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A Survey of Gastrointestinal Cestode in Brownbanded Bamboo Shark Chilocyllium Punctatum M Ller & Henle, 1838 from Upper

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A Survey of Gastrointestinal Cestode in Brownbanded Bamboo Shark Chilocyllium Punctatum M Ller & Henle, 1838 from Upper A Survey of Gastrointestinal Cestode in Brownbanded Bamboo Shark Chilocyllium punctatum Müller & Henle, 1838 from Upper Gulf of Thailand Chanya Udom1and Smarn Kaewviyudth1 1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholyothin Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900. Corresponding author‘s e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: Six species of cestodes were described from the spiral intestine of 43 Brownbanded Bamboo sharks Chiloscyllium punctatum Müller & Henle, 1838 samples collected from 3 provinces; Chonburi, Chunthaburi and Trat province from November 2013 to February 2014. All fish specimens were infected with tetraphyllidean cestodes;, Carpobothrium sp., Caulopatera pagei, Orectolobicestus tyleri, Rhodobotrium sp., Spiniloculus mavensis and Yorkeria yubodohensis. In this study, the number of 7,451 cestodes were found in C. punctatum. The highest prevalence of cestode infection was O. tyleri (100%) followed by Y. yubodohensis (88.37%) S. mavensis (32.55%) Carpobotrium sp. (16.28%) Rhodobotrium sp. (6.98%) and C. pagei (6.97%) Keywords: Brownbanded bamboo shark, gastrointestinal cestode, Upper Gulf of Thailand Introduction Helminth parasites are an important field in aquatic sciences and health sciences, especially those of food-borne transmission (Thathaisong, 2012). They have been implicated in causing human infections by consumption of raw or undercooked seafood (Adam, 1997). Recently, the helminth parasites in marine fishes have been studied by several authours. Brownbanded Bamboo shark C. punctatum is a small benthic shark inhabiting coral reefs and off-shore bays thoughout the Indo-west Pacific region (Last et al., 1994; White et al., 2004). This species was found to be threatened by overfishing (Bennett et al., 2009). It has been included on the IUCN Red List as near threatened (Cavanagh et al., 2003; Harahush et al., 2007). According to FAO statistics, sharks have traditionally been used as food in coastal areas. Shark meat was consumed and preserved in different countries according to their food traditions and technologies available to them at that time. The most common preservation methods were drying, salting or smoking. A survey in this study were found in Thailand C. punctatum is consumed particularly menu Spicy fired stir shark. Although, a few species are capable of infecting humans, however, the worms are associated with behavioral factors which enhance infection, especially the habit of eating. Cestode parasites can be deterioration of fish health and consequently affect their economic development (Purivirojkul, 2012). The cestodes (Order Diphyllidea, Tetraphyllidea) are considered as one of the most groups have been founded in Chilocyllium sp. (Caira, 1990; Caira et al., 2002; Cavanagh et al., 2003; White et al., 2004; Khalil et al., 2006; Ruhnke et al., 2006 Caira et al., 2007; Cutmore et al., 2011; Desjardins et al., 2011; Purivirojkul, 2012). Many species of cestodes have been reported to C. punctatum, including, C. pagei, O. tyleri, S. mavensis, Y. chonburiensis, Y. kelleyae, Y. parva, Y. pusillulus, Y. saliputium and Y. yubodohensis (Caira et al., 2002; Ruhnke et al., 307 10-ǰöĉëčîć÷îǰ Öćøðøąßčöüĉì÷ćýćÿêøŤìćÜìąđúǰÙøĆĚÜìĊęǰ 2006; Christison et al., 2007; Cutmore et al., 2010; Desjardins et al., 2011 and Purivirojkul et al., 2011). Therefore, our objective were to study diversity and prevalence of infected gastrointestinal cestodes in C. punctatum collected samples from 3 coastline regions, Chonburi, Chunthaburi and Trat province (of Upper Gulf of Thailand). This study will be essential for update information, prevention and management these cestode parasitic disease transmitted by the C. punctatum population. These research focus on Brownbanded Bamboo sharks Chiloscyllium punctatum Müller & Henle, 1838 Materials and methods Total of 43 shark samples were collected from 3 regions; Chonburi, Chunthaburi and Trat province coast of Upper gulf of Thailand from November 2013 to February 2014. The spiral intestine and stomach were removed from the body by opened longitudinally. The mucosa was scraped to collect the cestode embedded in the mucosal layer. The contents carefully were examined under the stereomicroscope and all cestodes were counted before being fixed in 70% ethanol for further staining with borax carmine, then dehydrated in a graded ethanol series, clearance in xylene and mounted in Canada balsam. Cestode samples were photographed and measured (Olympus DP70 digital camera and Olympus BX51 microscope). Identification of the cestode species were done (Khalil et al, 2006; Desjardins et al., 2011; Purivirojkul, 2012; Results Six species of cestodes (Figure 1) were found in spiral intestine and stomach of C. punctatum, including, Carpobothrium sp, Caulopatera pagei, Orectolobicestus tyleri,, Rhodobotrium sp., Spiniloculus mavensis and Yorkeria yubodohensis (Figure 1). All cestode species belonged to the order Tetraphyllidea. The identification were emphasized and characterized by their scolex morphology. Carpobothrium sp. has a large scolex which consists of four oval bothridia; each bothridium with apical sucker. Each ending in a conical flat aria which is attached by a short penduncle. Almost quadrangular, narrow anteriorly and broad posteriorly. C. pagei was different from other tetraphyllidean genera in having stalked, circular, non-loculate bothridia that lack an apical sucker (Cutmore et al., 2010). O. tyleri also belonged to four bothridia; each bothridium with a single apical sucker and marginal loculi. Rhodobotrium sp. has a scolex with pyriform sac, opening of which is provided with lobe-like. Submarginal accessory sucker present at anterior end of each bothridium and strobila acraspedote. S. mavensis has four simple bothridia, each bothridium, divided into two by a transverse septum, separated from a broad flat muscular anterior region and has two C- shaped hooks of equal size and one large accessory sucker. Y. yubodohensis has bothridia with two C- shaped hooks of different sizes, medial and lateral hooks. Medial hooks were large while lateral hooks were smaller on bothridia with one small accessory sucker. In this study 7,451 cestodes were found in C. punctatum. The highest prevalence of parasitic infection was O. tyleri (5,547 specimens, 100%) followed by Y. yobodohensis (1,639 specimens, 88.37%) S. mavensis (216 specimens, 32.55%) Carpobotrium sp. (40 specimens, 16.28%) Rhodobotrium sp. (4 specimens, 6.98%) and C. pagei (9 specimens, 6.97%). (table1) èǰýĎî÷ŤðøąßčöîćîćßćêĉÞúĂÜÿĉøĉøćßÿöïĆêĉÙøïǰǰðŘ 308 öĀćüĉì÷ćúĆ÷ÿÜ×úćîÙøĉîìø Ť The high prevalence of infection (Table 2) were found in January and November with two species of parasites, including, O. tyleri and Y. yobodohensis, while in February and December showed lower prevalence of infection (Table 2). Rhodobotrium sp. only found in February and C. pagei only found in January while O. tyleri and Y. yobodohensis were found all 4 months. Figure 1 Six species of cestodes infected in C. punctatum. Table1 cestode parasites from C. punctatum Cestode species Number of Number of Total number of (%)Prevalence Mean Infected cestode/fish cestodes intensity fishes Carpobotrium sp. 7 2-16 40 16.38 5.17 Caulopatera pagei 3 1-5 9 6.97 3.0 Orectolobicestus tyleri 43 5-401 5,547 100 129.0 Rhodobotrium sp. 3 1-2 4 6.98 1.33 Spiniloculus mavensis 14 1-40 216 32.55 15.42 Yorkeria yobodohensis 38 5-189 1639 88.37 43.13 Total 43 7,451 309 10-ǰöĉëčîć÷îǰ Öćøðøąßčöüĉì÷ćýćÿêøŤìćÜìąđúǰÙøĆĚÜìĊęǰ Table2 Average number of each cestode species per fish in each month. Year 2013 2014 Cestode species November December January February Carpobotrium sp. - - 0.33 2.33 Caulopatera pagei - -- 0.60 - Orectolobicestus tyleri 146.27 65.33 191.93 56.93 Rhodobotrium sp. - - - 0.27 Spiniloculus mavensis - - 0.33 13.80 Yorkeria yobodohensis 49.64 47.66 61.53 12.47 Total 195.91 112.99 254.72 85.80 Discussion Many species of cestodes have been reported in C. punctatum (Caira, J.N., 1990; Caira, J.N. and., Tracy, 2002; Ruhnke, et al., 2006; Christison et al., 2007; Cutmore et al., 2010; Desjardins and Caira, 2011; Purivirojkul and Boonsoong, 2012; Purivirojkul, 2013). But in this study six species of cestodes were found, they are Carpobotrium sp., C. pagei, Rhodobotrium sp. O. tyleri, S. mavensis and Y. yubodohensis. And also have been shown Carpobotrium sp., C. pagei, O. tyleri, S. mavensis and Y. yubodohensis in C. punctatum from Gulf of Thailand. (Purivirojkul, 2012). But never found Rhodobotrium sp. in C. punctatum from the Gulf of Thailand. Many species of Yorkeria spp. were found in C. punctatum, including, Y. chonburiensis, Y. hilli, Y. kelleyae, Y. saliputium and Y. yubodohensis. (Purivirojkul., 2012). Carpobotrium sp. was found in Carcharis acutus from India (Nitur et al., 2008). O. tyleri was found in C. punctatum from the South Chaina Sea of Mukha, Malaysia (Ruhnke, 2006). Rhodobotrium sp. was found in some ray from Gulf of Mexico (Cambell, 1979). S. mavensis was originally described by Southwell (Desjardins, 2011) in Mustelus sp. and also found in Chiloscyllium indicum from Sri Lanka (Desjardin et al., 2011) and Chiloscyllium griseum from India (Subhapradha, 1955) and Chiloscyllium punctatum from Australia (Desjardins, et al., 2011; Caira, 1990). Rhodobotrium sp. found in this study are thought to be the first records of these two species in the Gulf of Thailand. Helminths can be damageable to the health of their hosts and have been affected as diseases in host population. Cestodes also cause epizootic outbreak with heavy mortalities
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