17n13, 25, Hennessy, John Pope, 164, 165, 168, 44, 59n10, 69, 81, 117, 148n12, 175n30, 175n32, 193n51, 150n38, 176, 191n3, 227n1, 195n103, 280 228n5, 282n12 Henry, Mitchell, 182 IPP. See Irish Parliamentary Party Hobson, Bulmer, 225 (IPP) Home Government Association, 160, Irish Arms Act, 121 181, 182 Irish Boundary Commission (1925), Home Rule 262 First Home Rule Bill (1886), 181–3 Irish Citizen Army, 247 movement for, 15, 110, 180, 182, Irish Confederation, 137, 138, 140, 201, 205, 209, 219, 253, 259 153n117, 154n126 Third Home Rule Bill (1912), 16, Irish Convention, 253 201, 203, 213–19, 226, 239 Irish Freedom, 106n104, 225, 238 Home Rule League, 181, 197n140 Irish Independent, 165, 199n178, 220, Horn, D.B., 33, 37, 60n30, 61n37, 238, 242, 243, 251, 257, 260, 61n40, 61n51, 61n54–7, 62n63, 262, 264, 267n6, 268n27, 62n68, 62n71, 64n117, 101n2, 268n38, 269n51, 281n1 108n149 Irish Labour Party, 260 Howe, Stephen, 3, 16n4, 17n22, 118, Irish Magazine, 77, 83 150n42 Irish Monthly Magazine, 95, 96 Humbert, General Jean Joseph Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP), 8, 15, Amable, 67 157, 188, 189, 201, 206, 219, Humboldt, Alexander von, 161 223, 224, 226, 237, 239, 245–7, Hume, Joseph, 93, 97 250–2, 258, 260 Hungary Irish Patriot Party, 40 autonomy from Austria, 218 Irish People, 2, 4, 8, 9, 13, 26, 42, British government sympathy for, 165 109, 134, 137, 159, 165, Compromise (1867) (see 177–80, 196n116, 196n128, Ausgleich) 211, 237, 239, 244, 265, 275 INDEX 311

Irish Potato Tithes Bill, 78 Kathleen O’Meara’s story of, 187 Irish Rebellion (1641), 180 Jesuits, 29, 127 Irish Rebellion (1798), 96 Jews, 5, 12, 13, 41, 79, 113, 165, Irish Republican Army, 258 166, 183, 199n181, 204, 227, Irish Republican Brotherhood, 158, 265, 281 219, 225, 235 John III Sobieski, King of Poland, Irish Times, 159, 194n75, 209, 121 228n13, 230n44, 230n62, 238, Joseph II, Emperor of Austria, 36 256, 261, 268n27, 268n36, Joyce, John Stanislaus, 150n52 268n38, 269n44, 269n45, 281n1 Joy, Henry, 48 Irish Transport and General Workers’ Joy, Robert, 39 Union, 219 Irish Universities Bill (1908), 218 Irish Volunteers. See also Irish K Republican Army Kalisz, 241 eighteenth century, 180, 219, 245, Keats, John, 83 258 Kelly, Matthew, 3, 4, 16n6, 17n12, twentieth century, 1, 10, 11, 19n40, 112, 118, 148n3, 148n5, 148n8, 255, 275, 278, 279 149n13, 150n43, 153n124, Irish War of Independence 191n5, 191n7, 191n9, 196n128 (1919–1921), 258 Kelly, R.J., 222, 237 Irish Worker, 219, 238, 241, 268n24 Kenney, James, 75, 103n26 Italy. See also Mazzini, Giuseppe Kenyon, Fr., 138 Irish sympathy for, 211 Kerensky, Alexander, 251, 253 unification of, 89 Kettle, Tom, 1, 239, 267n21 Kholm. See Chelm Kielce, 169 J Kilmore mummers, 100 Jackson, William, 53 Knock, 184, 185 Jacobinism, 48, 54, 95 Knox, Lawrence E., 159 Jacobitism, 39, 121 Kościuszko, Tadeusz Jaffe, Joe, 237 cult of, 14, 53, 58, 75, 118, 277 James I, King of England and Ireland, and Napoleon I, 75 212 Kościuszko Uprising (1794), 6, 50, Janasz, D.J., 242, 243, 268n36, 53–8, 75, 99 268n38 Kośmian, Stanislaw Egbert, 114 Janiszewski, Thomas Victor, 204 Kossuth, Lajos, 16n3, 111 January Uprising in Russian Poland Krasińki, Zygmunt, 84 (1863–1864), 1, 5, 9, 13–15, Krasiński, Valerian, 126, 127, 276, 278 151n76 emerging tensions, 166–76 Kulturkampf, 15, 181, 183–5, 203, Irish reflections on, 166, 168–76 214 312 INDEX

L Lithuania, 5, 12, 17n14, 17n24, Labouchère, Henry, 206 19n45, 21–3, 28, 38, 48, 53, labour movement, 219 59n3, 62n62, 73, 84, 88, 89, Lach-Szyrma, Wladyslaw, 225, 269n63 111, 113, 167, 193n51, 194n75, Lamartine, Alphonse de, 139 227, 236, 243, 254, 261, 264, Lamb, Frederick, 36, 80, 103n46 271n106 Lamennais, Hugues Felicité Robert Liverpool, Lord, 82, 99, 143, de, 90 153n117, 168, 206, 226, 260 Land Acts (Ireland), 160, 181, 182, Lloyd George, David, 247, 248, 189, 203, 204, 213, 219, 246, 251–4, 257, 260–2, 272n133, 252, 258, 259 273n143 Land League, 182, 189, 249 Local Government Act (1898), 203, land transfers, 203, 226 213 Langiewicz, General Marian, 167 lock-outs, 219, 220 language question Łódź, 216, 220, 227 Germany, 185, 190 Londonderry, Charles William Vane, Ireland, 190, 204, 205, 221 3rd Marquess of, 103, 115 Poland, 190, 204, 205, 221 Long, Walter, 103n46, 115, 286 Russia, 185, 190, 205, 221 Louis XVI, King of France, 48 Lansdowne, Lord Henry Lublin, 58, 243 Petty-­­Fitzmaurice, 141, 142 Lucas, Charles, 27 Larkin, James, 219 Lwów. See Lemberg Lavelle, Fr. Patrick, 168, 171 Law, Andrew Bonar. See Bonar Law, Andrew M Leader, The, 222, 225, 238, 240, 241, Macaulay, Charles Babington, 119, 251, 257 120 League of Nations, 9, 18n29, 261, MacEvoy, Meath Edward, 165 262, 272n130, 277, 279 MacMahon, Marshall, 118 Lecky, W.E.H., 157, 158, 190n1 MacNeill, Eoin, 245 Ledóchowski, Archbishop Mieczysław, MacWhite, Eoin, 11, 19n42, 105n71, 184, 214, 231n66 152n78 Leech, John, 121, 123 Maguire, John, 145, 169 Lemberg (Lwów), 140, 182, 183, Manchester Martyrs, 180 241, 245, 254 Manela, Erez, 259, 270n83 Leslie, Shane, 204, 222, 228n13 Mangan, James Clarence, 134 Lester, Sean, 9, 18n29, 277, 282n3 Manifesto to the Peoples of Europe, liberum veto, 24, 28, 42, 43, 45, 139 60n14, 73 Mansfield, Charles, 185 Lind, John, 35–8 map of eighteenth-century Poland, 31 Literary Association of the Friends of map of Poland and Danzig in the 20th Poland, 94, 114, 120, 208, 210 century (1920–1939), 263 INDEX 313

Marchlewicz, Krzysztof, 10, 18n32, Mickiewicz, Adam, 70, 85, 147n1, 19n43, 106n104, 107n117, 239, 242, 268n33 149n22, 193n51, 194n75, Books of the Polish Nation and 195n93, 267n12 Pilgrims, 242, 246 Marian apparitions, 184, 198n153 Mieczyslavska, Mother Irena Makrina, Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria, 30 129 Markiewicz, Casimir, 204, 205, 223, Mieroslawski, Ludwik, 167 236, 237 military involvement Markiewicz, Constance, 204, 205, Irish soldiers, 142, 173 223, 224, 237, 265 Polish soldiers, 142, 173 Markiewicz, Stasko, 265 Minsk, 129, 146, 265 Marriott, Sir John Arthur Ransome, Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, 249, 270n79 Comte de, 32 Marshall, John, 38, 39, 62n69, Mitchel, John, 3, 17n22, 112, 117, 154n135 133, 137, 138, 150n37, 159 Martin, John, 112, 159, 171, 178 Modjeska, Helena, 188, 199 Marx, Karl, 7, 15n3, 131, 132, 139, Młokosiewicz, Franciszek, 74 154n126 Molyneux, Capel, 72, 102n14 Maxwell, General John, 247, 249 money bills, 28 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 7, 110, 111, 117, Montalembert, Charles Forbes René 118, 133, 139, 148n7, 148n10, de, 131 153n125, 167 Moore, R.S., 145 McCabe Fay, Patrick, 1, 8, 173 Moore, Thomas McClair, Denis, 25, 58, 59n9 Fables for the Holy Alliance, 84 McGuire, James, 64, 108n146, Fire Worshippers, 85, 87 232n107, 245, 271n98 Memoirs of Captain Rock, 88 McKenna, Theobald, 72, 102n14 Municipal Bill for Ireland (1837), 116 McLean, Thomas, 11, 17n19, 56, 57, Murphy, William Martin, 220, 271n98 63n85, 64n113, 69, 75, 101n4, Murray, Archbishop Daniel, 99, 104n54, 116, 121, 132, 149n20, 108n146 151n68 Muslims, 125, 126, 179, 188, 224 McMahon, Timothy, 279, 282 McManus, Terrence Bellew, 171 McSwiney, Annie, 260 N McSwiney, Mary, 260 Naganowski, Edmond, 204, 208–11, McSwiney, Peter Paul, 171, 194n82 230n57 McSwiney, Terence, 260 Namier, Lewis, 261, 272n140 Meagher, Thomas, 171, 260 Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of Meath Board of Guardians, 248 France, 78, 83 Merchant, John, 10, 18n32, 85 Napoleonic Wars, 70, 74, 75, 80, 82, Mercier, Cardinal Désiré-Joseph, 245 100, 144. See also Vienna Treaty Metropolitan Review, 114 (1815) 314 INDEX

Napoleon III, Emperor of France, Newspapers. See print media 158, 159, 176 Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia Nation cartoon in Punch, 121, 131, 161 on autonomy for nations in Europe, and religious persecution, 6, 23, 5, 6, 110, 111, 139, 140, 235, 129, 130, 179, 183, 185, 278, 238, 239, 248, 249, 259 280 on British Empire, 3, 4, 10, 16n6, repressive policies in Poland, 84, 18n33, 25, 97, 112, 117, 114 149n12, 169, 202, 220, Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia, 239 228n5, 235, 241, 255, 279–81 manifesto (1914), 239 on British rule in Ireland, 15, 147, Niemcewicz, Julian Ursyn, 84, 85, 93, 165, 177, 277 99 closure of, 114, 281 Nightingale, Florence, 167 on Galicia, 83, 131, 132, 135–7, Nihilism, 214 140, 147, 165, 176, 182, 183, Northern Star, 27, 41, 47, 50–6, 58, 201, 203, 206, 208–10, 217, 59n11, 62n77, 64n103, 65n136 227, 236, 241, 242, 248, 255, Norway, 82 257, 261, 262, 264 November Uprising (1830–1831), 9, on language question, 185, 190, 14, 67–108, 113–26, 131, 141, 204, 205, 221 147, 278 on Marian apparitions, 184 aftermath of, 115, 116 on Naganowski, 204, 209–12, Nuttall, Dr., 141 230n48, 230n49 on peasantry in Poland, 45, 55, 131, 132, 139, 147, 182, 226 O on Polish uprisings, 131 Ó Briain, Liam, 249, 270n81 Sinn Féin’s criticism of, 258, 266 O’Brien, Augustin P., 174, 180, and Young Irelanders, 3, 8, 117, 197n129 118, 125, 131, 132, 134, O’Brien, Bessie, 157, 275 137–40, 142, 158, 175, 280 O’Brien, Conor Cruise, 44 National Brotherhood of St. Patrick, O’Brien de Lacey family, 174 175 O’Brien, William Smith, 1, 13, 137, National Democratic Party (Poland), 140, 154n131, 157, 159, 170, 202. See also Endecja 190, 192n36, 192n37, 194n67, Nationality, 238, 246, 252, 257, 258, 194n73, 194n75, 194n76, 267n11 195n87, 222 National University of Ireland, 19n39, O’Bryen, Dennis, 50 218 O’Callaghan of Culaville, 75 Navigation Acts, 38 Ó Ceallaigh, Seán T., 259, 282n4 Nazi Party, 12, 277, 278 O’Connell, Daniel, 16n11, 103n44, Netherlands, 79, 93, 213 106n90, 108n141, 108n148, Newenham, Sir Edward, 45 150n30 INDEX 315

and Catholic emancipation, 78, 79, Orthodox Church, 120, 128, 129, 116 167, 172, 186, 242 criticism of Nicholas I, 146 O’Shea, Katherine, 201 to Kosciusko, 80, 91 Ottoman Empire, 5, 6, 121, 142, 143. on Kościuszko, 14, 80, 88, 121 See also Turkey Ledóchowski’s tribute to, 184, 214, 231n66 Naganowski’s comments on, 204, P 208, 210 Paderewski, Ignacy, 204, 228n10 on Niemcewicz, 93 Paine, Thomas, 43, 46 on November Uprising, 67–108 Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd on religious persecution, 6, 23, Viscount, 97, 98, 114, 143, 160, 129, 130, 179, 183, 185, 278, 165, 176 280 Pan-Slav Congress (1848), 139 repeal of Acts of Union, 15, 69, Pan-Slavism, 139 100, 109, 160, 257 Parczewski, Alfons, 204, 215, 231n71 O’Connell, Morgan John, 131 Paris Peace Conference (1919), 260, O’Connell, Richard, 115 261 O’Connor, Arthur, 17, 102n11 Parnell, Charles Stewart, 3, 157, 182, O’Connor, Feargus, 114 201, 202, 207 O’Connor, T.P., 206, 226, 248, 259, Parry, Jonathan, 17n17, 98, 150n35, 261, 272n116 196n107 O’Conor, Charles, 29, 60n19 partition of Poland O’Donnell, Frank Hugh, 188 first partition (1772), 12, 23–5, 27, O’Donnell, Hugh Roe, 115, 188 40–2, 49, 52, 60n30, 101n2 O’Donnell, John, 131, 173 second partition (1792–1793), 40, O’Donovan Rossa, Jeremiah, 174, 41, 48–54 177, 195n93, 195n95, 217 third partition (1795), 25, 53–8 O’Dwyer, Michael, 281, 282n12 Patriotic Society, 84 O’Kelly, Seamus, 238 patriotic symbols, 180 O’Leary, John, 253 Patriot Party. See Irish Patriot Party Olney-Pauncefote Treaty (1897), 202 Pearse, Pádraic, 246, 247, 269n62 O’Loghlen, Colmen, 171 peasantry O’Mahony, John, 145, 158, 175 Ireland, 45, 78, 131, 132, 139, 147, O’Malley, William, 237 182, 186, 226 O’Meara, Kathleen, 187, 190, Poland, 41, 45, 55, 78, 131, 147, 198n164, 276 182, 186, 222 O’Neill, Hugh, 115 Peel, Lady Emily, 126 Opielinski, Leon, 237 Peel, Robert, 144 O’Reilly, Andrew, 17n25 Penal Laws, 23, 26, 29, 39, 40, 44, Organic Statute (1832), 166 46, 47 Ó Rinn, Liam, 246, 269n63 Peninsular War (1807–1814), 74, 76 316 INDEX

People’s International League, 111, Polish Land Purchase Bank, 223 139 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Perraud, Abbé Adolphe, 179 21–39, 41–58, 59n3, 59n7, Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia, 61n41. See also partition of 134, 162 Poland Picture of Europe for July 1772, 37, Polish National Government, 176 60n35, 61n36, 61n46, 61n60 Polish Socialist Party, 220 Piotrowski, Nicodemus L., 237 Polish-Soviet War (1919–1921), 264 Piłsudski, Józef, 236, 254, 255, 264 Polish Uprising of 1846, 67, 114, Pitt, William, the Younger, 52 131, 146 Pius IX, Pope, 179, 183 Polish Victims Relief Fund, 237 Pius XI, Pope, 278 Poniatowski, Józef, 115 Plan of Campaign, 204 Ponsonby, George, 114 Plunkett, Horace, 217 popular sovereignty, 24, 26, 40, 43, Podolia, 181, 187, 223 54, 58 Poland Porter, Brian, 113, 148n11, 227n4 Austrian Poland (see Galicia Porter, Janet, 75 (Poland)) Posen (Poznań), 68, 129, 130, 141, expansionism after WWI, 187, 264 184, 223, 231n73 independence (1918), 202, 226, Potocki, Count Alfred Józef, 164 239, 249–55, 259, 260, 270 Poverty. See famine Prussian Poland, 16n10, 181, 184, Poynings’ Law, 21, 40, 45, 59n1 190, 197n144, 209, 211, 212, Poznań. See Posen 215, 221, 229n21, 230n42, Poznania, 34, 48, 68, 83, 88, 131, 230n55, 231n68, 246 (see also 140, 209, 242, 255, 257, 261, East Prussia, Poznania, Silesia, 265 West Prussia) print media, 26. See also individual Russian Poland, 16n10, 79, 88–101, newspapers and periodicals 159, 161–6, 181, 183, 184, Proclamation of the Irish Republic 187, 189, 190, 192n40, (1916), 6, 17n15, 65n136, 76, 197n144, 198n164, 204, 122, 249, 251 206–9, 211–15, 220, 221, 227, Protestants 229n21, 230n42, 230n55, Germany, 23, 185, 209, 253 230n68, 236, 241, 242, 246, Ireland, 7, 22, 23, 26–9, 38–40, 42, 268n27 (see also Congress 46, 47, 54, 74, 79, 87–9, 98, Kingdom and western 100, 103n42, 112, 113, 120, gubernii) 126, 127, 129, 151n75, 159, Polish Democratic Society, 99, 162, 172, 183, 209, 212, 252, 108n141, 131 253 Polish independence (1918), 226, Poland, 7, 22, 23, 26–9, 38, 39, 42, 249–5, 259, 260, 270 46, 47, 54, 55, 74, 79, 87–9, Polish Information Committee, 236 98, 100, 112, 113, 120, 126, INDEX 317

127, 129, 141, 159, 172, 183, Reilly, Thomas Devin, 137, 138 185, 209 212 Repeal Association, 88, 91, 122, 129, pro-Union Irish Brigade, 175 133, 138, 141, 153n104, Provisional Council of State (Poland), 153n114. See also Act of Union 17n15, 166, 248, 250, 254, 259, (1800) 277 Resettlement Commission, 209–12, Prussia. See also Frederick II, King of 214, 223, 225 Prussia; Germany; Kulturkampf; Revolution of 1848 in Ireland. See partition of Poland; Poznania; Young Ireland Rebellion Resettlement Commission Revolution of 1848 in Poland, 137, Alvensleben Convention (1863), 141 167 Rhead, Frederick, 207 annexation of Saxony, 24, 30, 41, Robbins, Keith, 104n60, 106n95, 54, 68, 131, 176, 217 154n142, 154n143, 160, annexation of Schleswig-Holstein, 191n11, 196n108 176 Rockites, 78 cholera outbreak, 93 Rohilla War, 81 (1773–1774) and Crimean War, 143, 160, 167, Rolleston, T. W., 252, 253, 271n97, 176 271n98 and Duchy of Warsaw, 70, 74, 80, Rosebery, Archibald Primrose, 5th 83 Earl of, 186 and religious persecution, 6, 129, Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 2, 15n2 183, 185, 280 Royal Irish Constabulary, 211, 222 Przemyśl, 241 Roynane, Dominick, 91 Pulawy, 58 Russell, John, 132 Punch, 17n19, 121, 123, 131, Russell, Rev. Matthew, 184, 198n147 151n61, 161 Russia. See also Alexander I, Emperor of Russia; Alexander II, Emperor of Russia; Catherine the Great, R Empress of Russia; Congress Racism, 161 Kingdom; Nicholas I, Emperor of Radziwiłł, Prince Edmund, 184 Russia; Nicholas II, Emperor of Redmond, John, 219, 229n30 Russia; partition of Poland; Redmond, William, 189 western gubernii Reform Act (1832), 88, 111 and Bulgaria, 188 Reformation, 22, 103n42, 126, 127, and Crimean War, 111, 142, 143, 151n75, 151n76, 186 145, 160, 165, 167, 176 Refugees. See emigration expansion into Circassia, 210 Regan, Jennifer, 3, 16n5, 148n12, and Finland, 11, 206, 216, 221, 191n3, 227n1, 228n5 241, 256 Regency Council, 254, 255 language policy in Poland, 215, Reilly, John, 122 222 318 INDEX

Russia (cont.) Semashko, Bishop Josyf, 129 Polish attack on (1920), 115, 128, Sepoy Mutiny (1857), 112 164, 184 Serbia, 5, 117, 235, 238, 239, 247, and religious persecution, 6, 129, 256 130, 179, 183, 185, 278, 280 serfs, emancipation of support for Irish nationalism, 111 Poland (1864), 176 suppression of Nihilist conspiracy, Russia (1861), 140 214 Seton-Watson, Hugh, 219 war with Turkey, 113 Sharp, William, 57 World War I, 9, 11, 12, 15, 190, Shee, Martin Archer, 85, 87, 88, 100, 201, 203, 275, 276 105n76 Russian Revolution (1905), 191, 202, Sheil, Richard Lalor, 94, 96, 97, 99, 231n78 120, 151n54 Russian Revolution (1917), 250, 253 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 49, 50, 57 Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), Siberia, 82, 84, 99, 130, 134, 162, 205, 219 163, 185, 187, 217, 223, 245 Ruthenians, 5, 22, 243 Sicilian revolution (1848), 19n46, Ryder, Sean, 3, 16n5, 117, 150n38 139 Sienkiewicz, Karol, 70 Silesia, 12, 261, 262 S Sinn Féin. See also Nationality Saint-Germain-En-Laye Treaty foreign policy, 9, 225 (1919), 262 foundation of, 219 Saxony, 44, 47, 81, 83 German Plot, 256 Schleswig-Holstein, 176 Germans in Cork, 245 school strikes, 214, 215, 221, 222, on Irish economy, 201 231n68 and Irish nationalism, 219, 223, Schroeder, Paul, 80 250 scorched earth tactics, 241 on language question, 221 Scotland, 17n25, 22, 38, 94, 119, Subject Races International 121, 230n58 Committee, 224–5, 255–6 Scots Magazine, 38 support for Poland, 9, 15, 219, Scully, Vincent, 165, 168, 169 221–3, 225, 238, 241, 242, Second Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902), 245, 248, 250–3, 256–8, 260, 202 262, 266, 281 Second Polish Republic. See Polish Skibbereen, 174, 175, 217 independence (1918) Skorupka, Count Adam, 168 Ségur, Louis Gaston de, 179 Skrzynecki, Jan Zygmunt, 115 Ségur, Louis Philippe, comte de, 23, slavery, 3, 44, 69, 82, 171, 188, 225 33 Slavs, 139, 242, 244 sejm, 21, 24, 28, 42, 47, 48, 73, 83, Slovakia, 12, 111 84, 89, 105n68 Smyth, P. J., 158 INDEX 319

Sobieski, 75, 90, 91, 99, 121, 133, Sullivan, Alexander Martin, 161, 171, 138, 188. See also John III 181, 188, 197n133 Sobieski, King of Poland Story of Ireland, 181, 197 Society for the Preservation of the Sullivan, Timothy Daniel, 170, 194, Irish Language, 215 256, 262 Society of United Irishmen, 8, 14, 26, Thiggin Thu (poem), 170, 194 27, 40, 42, 45–7, 49, 53–5, 58, Sweden, 9, 41, 42, 62, 63n79, 71, 82, 67–109, 144, 147, 217, 218. See 253 also Northern Star, United Sweetman, John, 223, 251, 271n91 Irishmen Syllabus of Errors (1864), 179, 183 decline of, 67–108 Synge, John Millington, 206 and Irish nationalism, 70 Szczepanowski, Stanisław, 203, Rebellion (1798), 75 228n6 support for Poland, 71, 75, 77 Szymanowska, Maria, 70, 101 South America, 79, 80, 100 Spain, 9, 10, 36, 38, 51, 74, 76, 103, 116, 119, 285 T Spectator, 132, 187, 198 Tablet, The, 132, 152n91, 284 Spencer, John Charles, 3rd Earl, 189 Tandy, James Napper, 45 Spencer, John Ponytz, 5th Earl, 189 Taylor, 184, Frances Margaret Stack, M.L.J., 204, 228n13 Taylor, A.J.P., 17n20, 64n123, 90, Stanisław II August Poniatowski, King 104n54, 150n35, 195n104, of Polish-Lithuanian 232n87 Commonwealth, 28, 30, 34, 36, textile industry 42–4, 48, 53, 59n2, 63n90, 75, Ireland, 221 102n19, 103n27, 114 Poland, 221 Stanley, Lord Edward, 142, 148n9, Thompson, Robert Ellis, 216 228n10 Thorn (Toruń), 23, 29, 48 Stephens, James, 158, 180 tumult of (1724), 23, 29 Strasburger, Edward Adolf, 204, Thorne, Will, 251 228n10 Tickler, T., 87, 88 Stratford Canning, 1st Viscount Tierney, Prof., 222 Stratford de Redcliffe, 143 Tilsit Treaties (1807), 76 Strikes, 175, 214, 215, 220–2, Times, The, 54, 142, 164, 220, 249, 231n68 253 Strzelecki, Sir Paul Edmund de, 137 tithes, 29, 78, 89, 109, 120, 181 Stuart, Lord Dudley Coutts, 94, 121, Tone, Theobald Wolfe, 1, 14, 47, 168, 191n20 64n98, 67, 70–3, 87, 100, 276 Stuchtey, Benedikt, 3, 16, 59, 104 Toruń. See Thorn Subject Races International Townend, Paul A., 3, 16n5 Committee, 201, 224, 233n126, Townshend, George Lord Lieutenant 255, 279 of Ireland, 30 320 INDEX

Toynbee, Arnold, 244, 269n44 V trade, 27, 30, 33, 38, 40, 45, 47, 50, Vansittart, Nicholas, 82 107n124, 176 Vaughan, Benjamin, 49 Traugutt, Romuald, 176 Vaughan, Bernard, 244, 269n49 Trench, Richard Chevenix, 92, Venezuela, 80 106n106 Ventura, Fr. Gioacchino, 116 Trinity College Dublin, 19n38, 208 Versailles Treaty, 261, 264 tripartite note (1863), 176 Victoria, Queen of England, 122, Tuite, Meath James, 207 148n12, 151n62, 191n13 Turkey, 30, 42, 49, 52, 84, Vienna Treaty (1815), 79, 97, 141, 113, 142–5. See also Ottoman 164, 167, 169, 176 Empire Vilnius, 53, 84, 264 Vistula Land, 94, 157, 185, 190, 214, 216, 220, 221, 227, 237, 239, U 241, 243–7, 250, 255 Ukraine, 5, 12, 16n10, 17n14, 48, Voltaire, 60n13, 83 62n69, 89, 105n86, 146, 204, Volunteers. See Irish Volunteers 205, 223, 256, 264, 268n30 Voynich, Wilfrid Michael, 204 Ulster, 20n19, 42, 62n65, 151n65, 181, 206, 214, 219, 220, 226, 252, 257, 261, 262, 264, W 268n41, 269n49, 271n96, Wakley, Thomas, 116 273n146, 279 Wallace, William, 121, 208 Ulster Unionists, 206, 219, 226, Walpole, Horace, 49 264 War of the First Coalition, 48 Ulster Volunteers, 219 War of Three Kingdoms (1639–1651), Union of Democratic Control, 237, 40 261 Warsaw, 23, 27, 53, 55, 68, 70, 72, United Irishmen, 8, 14, 26, 27, 40, 74–8, 80, 83, 89, 90, 93, 115, 42, 45–7, 49, 53–5, 58, 67–109, 119, 136, 137, 152n87, 162, 144, 147, 217, 218 166, 174, 177, 179, 185, 189, United Nations, 279 197n129, 202, 214, 216, 220, United States of America (USA), 53, 221, 227, 231n77, 243, 257, 264 71, 136, 145, 158, 193n43, 201, Duchy of (1807–1815), 83, 264 202, 239, 243, 250, 259 Warsaw City Delegation, 162 Uprisings. See January Uprising in Warsaw Confederation (1573), 23, Russian Poland (1863–1864); 177 November Uprising Washington, George, 48 (1830–1831); Polish Uprising of Weld, Matthew, 73, 102n18 1846; Revolution of 1848 in Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke Poland of, 81, 104n50 Urquhart, David, 124 Wells, H.G., 242 INDEX 321

West, Benjamin, 57 woollen industry. See textile industry western gubernii, 83, 89, 128, 147, World War I 167, 172, 174, 176, 190, 204, atrocities, 15 239 German occupation of Congress West Prussia, 48, 83, 95, 209, 261 Kingdom, 68 Whitbread, Samuel, 78 rising tensions ahead of, 208 White, Albert, 241 Wroughton, Thomas, 35 Whiteboys, 87 Wyndham, George, 204, 213, 219 Wieliczka salt mines, 35 Wyse, Thomas, 94 Wielopolski, Alexander, 162, 166 Wilberforce, William, 81 Wilde, Lady Jane Francesca, 171 Y Wilde, Sir William Yeats, W.B., 205, 224 Wilson, Sir Henry, 262 Yelverton, Barry, 1st Viscount Wilson, Woodrow, 250, 251, 254 Avonmore, 73, 102 Witte, Count Sergei, 221 Young Irelanders, 3, 8, 117–19, 125, Wolff, Jacob, 237 131–4, 137–40, 142, 145, 158, Wolff, Larry, 18n27, 23, 59n6, 59n7, 170, 171, 175, 195n83, 280 61n38, 62n69, 63n79, 153n100, Young Ireland Rebellion of 1848, 144 204 Young Poland movement, 10 women and German repression, 34, 244 and the Local Government Act Z (1898), 203, 213 Zaba,̇ Napoleon Feliks, 115, 168, political mobilization, 7, 175, 180, 193n58 223, 224, 277 Zamoyski, Count Andrzej, 164 and Russian repression, 167, 169, Zamoyski, General, 84 179 Zimmer, Heinrich, 221, 231n73 visiting Poland, 204 Zulus, 3