2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment

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IUCN World Heritage Outlook: https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/ Sangay National Park - 2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment

Sangay National Park

SITE INFORMATION Country: Ecuador Inscribed in: 1983 Criteria: (vii) (viii) (ix) (x)

With its outstanding natural beauty and two active volcanoes, the park illustrates the entire spectrum of ecosystems, ranging from tropical rainforests to glaciers, with striking contrasts between the snowcapped peaks and the forests of the plains. Its isolation has encouraged the survival of indigenous species such as the mountain tapir and the Andean condor. © UNESCO

SUMMARY

2020 Conservation Outlook Finalised on 03 Dec 2020

GOOD WITH SOME CONCERNS

The conservation outlook for the site’s values related to geological processes and geomorphic features is good as these are robust and relatively immune from human intervention. Some concerns exist regarding the site’s ecological processes, biodiversity, and threatened species. However, relative to the large area and isolation of the park, human impacts from agriculture, livestock and hunting, although increasing, are still minor and have only localized effects on biological diversity and threatened species. Recent and historical inventories and registers are evidencing that despite of the growing pressures, bird, mammal and amphibian species maintain their populations. However, protection and management continue to be constrained by the relatively low level of human and financial resources available and the increasing threats will require increasing levels of investment and effective planning instruments in the future to manage the expected impacts. At the same time, the site is vulnerable to climate change and more research is required into this. IUCN World Heritage Outlook: https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/ Sangay National Park - 2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment

FULL ASSESSMENT

Description of values

Values

World Heritage values

▶ Outstanding natural beauty Criterion:(vii)

With an altitudinal range extending from 900 to 5,319 metres above sea level, Sangay National Park includes three volcanoes: Tungurahua (5,016m), Sangay (5,230m), and Altar (5,319m). These volcanoes have a superlative aesthetic beauty, including a rare combination of grasslands, rainforests and many other fragile habitats. The park also contains one of the largest areas of páramo (a montane grassland vegetation) occurring in Ecuador. Spectacular glaciers, waterfalls, and lakes complement the natural beauty of this striking landscape that plunges from the heights of the Andes down to the plains of the Amazon Basin (World Heritage Committee, 2016).

▶ Outstanding examples of on-going geological processes Criterion:(viii) characterized by volcanic activity

The currently active Sangay and Tungurahua volcanoes are some of the highest volcanoes in the world and provide outstanding examples of on-going geological processes characterized by explosions of steam and ash and lava flows. The Altar volcano exhibits the characteristics of an extinct volcano with a heavily eroded and glaciated caldera that contains a crater lake. A number of large rivers, draining eastwards into the Amazon Basin, are characterized by fast and dramatic variations in water level. Run- off is extremely rapid due to high rainfall and steep slopes. Erosion is a constant danger, although controlled by thick forest vegetation. Numerous waterfalls occur, especially in the hanging valleys of the glacial zone along the eastern edge of the Cordillera (World Heritage Committee, 2016).

▶ High diversity of vegetation types with altitudinal Criterion:(ix) variations

The large size and altitudinal variations of the Park provide the natural landscapes for the maintenance of on-going ecological processes typical of the eastern tropical Andes. A high diversity of extensive and extraordinarily well preserved vegetation types are present, ranging from alpine zones of the high paramo to the subtropical rain and wet forests of the upper Amazon Basin. Fauna species distributions correspond with vegetation zones and there is a distinct altitudinal zonation. The principal physical factors influencing vegetation are altitude and rainfall, with more luxuriant vegetation growing on the wetter eastern slopes. Subpáramo has formed at the highest levels below the snowline, and is dominated by lichens and bryophytes. A subalpine rain Páramo zone occurs below this. Montane wet forest is found in valleys to the west. At lower elevations, there is a greater variety of small trees and shrubs. Montane rainforest has developed on the wetter eastern slopes and occurs below 3,750 m. The vegetation of the upper half of this zone attains approximately 5 m. Below 3,000 m, the vegetation develops into forest up to 12 m high; between 2,000 m and 3,000 m lower montane rainforest occurs on steep-sided valleys. Subtropical rainforest occurs below 2,000 m where temperatures range from 18 °C to 24 °C and rainfall may reach 5,000 mm annually (World Heritage Centre website, retrieved February 2014).

▶ High species diversity and important habitats of Criterion:(x) endangered species

As a consequence of its relative isolation and pronounced altitudinal variation, species diversity is very high, and many species which are threatened elsewhere are found in abundance. Of particular importance are the endangered mountain tapir (Tapirus pinchaque), spectacled bear (Tremactus IUCN World Heritage Outlook: https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/ Sangay National Park - 2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment

Ornatus), Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus) and jaguar (Pantera Onca). At least 3,000 species of flowering plants are expected to occur in the park and recent reports describe 107 mammal, 430 bird, 33 amphibian, 14 reptile and 17 fish species (World Heritage Committee, 2016). 10 new species located in Sangay National Park were registered after 8-year study (two mammals and eight amphibians) (El Universo, 2018). In March 2020 the Museum of Zoology of the Catholic University reported a new species of frog in Sangay National Park. Sangay is one of the largest amphibian wealth centers in the world and has 100 described species and several new species in the process of being described (bio Web-Ecuador 2020).

Assessment information

Threats

Current Threats High Threat

Current threats from agriculture, grazing, hunting are relatively minor in extent, however the trend is that of expansion. Of greater concern are the impacts of hydroelectric dams in the vicinity of the park, associated with transformation of the entire ecosystem.

▶ Dams/ Water Management or Use High Threat (Dams) Outside site

CELEC EP is the national - public institution responsible for most of the dams and water capture for power generation. In southern Sangay National Park, CELEC EP constructed the Paute-Integral system of dams on the Paute River (2 dams with generation) and 2 separate generation sites (See CELEC EP, 2010). None of these projects are inside the park, but all are located 50 to 100 meters from park boundaries. Four power plants in cascade (Mazar, Molino, Sopladora and Cardenillo) are planned to use water from the Paute River watershed for power generation (CELEC, 2017) (Vicepresidencia de la República, 2017). Currently Mazar and Molino are already in operation. Sopladora has been operating since 2016 and is expected to be granted to a private company in June 2020. Cardenillo has implementation studies for starting executing the project (El Comercio, 2020).

▶ Crops, Livestock Farming / Grazing High Threat (Encroachment) Inside site, extent of threat not known Outside site Local communities on occasion invade a few sectors of the original Park, and are resident in the southern addition to the Park since 1992, when the park was enlarged. They clear native vegetation to establish agricultural plots and graze cattle causing deforestation and degradation of paramo grasslands. The problem is exacerbated by lack of signs or markers to indicate the Park’s boundaries. Given the extent of the park, the effects of land conversion are relatively minor; however encroachment on the park boundary continues to be an issue (IUCN Consultation, 2017). A large part of the subtropical forest in the lowlands along the eastern border of the park has been converted to grasslands for cattle ranching and agriculture. The degradation of habitat outside the protected area is considered to be one of the increasing threats of pressure to park mainly the expansion of agricultural and livestock production areas (Ministry of Environment, 2019).

▶ Livestock Farming / Grazing High Threat (Livestock grazing) Inside site, scattered(5-15%)

Grazing of domestic livestock in the Tungurahua Volcano area is of concern. Cattle grazing occurs both within park boundaries and directly adjacent to Sangay Volcano. An estimate of the area influenced by humanintervention is about 7.40% for Sangay National Park in comparison with 1.67% for El Cajas National Park (SENPLADES, 2010). New roads and land conversion threaten mature habitats– cloud forest between 2050 and 3500 mts. (Ojala-Barbour, et al. 2016). In this area, the lack of control of the "roza-tumba-quema"activities (practice of deforestation of a piece IUCN World Heritage Outlook: https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/ Sangay National Park - 2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment

of land with the aim of turning it into a field for cultivation) to promote livestock and the advance of the agricultural border, added to eroded lands, has accelerated land fragmentation without control despite being inside a national park. Livestock is the largest agricultural activity in the three provinces of the corridor Sangay-Podocarpus. This livestock is mainly bovine. According to the Continuous Agricultural Area and Production Survey (ESPAC 2017) the area of pastures cultivated is: in Morona Santiago 172.70 ha, in Zamora Chinchipe 81,692 ha and in Azuay 81,003 ha (Ministry of Environment, 2018).

▶ Hunting and trapping Low Threat (Illegal hunting) Inside site, localised(<5%)

Illegal hunting is a problem in areas near settlements. Considerable progress has been achieved in extending and enhancing patrolling activities within the park and its buffer zone (UNESCO, 2007); however, hunting still occurs in the southern part of the park (IUCN Consultation, 2014). Evidence of poached Tapirus pinchaque were found in 2011 (IUCN Consultation, 2017). The Ministry of Environment reports that 70% of fishing activities in the Palora canton use chemical or explosive elements. 100% of the fishery product is illegal, 50% is for self-consumption and 50% for selling in local markets (El Espectador, 2019). The management effectiveness assessment from 2019 notes that this problem remains the same as it was 10 years ago (Ministry of Environment, 2019).

▶ Roads/ Railroads Low Threat (Poorly planned and uncontrolled road construction) Inside site, localised(<5%) Outside site The Highway of Guamote - Macas crosses the National Park for about 39 km. Of this section, 7.85 km fall within the World Heritage site and 31.23 km within the widened buffer zone. 1.11% or 3004.82 ha of the World Heritage zone lie within the 2km-radius of the road and that 712.92 ha or 0.26% of the natural vegetation in this area of the World Heritage site has been modified to become pasture or cropland (UNESCO, 2008). Construction of the Guamote-Macas Road has opened the area to potential colonization. There is pressure to build other roads in and around the Park, especially in the southern section, including Zula-Pomacocha-Juval-Huangras-San Francisco road with estimated 20 kilometres inside the park (Cañar and Chimborazo province) which will be the first ever road through the entire southern section of the Park (IUCN Consultation, 2014). The primary known threat is agricultural land conversion associated with the recent completion of the Riobamba-Macas highway (Ojala-Barbour et al., 2016). The park was seriously affected by the construction of the road, which now separates the World Heritage site from the southern extension of the park. In 2005 the management plan adopted strategies for the restoration of the zones affected by the road, as well as developing participative management of the park in order to reduce conflicts over land use and the relationship between the local population and wildlife (World Heritage Commitee, 2016). The road connecting the Chimborazo with Morona Santiago provinces was finalized in 2012 (El Universo, 2012).

Potential Threats High Threat

Climate change is already being felt in the site but is expected to become more pronounced in coming years with effects on the site’s paramo ecosystem. The site is also highly threatened by further hydroelectric and water management developments.

▶ Dams/ Water Management or Use High Threat (New dams) Inside site, extent of threat not known Outside site The PUMA Project - Proyecto Multipropósito de Agua - aims to link drinking water management and hydropower generation within the boundaries of the Sangay National Park and its buffer zone. The activities planned in these areas include construction of a dam and a reservoir. Potential impacts would IUCN World Heritage Outlook: https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/ Sangay National Park - 2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment

include habitat fragmentation, loss of biodiversity and soil erosion (Hidralia Energia, 2013). More recent information on the project has not been found, but it is likely to be carried out and its potential impacts must be taken into consideration.

▶ Temperature extremes High Threat (Climate change) Inside site, extent of threat not known Outside site While some effects of climate change are already apparent (increased temperatures, drier dry seasons, wetter wet seasons) the full effects will be more pronounced in the coming years. However, the large altitudinal differences in the Park will enable the migration of habitat and species, most of which will be to higher elevations. Lowland forest is expected to become much drier and prone to fire, giving way to dry savannahs within the next 100 years. (Vuille et al., 2003; Urruita, 2009). The Amazon Regional University IKIAM, in association with the Technical Institute of Florida and the University of Amsterdam, started in 2017, a study on the effects of climate change in the Cormurán y Chimirella lagoons inside the Park. The study focuses on collecting sediment samples to understand the actual conditions of the water sources as well as the changes that have occurred in these lagoons (El Productor, 2017). However, the results of the studies are not available to date.

Overall assessment of threats High Threat

Given the large size of the site, current threats from agriculture, grazing, hunting are relatively minor in extent. The impacts of hydroelectric dams in the vicinity of the site, both existing and new, are of considerable concern on the other hand. Climate change is becoming an increasingly more significant threat in light of the current and potential effects on the site’s paramo ecosystem.

Protection and management

Assessing Protection and Management

▶ Management system Mostly Effective

Management of the Park is divided into three different districts (Chimborazo, Cañar and Morona Santiago) overseen by the national office. There are three coordinators that report to a national coordinator who also oversees 5 other parks as well, and is unable to dedicate sufficient time to managing Sangay National Park (IUCN Consultation, 2014). There is a management plan that is in the process of being updated (Ministry of Environment, 2019).

▶ Effectiveness of management system Mostly Effective

Ecuador presents momentous advances in the efficient management of information through the "Biodiversity Information System - SIB" platform, which provides online information for decision making (Redparques, 2016). This platform is operative but it is not available for public access. The results of the Management effectiveness assessment (2019) show 54% corresponding to a SATISFACTORY management. This means that the means that enable management are being adequately addressed; necessary activities are carried out normally and with good results, but they can be improved. The whole set tends towards the satisfactory fulfillment of the objectives (Ministry of the Environment, 2019).

▶ Boundaries Mostly Effective

Sangay National Park was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1983. In 1992, the National Park was extended to the south, increasing its area by 245,800 ha, although this extension was not included as part of the World Heritage site. 15,651 ha of park were excluded in May 2004, but the area inscribed as World Heritage was not reduced. Today, the Park covers an area of 502,105 ha of which 271,925 ha is IUCN World Heritage Outlook: https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/ Sangay National Park - 2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment

considered as World Heritage (World Heritage Committee, 2016). Pressure to reclaim lands from the Park, and conflicts had been reported in the past (IUCN Consultation, 2012). However, the situation seems to have improved (IUCN Consultation, 2017).

▶ Integration into regional and national planning systems Mostly Effective

The Sangay - Podocarpus Connectivity Corridor is the first corridor in Ecuador to protect the biodiversity that is in the process of declaration with 567.097 ha in the southeast of the country (Mongabay, 2018). The objective of this corridor is to become a reference for the implementation of a model based on sustainable development and territorial planning (Ministry of Environment, 2018). The Ministerial Agreement for the technical standard for the establishment of connectivity corridors has been signed. Following this, the declaration of the Sangay-Podocarpus Corridor is expected shortly (Ministry of Environment, 2020).

▶ Relationships with local people Some Concern

In 1992 the limits of the national park were extended to the South and leaving inside the park Shuar and finqueros communities. Today the communities Saant, Tzekeankaz, Los Angeles, Tuna, Kanzas and Diamante continue practicing agriculture inside the park. Although the park maintains a strict control and socialization to avoid the expansion of the agricultural frontier, rapid population growth in these communities is a threat with the consequent loss of diversity (Brito et al., 2016). There remain social conflicts related mainly to illegal land tenure and hunting, inadequate use of natural resources and deforestation in buffer zones (Ministry of Environment, 2018), as well as concerns related to the expansion of agricultural and livestock production areas on the borders of the park (Ministry of Environment, 2019).

▶ Legal framework Mostly Effective

The Ecuadorian Government recognizes environmental principles in its 2008 Constitution, declaring the State as responsible for the management and administration of its protected areas in order to guarantee biodiversity conservation and to maintain ecosystem ecological functions (SoOUV, 2016). Until 2016, the main legal framework for Protected Areas was the Strategic Plan of the National System of Protected Areas (SNAP) 2007-2016 and the Guidelines for the establishment of state protected areas and subsystems of the Decentralized Autonomous Governments at provincial and municipal levels, allowing these instances to declare protected areas and to conserve their territories locally (Redparques, 2016). The Strategic Plan of the National System of Protected Areas (2019-2030) is currently being updated aiming that the National System be strengthened and complemented by other conservation mechanisms based on sustainable use (Ministry of the Environment, 2019). Additionally, there is a new Organic Environmental Code (COA for its Spanish acronym) published in 2017 and entered into force in 2018. The COA regulates environmental quality, climate change, natural heritage, coastal marine areas, urban fauna, environmental reparation, among others; and revokes various environmental regulations (Ministry of the Environment, 2018). The Regulations to the Organic Code of the Environment (RCOA for its Spanish acronym) issued in 2019, recognize and implement new categories of management of protected areas, establishment of delegation mechanisms for management and administration, as well as management tools (Registro Oficial, 2019).

▶ Law enforcement Data Deficient

No recent information available

▶ Implementation of Committee decisions and Highly Effective recommendations

World Heritage Committee decisions have had been implemented in the past, which was acknowledged when the site was taken off the List of World Heritage in Danger (World Heritage Committee, 2005). No decisions have been taken by the Committee with regards to this site recently. IUCN World Heritage Outlook: https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/ Sangay National Park - 2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment

▶ Sustainable use Some Concern

Activities relted to the use of resources within the park's limits are not allowed by law. Growing population in the surrounding areas will most likely increase pressures on the park (Brito et al., 2016). There are increasing pressures over the resources along the borders of the park from the expansion of the agricultural frontier, increasing fires, unsustainable use of natural resources by local communities, and illegal hunting and deforestation (Ministry of Environment, 2019).

▶ Sustainable finance Serious Concern

In the past years, the main source of funding for Sangay National Park used to come from the Government allocations; and from the Fondo Ambiental Nacional, a protected area trust fund, which operated several projects for the park (IUCN Consultation, 2017). Ecuador had a Financial Sustainability Strategy, which resulted from a gap analysis between needs and sources of financing and the lessons learned from the GEF Financial Sustainability Project of the SNAP, which includes a diagnosis of legal, institutional and diversification needs of sources (UNDP, sf). Nowadays, there is very limited stable funding and the National Park would not be able to function adequately without external funding. The sources of funding are the allocations from the Government and those of the Sustainable Environmental Investment Fund (FIAS) (Ministry of Environment, MME 2019).

▶ Staff capacity, training, and development Some Concern

The "Aula Verde" program was implemented by the Ministry of the Environment with the support of Ecofondo Foundation and the Popular Education and Promotion Center developing capacities of protected areas and wildlife management. The program trained about 475 officers from 50 protected areas (Ministry of Environment, 2014). Currently, protected areas staff participate in workshops and use different training tools, however there is no structured technical process of strengthening and developing their capacities (Ministry of Environment, MEE, 2019).

▶ Education and interpretation programs Mostly Effective

There was the "Ecotalleres" initiative of the Provincial Environment Directorate of Chimborazo, the Ministry of the Environment and the UNDP Small Grants Program which trained 13 community environmental promoters within Sangay National Park (El Ciudadano, 2015). There is a program for communication and environmental education but its influence and implementation are considered as limited (Ministry of Environment, 2019).

▶ Tourism and visitation management Some Concern

An agreement was signed in 2016 between the local governments of this area for the development of cultural and community tourism (Andes, 2016). In the Strategic Plan for Sustainable Tourism Development of Ecuador, the Sangay National Park is considered an important tourism product thanks to it outstanding landscape values, active volcanoes (Tungurahua and Sangay), inactive volcano (El Altar), as well as 327 lagoons (Ministry of Tourism, 2020).

▶ Monitoring Some Concern

Monitoring of different species is taking place mostly through individual research projects. There is a Condor monitoring program promoted by the Ministry of Environment. An Information System for Biodiversity has been established in Ecuador, where findings of this nature are reported and also monitoring of volcanic activity by the Geophysical Institute. There is also a guideline for evaluating the effectiveness of monitoring programs in each area (Ministry of the Environment, 2014) for all areas of the SNAP.

▶ Research Highly Effective

Several researches on population behavior of species exposed in scientific journals (Guevara et al., IUCN World Heritage Outlook: https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/ Sangay National Park - 2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment

2010; Reed Ojala - Barbour, et al., 2013; Brito, 2016; Brito and Ojala, 2016; Brito et al., 2017) have contributed to the inventories of birds, mammals and amphibians, as well as the identification of new species or unregistered species of marsupial mouse (Caenolestes sangay), frog (Pristimantis tinguichaca) and arboreal rat (Rhipidomys albujai), justifying the high endemism and diversity by area in the park. A study was also carried out to determine the water quality in the Ozogoche, Pichahuiña and Pomacoche rivers located within the park, which concluded that the three micro-watersheds present good quality (Coello et al., 2013). The Amazon Regional University IKIAM, in association with the Technical Institute of Florida and the University of Amsterdam, initiate in 2017 a study on the effects of climate change in the Cormurán y Chimirella lagoons inside the Park. The study focuses on collecting sediment samples to understand the actual conditions of the water sources as well as the changes that have occurred in these lagoons (El Productor, 2017). Ten new species located in Sangay National Park were registered after an 8-year study (two mammals and eight amphibians) (El Universo, 2018). In March 2020 the Museum of Zoology of the Catholic University reports a new species of frog in Sangay National Park. The park is one of the largest amphibian wealth centers in the world, has 100 described species and several new species that are in the process of being described" (bio Web-Ecuador, 2020).

Overall assessment of protection and management Mostly Effective

Protection and management is constrained by the relatively low level of human and financial resources available. There is no clear long-term financial strategy. Some aspects, such as for example research and monitoring have been largely project-based and dependent on individual project funding, with no overarching strategy. There are also some concerns related to the expansion of agricultural and livestock production areas on the borders of the park. A recent 2019 management effectiveness evaluation concluded that 54% corresponded to a "satisfactory" management. Some recent positive developments include the establishment of the Sangay-Podocarpus Conservation Corridor - the first connectivity corridor in Ecuador.

▶ Assessment of the effectiveness of protection and Data Deficient management in addressing threats outside the site

Given the limited human and financial resources for management, there is only limited capacity to address threats outside the site. However, some interinstitutional agreements are enabling control of activities like tourism.

State and trend of values

Assessing the current state and trend of values

World Heritage values

▶ Outstanding natural beauty Good Trend:Stable

Despite the growing population and resource use, there is no evidence of significant transformation or landscape fragmentation (IUCN Consultation, 2017).

▶ Outstanding examples of on-going geological processes Good characterized by volcanic activity Trend:Stable

The geological features of the site are well preserved. It is known from the monitoring of the IUCN World Heritage Outlook: https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/ Sangay National Park - 2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment

Geophysical Institute that the volcano is in constant activity and it is common to generate pyroclastic flows, lava and lahars (Instituto Geofísico, 2020). The last eruption alarm was given in December 2019 and it is mentioned that eruptions are becoming more frequent (Teleamazonas, 2019).

▶ High diversity of vegetation types with altitudinal Low Concern variations Trend:Stable

Relative to the large area and isolation of the sie, human impacts from agriculture, livestock, hunting and roads, although increasing, are still minor and have only localized effects on biological diversity and threatened species (Urrutia, 2009; Ojala-Barbour et al., 2016).

▶ High species diversity and important habitats of Low Concern endangered species Trend:Stable

Recent and historical inventories and registers are evidencing that despite of the growing pressures, bird, mammal and amphibian species maintain their populations and that new species are being found, proving the Sangay National park an exceptional laboratory of scientific research (IUCN Consultation, 2017). Ornithological inventories have registered a populations of at least 127 species belonging to 39 families; findings also suggest that some species considered rare and scarce might be more common when in appropriate habitat, which highlights the importance of these special bird areas; this could be the case of Aburria aburri and Ramphastos ambiguun, both considered endangered. The National Biodiversity Institute (INABIO) reported the identification of 10 new species for science (El Universo, 2018). Of the 10 species identified, one of the mammals, Thomasomys is considered endemic to the Sangay National Park (Brito et al., 2019). In March 2020, the Museum of Zoology of the Catholic University reports a new species of frog in Sangay National Park. The park is one of the largest amphibian wealth centers in the world, has 100 described species and several new species that are in the process of being described (BioWeb-Ecuador, 2020).

Summary of the Values

▶ Assessment of the current state and trend of World Low Concern Heritage values Trend: Stable

The outstanding natural beauty and the geological features of the site remain relatively intact. Relative to the large area and isolation of this national park, human impacts from agriculture, livestock, hunting and roads, although increasing, are still minor and have only localized effects on biological diversity and threatened species. Recent and historical inventories and registers are evidencing that despite of the growing pressures, bird, mammal and amphibian species maintain their populations. Despite the growing population and resource use, there is no evidence of significant transformation or landscape fragmentation and therefore the outstanding natural beauty of the site continues to be maintained.

Additional information

Benefits

Understanding Benefits

▶ Outdoor recreation and tourism

Though tourism to the Park related to mountain climbing, and visits to its many lakes and forests is currently at a low level, the potential is large.

Summary of benefits IUCN World Heritage Outlook: https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/ Sangay National Park - 2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment

Conservation is far and away the largest benefit of the World Heirtage site. Tourism, though currently a minor activity, has potential for considerable expansion in the future.

Projects

Compilation of active conservation projects

№ Organi Brief description of Active Projects Website zation

1 Wildlife Andean Bear Conservation in the Sangay/Llangantes Corredor Conserv ation Society, Ecuador

2 Fundació Research, Environmental Education, Park Delimitation, Cadastre production, n park guard training in southern Sangay National Park (Cañar Province) Cordiller a Tropical

3 Aves & Important Bird Areas, working in the corridor Llanganates - Sangay Conserv ación

4 Tapir Research on Mountain Tapir Fund

5 Tapir Research on Mountain Tapir Fund

6 GIZ- Program of conservation and sustainable use of the Natural Heritage. The https://www.ambiente. Ministry objective is to improve the conditions for the conservation and sustainable use gob.ec/programa- of of biodiversity and natural heritage in Ecuador (2019-2021) The intervention conservacion-y-uso- Environ areas of the program are in the Amazon, Llanganates National Park and Sangay sostenible-del- ment National Park. On the Coast, the Machalilla National Park and Cantagallo Marine patrimonio-natural/ Reserve – Machalilla, the El Pelado and Bajo Copé Marine Reserves, and the Arenillas Ecological

7 KFW- National Protected Areas System (PASNAP) Support Program. The objective is to http://areasprotegidas. Ministry contribute to the conservation of biodiversity and livelihoods through the ambiente.gob.ec/es/co of strengthening of the management of prioritized SNAP areas in co-responsibility ntent/programa-de- Environ of regional and local actors (2011-2019) apoyo-al-sistema- ment nacional-de- %C3%A1reas- protegidas-pasnap IUCN World Heritage Outlook: https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/ Sangay National Park - 2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment

REFERENCES

№ References

1 Andes (2016) Inicia en Ecuador etapa de socialización del proyecto de turismo comunitario en el Qhapaq Ñan en www.andes.info.ec/es/noticias/inicia-ecuador-etapa-socializ… consultado el 29 de julio de 2017.

2 Bio Web-Ecuador. (2020). Anfibio del Ecuador. Nueva Especie de rana descubierta en el Parque Nacional Sangay. [online] Available at: https://www.bioweb.bio/faunaweb/amphibiaweb/Noticias/1741

3 Brito J., Tinoco N., Curay J., Vargas R., C. Reyes-Puig, V. Romero y U. Pardiñas. (2019). Diversidad Insospechada en los Andes de Ecuador: Filogenia del grupo “cinereus” de Thomasomys y descripción de una nueva especie (Rondentia, Cricetidea). Mastozoología

4 Brito M., J., R. Ojala-Barbour. 2016. Mamíferos no voladores del Parque Nacional Sangay, Ecuador

5 CELEC (s.f). Información técnica Proyecto Cardenillo en www.celec.gob.ec/hidropaute/proyectos/30- espanol/proyectos/…, consultado el 19 de julio de 2017

6 CELEC EP. 2012. Actualización del estudio de impacto ambiental y plan de manejo ex post de la central Paute Molino. Resumen Ejecutivo.

7 COA - Código Orgánico Ambiental. R.O. No. 983 del 12 de abril de 2017. [online] Available at:: http://www.ambiente.gob.ec/codigo-organico-del-ambiente-coa/

8 Carlos E. Cerón Martínez (2006). Plantas Medicinales de los Andes ecuatorianos. Botánica Económica de los Andes Centrales, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, pp. 285 -293.

9 Carlos E. Cerón Martínez (2006). Plantas Medicinales de los Andes ecuatorianos. Botánica Económica de los Andes Centrales, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, pp. 285 -293.

10 Diario El Comercio. (2020). Gobierno prevé iniciar la concesión de Sopladora en junio de 2020. [online] Available at: https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/sopladora-hidroelectr…

11 Diario El Espectador. (2019). Realizan operativos en el Parque Nacional Sangay (11/06/2019). [online] Available at: https://elespectadorchimborazo.com/realizan-operativos-en-e…

12 Diario El Productor (2017). Ecuador: El efecto climático se estudia en el Sangay (10/07/2017). [online] Available at: https://elproductor.com/ecuador-el-efecto-climatico-se-estu…

13 Diario El Universo. (2018). Díez nuevas especies localizadas en el Sangay en un estudio de 8 años. [online] Available at: https://www.eluniverso.com/vida/2018/02/11/nota/6618544/die…

14 El Telégrafo (2016). Tres países impulsan al Qhapac Ñan como un atractivo turístico en http://www.eltelegrafo.com.ec/noticias/regional-centro/1/tr… consultada el 12 de julio de 2017.

15 El Universo (2012). Vía Riobamba – Macas, asfaltada y con atractivos en www.eluniverso.com/2012/04/18/1/1447/via-riobamba-macas-asf…

16 El Universo (2017). Científicos realizarán estudios de cambio climático en el Parque Nacional Sangay en http://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2017/07/06/nota/6265375/… nacional

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18 Guevara. E., T. Santander, J. E. Guevara, R. Gualotuña and V. Ortiz. 2010. Birds, Lower Sangay National Park, Morona-Santiago, Ecuador. Check List journal.

19 Hidralia (s.f.). Hidralia abastecerá de agua potable una región de Ecuador en http://hidraes.com/?page_id=2096, consultado el 29 de Julio de 2017. IUCN World Heritage Outlook: https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/ Sangay National Park - 2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment

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22 Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional. (2019). Informe Especial Complejo Volcánico Chiles- Cerro Negro N° 1 – 2019. [online] Available at: https://www.igepn.edu.ec/servicios/noticias/1746- informe-es…

23 Ministerio de Ambiente del Ecuador (s.f). Contribuciones a Socio Bosque para comunidades del Parque Nacional Sangay (s/F) enhttp://www.ambiente.gob.ec/4-000-hectareas-ingresaran-a-soc… acceso el 17 de julio de 2017.

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28 Ministerio del Ambiente de Ecuador (s.f). MAE realiza monitoreo del cóndor en el Parque Nacional Sangay en http://www.ambiente.gob.ec/mae-realiza-monitoreo-del-condor…

29 Ministerio del Ambiente. (2013). 4 000 hectáreas ingresarán a Socio Bosque capítulo páramo en Chimborazo. [online] Available at: https://www.ambiente.gob.ec/4-000-hectareas-ingresaran-a-so…

30 Ministerio del Ambiente. (2018). Desarrollo de estrategias de implentación de conectividad para zonas Sangay – Podocarpus y Cotacachi Cayapas-Cofán Bermejo y apoyo a la creación de corredores en bosque seco entre el Parque Nacional Machalilla y el Área Ecología de conservación Municipal Lo Guayacanes. [online] Available at: http://areaecologicayacuambi.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2019…

31 Ministerio del Ambiente. (2018). Ecuador presentó su primer corredor de conectividad Sangay – Podocarpus (27/07/2018). [online] Available at: https://www.ambiente.gob.ec/ecuador-presento-su- primer-corr…

32 Ministerio del Ambiente. (2018). Parque Nacional Sangay, una de las áreas protegidas con mayor diversidad biológica del Ecuador. [online] Available at: https://www.ambiente.gob.ec/parque-nacional- sangay-una-de-l…

33 Ministerio del Ambiente. (2019). Parque Nacional Sangay. [online] Available at: http://areasprotegidas.ambiente.gob.ec/en/areas-protegidas/… (Accessed 5 May 2020).

34 Ministerio del Ambiente. (2019). Plan Estratégico del Sistema Nacional de Areas Protegidas 2019- 2030 se discute en Cuenca. [online] Available at: https://www.ambiente.gob.ec/plan-estrategico-del- sistema-na…

35 Ministerio del Ambiente. (2019). Sistema de Información de Biodiversidad - Evaluación de Efectividad de Manejo del Parque Nacional Sangay. Documentos sin publicar parte de la actualización del Plan de Manejo. https://sib.ambiente.gob.ec/fichasmett/adm

36 Ministerio del Ambiente. (2020). Sistema de Información de Biodiversidad – Plan Operativo Anual del Parque Nacional Sangay. Documentos sin publicar parte de la actualización del Plan de Manejo. https://sib.ambiente.gob.ec/fichasmett/adm IUCN World Heritage Outlook: https://worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/ Sangay National Park - 2020 Conservation Outlook Assessment

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38 Noticiero Teleamazonas. (2019). Alerta por reciente erupcion del volcán Sangay. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYjBWNs2hlE

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41 RECOA – Reglamento al Código Orgánico Ambiental. R. O. No. 507 de 12 de junio de 2019. [online] Available at: https://www.asobanca.org.ec/sites/default/files/REGLAMENTO%…

42 Redparques (2016). Informe Regional sobre la Implementación del Programa de Trabajo sobre Áreas Protegidas del Convenio sobre Diversidad Biológica 2011 – 2015 (Convenio de Diversidad Biológica – Décimo Tercera Conferencia de las Partes), Región Bioma Amazónico, Bogotá, Colombia.

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46 Vicepresidencia de la República del Ecuador (s.f). Hidroeléctrica Sopladora en su fase final de construcción en www.vicepresidencia.gob.ec/hidroelectrica-sopladora-en-su-f…, consultado el 19 de julio de 2017