MEMOIRS

of the NATIONm MUSEUM OF VICTORIA

MELBOURNE AUSTRALIA

Director J. MCNALLY

Deputy Director and Editor EDMUNDD. GILL

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE COUNCIL

12 APRIL 497 4 Registered at the G.P.O.. Melbourne for transmission by post as a book BROWN PRIOR ANDERSON PTY LTD 5 EVANS STREET BURWOOD VICTORIA Port Phiklip Bay Survey 2

CORALLIMORPHARIA, ACTINIARIA AND ZOANTHlDEA

By CHARLESE. CUTRESS Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez

Abstract The collection of sea anemones from Port Phillip, Victoria, consists of 15 , inclu- ding one corallimorpharian, 12 actiniarians and two zoanthideans. Three are described as new species: Isophellia stelu (Actiniaria: Isophellidae), Paruzountlzus lividum (Zoanthidea: Para- zoanthidae), and Epizoantl~ussabulos~i~n (Zoanthidae: Epizoanthidae). Ten species constitute new records for Port Phillip Bay.

Corynactis australis, Actinia tenebrosa, Oulactis The collection of sea anemones resulting from muscosa, Anthopleura aureomdiata, Phlycten- he Port Phillip Bay Survey apparently is by uctis tuberculosa, and albocinctu. far the largest and richest ever to come from Three species, Epiuciis thomsoni, Bunodactis the area. Represented in the collection are one rubrofusca and Cricophorus nutrix, were pre- corallimorpharian, 12 actiniarians (one new viously known only from New Zealand and, in species), and two zoanthideans (both new addition to the three new species, reprcsent new species). records for southern Australia (Port Phillip Five species of Actiniaria and one corallimor- Bay). On the basis of the present analysis, it pharian had previously been reported from Port is apparent that the Port Phillip Bay sea ane- Phillip Bay. Haddon and Duerden (1896) de- mone fauna is for the greater part related to scribed Actiniodes spenceri, Sagartia carlgreni, that of New Zealand (nine specics) and to a Mltactis australiae, Mitactis similis and Cory- lesser extent possibly endemic (seven species). nacris autralis. The first is now recognized as an No species that might be considered sub- Actiniogeton, the last retains Baddon and tropical appeared in the collection. Duerden's names, and the other three are pro- Three papers by Carlgren (1950a, 1950b, bably synonyms of . Duer- 1954), dealing with southern Australian ane- den (1895) vaguely refers to Cystiactis tuber- mones, give good accounts of several of the culosa (now Phlyctenactis) from Port Phillip. species included in this report. I have, therefore, Since two of these species, Corynactis australis simply listed these species along with references and Phlyctenactis tuberculosa, are included in and collection data, adding comments in only the collection under consideration, there are a few instances. then 16 species known from Port Phillip Bay. Holotypes of the three new species described For an area the size of Port Phillip, this is an in this paper are deposited in the National average fauna. Museum of Victoria. Of the 15 species in the 1957-1963 survey H am indebted to Mrs Hope Macpherson collection, the three new species plus Epiactis Black of the National Museum of Victoria for australiensis, Phlyctenanthus australis and providing the specimens and data upon which Isanemonia australis are known only from this report is based, to Mr David A. West, De- southern Australia. Six other species had pre- partment of Marine Sciences, University of viously been reported from southern Australia: Puerto Rico, iviayaguez, for rhe photographs, and my wife, Bertha, for lending a hand, as Contribution, Department of Marine Sciences, Uni- versity of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, P.R. 00708. always where needed. CHARLES

DescripGon of Species Area (koc.) Spec. Species Order C,ORALLIM.ORPIIARPA 5 (58) I Family CORLLIMORPNIDAE (Williamstown, Coqnactis amstralis Haddon and Duerden Orrlactis m~lscosa intertidal) 3 Goryrzactis australis Haddon and Duerden, 1896; 151, 6 (65) 2 Parazoantlzus lividunz P1. 7, fig. 6-10, PI. 8, fig. 9-10; Carlgren, 1949: 7 (123 2 lsophellia stela 14; Carlgren, 1950b: 131. 9 (84) 17 Oultrctis 171uscosa l l Anthopleura aureoradiatci Survey areas 10 (12) 2, 12 (112) 1, 19 10 (12) 2 Corynactis nklstralis (304) 1. l0 (103) 7 Anthotl~oZalbocincta 12 (112) 1 Corynactis austmlis Order ACTINIARIA 13 (93) 3 Epiactis thor~z.rorzi Family ACTINIIDAE IS (61) 3 Epicrctis tlzonzsotzi 19 (304 1 Corynactis australis Actimia tenebrosa Farquhar 23 (3) 7 Epiactis thonzsoni Actinia terzebrosa Farquhar, 1898: 535; Stuckey, 24 (122) 2 Oulactis nzuscosa 1909c: 375, 380, Fig. 5, P1. 23, fig. 1-2; Stuckey 25 (129) 7 Arztlzothoe albocincta and Walton, 1910: 541; Stephenson, 1922: 266; 27 (41) 1 Epiactis thomsoui Carlgren, 1924: 196, Fig. 14; Carlgren, 1949: 27 Point Wilson, 50; Carlgren, 1950a: 2; Carlgren, 1950b: 132; intertidal) 20 Antlropleura aureoradiata Parry, 1951: 87, 100; Carlgren, 1954: 571. 1 Oulactis n~uscosa Survey areas 58 (79) 20, 59 (Quarantine 29 (107) 5 Arzthotlzod albocitzcta 30' (280) 1 Plzlyctenaciis tuberculosa Jetty, intertidal) 7, 59 (36) 17. 33 (177) 1 Isophellia stela 42 (38) 1 Oulactis n~uscosa OuBactis mnscosa (Drayton in Dana) 1 Epiactis thon~soni Metridium rnuscosurn Drayton in Dana, 1846: 153; 3 Bunodacfis rubrofusca 1849 (atlas): 3, P1. 5, fig. 42, 43; Dana, 1859: l? 43 (303) 3 Anthothoe albocirzcta 1L. 47 (29) 1 Phlyctenactis tuberculosa Oulactis nzuscosa, Milne Edwards and Haime, 1851: 55 (35) 2 Epiactis australie~zsis 12; Milne Edwards, 1857: 292; Andres, 1883: 55 (Mornington, 311; Carlgren, 1949: 52; Carlgren, 1950a: 3; intertidal) 1 Epiactis thonzsoni Carlgrcn, 1950b: 134, Fig. 2, P1. 2; Parry, 1951: 87, 102. 55 (Southside Oulnctis plicnf~rsHntton, 1879: 3 11; Farquhar, 1898: Schnapper 527. Point, Cradactis plicatus, Stuckey, 1909c: 376, 392, P!. 25, intertidal) 4 Isan,emonia azlstralis fig. 1-2; Stephenson, 1922: 284. 58 (90) 1 Phlycterzanthus australis 58 (79) 20 Actinia tenebrosa Survey areas A-5 (58) 1, 5 (Williamstown, 5 8 l(293) colony Epizoanthrus sabuloszn7z intertidal) 3, 9 (84) 17, 24 ( 122) 2, 27 (Point 58 (Point Lonsdale 2 I~an~emoniaaustralis Wilson, intertidal) 1, 42 (38) 1, 63 (Safety 59 (Quarantine Jetty, Beach, intertidal) 11, 69 (Rosebud, intertidal) intertidal) 7 Actinin te~zebrosa 1. 9 A~zthothoealbocincta The three largest specimens from area 63, 2 Isancmorzia australis having lengths of 25 mm and diameters of 20 59 (23) 1 Epiactis tl~o~nsoni 59 (24) 1 AntlzotlzoF albocincta and 15 mm, all have 96 tentacles and 48 pairs 59 (25) 1 Phlycterzacfis tuhercrnlosa of mesenteries of which all were fertile except 2 Anthot1702 albocincta the directives and youngest cycle. The cnto- 59 (36) I Cricophorus nutrix 17 Actinia tenebrosa derm of the tentacles, oral disc and upper 59 (80) 9 A~zthotlzoealboci~zcta column is coloured dark sepia from abundant 61 (37) 44 A~~thotl~odalbocincta zooxanthellae. The marginal sphincter is weak 63 (Safety Beach, and diffuse in all three area 63 specimens intertidal) 11 Oulactis nzlrscosa 69 (Rosebud, but in others from Anglesea the sphincter varied intertidal) 1 O~nlactisnzuscosa from weak, diffuse, to moderately strong, cir- i3 A~ztizopicuraaureoraa'iaza cumscript. Nematocysts of the marginal sphe- 8 Cricophorus ~zutri,~ (Label macerated- rules of the area 63 specimens were holotrichs Victoria 21/6/62) 4 A~zthopleuraaureoradiata 40-50 X 4-5 p and spirocysts, 28 X 2 p. CORAEEIMORPHARPA, ACTINHARIP, AND ZOANTHPDRA 85

Amthopleura aureoradiata (Stuckey) Bhlydenanthus aas&zEs Carlgren Bunodes aureort~diatnStuckey, 1909a: 368, P1. 17; Phlycterzuthus australrs Carlgren, 195Ob: 135, Fig. Stuckey, 1909~;376, 394. 3-5, PI. l; (nomen nudum) Carlgren, 1949: 61. Aiztizopleura aureoradinta, Carlgren, 1924: 208, Fig. Survey area 58 (90) P. 17; Carlgren, 1949: 54; Carlgren, 1950a: 3; Parry, 1951: 88, 104, Figs. 5-6; Carlgren, 1954: Bonasdactis rubrofaassa Carlgren 574, Fig. 3. Bunodactis, rubro-fusca Carlgren, 1924: 204, Fig. Survey areas 9 (84) 11, 27 (Point Wilson, 15-16; Carlgren, 1949: 65. intertidal) 20, 69 (Rosebud, intertidal) 13, Bu~zoductis rubrofuscn, Parry, 1951: 88, 115. label macerated (Victoria 21 Feb. 62) 4. Survey area 42 (38) 3. The anemones from the lot with the macera- Psanemonia alastralis Carlgren ted label were attached to the bivalve Katelysia P1. 9, fig. 2 scalarina. The largest specimcn measured 20 Isanemonia ur~.strcrlis Carlgren, 1950a: 7, Fig. 3; mm in length by 8 mm in diameter and con- Carlgren, 1954: 575, Fig. 4-5. tained several 12 to 14-tentacled young among Survey areas 55 (Southsidc Schnapper Point, the mescnteries. intertidal) 4, 58 (Point Eonsdale, intertidal) 2, 59 (80) 2. Epiactis aaastrlraEienasis Carlgren The Port Phillip Bay specimens seem to differ Epiactis au.straliensis Carlgren, 1950a; 5, Fig. 2; Carl- gren, 1954: 576. in several ways from the specimens described Survey area 55 (35) 2. by Carlgren (1950a, 1954). It is chiefly these diflerences that are described here. As the Epiactis thomsoni (Coughtreyj species has never been illustrated, a photograph Actin.ia thomsor?i Coughtrey, 1874: 280. of the best preserved specimen is included (Pl. ? Actiniu thonzsoni, Nutton, 1879: 313; Farquhar, 1898: 527. 9, fig. 2). The three largest specimens examined Le~otenlla f110nzp~orz1,Stuckey, 1909b: 370, PI. 18, had column heights, oral disc diameters and fig. 1-2, PI. 19, fig. 1-3; Stuckey, 1909c: 376, 395. pedal disc diameters, respectively and in centi- Epiactrs tllompsonr, Stephenson, 1922: 274; Carlgren, 1924: 221, Fig. 25; Parry, 1951: 88, 111. meters, of 3, 3, 2; 3, 3.5, 2 5; 5, 5, 6. The ten- Epiactis thor?~soni,Callgren, 1949: 58. tacles numbered 140 (t5), and the longest Survey areas 13 (93) 3, 18 (61) 3, 23 (3) measured 3 cm. This is certainly not consistent 7, 27 (41) 1, 42 (38) 1, 55 (Mornington, with Carlgren's diagnosis of the : 'tentacles intertidal) 1, 59 (23j P. not very numerous, of moderate length'. M- The specimens from Port Phillip agree though these specimens were as large or larger closely with the descriptions given by Carlgren than Carlgren's and well-expanded, I could not (1924) and Parry ( 195 1). A large specimen detect marginal pseudospherules which the spe- from area 55 contained a number of 12-ten- cies is said to have. The entodermal sphincter tacled young in the marginal stoma. muscle of the sectioned specimen is somewhat stronger than that depicted by Carlgren (195Oa, Phlyctenactis tubercaala~sa(Quoy and Gaimard) Fig. 3a) but is comparable to thai illustrated Acfirzia tuberculosa Quoy and Gaimard, 1883: 159, P1. 11, fig. 3-6. later by Carlgren (4954, Fig. 4). The sphinc- Cere~rstr.~berc~~losus. Milne-Edwards. 1857: 268 ter extends for about 3 mm along the wall Cystiucfis tubo-crrlosa, Haddon and' Duerden, 1896: of the deep Posse and consists of 120 or more 156, PI. 7, fig. 11, PI. 9, fig. 1-3; Duerden, 1895: 213; Lager, 1911 : 217; Stephenson, 1922: 286. iiiesogloeaI pleats (300 p high) many of which Plzlyctetluctis retifeia Stuckey, 1909s: 376, 396, PI. are branched. The mcsogloea is fibrous and 26, fig. 1-2. cellular throughout. The sectioned specimen is Pl~lyctenacfis~norrisonii Stuckey, 1909~:396, PI. 27, fig. 1. a ripe male. The nnmbcrs of mesenteries are Phlyctenacti,~ trlberculosa, Carlgren, 1945: 13; Car- exactly the same at the margin and base Nema- gren, 1949: 61; Carlgren, 1950a: 136, Fig. 6; Carlgren, 1954: 578, Fig. 8; Parry, 1951: 88, tocysts examined are: spirocysts of tentacles, 36 2 p; L-l-,-:-L -c l:-L.-" -c ,-?L \, c i13. 1lululll~llSU1 lllllWus, LJ-LU )\ J p; Survey areas 30 (280) 1, 47 (29) 1, 59 microbasic b-mastigophores of limbus, 21 X (25) 1. 2 5 p; of filaments, 35 X 5 p; of actinopharynx, 86 CHARLES E. CUTRESS

28-30 )( 4.5 p; of tentacles, 28-30 X 3 p; The column is divisible into a short, distinct, microbasic p-mastigophores of filaments, 20 X clean, thin-walled scapulus and a thick-walled 5 p; of actinopha~ynx,24-25 X 5-6 p. scapus bearing prominent tenaculi in its distal half. The contracted specimens have sand grains Family ISOPHELLIDAE adhering to the tenaculi while the expanded PsopBnelHia sbIa n.sp. specimens are free of sand. The columns of Fig. 1, P1. 9, fig. 1 all specimens are constrictcd just above the MATERIAL:Survey areas 7 (123) 2, 33 pedal discs, this being more evident in the (177) 2. contracted specimens. Cinclides were not evi- HOLOTYPE:Nat. Mus. Vict. 61547. Three dent. Paratypes G1548. The tentacles are thin, evenly-tapered and TYPELOCALITY: Off Middle Brighton. acute. The inner are up to 6 mm in length and are twice or more the length of the outer. There DESCRIPTION:The specimens from area 33 are 80 (22) tentacles on each of thc two are both strongly contracted, and in this state specimens. Considering the number of mesen- both have total lcilgths and greatest diameters teries, it is likely that the definitive number of of 10 X 5 mm. They are attached to tough, tentacles would be 96. white fibrous material, probably a polychaete Ectoderm of column 30 to 75 p high, with tube. The specimens from area 7 are both well a few gland cells containing neutrophilic gran- expanded and have total lengths of 20 mm and ules but lacking mucous cells. A surface cuticle greatest diameters of 7 mm. seems to be lacking even on the tenaculi.

Fig. l-lsophellia stela n. sp., a, second cycle macrocneme and a microcneme; b, marginal sphincter (only mesogloea shown). 7NTARIA AND ZOANTHlDEA 87

Entoderm of the column 12 to 25 p high, The acontia are sparse and short. In cross with a few gland cells and no zooxanlhcllae. section they are circular rather than triangular, Circular rnuscle layer of column folded into about 150 p in diameter, and the nematocyst pleats 25 p high near margin and diminishing tract occupies about one third of the circum- to 6 to 8 p. at mid column. Radial muscles of fcrence. The specimens sectioned are ripe males. oral disc and longitudinal muscles of tentacles The actinopharynx is longitudinally corru- ectodermal. gated. Its ectoderm contains very numerous, Mesogloea fibrous and cellular throughout, small, dark-staining nuclei and pale-staining that of the mid column 12 to 40 p thick. Mar- mucous cells. There are two prominent siphono- ginal sphincter in the mesogloca strong, strati- glyphs. fied near the margin and gradually becoming Cnidom: Spirocysts of tentacles 15-18 X alveolar down the column. The sphincter, in 2 5 p, numerous. Microbasic b-mastigophores section, is about 700 p long by 75 p at its of tentacles 18-20 X 2-2 5 p, common; of grcatcst width. Tn its upper portion it occupies column, 18 X 2 5 p, few; of actinopharynx, most of the width of the mesogloea but in its 30 X 3 p, numerous; of acontia. 28-32 X lower portion, only about one third. 3-4 p, numerous. Microbasic p-mastigophores Mesenteries are distinctly divisible into mac- of tentacles 17 X 3 p, few; of column, 13 X rocncmes and microcnemcs. Twenty-four pairs 3 pj few; of actinopharynx, 16 X 4 p, common; of mesenteries extend from pedal disc to oral of filaments, 11-14 X 4 p, few; of acontia, 32 disc. Of these the first cycle (two pairs direc- tives) and most of the second are macrocnemes X 4 p, numerous. and arc perfect and fertile. The retractor REMARKS:The specimens here identified as muscles of the second cycle mescnteries are Isophellia stelu resemble very closely I. sabulosa slightly wcalter than those of the first cycle. Carlgren (1900: 52, PI. 1, fig. 9) from Zanzi- In addition, one member of each pair of second bar. An obvious difference, but one that B cycle mestenterics is noticeably weakcr than think may reflect environment, is the complete the othcr and is always the same member with investment of the I. sabulosa scapus with sand respect to tile directive axis. In the sectioned while only the uppcr half of the scapus in I. specimens onc member of a second cycle pair stela is covered. A discrepancy of more import- is an imperfect, very weak macrocneme while ance is the apparent lack of cinclides in the Port a member of another pair is a microcneme. The Phillip Bay spccimens. Cinclides, however, are retractor muscles of the macrocnemes are very frequently difficult to observe in many of the strong and of the restricted type. The stronger Isophellidac, especially so in preserved speci- are made up of 40 or more high pleats of which mens. Carlgren ( 1928) added to the description many are branched. The parietal muscles of of I. subulosa. Here his text figures 68 of the both macro- and microcnemcs are of similar sphincter, 71 of the mesentery and 72 of the shape and strength. They are strong and are parietal muscle are virtually identical to depic- made up of six to 10 mostly unbranched pleats. tions of those same structures in I. stela. On The basilar muscles arc weak but distinct. The the other hand, all types of nematocysts from micronernes, throughout most of the column I. stela arc somewhat larger than those of I. lengtl~, consist of little more than parietal algoensis Carlgren (1 928). Carlgren separated muscle. Twelve pairs, or a few more, run the algoensis from sabulosa largely on the basis of length of the column, lack filaments and are the larger nernatocysts in the former species. sterile. In the region of the short scapul~isthere Primarily on the basis of the larger nema- occurs part of an additional cycle of very weak tocysts in I. stelu but also with consideration microiiemes (16 pails ill tile scctio~~edbpeci- uf iiit: mure Lropicai range of I. ~abulosa,I men). This accounts for the species having more consider the Port Phillip Bay specimens to rep- tentacles than mesenteries at the pedal disc. resent a new species. 88 CHARLES E. CUTRESS

Family basic b-mastigophores while in those from Port Anthothoe albescincta (Hutton) Phillip these nematocysts are 70-98 X 6-4 p Cregoria albocincta Hutton, 1879: 312. and 30 X 2 p, respectively. The p-mastigo- Sagartia c~lboc~ncta,Stuckey, 1909b: 372, PI. 20, phores appear to have detachable 'darts' on fig. 2-3; Stuckey, 1909c: 376, 382; Stuckey and Walton, 1910: 541. the end of the shaft. This discrepancy in nema- ? Actlnothoe alboczncta, Carlgren, 1949: 103. tocyst sizes is also noted by Carlgren (1950a). Arzthothoe albocirzcta, Carlgren, 1950a: 10; Carlgren, 1950b: 142, P1. 3, fig. 1; Parry, 1951: 89; Parry, I tend to agree with him that the observed 1952: 129; Carlgren, 1954: 584. differences, in this case, are not especially Survey areas 10 (103) 7, 25 (129) 7, 29 meaningful. (107) 5, 43 (303) 3, 59 (80) 9, 59 (24) 1, 59 (25) 2, 61 (37) 44. Family HORMATWIIDAE Cricesphoras n&ix (Stuckey) REMARKS:The Port Phillip Bay specimens Sacartia fzutrix Stuckev.-, 1909c: 376., 382..- Fin. 6, PI. agree well in anatomical features with speci- 21, fig. 1-2. mens from New Zealand. However, the nema- Cricoplzorus nutrix, Carlgren, 1924: 252, Fig. 44-53; Carlgren, 1949: 96; Carlgren, 1950a: 8; Parry, tocysts, especially of the acontia, are somewhat 1951: 89; Parry, 1952: 125; Carlgrcn, 1954: longer in Port Phillip specimens. In New Zea- 582. land specimens they are 50-65 X 7 p micro- Survey area 59 (36) 1, 69 (Rosebud, inter- basic p-mastigophores and 20-25 X 2 p micro- tidal), 8.

Fig 2-Pavazonnthus lividurn n. sp., a, microcneme and macrocneme; b, marginal sphincter (only mesogloea shown). Order ~OANTHIDEA nemes. The refractor muscles of macrocnemes Family PARAZOANTHIDAE are very weak and consist of a thin sheath of ParmomPhas Hi%.iidmmn.sp. fibres without underlying rnesogloeal pleating. Fig. 2, P1. 9, fig. 4 The filaments are of typical shape, are ciliated, MATERIAL:Survey area 6 (off Williamstown contain numerous nematocysts as well as acido- 29/6/58) 2 specimens. basophilic gland cells. The parietal portions of HOLOTYPE:Nat. Mus. Vict. 61549. the macrocnemes, with respect to the appear- PARATYPE:G1550. ance of the mesogloea and muscle fibres, are TYPELOCALITY: Off Williamstown, Vict. very similar to microcnemes. Here the meso- DESCRIPTION:The zoanthids in both lots are gloea is thick (25 ,U) and the muscle fibres on the Spirasterella sp. According to Dr are borne on low mesogloeal pleats. The Patricia Berquist, the zoanthid is dull bluish- microcnemes extend out from the column grey and the sponge, yellow ochre. In preserva- mesogloea a distance equal to or slightly tive the zoanthids of one lot are yellow ochre greater than the thickness of the column ento- while in the othcr they are a pale violet-brown. dern~(about 125 p), All specimens sectioned The pieces of spongc are rather well covered lacked discernible gonads. by several colonies of zoanthids which consist The actinopharynx is longitudinally corru- of two to more than 100 polyps per colony. gated. The siphonoglyph is shallow but distinct. For the most part the coenenchyrne, flattened, The hyposulcus is slightly shorter and indistinct. band-like and two to 4 polyps wide, meanders TFhe mesogloea is acellular and in the column in the depressions between nodules on the contains incrustation and lacunae with ento- sponge surface. However, at the distal end of dermal cells. A distinct encircling sinus was the sponge the coenenchyme is sheet-like and not apparent but some of the cords of ento- almost completely caps the rounded end of the dermal cells could have been part of such a sponge. In the proximal region of the sponge sinus. the colonies are small and separate. The largest The ectoderm of the column is disrupted by opened polyp measures 2 mm in diameter and the incrustation. Intact portions (about 30 p extends 1 mm above the surface of the coenen- thick) contain numerous holotrichs and also chyme. Some of the closed polyps are flush with the surface of the coenenchyme while most acido- and basophilic gland cells. appear as hemispheres. The polyps are close The entoderin contains zooxanthellae in together, many with their margins touch- abundance as well as acido- and basophilic ing. Small polyps are intersperscd randomly gland cells. among large ones. Incrustation consists of Cnidom: Spirocysts of tentacles, 15-20 X fine, uniform-sized grains of quartz and 3 p, numerous. Microbasic b-mastigophores of calcareous sand plus a few sponge spicules. It tentacles, 16-17 X 2-2.5 p, common; of actino- is moderately dense on the polyps, sparse in pharynx, 18-21 X 2 5-3 p, common. Micro- the middle of the coenenchyme band, and vir- basic p-mastigophores of tentacles, 15 X 3-4 p, tually absent along the edges of coenenchyme. common; of filament, 15-19 X 4 p, common. The ridges of the scapulus number ro 16 and Holotrichs of filaments, 22-25 X 10-12 p, few; are distinct in semi-open or open polyps. The of column ectoderm, 20-25 X 10 p, numerous. tentacles number to 29. REMARKS: Only Parazoanthus capensis Marginal sphincter is entodermal, occupying the entire length of the scapulus (about 120 p Duerden (1907: 180, P1. 11) from South long). It consists of 10 to 12 pleats of which Africa seems sufficiently close to P. lividum to the highest is about 20 p. The mesogloea in warrant close comparison. Carlgren ( 1998 : 95, +L:" ,+on t111D albu is about 5 +ithick. Fig. 48, PI. 1: fig. 4) has given further details Mesenteries number to 29 in large specimens of this species. First, P. capensis occurs on a with 16 being macrocnemes and 13, rnicro- different species of sponge, is pale yellow in- 30 CHARLES E. CUTRESS

stead of bluish-grey, and the colonies seem the sponge take the form of tight clusters of up never to have as many polyps as the majority to 6 polyps. Interspersed among these are single of colonies of P. lividum. The polyps of P. polyps. There is a total of about 180 polyps ore capensi are twicc the size of those of the sponge. None of the polyps is expanded. P. lividum and have 14 scapular ridges in- The largest of the least contracted polyps is stead of 16. The nematocysts of P. capensis 4 m high and a greatest diameter of 3 mm. are in general 2-4 p longer than in P. lividum. The coenenchyme is flattened and scarcely In view of these discrepancies and the geo- exceeds the circumference of the polyp's base. graphic separation of the two species, I con- Both the polyps and coenenchyme are densely sider the Port Phillip Bay specimens a new incrusted with quartz sand grains. The scapular ridges number to 15, arc prominent and are species. heavily incrusted. Tentacles number to 30 in Family EPIZOANTHIDAE large polyps. Epizomthans ssbnlosaaln n.sp. Marginal sphincter muscle in the mesogloea, Fig. 3, PI. 9, fig. 3 alveolar, the 16 to 18 alveoli situated about Survey area 58 (293) 1 colony. mid mesogloea. The sphincter is moderately HOLOTYPE:Nat. Mus. Vict. G1551. strong, about 200 p. long in section. TYPE LOCALITY:Point Lonsdale, Vict. The mesenteries number to 30 of which 15 DESCRIPTION:The single lot of zoanthids are macrocnemes and 15 are microcnemes. from area 58 were on a delicate, branching The macrocnemes bear filaments and are sponge about 8 cm high, The several colonies on fertile. The specimens sectioned are female.

Fig. 3-Epizoantl~us sabulosum n. sp., a, microcneme and macrocneme; b, marginal sphincter (only mesogloea shown). COULLIMORPHABHW, ACTINIARPA AND ZOANTHIDEA

The musculature of the macrocnemes is References extremely weak and consists of ornly a ANDRES,A., 1883. Le Attinie. Mem., Atti della R. Accad. dei Lincei, Rome. Ser. 2, 14: 211-673. layer of fibres 'gainst the mesog'oea' CARLGREN,O., 1900. Ostrafrikanische Actinien gesam- lamella. The mesogloea in the parietal part melt von Rerrn Dr. F. Stuhimann 1888 und 1889. Jahrb. der Hamburg. Wissensch. Aizsfalten of the mesenteries is about three times as thick 17 (2): 1-124. as the rest of the mesentery lamella and is , 1924. Actiniaria from New Zealand and pleated against the parietal muscle. The microc- its Subantarctic Islands. Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen,s pacific Expedition, 1914-1916, No. nemes are similar in shape and size to the thick- 21. Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk Naturh. Foren. ened parietal portions of the macrocnemes. The Kobenhavn 77: 179-261. , 1928. Actiniaria der Deutschen Tiefsee- filaments on the macrocnemes are of typical Expedition, Wiss. Ergeb der Deutschen Tiefsee- shape in sections but are exceptionally thick. Exped. auf d~rnDarnpfer "Valdivia" 1898-1899, 22 (4): 125-266. The actinopharynx is longitudinally corru- , 1938. Some South African Actiniaria and gated. A distinct siphonoglyph and an indistinct Zoantharia. K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl. 17 hyposulcus are present. (3): 1-148. , 1945. Further contributions to the know- The mesogloea of the column is thick and ledge of the cnidom in the especially contains much incrustration as well as isolated in the Actiniaria. Lunds Univ. Arsskrift N. F. (2), 41 (9) : 1-24. nests of ectodermal cells and acido- and baso- 1949. A survey of the Ptychodactiaria, philic gland cells. ~orilimor~hariaand Actiniaria. K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., Ser. 4, 1 (1): 1-121. The ectoderm of the column is greatly inter- 1950a. Actiniaria and Zoantharia from rupted because of the dense incrusation but out; Australia. K. Fysiogr. Siillsk. i Lund Fdr- handl. 20 (10): 1-15. where present is up to 25 p thick. , 1950b. Corallimporharia, Actiniaria and The entoderm contains numerous zooxan- Zoantharia from New South Wales and South Queensland. Arkiv. f. Zool. 1 (10): 131-146. thellae, a feature unsual for members of this , 1954. Actiniaria and Zoantharia from genus. South and West Australia with comments upon some Actiniaria from New Zealand. Arkiv f. Cnidom: Spirocysts of tentacles 15-22 X zoo/.. ser. 2. 6 (34): 571-595. 2,5-3 ,p, numerous. Microbasic b-matigophores COUGHTREY. M,. ' 1875. hescrivtion of a new swcies of ~ctinia.'T'rans. N.Z. inst. 7: 280. of tentacles 16-20 X 2 p, few; of actino- DANA,J. D., 1846 (text), 1849 (atlas). Zoophytes. pharynx, 16 X 2.5 p, few. Microbasic p-masti- U.S. Exploring Expedition (during the years 1838-18421 under the comrnand of Charles gophores of filaments 16 X 4 p, common. Wilkes, u.'s.N. 7: 1-740. ~hilade~hia.. Holotrichs of column 15-20 X 8-10 p, few. , 1859. Syizopsis of the report on zooplzytes of the U.S. Exploring Expedition around the REMARKS:Of the 17 species of Epizoanthus world under C. Wilkes, U.S.N. Commander, ziz known from the Pacific and Indian Oceans, tlze years 1838-1842. New Haven. vi. + 172 pp. DUERDEN,J. E., 1895. On the genus Alicia (Clad- nine species are free-living, four form carcinoe- actis), with an anatomical description of A. cea, two are symbionts of gastropods, and two costae Panc. Aizn. Mag. nut. Hist., Ser. 6, 15 (87): 213-218. are symbionts of Hyalonerna. Many of these , 1907. A new species of Parazoantlzus. Rec. species can be eliminated from consideration Albany Mus. 2: 180. solely on the basis of their geographical and/or FARQUHAR,H., 1898. Preliminary account of some New Zealand Actiniaria. J. Linn. Soc. (Zool.) 26: bathymetrical range or their growth form. I 527-536. have not exhaustively compared all other species HADDON,A. C., and J. E. DUERDEN,1896. On some Actiniaria from Australia and other districts. but I cannot find in my collection or in the Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc., N.S., 6 (pt. 6): 139- literature any species of Epizoanthus that is 172. NUTTON,F. W., 1879. The sea anemones of New similar enough to the Port Phillip species to Zealand. Trans. N.Z. Inst. 11: 308-314. warrant a detailed comparison The Port Phillip LAGER,E., 1911. Actiniaria. In Michaelsen, W, and species seems to be unique from the standpoint R. Hartmeyer: Die Fauna Siidwest-Azlstralierzs. Ergebnisse der Hamburger sudwest-australiscl~eiz or' ihe typc 01 ~PUII~~v" wi~ich it is found, its Forsci~ungsreisei905, 3 (pt. 8) : 2 15-249. jena. occurrence in shallow water, its size, number MILNE EDWARDS,H., 1857. Histoire rzaturelle des Coralliaires, vol. I. Librairie Encyclop6dique de of septa, and in its possession of zooxanthellae. Rorer, Paris, viii + 326 pp. 92 CHARLES B. CUTRESS

MILNE Eowams, H., and J. HAHME,1851. Mono- STUCKEY,P. G. A. 1909a. Notes on a New Zealand graphic des Polypiers Fossiles des Terrains Pal- actinian, B~nzodes aureoradiafa. Trans. N.Z. aeozoiques pre'ce'de'e d'un Tableau Ge'ne'ral de Ia lrzst. 1908 (new issue) 41: 367-369. Classification des Polpcs, vol. 5. Paris. , 1909b. On two anemones found in the PARRY,G., 1951. The Actiniaria of New Zealand, pt. neighbourhood of Wellington-Leiotealia tllomp- 1. Rec. Cant. Mus. 6 (1): 83-119. soni and Sagartia alboncincta. Trans. N.Z. Inst. , 1952. The Actiniaria of New Zealand, pt. 1908 (new issue) 41: 370-374. 2. Rec. Cant. MILT.6 (2): 121-141. QUOY,J. R. C., and J. P. GAIMARD,1833. Zoologie. , 19019~.A review of the New Zealand Ac- Voyage de decouvertes de I'Asfrolal~ependant tiniaria known to science, together with a de- les anne'es 1826-1829 sous le cornmaadement de scription of twelve new species. Trans N.Z. M. J. D~rrnontd'Urville. Paris. Vol. 4, 390 pp., Inst. 1908 (new issue) 41: 374-398. with folio atlas of 26 pl, 414 figs. STUCKEY,F. G. A., and C. L. WALTON,1910. Notes STEPHENSON,T. A., 1922. On the classification of on a collection of sea anemones. Trans. N.Z. Actiniaria, 3. Quart. J. Micr. Sci. 66: 247-319. Inst. 1909 (new issue) 42: 541-542. MEM NAT MUS VICI' 32 PLATE 9