A History of Beaulieu Abbey

P R E FA C E .

H I S book originated i n a promise , given in an e T incautious moment, to writ a short Guide to Beaulieu A bbey ; a work which was truly said to be much wanted . e I had no mor ambitious intention than to present, s in a form free from technical term , the very accurate de scription o f the buildings contained in th e paper in M W H f h c l u rn l r . I I I A rc olo i a Jo a . V l LX . o ae . o . the g , by H e Mr H Brak s e ar S . t . john op , and arold p , to whom all who are are interested in the A bbey are so e greatly indebt d , and now none more so than myself . Lord Montagu o f Beaulieu kindly placed at my dis posal a collection o f letters and memoranda preserved t h e o by his father, ﬁrst bearer of that title, and fr m these I l e arned h o w anxious he had been that a history o f th e A h o w bbey should be written , and also much he had been disappointed that three persons by whom i n t o f succession the ask had been undertaken , had each them , not only failed to accomplish it, but had left b e hind him little o r no trace o f the labour upon w hich t o he had been supposed be engaged . U nde r these circumstances I was led to begin the larger work which is now completed, and presented with the apology for its defects which is generally to be found e fo r I d in a pr face, and which , as am conscious, so goo a reason does not often exist . I have not attempted to write a continuous story o f A fo r th e the bbey ; this the materials are lacking, as Re A M gisters and nnals which , like other Cistercian onas t eries c , it undoubtedly possessed, have almost ertainly e e e e a b n d stroyed . Such r ferences s are contai ned in th e RE A E v ﬁ i P F C .

Public Records and in other ancient writings have been

e d th e so utilis , and information obtained has been grouped into chapt e rs of which the titles s ufﬁciently indicate the s conte nt . T h e work would not have been undertaken had not t h e pap e rs preserved by Lord Montagu included nume rous half- sheets and scraps o f paper upon which were re fe rences to Beaulieu A bbey these were sent by the late M r M W w h o . ackenzie alcott to a friend, was one of those o ne of whom mention has j ust been made . On scrap “ he writes : When is your History o f Beaulieu coming ? H I out I t is already oratian in age, and doubt not also in wit . I have to thank many friends for their kind assist L M ance, and especially ord ontagu , for placing all his Mr M t o . books and papers at my disposal . y indebtedness

. H Mr Brak s e ar w ill St J ohn ope and . p be evident to those H n l G La o b e . who may read the book . The erald scelles has kindly searched the records o f the New Fore st for e B ab b ats I r ferences to eaulieu and its , who , fear, often proved troublesome neighbours to his predecessors in o f F M i charge the orest . y thanks are spec ally due to M r r . B Mr H Brak s ea t o . J ohn ilson , arold p , and M r. R H f r l an o f to alph edley o the o illustrations , to M D r. . f Mr o r . I nward much help , and to Charles Travis

Clay for kindly reading the proofs of the book . I have I e endeavoured to recall the past, and in this have be n Mr F F greatly assisted by . . issi , without whose artistic aid

I could not have ventured to present, as I have tried to o f B A do , a picture eaulieu bbey as it is and as it was

in monastic days . F K . .

T HE VI N E YA RDS ,

BEA UL I EU ,

A ril 1 1 1 p 9 . T C O N T E N S .

P A G E

CHAPT E R I . Introduc tory

C HAPT E R I I .

h A b b T he t h e T h e Founde r of t e e y . King John . Story of Foundation

C H E APT R III . T h e Charte r of Foundation A Glossary of T e rms used in t h e Foundation Charte r

E CHAPT R IV . T h e Origin of t h e Name : Be aulie u

C HAPT E R V .

T h h e me Be e Be ne &c . e C t . orruption of Na wl y, aul ,

P E C HA T R VI . T he Choice of t h e Site

E C HAPT R VII . A Brief History of t h e Ciste rc ian Orde r T h e C s e c M s e e s E d c d e d i t r ian ona t ri of nglan , S otlan , Ir lan , and W ales .

E C HAPT R VIII .

F La ci T onversi. rat res La B o s h e C i . y r the r

E C HAPT R IX .

T h e Be e c s and n fa tion of King John King Henry III . e e de R u ib us P t r p . CON T E NT S

C E A G E HAPT R X . P

T h e C i ste rc ian s in relation to A rc h itec ture

C E HAPT R XI . T h e Buildings of t he A b b e y Prec inc t : Oute r Gate hou se : Great Gatehouse : T h e A b b e Ch u h y rc .

E C HAPT R XII .

T h e Buildings of t h e Ab b e y (cont inued) s e L b H b C . C e se e S a u v u lt . loi t r i rary , hap t r ou . Dort r m L : Re e . Dor itory . avatory f ctory

E C HAPT R XIII .

T h e Buildings of t h e A b b e y (cont inued) L c e . e : m s n e r o T h E s e Kit h n an Do u Co v s ru m . e a t rn B s T h e e B s H s m : T h uilding . North rn uilding : o p itiu e H s m c e G a ne sfo rds T h e W e e ss . o p itiu all d v . in Pr

E C HAPT R XIV . — T h e Making of a Monk Monastic Life in Be aulie u A b b e y — Royal Vi sits to Beauli e u

CHAPT E R XV . — A Mitred Ab b e y T he A bb at s of Be auli e u

CHAPT E R XVI . T rave l and Diplomacy

CHAPTE R XVII . T h e Busine ss of t h e Ab b e y

CHAPT E R XVIII . Law and Orde r

C HAPT E R XIX . Sanctuary CONT ENT S xi

E XX A G E C HAPT R . P

T h e h e H uses Ce s and e s Be e Ab b e 1 Daug t r o , ll , Grang of auli u y 7 3

E X I C HAPT R X . T h e Dissolution of t he Monasteries

C E HAPT R XXII . T h e Surre nder of the Abb e y

E C HAPT R XXIII . T he Mortuary Roll

E \ CHAPT R XXI . T h e Grant to T h omas Wrio t hesley

C E R HAPT XXV . T h e Destruction of t he Abb e y

E R CHAPT XXVI . T h e Lay Own ers of t h e Manor of Be aulie u

A Ch ronology of Beaulie u Ab b e y

I N DEX . ” I T OF I L UST RAT I L S L ON S .

P L A T E S .

A ll t he e ng raving s in t he follow ing lis t are from drawings made by d Fiss i t o carr out t he s u est ions o t he A u t ho r Ferdinan r. I t is M . , y gg f believed t ha t t hey fait hfully represent t he buildings of t he Abbey as t hey ic da s w ere in Monas t y . ‘i’ k d w ith a n as t e risk t hus : P la t e I are in du The ill us t rat ions mar e ( . ) plicat e and opposit e t he same pag e : t hat placed ﬁrs t show s t he appearances as t hey

- a a re t o d y .

P L ATE * T h e O e 1 . ut r

”“ T h e e e se e H se II . Gr at Gat hou (Palac ou )

* T h e O e r c t h e er Hall t he re III . ut Por h and Inn of G at

Gate house .

T h e C e t h e re G eh se IV . South hap l of G at at ou

A e Re uc o f t he B di s V . conj ctural p rod tion uil ng of th e Ab b e y

>l“ T h e A s e t he A bb e Ch r h VI . South i l of y u c

=l“VII T h e N r A e t h e C s er . o th ll y of loi t

’ * T h e M s E r e t h e Ch u h f m t h e VIII . onk nt anc to rc ro Cloiste r

* T h e C er H se and t h e Eas A e o f t he IX . hap t ou t ll y Cloi ste r

’ T h e Sub - t he M n s m X . Vault of o k Dor itory

>l“XI T h e L . avatory

’ T h e E r c e r m t he C s e t h e M s XII . nt an f o loi t r to onk Refec tory o r Frate r

’ * T he M s Re ec r t he r sh Chur h XIII . onk f to y ( Pa i c )

T h e Steps leading to th e Pulp it LI ST 0 F I LLU ST RAT I ON S xiii

FAC I N G P A G E ’ T h e Se rving Hatch from t he Kitch e n to t he Monks Re fectory ’ T h e Lay Brothe rs Re fectory or F

’ T he Lay Brothe rs Entrance to t he Ch urch from t h e Lan e

’ * T h e m s C o nv e rso rum C e a e s B XVIII . Do u or ll r r uilding in 1 9 09

’ n L r s h T he East E d of St . e ona d C ape l

T he Se al of T h e Ab b ey

T he Le e C se c t h e B s b e ad n a ontaining ody of I a lla , Countess of Cornwall : T h e Doub le He art - Co fﬁ n 1 9 6

’ T he M s We ll XXII . onk 9 6

A Ma t h e M and H B XXIII . p of anor ave n of ewle y in Hamp shire b e longing to h is Grac e ye Duke of M c 1 0 ontagu ( . 74 )

A Ma E W es s XXIV . p of ngland and al howing t h e Location of t h e Ci ste rc ian Monaste ri es Lent b M essrs Met hu en ( y . . )

T h e t h e ec c XXV . Plan of Pr in t Lent b M r Harold ra . B k s ear ( y p ,

T h e u d Be e XXVI . Gro n Plan of auli u A b b e y Lent b M r Harold Braks . ear ( y p ,

T h e d t h e C s e XXVII . Groun Plan of i t rcian Abb eys of Clairvaux and Pontigny ‘ Lent b o M r. hn Bilson ( y j ,

e s T e s d t h e A b XXVIII . Patt rn of il foun in b e y ent M Ha L b r . rold Braks ear ( y p ,

r e e e m XXIX . Sanctua y S k r, Durha

Lent b lVI r . Ral h Hedle ( y p y ,

. e e e He h m t he F XXX Sanctuary S k r , x a , and rith Stool He h m of x a “ ent b a L M r. R l h Hedle ( y p y,

s XXXI . T h e Wine Pres He re me thinks ’ E e n e e se e s e e m t h e s r h r , qu t r d fro noi y wo ld , Could I wear out this transitory b e ing e n e m and m c as e a e . In p ac ful co t plation , c l But s e ce s e s e s s con ci n , which till c n ur on our act , T hat awful voice within us and t h e se nse O e e e e se u s u f an h r aft r, wak , and rou p From such unshap ed re tire me nt ; wh ic h we re e lse b es s e s A l t condition on thi arthly tage . Fo r who would make h is life a life of toil ’ Fo r e o e rb alanc e d h s e s w alth , wit a thou and car ; O e h b se m e m s h r p ow r , w ich a co plianc u t up old ; O s e m s s e s r honor , lavi h d o t on courtly lav ; O me b e m s r fa , vain r ath of a i judging world ; Who for s uch p e rishab le gaudes would p u t A e h is e e b e s yok up on fr , un rok n p irit , A nd mse mme s t h e b s gall hi lf with tra l , and ru ’ Of this world s b usine ss ; so h e might s tand clear O me t h e e e ss f judg nt , and tax of idl n e e h is m h s In that dr ad audit , wh n ortal our (Which now with soft and silent ste alth p ace b y) M s b e e fo r ? Bu t fo r s fe u t all count d thi ar, ’ A nd em e o w r to r ov , according to our p , ’ T h e s e s o ur b h er s s e want and vil of rot tat , ’ T is mee w e s e h t he d e t ju tl wit worl ; cont nt, If b y o ur Sove re ign master w e b e found A t s ro ﬁ t le ss fo r mee la t not p ; worldly d, ” - en o r h h e ee m e . Giv , wit ld, I d of it alik

WI L L I AM C R O WE . HA P E R I C T .

I N T R O D U C T O R Y .

V I SIT to what is le ft o f th e ancient A bbey of Beau ~ li e u must recall pleasant memories to those who have ever experienc e d the fee ling of peace which its s comes to o ne within an ancient cathedral or Cloi ter . “ I t is often said Those monks of old showed great wisdom in ﬁxing the site s o f their buildings and they ” P e s knew the importance o f a good supply of water . rhap the speakers do n o t always realise how much of the beauty o f to - day is in many cases due to the buildings which

the monks erected and to the trees which they planted, and po ss ibly the monks are often credited with a wise a lac e choice in which they had no share, except th t the p select e d fulﬁlled ce rtain condition s laid down by th e F o f s e ounders their Order, condition which w re known e to monks and laymen alik . B ut B " s e at eaulieu, alas the principal building hav s e F e been de troy d ; moreover, the orest was ther before its the monks came to settle, and the tidal river, with a w as s e e is const nt change, al o th r . It beautiful at high s e s so e tide, and, as ome think, hardly l s when the tid is e s low, and its banks are cover d with brown eaweed and sea s T h e e green grass near the narrow tream . riv r is navigable and navigate d up to the quay Oppo site th e e outer gate of the abb y, and the top of the mast with

- the brown sail of a sea going barge can often be seen , - m phantom like, over the trees, before the boat itself co es

into view . P erhaps, however, it is most beautiful at night when

the sky is clear, the tide high and the moon at the full A A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

and immediately over the river, then viewed from the h ill e H W s e abov , by arford ood, it look lik a dazzling e e s tre am of molt n silv r .

T h e e s - manor li in a ring fence , , of which the are F boundaries formed by the orest, the Solent and B the eaulieu river ; the approaches to it are protected , n o t s o f F always succe sfully, against the incursions orest p onies , donkeys and cows, by gates which are sometimes o f left open , and a group such intruders is no uncommon s U ntil late l ight in the only street of the village . y it

was a place but little known , but now the visitors to the A bbey by motor car alone are numbered each year in thousands, and some of them and others may wish to know more o f its history than is contained i n the Guide B o r ook imparted by the custodian , and to possess some record of a spot all the charms o f which are possibly only known to those who have the good fortune to e liv there .

Oh ye Wh o dwe ll A s t h e e s h e round yon ruin , guard p r ciou c arg F m s e O "s e t h e s c e e ro hand p rofan . h av a r d p il ’ O e r whi c h t h e Wing of c e nturi es h as ﬂown s e e e s Darkly and il ntly ; d p , hadowing all — I t s p ri stin e honours from t h e ruthless grasp O f future violation .

CAR RI NGT O N . HA P E R C T I I .

E BBE T HE FOUNDER OF T H A Y .

E I N G J O H N was not a popular monarch . xcept h is s the Cistercians, whom he took under e pecial A o f A protection , and the monks of the bbey ber b ro thic A fe w o f s ( rbroath) , probably his subject cried ” God Save the King, and meant it .

T o Ab erb ro thic - h e u granted very un sual privileges, for by Charter under h is great Seal he exempted th e A bbey ” — — a teloniis et consu etu dine fr0m tolls and customs in E L n P every part of ngland except o don . ossibly at some time in h is life he may have been near the I nc h c ape Rock and with T h e m e s e t h e b e arin r h ard warning ll , A nd e e e t h e e s R c th n th y kn w p rilou o k , A nd b e s t h e A b b Ab erb ro h c k l t ot of t o . Two e vents in the reign o f King John are landmarks o f E o f s in the history ngland . The ﬁrst the e was the dis e n P 1 2 0 pute b tween the Ki g and the ope in 5 , as to the o f t h e A i right nomination to rchbishopr c of Canterbury . John s ought to impo se o n the monks o f the monastery o f Christ Church , Canterbury, with whom the right lay ’

(subject to the King s wish) , his treasurer, J ohn de Grey, Bishop o f Norwich as A rchbishop ; the monks chose - R R their own Sub prior, eginald, and sent him to ome to o f P I I I obtain the sanction ope I nnocent . 1 R l I nnocent found eginald to be a fool , and to d the e H e monks th y must choose another . suggested Ste phen Langton ; the monks chose him ; John turned them all o ut 1 2 0 1 2 08 E in 7 , and in I nnocent laid ngland under

1 “ ” H sh e T h e R M H h u c . 1 0 y , oyal anor of it in , p 3 4 A H I ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

th e 2 rd M an interdict . On day appointed ( 3 arch) no church throughout the land open e d its doors ; no mass w as c e l e brated ; t h e sacraments were no longe r adminis l e e e e s se e t h e r d , xc pt to infant and tho who w re dying ; bodi e s o f t h e dead we re buri e d in sil e nce in unconsecrate d F o r s ix E the B n f ground . years ngland lay under a o G od Ma 1 2 1 I n y, 3 , J ohn yielded all , and far more than e s all , he had been r fu ing for the last six years, and issued letters patent proclaiming peace and restitution to A rch l Lan to n to bishop g and his fellow exiles, and inviting them e A t f return at onc . the end of June or beginning o July they landed at D over ; o n the 1 7th or 1 8 th July J ohn met P A ’ them at orchester, fell at the rchbishop s feet with a ”

W . elcome, father and kissed him E 1 2 1 The second occurred at aster, i n 5 , when the barons rose in arms then “ A rchbishop Langton remained ’ no t adv o at the King s side , as his partisan , but as the W M cate of his subjects . Together with illiam areschal , E o f P m o f i arl e broke, he carried overtures conc liation B A from John to the barons at rackley ( pril) , and it was h e who brought back and read o u t to the King the articles which were at last formally embodied in the ” H A o f B Great Charter . ugh , bbat eaulieu , also acted as o n e o f the i ntermediaries between the King and the barons during thi s national crisis . The memory o f King J ohn has not been spared by historians, one of whom , discussing his relations with the P o f ope at the commencement the dispute, writes thus “ The King stood o n the ancient rights of his crown and utterly refused to accept a pap al nominee ; but it is difﬁcult to avoid seeing that a general attack o n the clergy (which might end i n the conﬁscation of a good deal o f clerical property) had its charms for a man like John .

B Dic t io narv of National iography . T HE FO U N D E R o r T HE A BB E Y 5

E e very papal wile, every diplomatic resource was for thr e ye ars exhausted by I nnoce nt be fore he launched an inter

‘ dict against E ngland h e then entrusted the fle d publication of it to three bishops, who promptly after But 1 1 6 — 0 o f s . publi hing it , whereas in 4 7 the majority th e ﬁ v e e the bishops had stood by the King, in y ars that ’ e th e followed I nnocent s int rdict Church , as a whole ,

e spouse d the cause o f th e P op e . This was not only owing th e e e to repulsive charact r and vil life of John , but was

‘ also th e natural re sult o f the failure o f H e nry I I . to P th e nationali se the Church o f E ngland . robably interdict was n o t very strictly obse rve d but John did conﬁscate th e lands o f all the clergy e xcept those of t he C istercian monks . T h e l e sser cl e rgy w e re gradually allowe d to rede em their land s by paymen t ; but the property o f th e bishop s w as e e th e s th e wh o s e ither k pt in hand of King, imply riot d th e s o r s on proceed , given to unworthy favourite , of whom

John always had a crowd at his court . Bu t if th e clergy were n e ce ssarily inclin e d to th e s id e th e P e w as e th e e of op , it otherwis with laity ; though th y e th e P e e — e e f ared ope much , th y hated him mor ev n mor i e s e e . e s p rhap at first than th y hat d the King I nd ed, it from thi s tim e onward that w e may date that de e p distrust of sacerdotal pre ten s ions which is such a re markable fe ature e s s in the history of such a deeply religiou s p ople as our elve . “ T h e o f e confiscation the clerical lands se med, to many e e s fo r th e pious laym n , a regr ttable but righteou retribution ” 1 e e e enormous w alth and gr ed of all ord rs in the Church . tw o E H th e The nglish monarchs, King John and enry E s o f B A is ighth , with whom the hi tory eaulieu bbey chiefly

s e o f s concerned, were both de poil rs the Church but thi is not th e only characte ristic which th e y possesse d in e e common , both , in regard to their public and privat lif , e have been execrated by posterity ach of them however,

1 F h A n n r uc r H s r E d e c e 1 6 . l t r, I t od to y i to y of nglan , p . 7 6 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y s e s b e how d him elf to a man Of great vitality, a quality e ss which , wh n a ociated with wisdom and sound judgment, h s its s a . Often led posse sor far, even to a throne During the p e riod covered by the history of Beaulieu A bbey th e struggle to rid the country of the alien authority o f th e O f R e e Court om varied i n intensity but n ver ceased . T O - day that authority has di sappeared from every country E s o ne i n urope, and it is afe to predict that to no single o f them will it ever return . The Founder Of the A bbey spared the property of the Ci ste rcian s ; would that their monasteries had b e en treated with equal consideration by the King who reigned 3 34 B years after him . eaulieu would then have possessed a shrine t o which pilgrims from all parts of th e world would e have b en attracted , and the monastic architecture Of E ngland would have been th e richer by a noble example o f the period of the Transition from the Norman to th e E P arly ointed style . The events which immediately prece de d the founding ’ o f Beaulieu A bbey are thus described in D ugdale s ” 1 Mo n astic o n A e o f nglicanum , a storehous information E o n all that conce rns the monastic orders in ngland . MS L The account is taken from a . in the Cotton ibrary, which is beli e ved to have belonged to the Cistercian A s bbey of Kirk tall . “ e th e I n the sixth y ar of King John , same King built a certain monastery o f the Cistercian Orde r in E ng Bellus Locu land and named it s . This monastery is said to have been built by him for the following reason “ Because the same King was angry beyond measure ab b at s without cause, against the and other members o f the aforesaid Cistercian Order and vexed them A t P immoderately through his ministers . a certain arlia L ab b ats o f ment which he held at incoln , the the said

Ed Ca e E s A Bardine l . 68 2 . . l y, lli , v

8 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y availing themselves Of the singularity which attends this e xception to h is general oppressive and contumelious conduct towards churchmen recur to their commodious f ” syste m of miraculous interposition o r an explanation Of it . 1 S O much o f this s tory as relates to the vexatious treatment Of the Cistercian ab b ats is based evidently o n t h e pe cuniary claims made upon the Order when King M 1 2 00 John was at York in arch , . These claims are set forth at length by the w riter o f the Coggeshall

e . H e Chronicle , who was hims lf a Cistercian also gives th e text Of the writs issued by the King when at L N e incoln , in ov mber Of the same year, informing the respective sheriffs that he had r e ceived into full favour ab b ats e the of the Cistercian Order, and tak n all their goods and possessions into his own hand, custody and

protection . “ A lthough there does not seem to be any direct connection between the King ’ s alleged dream and the o f B A a founding eaulieu bbey, there are cert in facts which show that John did actually begin a foundation of Cister oian monks within reasonable date o f h is making peace with the Orde r . B e This foundation , however, was not at aulieu , but

o n F B . the royal manor Of aringdon , in erkshire The L actual date Of it does not appear , but on the iberate R ’ oll for the King s ﬁfth regnal year are two writs , both h 1 2 0 t . dated s July, 3 “ o ne s f Fitz iers The is addre sed to Geo frey p , directing him to ﬁnd o u t what the Cistercian monks have spe nt o n seed and other necessary expenses in the manor of Faring

o ut . don , and repay them what they are of pocket “ H The other writ is to ugh de Nevill, bidding him to see what timber the Cistercian monks need t o make

“ H e B T h e C s e c Abb e Of Be e . i t r ian y auli u , St John op and rak

ae al ournal . N . 2 1 . 1 2 . s e The A rch olo ic J . L p ar ; g , Vol XIII , o 5 , p 9 T HE FOUN D E R O F T HE A BB E Y 9

e s Farin do n sheepcot s and other nece sary houses at g , and ’ to let them have it from the King s wood . “ z u d e e On Novemb r of the same year, the King issu d anoth e r writ to Hugh de N e vill ordering him to let ‘ th e monks of Faringdon have timber in a convenient place for building their houses according to th e numb e r ’ of monks . “ On th e same 2 nd N ove mber th e King al so i ssu e d a e C o f th e B e M o f chart r, granting to the hurch l ssed ary C e fo r th e u o f it aux, salvation of the so ls himself and e e e s s h is t h e o f F his pr d c s or and heirs, manor aringdon ‘ as the monks o f t h e aforesaid monaste ry o f Citeaux F it s e e s who are at aringdon hold it, with appurt nanc , e t e th e e e to build there a c r ain abb y of Cist rcian Ord r, ’ e e b e e so that th r may a conv nt there .

Fo r s e s o n o f e s om reason , perhap account the smalln s th e e e e of the endowment , sch m was not appar ntly at e e th e o f t h e onc carri d into effect, and in course following year the King formally founde d a new and more impor e e Bellus Locus Be e tant abb y at a place call d or auli u , N F e s e e s in the ew or st, to which , among t other ndowm nt , Of Farin do n w a the manor g s annexed . HA P E R I I I C T .

E HA RT ER OF FO N A ON T H C U D TI .

N UM. IV .

CARTA FUN DA T I ON I s P E R R E G E M JOHA N N E M

I ns . 80 e r e x . E . m . 2 e . C . C . 2 . . ( art III 4, n p p Vid art antiq

G . n .

C E 6 O C O F I E D BY EDW D A s I N ROLLE D HART R J H N ; N R M AR 3 , ON HE E R O OF 2 E W T C HAR T R L L D ARD 3 .

M. 2 N O . 1 2 Sec . 80 . 3 , 4,

’ For t he bba t and Convent o Kin s B eaulieu A f g .

O H N by the Grace Of God King o f E ngland Lord o f Ireland D uke o f Normandy and A quitaine E arl of A njou To the A rchbishops B ishops A b b ats Priors E arls Barons J ustices Keepers o f the Forests Reeves Minis e f t rs and all his baili fs and faithful servants greeting .

Sc iat is no s p ro salute animaa KNOW y e th at w e for t h e h e alth n o st rae e t an imaru m ant e c e ss of our soul and of t he souls Of orum e t h aere dum n o s t ro rum our anc estors and he irs h ave de disse c o nc essisse e t e se e e b e se , , p r nti giv n grant d and y our pr nt c arta nostra c o nﬁ rm-asse De o e t charte r h ave c onﬁrme d to Go d M e c cl e siae s anc ta e Mariae de Be llo and to t h e churc h of St . ary ’ loc o Re gis quam no s fu ndav imus Of King s Be auli e u whi c h w e in Nova Forresta in Su th amp t e have founde d in t h e N ew Fore st sc h ire e t A b b e t M c s in So u t h am t o nsh ire t h e , ati ona hi p , and to ib ide m Deo serv ient ib us e t se rvi Ab b at and Monks the re serving s s m m s ser e t h e e c e turi , ip u locu in quo ita and to v God, v ry p la e st A bb at ia c orum c u m tota in whi c h th e ir Ab b e y is s ituated terra infra me tas sub sc rip t as with all t h e land c ontaine d T HE CHART E R O F FOUND AT I ON I I

c onte nta silic e t c um tota ah within t h e b ounds unde r writte n gulo rum sup er mare in prae to w it with all t h e land within dicta fo rre st a a p rimo te rmino t he angles b ounding up on t h e se a supe r mare sic u t aqua c adit in in t h e afore said fore st from t h e m e sub Co l rimesmo re e s b u t h e se a as t h e ar g , qua fir t a uttal pon Fre isw at e r dic it ur ; e t e xinde wate r whic h is c alled Fre sh ‘ usque ad cap ut de Co lgrimesmo re wate r falls into t h e se a unde r ub i mora se furc a t ; e t e xinde Co lgrim esm o re ; and the nc e to u sque ad Wo lfw are lane e t e xinde t h e he ad of Co lgrimesmo re whe re u sque ad c ap ut oc c ide ntale de t h e moor divide s itse lf ; and the nc e Bro mh a e e r fo ssat u m s e ad Wo lfw are lane and e c e y p u qu to , th n m d m e t de d t h e e s e e B m longu va u , longo va o to w t rn h ad of ro 2 usqu e ad fo ssat um de Hurpley a haye b y t h e ditc h to t he long d m s rex Ric ardus d and m t h e quo do inu for , fro long ford to 3 inc i ere ec Et de ss t h e c Of Hur le a c p f it , fo ato illo dit h p y whi h r f L R c d b usque ad vadum de Ha e o rd. our ord King i har e gan E e e r e d m m A n m c t d illo vado p m ia to ake . d fro that dit h 4 h a s o ri H f r A nd yd m rec ta line a u que ad to t h e ford of are o d . ginem fo nt iu m aquae de Sc h ire from that ford through t h e mids t b ourne quae te ndit usque ad of t he hide in a s traight line to p rae dic t am ab b at iam de Be llo t h e sourc e of t h e wate r of Se hire Et d e f n ium b w d loc o Re gi s . e origin o t ourne hic h e xte n s to t he ’ aquae p raedic t ae rec ta lin e a usqu e afore said Ab b e y of King s Be au m m e A nd m h s Of ad al ve u fossati sup e r que li u . fro t e ourc e e de m A b b at ia u est e t t h e e es d s a f ndata , wat r afor ai in a traight p rae dic t um a lve u m a p rae dic t o line to t h e c hann e l of t h e ditc h vado de Harefo rd c um fluc t u on whi c h t h e same A b b e y is sc e de d e t esc e de A n h s d maris in a n n o d nd foun d . d t e afore ai e u t ram ue m it a c e m t h e e s ndo infra q ripa , hann l fro afor aid ford quod quic quid e st infra p raedic t o s of Hare fo rd with t h e flow of th e t e rmino s remane at rae dic t ae se a sc e d esc e , p a n ing and d nding - d W b A bb at iae Be c Re s . e e e so lli lo i gi D i ithin ith r ank , that mus ec iam e isde m monac his ma whate ve r is within t h e afore said e m s m de Fare n do n e b d es s e m t h e n riu no tru , oun ari hall r ain to ’ sc c e ma nam - Farendo n e t es d A b b e s Be ili t g , afor ai y of King au - ma nam e WE arv am F e d u e t . e e s p ar n o , g li u hav giv n al o to C o k ew ell e t arv am - C o k e w e ll t h e s me M s M , p , a onk our anor of e t s de Sc h ult o n et es Fare ndo n w it e F e villa , Ingl , to Gr at ar n h am c um m b s e rt ine nc iis and L e Fare ndo n and , o ni u p , don , ittl , e t lib ert at ib u s e t lib eris c o nsue e C o k ew e ll and L e C e Gr at , ittl ok Et rae t e rea e an t h s u l t u dinibu s s s . d e Sc h t o n ui p w ll ; vill of , Ec c es s de Sc h u lt o n e s m an d e s m e l ia , Ingl ha , Ingl ha with all th ir c u m c ap e lla de C o k e w e lla e t c um app urte nanc es and lib e rtie s and r in nc iis s e t e e e c s m A nd m e t h e omnib us p e t e sui qui fr u to s . ore ov r

1 Co lgrimesmo re is t h e lan d aro un d So w ley Po n d and Fresh w at er is t h e p o n d and t h e st ream runni ng fro m it t o th e sea . 2 Bro mh aye Bro o my gro und . 3 z Hu rpleya l ple y . 4 Hare fo rd Harfo rd . 1 2 A HI ST O RY OF B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

hab e b a mus in de C c e s Sc hu lt o n and e s quid villa hur h of , Ingl La n e fo rd C o nc e dim us e c iam h a m t h e . C e C e g , with hap l of ok e isde m monac hi s e t c o nﬁ rma v im us we ll a nd with all the ir app ur om ne s rat io nab ile s do da t io nes t e nanc e s and whate ve r w e have t e rra rum h o minu m e t e le mo s t h e O f Lan efo rd , , in vill g . ina rum e is v e l in p rae se nti a nob is WE G RA NT also a nd have c o lla t is v e l in futuro a re gib us v e l conﬁrmed to t h e same Monks all e x alio ru m lib e ra lit a t e c o nfe re n e s b e s Of s me n r a ona l gift land , das v e l e ad u is it as v e l ad u i a nd ms e h e e se c o n , alit r q q al it r at p r nt e d s t a m ec c le s iis m e e e m b u s h e e r n a , in , qua in f rr d up on th y or r e b s e t o sse ss io nib us mu ndanis e b r u p . aft r to e c onfe rre d b y t he l s b e v o u mu &c . e r e O f s e s Quar , Dat p li rality king or oth r , or

m . d s c anum Hu g e We lle ar hid . oth e rwi se acquire d or to b e di c e s e e . . e a e h es as W ll n ap ud Wynton , xxv a quir d , w ll in c urch Ja n uarii e s s d e . s s sess s . , anno r gni no tri xto in worldly goo and po ion

Whe re fore w e will and firmly c ommand that t he afore said Monks ’ Of King s Be auli e u a nd the ir m e n shall have a nd hold all the ir possessions and alms we ll and in p e ac e fre e ly and q ui e tly e ntire ly fully and honourab ly with all the ir lib e rti es and fre e c us toms and ac quittanc es in wood and plain in meadows a nd p asture s in ways and p aths in wate rs and m i lls in p onds and fi sh p onds in marshe s and fish e ri e s in granges a nd orc hards within b orough and without 1 1 with s o c and sac toll and th e am I nfa nge nthie f a nd Ut fange nt hief h amso c m G re db ric h Blo dw yt e FOh t w yt e Fe rdw yt e He ngwyt e Leyr wy te Fle me nefrid m urde r rob b e ry Fo rst al Orde l a nd Ore ste for all time and in all p lac es with all c ause s which th e y have or c an have ' WE HA VE GRA NT ED also that t h e afo resa id Mo nk s m ay b e for e ve r fre e from a ll ame rc e me nts and that the y and the ir me n m a b e ee m sc and e m s t he s y fr fro all ot g ld and fro all aid of King , t h e s e f s and e m s e s A nd m d e c e h ri f , of all th ir ini t r fro hi ag caru ag Dan e ge ld Hornge ld and b e aring arms and from sc utage tallage lastage s tallage and from p l e a s and suits O f Shires and Hundre ds and Wap e ntake s Wards and VVardp e nny A v e rp enny Hundredp e nny Bo rdh alfp enny T ithingp e nny and from w orks of c ast le s p arks b ridges and from inclosure s and from all c ariage s ummage nav age and from b uilding of royal houses an d from all mann e r of work A N D w e forb id the ir woods to b e take n for t he afore said or fo r any othe r works and likewise t h e corn of the m and the ir me n shall not b e take n for p rovi sioning castle s WE grant also that all the ir te n e me nts as we ll in w ood as in p lain shall b e de affore s te d and altoge the r take n out of t h e juri sdic tion Of t h e forests WE c ommand also that t he aforesaid Monks and th e ir men shall b e fre e and quit from all T oll in e very marke tp lac e and in all fairs and in all p assage of b ridges o f ways and o f t h e sea through out our e ntire kingdom and through all our lands in whi c h w e c an gran t these lib e rties to them A N D all t he marke ts Of the m and

1 Fo r t h e m e aning o f thes e and o ther A nglo -Saxo n and No rman w o rds fo un d in t his

h art er sec Glo ssar . 1 . C , y, p 4

G LOS SA RY O F T E RM S U S E D I N T HE FOUNDAT I O N HA RT E R C .

— L b m s s c n O O C N . e e e a d e ec e So c R . , S A , S A i rty to ini t r ju ti x ut law T h e c e e ec c e e sak a o r b e C p la , t rritory , or pr in t wh r in li rty of ourt s w as e x erc i ed . K — A b e e e b h e and SA C . t , SA A li rty or p ow r grant d y King to try judge c auses and of rec e iving t he forfe itures arising from th e m h e m m r s h e t t . within li it , do inion , or ju i diction of court

O — me t h e e m e s b h s T L L . Pay nt to own r of a ark t for good oug t or old

in t h e marke t .

T E — A e e e ee b me e s H AM . p rivil g to tak and k p ond n , vill in , and h e e e s o ne e e r s es . lav , wit th ir g n ration , aft r anoth I E F — A b d e I N FA N G E N T H . e n e an e li rty gra t d to try judg a thi f , h e sd t b h take n within t juri iction of he urg .

N E N T HI E F —A b e e h e ﬂe d b UT FA G . li rty to tak a t i f that and ring h im b ack to t h e court or p lace w ithin w h ich t h e ac t w as d nd e and h i c ommitte a th re to try j udge m.

A — A b e Of e s e h e e HA M S OC . li rty holding pl a d aling with t viol nt ’ m s se invasion of a an hou . R G RYT HBRU C K — A e e s h s w e e G R E DB I CH . a , p rivil g of trying uc r ’ t h e s e c e guilty of an infraction of King p a . — A n e em r m t h e s m es BLODWYT E . x p tion f o p aying cu to ary ﬁn for b b e s e d t h e s and e e Of e s lood ing h in di trict ; a p rivil g holding p l a , aki and t ng ﬁne s on that ac c ount .

F T E — A b se FI ZT WYT E OH WYT . e , li rty of p ro cuting and ﬁning all c s and e m r e s s ontentiou d fa ato y p r on .

— A n e es o r FE R DWYT E FR E DWYT E . e m m f , x p tion fro ﬁn not going m e e forth on a ilitary xp dition . —A b b e e HE N GWYT E . li erty to quit of a fe lon or thief h ang d without me e sc e c s judg nt , or ap d out of u tody .

— A t he s Of LE YRWHI T E . ﬁ ne for adultery anc ie ntly p aid to lord s me m s o anor .

FL E M E N FRI D - A ﬁ ne t h e ec e e e e . for r p tion or r li f of a fugitiv or w outla . G LOSS ARY O P T E RM S U S E D 1 5

— MU R DER A fre edom from ﬁ ne for t h e p lace wh e re t h e murde r h d w as committe d and for not produc ing t h e murde re r if e ﬂe .

A e d m m ﬁ ne and e s c h e s FORST A L FORE S T A LL . e , fr o fro arr t of att l for b uying and se lling again t h e same thing in t h e same marke t .

O E - A e e m s e s a nd d d c me s R D L . p rivil g of ad ini t ring oath a ju ging ri

b y t he p roof of t h e orde al .

O —A s m b e s s c S C T . cu to ary contri ution laid on all p r on ac ording to

the ir ab ility . — E T b es s s . G L D . ri ut of variou kind A I Ds — Be e e c es y b e b e h is . n vol n lawfully p a a l y a t nant to lord on s c e rtain oc casion . — de d H I GE A b e t h e c e e . DA . tax p aya l to rown for v ry hi of lan

- A G E A m sed e e . C R U CA . tax i po on v ry p lough

N E G E D — A e e d m c e c e t h e se s DA L . tax l vi to aintain a for to l ar a of s s Dani h p irate .

I L —A ec Of m e b s m e V L . coll tion any n igh our for ing a villag or - m t h e s . anor, or out p art of a p ari h

H E D —A s - d e d b e s s O G e . R N L . for t tax p ai for horn a t

’ G E — A ds s h e s m t . S CU TA . tax towar furni hing King ar y

T L GE —T es b e e me s e ds t h e W Of t h e A LA . ax p aya l on d n lan at ill d lor .

G — ll b b de s e d s and m s L E A t o e e . AS TA . paya l y tra r att n ing fair ark t

L G E — T h e b e c s s s m e s STA LA . li rty of p it hing tall in fair or ark t , or h m t h e r e nt p ayab le for t e sa e .

W E N K E — A d s s e sse mb Of t h e AP TA S . ivi ion of York hir or an a ly d s c t h e s e Of t h e e d in e ivi ion , originally to tou h p ar ov rlor tok n Of m e e h e e e d s c e ho ag wh n app ar for ju ti . “ W DS — T h e s me as b e P sse mb d ed AR a a ov ; ( ) a ly of a hun r .

—M e d nd WA R DP E N N Y c a . . on y pai to wat h ward

’ A E RP E N N Y - M e d ds t h e s e s es V . e a on y p ai towar King av rag or c rriag . — HUN D E D E ~ A c ec e d b t h e s e f d Of R P N N Y . tax oll t y h ri f or lor a e d hundr .

BOR DHA L N N B R E HA LP A N 1 — A d e u b ds FP E Y O . s , toll pai for tting p oar , b es b s in m e s ta l , or ooth , ark t . —A m T I TH I NGP E N N Y . s all duty p ayab le to t he sheriff from e ac h ds t he c e ee c s tithing towar harg of k p ing ourt .

C A R I A G E - A se c e c me e h e . rvi of arrying or p ay nt in li u of t same . — U M M GE . T s c e se b c S A oll for arriag on hor a k .

’ A VA G E — A d c i s d N . uty on erta n tenan ts to c arry the ir lord goo s in a ship . HA P E R I V C T .

T HE OR N OF T HE NAME IGI .

N the Charter o f Foundation the name is given in

L Ecclesia Sa nc ta e Ma ria e de Bello- loco Re is atin as g , “ which in E nglish is The Church of the Blessed M o f Bellus- Locus Virgin ary of the King . That name in “ F B L is rench was eau ieu , a beautiful place , and it a B ew la B pity that it did not so remain , for in y, or ewley, f its meaning and origin were e fectually hidden . f W 1 A o . . 1 6 . 8 I n the nnals averley ( Op Gale , I I , ) we “ read A O 1 2 04 Re x Johannes quondam A b b atiam de Cisterc i c o nstru xit Bellu m Locu m n o minav it ordine , quod , ” W Ruffus o c c isu s prope locum ubi ilhelmus est . The question may be asked— why did the King give it the name o f Bellus Locus or Be aulieu ? I t is ne c e s s ary to go rather far back to obtain the answer, but it is, I think, given in a conclusive form in the following E B extracts from an article by Sir dmund T . ewley on ” 1 Beaulieu as a Place- Name “ T h e B o r L B name eaulieu , its atin equivalent ellus L t h e B s ocus, or i n riti h Islands the anglicised form B e wley, has been from time to time so frequently applied o f to monastic or ecclesiastical sites, that it may be interest its to attempt to ascertain origin and trace its use . “ A D 8 R lf . . o du e I n 5 5 an abbey was founded by , A s o f B o f e rchbi hop ourges, a son the Comte de Turenn , L Ve llinu in an obscure village of imousin called s . When choosing the site of the new religious house o n

1 I — N ot es and ries h S 1 6 1 ue t . 1 0 . . Q , g Nov , 9 , p 3 9 7 VIII T HE O RI G I N O F T HE NA M E 1 7

o wn e ntranc e t o his domains at the a smiling valley, ‘ th e D watered by ordogne, and protected on the north and south by lofty hills planted with vi nes and fruit e tr es, the noble prelate gave it from the beauty of its O f Be L position the name llus ocus, from which i n Of e we e e Bell oc Belluec course tim r derived successiv ly , — in th e Limousin dialect Bellec o r Belle and the modern 1 B uli u ea e .

“ wa th e B It s placed under rule of St . enedict and

e o f . Pe e e und r the invocation St t r, wh nce it became P B L P e e e . r e th r aft r known as S etrus de ello oco o St . ierr B e de eauli u . I n the latter half o f t h e tenth century the A bbey had e o f attained a v ry remarkable degree prosperity, and its s e e e Le B as L po sessions ext nd d ov r imousin , Of which it e al s o ne— o f e s h ld mo t third, and the north Qu rcy . I n thi way the name Bellus Locus became widely known and acquired a high repute . “ This is the earliest use o f Bellus Locus as a place name that I have been able to discover, and it appears to have been chosen by the founder o f the abbey as ‘ s descriptive Of the locality . Qui locu n upe r a rustic is ’ 2 llinus B L n o minatur Ve a nobis autem ellus ocus . A nother Benedictin e monaste ry Of still olde r foundation b e B e L A came also to called llus ocus . bout th e year 2 in u s e R i 6 Ro d . o u n 4 g (known in later tim s as St ) , an C o lu mb anu s Irish monk , coming to Gaul shortly after , o f A founded a monastery in the forests the rgonne, s e V about even leagu s from erdun , in a place originally l Waslo iu m s as ca led g , but ome centuries later known “ Bellus Locus : Se re c e pit in locum Waslo giu m quen

’ Cart ulaire de I Ab b a e de Be e e n L m s ar y auli u ( i ou in) , p

M m Delo ch e . . axi in , p XIII 2 C s ﬁ s e me . . 1 Cart ulaire Gallia hri tiana , r t dition , to IV , p 47 ’ de l Abb a e de Be e . 2 . y auli u , p 1 8 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y po steri mutati nomine Bellum Locum Ob pulc h e rrimu m " 1 m alu r s it u m loci vocare e u nt . The period at which th e name o f Bellus Locus b e came attached to the monastery cannot n o w be ascertained, but it was probably some time after the O f B L L foundation the abbey of ellus ocus in imo usin . “ ” It had got that name when the Chronicon Virdune nse

i e . was written , . , about The name would hardly o f have been appropriate at the time its foundation , for, “ according to M ab illo n and the authors Of Gallia O f Christiana, the site the monastery had been occupied e O f w o f by the d ns ild beasts, and the chanting the e monks replac d the howling of wolves . 1 00 F A I n 7 ulk Nerra, Count of njou , founded a mon ast er L o f y near oches i n Touraine, to which the name Bellus Locus was given and this was also placed under 3 the Benedictine rule . A f H e f E O . o diploma nry I I , King ngland, without date, “ 1 1 2 e e but attributed to the year 7 , giv n in Tabl Chrono D “ o & c . . . 6 logique des ipl mes, , tome I I I , p 4 7 , is datum apud Bellu m Locu m juxta Lochas and a diploma o f A A 1 P . 1 e to ope lexander I I I , dated pril, 7 3 , addr ssed this “ dile c tis Filiis community, describes them as Giraldo ” 4 A m nasterii de Bello loc u u fr i u bbati o o ej sq e atr b s . T h e B e o n manufacturing town of aulieu, the banks

1 “ A B dic i b M b i es O s . e ne t a l n I . l o me . 2 nnal rdini S , y , to , p 35 ; ” C s sec e d d me . 1 2 6 . Gallia hri tiana , on ition , to XIII , 4 1 ’ “ Do m Bouqu e t s Rec u e il des Hi stori e ns des Gaules e t de la ” — F e m X . c e . 2 0 ran , to , pp . 5 7 3 Mab illo n A B e i es O s . en d c t i m e . . 1 , nnal rdini S , to IV , p 9 5 ; ’ T ab le Chronologique des Dip lOmes c onc e rnant l Hist o ire de la F c e ar MM d B M . e e e t e m I . 2 1 . ub c e . S ran , p r quigny ou h t , to , p 5 de m e m i e s . . 1 00 s T u ro nic o e Lo c c as m i t p u [ 7] in ip o p ago p rop , opp idu ad ﬂ uv ium A nge re m monaste rium c o n dit u m est a s itu Be s L c s a e lat um llu o u p p . 1‘ Ch s ﬁ s e . me . 1 2 . Gallia ri tiana , r t dition , to IV , p 5 T HE O R I G I N O F T HE NA M E 1 9 o f L the I ndre , connected with oches by bridges, now e contains the ruin s of this anci nt monastery . s I n the twelfth and thirteen centurie , and in some at e e instances an earlier date, various religious houses w r founded to which names conne cted with the nature of the e — B L B sites were giv n ; for example onus ocus ( onlieu) , L Clairlie u L B e Clarus ocus ( ) , Carus ocus (Charlieu) , llus B B Be F Campus ( elchamp and eauchamp) , llus ratus Be é B V B B V B o nnev alle ( aupr ) , ella allis ( eauval) , ona allis ( ) , V V V B e Clara allis (Clairvaux) , allis Clausa ( aucluse) , llus M B M e B F ons ( eaumont) , Clarus ons (Cl rmont) , onus ons B e F s e B ( onnefontain ) , Clarus on (Clair fontaine) , onus 1 P B o n o rt . B ut e s ortus ( p ) , though some of thes name may b e found conn e cted with two o r more monastic foun d s e e ation , non Of th m had the same extensive range as L s Be llus ocu . When th e Cistercian Order was established in the as f o f th e B twelfth century, an o fshoot enedictines, the name o f B e llus Locus was not disre garded by it in its

. 1 1 1 e B L new foundations I n 4 an abb y, called ellus ocus, 2 was founde d by the Ciste rcian s in th e diocese o f Rode z and in 1 1 66 th e monastery Of Bellu s Locus of the Ciste r c ian L Order was established near angres, in the diocese 3 o f Macon . A 1 1 0 B L Be bout 4 the priory Of ellus ocus ( aulieu) , o f B e w as e B the en dictine Order, found d in edfordshire A ’ as a cell to the monastery of St . lban s by Robert de A 4 lbini and Cicely his mother . But Of B L , although the name ellus ocus for the site o f a religious foundation w as ﬁrst associated with the

1 See C s assim T b e C l Gallia hri tiana , p , a l hrono ogiqu e des i l s D Ome &c . p , 2 “ d d m I I bi sec d e e . . 2 6 . , on ition , to , 7 1 “ d d e d me . 8 I bi . sec , on ition , to IV , 45 . 4 ’ ” d l s M nas i . Du a e o t c o n . . 2 g , vol III , p 74. A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

B its w as Be enedictine Order, use not conﬁned to the ne dic in s s f t e and Ciste rcian . I n the beginning o the twelfth e E L o f F c ntury, ustace, ord iennes, built the abbey Of Be s L A mb le tusa O f B llu ocus near , in the diocese oulogne , 1 for th e A ugu stinian Order and A ugustinian monaste ries bearing the name o f Bellus Locus were established in 1 1 2 4 Le M 1 1 0 D B at ans, and about 7 at inan in rittany, in 2 th f M P s s e dioces e o St . alo . The remon traten ians had a s r e Be s L s o f mona te y call d llu ocu i n the diocese Troyes , A s which was founded originally for the ugustinian , and “ is said to have received its name quod in amoena e t s uav i te mp e rie coeli s o lique ac j u c u ndissimo fundo fu e rit m ” c o nstru c tu .

1 2 00 o f n e B s I n a priory regular cano s, call d ellu L t he o f R de ocus, was founded in diocese ouen by John 3 f M P 1 2 2 o . B L reaux in 4 the nunnery S aria de ello oco , e D o f A “ n ar ouai , in the diocese rras, was placed under “ f A 1 2 0 o r o . the rule St ugustine ; and in 5 , thereabouts , f B e L O . the nunnery of llus ocus, the Order of, St John Of s o f J eru alem , in the diocese Cahors, was constituted an 5 abb e y . R F H eligious foundations in landers and ainault, bearing o f B L o r B the name ellus ocus, eaulieu , will be found “ mentioned in Table Chronologique des Charte s e t l ’ Hi i B ” 6 D iplomes I mprimés concernant sto re de la elgique .

R o f B eference may also be made to the priory eaulieu , e o f L o f in the dioc se incoln , mentioned under the date “ ” u 1 P R P J ly, 349 , in Calendar Of apal egisters ( apal

1 d m X 1 C s se e e . 1 6 . Gallia hri tiana , con dition , to , 4 1‘ id m 1 2 1 0 1 . I b . e . , to XIV , 5 , 3 3 id I b . me . . , to XI , 5 7 4 8 bi . me . I d. , to III , 44 5 m I . . I bid. e 1 , to , 9 4 5 0 6 0 6 6 2 me . . 0 T me . . 6 o II , pp 4 9 , ; to III , pp 3 74, 5 , 9 ; and

V 1 . me L . 0 to , pp 5 7 , 5 7

A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

s no t have given to thi episcopal residence a name , only s o f de criptive its position , but directly associated with his former life . 1 2 1 2 D B ro ue ro ie I n the abbat and monks of St . enis en q H B ado u in L o f in ainault authorised de obbes, seneschal V s H e V alencienne , to establish a chapelry at avr , near alen l c ie nne s e l B L Beaulie u , in the plac ca led ellus ocus ( ) . o f B The names the parish and rectory Of ewley, in o f the c ounty of Kilkenny, and the parish and rectory B o f L eaulieu , in the county outh , had, no doubt, an o r im ecclesiastical monastic origin , though it may be possible now to ascertain the circumstances under which e th y were ﬁrst given . On a review Of the matters above state d it would appear that in ancient times Bellus Locus was i n some instances e e o f as ss ntially a descriptive name, the same character F V Clarus ons or allis Clausa ; but one may conj ecture, I th e think, that in other cases it was used ﬁguratively, monastery to which the name was attached being “ a fair

place in contrast to its lawless o r wild surroundings . T h e - main reason , however, for its adoption in after times th e Of would, I think, be prestige acquired by some the T h e monasteries that ﬁrst bore the name . name for centuries may be s aid to have had a genuin e monastic e ring, and its association with great religious hous s and with inﬂuential monastic Orders may be the principal cause o f its frequent and widespread use . The evidence contained in the foregoing article con e lusive ly establishes the origin o f the early name Bellus f Locus F B . o in N orman rench , eaulieu The corruption this name into B ew lay o r Bewley and an almost endless is number of other forms will be dealt with later, but it interesting to note that a s imilar change has taken place — i n the names o f other Cistercian A bbeys names which 1 I L I I ° T b e Ch o ue de s C es &c . VO a l ronol giq hartr , , " 3 74 T HE O RIG I N OF T HE NAME 2 3

B sometimes, as in the case of eaulieu , implied that they e De V were situated amid b autiful surroundings . Thus alle “ ” D e i th e e e V B , vall y Of God, becom s audey ; de ella — — Landa By Land ; Parc u m Lude Louth Park ; D e Mira “ ” V l is M e re v al a le, the wonderful valley, changed to ; Jo re v al be comes Je rv aux ; de Valle Regali is A nglicise d V R A lb alanda W e L into ale oyal ; becomes hit and, and “ ” F o ra ﬂ B ut D e St t e u r. Strata lorida, the ﬂowery mead ws, ’ V s— V th e — D ie ulac re s alle Cruci The alley Of Cross , God s A F cres, and ountains are more fortunate and retain their

names unchanged . I t has bee n objected to the view here put forward that it does not account for the possession by the place now called Beaulieu o f any name at all before the foundation e o f B Of the abbey . The r ply is that the manor eaulieu A D 1 2 0 only came into existence in . . 4 by the act of the P e f King . r viously it formed an integral part o the New " F A orest and, so far as is known , the site Of the bbey w as o f nameless, like many other parts the forest at that

period . The fo llo w mg extract is from the Fifth Report of the Commissioners appointed to e nquir e into the State o f t h e W F s L R s and Condition oods, orest , and and evenue Of th e Crown and to Sell or A li e nate Fe e Farm and other

U Re s . D 2 2 n d 1 8 nimprovable nt ated, July, 7 9 . P F b e age 3 , paragraph 3 This is the only orest longing to the Crown o f which the origin is known ; D omesday Book contains the most distinct account of its W T h e afforestation by illiam the Conqueror . contents o f e F F E f H ev ry ield , arm , or state a forested, in ides, o r V o f Carucates, irgates , by which the extent land was e o f H th n computed, together with the names the undreds V e e P e and illag s, and Of the form r ropri tors (which are for th e Re o r V the most part Saxon) , nt Yearly alue of each P e e t o oss ssion , and the Tax which had be n paid for it 2 4 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y th e o f E Crown , during the reign dward the Confessor, e th e s e o f befor inhabitant were exp lled , and that part the s b e country laid wa te, are all to found i n that most s R curiou and venerable ecord . I t may b e remarked in pass ing that the statements as “ to t h e inhabitants being expell e d and the country laid wa ste are monkish fables accepted by careless historians ’ Vide C o b b e tt s which and whom no one now believes . ( “ ” R e s 1 8 id , th October, D omesday Book does not contain the name Of any place i n Hampshire which can be identiﬁed as having o f B A o r occupied the site eaulieu bbey, a name which L B llu Locu translated into atin would appear as e s s . The only names in Domesday Book o f place s known to be near Beaulieu are H arifo rd 2 , hides ; Ostre o rde Otte rw o o d 1 ( ) , hide . A t Oxle i 2 o f e , hides less 4 acres meadow land wer F it ff included in the orest when was a orested . The Oxle i Oxlease W name is now represented in Oxleys ( ) ood . I t is probable that the cultivated land near the S ite o f A 1 08 6 o r the bbey was in included, either wholly in part, e s under the above nam . That the s ite o f the A bbey and of the village should at that time have been nameless is not, I think, a fact in any way remarkable . These words are written from o n e o f H W i e H are fo rd a house the edg arford ood, . . , o r H arifo rd o f , overlooking the vineyards and the ruins W P 00 the ine ress, and less than 3 yards distant from the A bbey . One cannot expect that in such a desolate part o f w as r the country there a name fo every hide Of land . B 1 2 0 If a village had existed at eaulieu in 4, and if the abbat o f the nearest o r any Cistercian monastery to whom an application was made to send a colony to the proposed

new foundation had done his duty, no abbey would have T HE O RIG I N OF T HE NA M E 2 5

been built there, for he would have cited the regulations of the Orde r forbidding the building Of an abbey near a village . It was doubtless the abse nc e o f habitations in th e neighbourhood and the loneliness o f the place that re n fo r dered it so suitable as a site for an abbey, these were th e features which appealed to the Cistercians, certainly o f in the earlier days that Order, their very name being o f reminiscent the fact . “ — The site which they chose in the diocese o f Chalons - o D — sur Sa ne, not far from ijon was no happy valley, no ‘ ’ B green retreat, such as the earlier enedictine founders e had been wont to select . I t was a dismal swamp ov r s grown with brushwood, a forlorn , dreary, unhealthy pot, from whose marshy character the new house took its name ‘ ” 1 Cistellu rn Ci au x ste . Of The Cistern , commonly called

1 ” M ss A n I . N e e s o l . . e 0 v . i K orgat , g vin King , , pag 7 HA P E R V C T .

T HE CORR T ON OF T HE NAME UP I .

E have still to account for the transformation o f B the name eaulieu so many shapes, in ‘ into o f some which it is barely recognisable . W 1 2 6 hen , say in 4 , after the completion Of the A bbey, and probably much earlier, a man on his way thith e r was met o n the road by a friend who said to him “ Where are you going ? ” What was probably his reply ?

It may, I think, be taken for certain that he did not “ ” B L R He say To ellus ocus egis . probably used the name which the Norman French had been accustomed o w n to give to the many abbeys in their land so called, B e t s viz . , eauli u , which they naturally ransferred to place E similarly named in ngland . I t is notorious that the spelling Of place names and o f proper names was careless to the last degree in early times and particularly so in the time o f King Henry the E ighth : a fact that is sufﬁcient to account for the many varieties in the spelling B L Of a compound word like eau ieu , containing six vowels, which lends itself so readily to variation by the P illiterate . Nearly all the early documents in the ublic Record Ofﬁce relating to the A b b ey are in medi aeval L B L atin , in which the name is given as ellus ocus a lia s B L R alias B ellus ocus egis eaulieu . I n the Close R E d A D e e oll , . I I . ( . . howev r, there is a lett r regarding the loan Of victuals addressed, amongst others, A B Le ie u to the bbat of eau . T HE CORRUPT I ON OF T HE NA M E 2 7 I n the following table references to some documents o f are given , and the exact spelling the name is stated in each case

Dat e and Nat u re o f um n Do c e t .

H A M sc s B s . 2 e . D . e e 3 nry VIII . ( i llan ou ook e t h e M A m e Valu of anor . u g n t a t i o n fh C e . 6 O . N o 3 3 . e 6 Pag . ’ A D M s s A s B ne 2 He . e c e 3 3 3 nry VIII ( . . ini t r count , aul and ’ M s s A O m Be s 1 e C C . L c s 5 4 ini t r Southa p ton , llu o u M R s h e R c . 1 . H e s c t e . e . ount of tory nry VIII . , gi 3 3 43 He A D R H B L C . . . e e e O O 3 5 nry VIII ( Pat nt oll , 35 nry llo t h e Re c t 1 0 M 2 1 alias Be Grant of tory to VIII . , Par . . . llo Sir T homas Wrio t h e s LOC O Re gi s le L d Wrio t h esle alias Be y , or y , au nd h is a lie e . h e irs . w

He A D s De Be L 3 8 nry VIII . ( . . P a r t i c u l a r f o r llo OC O h A m s Valuation Of t e Fe e Grants . ug enta othe rwi e

Farm R e nts rese rved to tion . Be anle y or h C 8 He F e e Bea l u . t rown . 3 nry VIII . il u e

I I I A D R 8 8 He V . . e He Be L C . O O 3 nry ( Pat nt oll , 3 nry llo L L d . W i h e s c e e o . M m . a ias Be c r t . e l i n to VIII , Part II llo l h M 1 0 L R s e y to ali e nate t e anor . . oc o e gi a lias Be au

li e u .

Ed A D E c . R d . . . . . C c Be n e Beaw 3 war VI ( x h K hur h a l y ,

L s c ds . s C C O . le i t of hur h Goo Good , South y . 6 Ed A D m . . N . ward VI ( . a p ton , o 1 2 DO O 5 5 ) . N .

A D e s Of F s C es . . . N e C es Be e 5 harl I ( ot in , 5 harl wl y . B s n I M c ee a d E . e m s ton arl of , i ha l a , South m m . e o f Southa p ton Sal a p ton . M r ano .

1 2 C es . A . D . e R 1 2 C es Be harl I ( Pat nt oll , harl auly or h E I t e f . O . N . li . Beau e Grant to arl , Part XX o 4 . Southamp ton of e xe mp tion of Manor from t h e jurisdic tion of t h e N ew F es or t . 2 8 A HI ST O RY OF B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

Dat e and at ure o f N Re fe r n e ce . o c ume n t D .

esc O f C c H e MSS O 8 . N . 2 D rip tion hur h and arl ian 9 , M A D . e 0 . anor ( . pag 9

e M Fee F es O Sal of a p ortion of anor t of in . C . A D m . . E s e ( Southa p ton . a t r 6 2 1 . O 2 5 N . 3 . C s A D Fe e F es B l e . . . e w h e 34 3 5 harl II ( t of in , 34 3 5 y ot r Sir R b e C C e s I I H se B . e o rt lay harl ilary , wi au R M 8 C o . N . . e . ton to alp h ontagu o . South li u f h M e O t e . m Sal anor a p ton .

1 1 A . D Fe e F 1 2 e s . B e . . e C O . G org II ( t of in of ealiu . F e fo r t h e e m T in Sal Southa p ton . rinity , Re s b e n 1 1 1 2 e e of nt lo ging to 8c G org II . h A b b t e e . 1 2 y . No 5 . mm s h Ab H M t e b e SS . N Be e O . . Su on to at to arl ian 433 w l y . e b h e D e e t . 1 app ar for King P 3 3 . a nd C c 1 R oun il . ich “ Ye C m ard III . lai to ” e s hav a anctuary .

It will be seen that we have at the dates given below th e methods o f spelling placed opposite to them B L R ellus ocus egis, I Z O e r B L I n 4 and generally a ly ellus ocus, and days . B eauli e u B e au le ie u 1 I O 3 . B e aulne 1 5 4 1 B eau liew e 1 5 44 . B n o r B eaule u 1 ea ley 5 47 . B e aw le 1 y 5 49 . B 1 6 0 ewley 3 . B eau l r I 6 3 7 ° B e au lie

1 6 8 4 . 1 6 2 5 . 1 6 8 3 . B ali 1 e u 7 3 9 .

HA P E R V I C T .

T HE C H OIC E OF T HE SIT E . O whom is the credit to be given for finding such s M F a beautiful ite To the onks or to the ounder, King J ohn ? I hope that I do n o t misrepre sent the e e B — a e e View of thos who liv in and near eaulieu , Vi w ind ed which appears to me to re fl e ct the Opinion generally h e ld throughout the country by the neighbours o f e ach and — e very monastic ruin when I state that th e y have no hesitation in answering the question in favour O f the monks . I t is generally put somewhat as follows : The monks came from France ; th e y sailed up the river ; they landed s omewhere about where Beaulieu n o w stands they saw that it was a beautiful valley ; th e y discovered s a tream Of good water, which they always regarded as e e x B o f ess ntial, and th y fi ed upon eaulieu as the site the A bbey which they had set o ut from France to found in

E ngland . “ Thi s i n E lizabethan days would have been called a e e o ne v ry pretty conc it , and hardly likes to set to work

to demolish it but, notwithstanding the weight of opinion , e o f I fe l bound , in the interests truth , to state that I can ﬁnd s no evidence to upport it . o f B I believe , on the contrary, that in the case eaulieu A e bb y, and probably nearly all other monastic foundations r th e in this count y, initiative came from the founder and

not from the monks . A I t is , no doubt, true that some bbeys were founded e d Ciste r by monkish squatters , but such cases , as r gar s the T HE C HO I CE OF T HE S I T E 3 1

C ians E o r at any rate, must have been very rare in ngland , e D ugdale has overlooked th m . 8 On referring to the list Of Cistercian houses (p . 3 ) it will be seen that Bea ulie u was founded seventy- seve n years afte r the date of the ﬁrst foundation o f the Order

E A . D . 1 2 0 e e i n ngland , and that in 4 there w r already 2 Ciste rc I an A P 1 N u nn e ries in 5 bbeys , 5 riories and 4 E 1 2 A s 1 N W ngland , bbey and unnery in ales, numerous A 2 A bbeys and Nunneries in Scotland, and bbeys in A n e I re land . abbat and twelve monks to each monast ry s was the u ual complement for a foundation , but whilst e e — B e som had mor eaulieu , for exampl , was founded for — 0 1 2 . 3 monks many had fewer than I f we allow eight, e e e e an interm diate numb r , to ach , there wer at that date probably more tha n 5 00 Ci ste rcian monks in E ngland W and ales . They were therefore a numerous body, and w e also know that th e y we re a highly - organised c o m a e th e munity, holding annual gener l chapt rs to which ab b ats o f every house were summoned ; in addition it was the duty o f the abbat Of every Mothe r Monastery to visit the foundations which had originated from his o w n A th e C e bbey moreover, monks as a lass wer amongst the e o f th e is e most learn d men time, although it tru that the e Cistercians take a rath r low place so far as learning goes . “ T h e statutes o f the Orde r laid down that the habitation ” o w n C of monks ought to be in their loister, which ,

indeed, they only quitted for some good and urge nt e n o t r ason . It would be easy to convert such men into e monastic wanderers in search of eligibl building sites . A mongst the founders of Ciste rcian Monasteries were s s s kings and queen , bishop and noble , knights and

. landowners Their motives in so doing were various, some were actuated by a desire to ensure that masses

b e o f o r should said for the repose their souls, the souls o f their ancestors others, such as the bishops, by a desire 3 2 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

to increase the inﬂuence of the Church , others again acted in fulﬁlment o f a vow made at a time o f great bodily

peril . The usual procedure was probably somewhat as — follows The A bbat o f the nearest or some other monas fe ry o f the Order would be approached ; an Offer would l be made to endow the monastery with certain ands , practically the only source Of wealth i n those days ; th e abbat would ask whether there was a site which fulﬁlled th e known requirements o f the Order ; his consent would

be given upon conditions, and a promise would be made that an abbat and 1 2 monks should be sent to the place f O fered , when the temporary buildings necessary for

housing the colony had been erected . The founding of Vale Royal in Cheshire in 1 2 7 3 is an example o f action taken i n fulﬁlment o f a v o w made P E at a time of great bodily peril . rince dward, eldest o f H f son enry the Third, when upon the point Of su fering e shipwr ck, vowed that if his life were spared he would f o d found an A bbey to the Glory o G .

~ o u t v ow H e carried his , and having succeeded his E F father as King dward the irst , he laid the ﬁrst stone “ f V R o n z ud A A D Of the A bbey o ale oyal the ugust . . 1 2 77 upon the site o f the high altar i n the presence o f ” 1 a great concourse of his nobles . o f o f Me rev al The following account the founding ,

Mira Va lle A W or De , bbey in arwickshire is peculiarly o f B to the point, because the similarity to eaulieu in the o f th e meaning the name, also in the fact that by f A founding o the bbey a spot of ground which , like B e eaulieu , had hith rto been nameless, received a name

implying that it was a beautiful valley, and also that the site was selected by the donor and not by the monks A Westwards from therton , scarce a mile, stands

irav all o f is M , which there no particular mention in the

1 ’ Du dale s Mo nast ic o n v o l . V . . 0 1 . g , , p 7 T HE C HO I C E O F T HE S I T E 3 3

’ s Conqueror Survey, in regard it was involved with Grendon (lying o n the oth e r side o f th e river) whereto e e e it then belonged as an outwood, and th r with becam de Ferie rs po sse st by Henry , a great man in these parts S s R E (as I hall shew anon) , whose grand on , obert arl F e e e o f e errers, having a reverend st m the Cist rcian s e to E monk , which in his tim began multiply in ngland, made C hoice o f this mountainous and woody dese rt (as f r ﬁttest o solitude and devotion) , to found therein a m o nasterie o f that order ; which was begun accordingly f ’ in the X I Vth year o K . Stephen s reign ; and being propagated with monks from Bordesley A bbey in W o f the orcestershire had, by reason such its situation , name of Mirav all attribute d thereto ; th e lands wherewith s v iz o f A e he endowed it being the e . , all his forest rd n id est o f ( , his outwood in that part the woodland, which o f A then bore the name rden) , and also what he had W o o f in hittington , together with the mann ur Overton n H c m (no w called Orton o the ill in o . as also H rdw ik e P D Crano k e s e in the eake of erbyshire, unto dune ; with common o f pasture in He rte ndo n and P illes h is burie, for sheep and other cattell , as the words Of ” 1 C harter do import . “ W as K irk ste d th e o f here, at , place the church , e o f th e the name preced d the foundation the abbey, fact was thought to be so remarkable as to be an example Of prophetic insight, and curiously in this case, as B w as e at eaulieu , the foundation upon a site n ar e e Kirk which th r were previously no dwellings . ste d A H B o f E L bbey was founded by ugh rito, son udo , ord T atesh ale 1 1 o f V M of in 3 9 , in honour the irgin ary .

. V I I I The Cottonian manuscript Tiberius C . represents S the ite, upon a plain hemmed in with brambles and o f Kirk ste d marshes, to have received its name

1 ’ D d l s M n u a e o ast ic o n V . 8 1 g , vol . , p . 4 . 3 4 A HI ST O RY O F B E A U LI E U A BB E Y p rophetica lly as the place O f a church be fore an A bbey w Kirks as constructed there . The ﬁrst inhabitants Of te d we re brought from Fountains . M o ne t oreover, Of the earlies documents relating to t h e A e o f B 1 6th A 1 2 0 bb y eaulieu , dated ugust 4, is a 1 e th e F l tter from the King, ounder, to all Cistercian ab b ats o f , begging them , in consideration God and him se A B L lf, to make an aid for his new bbey de ello oco “ R N e w F in egis in the orest, because we have begun it the sa me lace p , of your order, to store it with provisions, and that each o ne o f you do for us as o ur letters " s ignify . “ T h e words in the same place are interesting, as if the place had previously possessed a name it would

certainly have been so stated . F e rom the vidence given , which might be multiplied

indeﬁnitely, we may, I think, safely conclude that the B A e site of eaulieu bb y was selected by Ki ng J ohn , b not y the monks .

1 Brie f upon th e Close Roll . R VI I C HA PTE .

F T HE T ERC A R ER A BRIEF HIST ORY O C IS I N O D .

H E Cisterc ia ns o f B e , a branch the enedictines, w re Ciste rtium Ciste aux o r so called from , , Citeaux, in a D F the bishopric of Ch lons, near ijon , in rance, A D 1 0 8 R o f where the Order was begun . . 9 by obert A f M o . Champagne, bbat olesme, in that province The

B . B enedictines were founded by St enedict, who lived — D 8 0 . A . . 4 543 The Ciste rcian Order was brought into repute by H A o f Ciste aux E Step hen arding, third bbat , an nglishman , D born at Sherborne, in orsetshire, and he is therefore regarded as the principal founder . s Bernardines B They were al o called , from St . ernard , A o f o r l e who was bbat Clairvaux C areval , in the dioc se

L A . D . 1 1 1 6 o f Of angres, about , and a great promoter their White Monks o f Order ; and , from the colour their habit, which was a white cassock with a black scapulary, within e e the monastery, but a black habit wh n th y went abroad . “ A Lat sca u la e I s scapulary ( , p , the should r a long strip o f f th e e o u t serge or stu f, c ntre of which is cut to pass e o ne over the h ad, ﬂap hanging down in front, the oth e r upon the back . The Cisterci ans separated from the Benedictin e s o n Ithe ground that the latte r were not sufﬁciently strict in their f B o f o . observance the rule St enedict . “ The essence o f the Cistercian reform w as a strict Observance Of the Benedictine rule in its original simplicity w as s and severity, as it under tood by the founders o f

. o f a r Citeaux Their ﬁrst series regulations, dr wn up p o

0 2 3 6 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

1 1 0 1 e s the e o f bably about , deﬁn m thod its Observance C as regards lothing , food , renunciation Of property i n s so o n— th e churche and tithes, and renunciation o f the riches o f this world to be practised by thes e new soldiers ” 1 of Christ, poor with the poor Christ . These regulations deal also with the employment of c o nversi o r f r lay brethren , and paid labourers o the culti o f vation their lands, because according to the rule th e ” o w n C habitation Of monks ought to be i n their loister . f A nd o . B , emulating the example St enedict, it was deter C mined that their monasteries should be built, not in ities

nor in castles nor in villages, but in places remote from o f the concourse people , and that twelve monks with an

abbat should be sent out to new foundations . It was a to rule with the Cistercians not allow another house , even f w n e O o . their Order, to be built within a c rtain distance “ The second series Of regulations appears to have been draw n up by Stephen Harding immediately after he 1 1 0 B became abbat in 9 . y these they determined that

they would not have in the house of God, wherein they o desired to serve God dev utly by day and night, anything o f su erﬂ u it o r which savoured pride or p y, which might e ver corrupt the poverty which they had chosen o f their o f 8 0 own free will , as the custodian the virtues . their o f crosses were not to be gold or silver, but of painted wood ; their single candlestick was to be of iron , and the

o f o r . censers only copper iron Silk was forbidden , except o r l s e for stoles fanons go d and ilver were also forbidd n , b e o f S W except that the chalice and p ipe were to ilver . e t o o know, , from other sources that their ﬁrst buildings o f o f were the utmost simplicity , entirely destitute any ” 2 adornment .

1 t h e C s e c s A rcht o r 2 T h A e e . J u B s e . nd il on , rchit ctur of i t r ian , ,

se n . . N . . 1 0 . , vol XVI , o 3 , p 9 1 I bid. . 1 0 . , p 9

3 8 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

Co unt y .

D A . . W e e 1 1 2 8 A mm e in av rl y on ,

Furn ess Lanc ashire m andy . Rie v all Ri s e or e vaulx . York Clar val o

’ F s M s r s 1 1 2 . ountain Yo k 3 St ary , York (Be ne e e di tin ) . h a narr Isl e of Wig t S vigny . go mb e rmere Ch eshire

Gare ndon Le ic e ste rshire Swin eshead Linc olnsh ire ess R ussia or Rysh en Isle of Man Furn . Stratford Lang Esse x e thorn . Calde r Cumb e rland Buldw as Shropsh ire Wardon Bedfordshire Ford D e vonshire Buc kfastle igh De von shire Ne wminste r No rth umb erland Fountains . T h ame Oxfordshire Removed from

Ot t e ley . Worc e stersh ire Linc olnsh ire Linc olnshire Fountains . Wiltshire No rt h amp t o nsh ire

Esse x

Linc olnsh ire

F un s Vaudey or de Valle Linc olnsh i re o tain . i De . Bru e m e Oxfordsh ire A B RI E F HI ST O RY OF T HE C I ST E RC I A N O RD E R 3 9

Name .

Roc he or de Rup ib us Yorkshire i l sd B c h ms e B t e en u king a hir Gare ndon . Sallay or Sawle y Yorkshire

Salt a Saw t re H d s e y or y unting on hir Wardon .

s Y s e s Kirk tall ork hir Fountain . Dore He refordshire

Flexley or De ne Glouc est ershire

Rufford No t t ingh amsh ire Sib ton Suffolk Me rev al de MiraValle W c s e , arwi k hir Comb e Warwic kshire Jo re v al or J e rv aux Yorkshire Me lsa or Me aux Yorkshire Holm C u lt ram Cumb e rland T itle y Esse x s e Stanle y Wilt hir Qnarr . Sta nlaw and Che shire Comb ermere . VVh alley Lanc ashire Bindon Dorse tshire C ro k esden Cro x St aﬁ ordsh ire A u lne No r or y ,

d n m d . e . an y Rob e rts -b ridge Susse x Clyve Some rse tshire

Me dme nham Buc kinghamshire Wob urn . Dunke swe ll De vonshire Be auli e u Hamp shire Cist e au x and n d n Fari g o .

Dieulac re s Staffordshire Comb e rme re . Hilton or Hulton Staffordshire Blank land or

Comb e rmere . e Ne tle y Hamp shire Be auli u .

N ew e nh am De vonshire Be auli e u . Hayles Glouc e ste rshire Be aulie u .

Vale Royal Cheshire Dore . t Buc kland De von shire Quar .

R ew ly Oxfordshire T hame .

M es Eas Smithﬁ e ld e d . St . c ary Gra or t , Gar n on

Eas M ns e M dd ese . t i t r . i l x 40 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

E P R I O R I S .

ame un N Co ty .

K e ldh o lm F r Yorkshire o nuns .

L F r s inc olnshire o nun . Warwickshire Fo r monks (translated from Rad m e or ) . Ba e dale H F r s s sh e 1 1 62 o . , utton York ir nun Nu n t h o r or p . Han e o le Ham 1 1 0 Fo r s p or Yorksh ire 7 nun . e p ol .

U NN ER I E S N .

m Na e .

N un C t n e 1 2 o on or Cotham Lincolnshire A t 1 9 . St k w es o ld em e h e . y or Styx Lincolnsh ire T p. King St p n

would . Nun A pp le ton Yorksh ire Late in r e i gn King

Ste phe n . irca Wickham Yorkshire C 1 1 5 3 . ca Sinningt hw ait e York shire Cir 1 1 6 0 . Co de nh am Yorkshire Early in re ign He nry II . H nsh ir em e . Sew ardesley No rth amp t o e T p. nry II rca 1 1 80 Heyninge s Linc olnshire Ci . He e n n e v y g .

G o k w e lle or Goke Lin c olnshire A nt e 1 1 85 . e e w ll .

m He . Kirkle e s Yorkshire Te p. King nry II H em e . Elre t on or Elle rton T p. King nry II

- up on Swale . Le k e b u rn or Le gb o rne A nt e King John .

em R c . T are nt or T arrant T p. i hard I

Tem R c . Brewood p. i hard I or King

John . 1 8 Co k eh ill Worc este rshire Existing 1 9 . A B R I E F HI ST O RY OF T HE C I ST E RC I A N O RD E R 4 1

F i n f o un at . o unt . a e o o Name . C y D t d

Wint e neye Hampsh ire Marham Norfolk Whiston or Wyte Worc este rshire

stane .

E I E S C I ST R C AN C L L .

Ne C e E s 1 2 1 St o ne le ar ov ntry xi ting 9 , y . We stmorland A c e ll of Byland A b b e y .

Ne e Ne h am em H I i s e T e . th or at Gl organ hir p. nry , Sav gny L F e s ce . n ar yon , ran Basin w e rk Flin shir 1 1 g t e 1 3 o r 1 1 5 9 . T e M m h s e 1 1 1 int rn on out hir 3 . Cu mh r R d s e 1 y e a nor hir 1 43 . H e s e e e d e T m . n Dor r for hir p Ki g John . A lb alanda Wh e C ae rmart h ensh ir 1 1 or it e 43 .

land. F C d sh e 1 1 1 1 8 Strata lorida or ar igan ir 64 or 4 .

St rat ﬂeur. M e M me s e 1 1 0 Strat arg l ontgo ry hir 7 . M m s e 1 1 argan Gla organ hir 47 . C C e s 1 1 8 1 6 onway a rnarvon hire 5 or 1 8 . C e e M m s Tem a rl on on outh hire p. King John . De e C c s e b s e 1 2 0 Vall ru i D n igh hir 0 . e e mme Me e hs e ? 2 Kinn r or K r rion t hir 1 09 . c e e M m s e 1 2 2 6 Gra Di u on outh hir .

NUN N E RY . 4 2 HI ST O RY OF B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

ame . o unt N C y .

b h e M ub C o . o f t 8 . St . ary , D lin Du lin , 94 C s e c e Buldew as O 1 1 . i t r ian rd r . 39 , I r s is u o . e 8 e F e s n c o c C 1 1 0 s . Iny or y Down , c ll to urn

CO LA N S T D . There were numerous Cistercian abbeys and nun ne rie s in Scotland . Of these the most important were M M ac hline Hadin t o n elrose, , Newbattle, g ; Cuprum , D Knilﬂo ss V L undrennan , , Glenluce ( allis ucis) , Culross, D B A D eer, almerino , The bbey Of the Sweetheart ( ulcis

Cordis) . o f A b erm o re n o c ht o n Others less importance were , Lame rm u re E B E Coldstream , , gles, North erwick, lcho , ] Hal w o o d Sac ru mb o sc o m Sandal , and y ( ) . E XXIV PLAT .

44 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y buildings which they occupied suggests that it was con s ide rab l e . The western end Of the nave was the part o f the A t church allotted to their use . Clairvaux their stalls o n o f were placed in three rows each side the nave . conversi s Those of the who were re ident in the abbey, s o f and ome them were invariably there, attended certain of the services at the same time as the monks, when they recited prayers and psalms which , being unable to read , they had committed to memory . There were three entrances to the Church used by the s lay brother , the west door and the doorway into the XV m P I I . south aisle fro the lane ( late . ) were for day use A t night access was Obtained by a s traight flight Of steps which led from their dormitory into the west end o f the o ut o f church , so that they had no necessity to go doors t o o f o f attend a service . The part this flight steps nearest to the church was destroyed when the northern end Of the D omus c onversoru m was rebuilt after the A bbey was pulled down , but some portion of it within D the omus remains . The almost complete separation o f the monastic build ings used by the monks o f the higher order and the conv ersi shows that the intercourse between the t wo Classes must have been very limited and was probably confined f to their O ficial relations . A t B n o t eaulieu the separation is quite complete, as o f C i n the west wall the loister, near the north end, there w as o r C an iron gate , a door, leading from the loister into the lane . “ A D A e . ft r the middle Of the fourteenth century ( . 1 3 5 0) the conversi i n this country seem as a Class to have died o u t and to have been replaced by hired servants and labourers, probably because the general spread o f education and other causes had extingu ished the T AY R T HERS V E RS I . RAT RE S L I I HE L B O . CON F A C 45

e e class from which th y had formerly b en drawn . Meaux is o ne o f th e fe w E nglish abbeys where the y are known e e no t e to have been continu d, but their numb r is r corded , and in the time o f A bbat William o f Scarborough ( 1 3 7 2 1 39 6) they all struck work and were superseded by ” 1 monks .

‘ This is , so far as I am aware, the earliest record Of a strike amongst persons e ngaged in a common occupa e tion . One would hardly have xpected to ﬁnd that the strike movement originated in a monastery "

1 H e Brak s it ear o . c . . 1 6 . op and p , p , p 5 HA P E R I X C T .

T HE BENEFA CT IONS OF KING JOHN A N D

KING HENRY III . HAT King John took a personal interest in the building of the abbey is proved by his visits

during its construction , and by his numerous o f benefactions , a list which , with the circumstances attending each Of them , so far as is known , is appended . F o r th e dates Of his and o f other Royal visits reference X I V A may b e made to Chapter . visit to such a remote place would have meant much to most monarchs, but for “ ” R o f King J ohn , who was the eisende Kaiser his day, it was nothing, as he is known by his I tinerary to have o n 0 0 frequently travelled horseback 3 and 4 miles, and ne 0 S on o occasion 5 miles , in a ingle day, and to have slept at 1 5 0 different places in the course Of a single year .

EFA T F T HE BEN C IONS O KING JOHN .

2 Ja nuar A D 1 2 0 - 5 y, . . 4 5 .

o f o f se t Grant the site the abbey and the lands, as o f forth in the charter foundation , including the manor

F 2 A . D 1 2 0 of aringdon , previously ( November, . 3) o f to given to the monastery Citeaux, build an abbey at F aringdon .

2 Oc to ber A D 1 2 0 3 , . . 4 . Order from the King to the treasurer to deliver to “ 1 00 1 3 . d the abbat marks 3 4 . ) for building o ur ’ ab b eyﬂ I I I T HE B E N E FACT I ONS OF K I NG JO HN AN D HE N RY . 47

Mem 2 0 Sec 2 2 1 . J n . 6 oh . Close Roll . , f f & c . e o . The King, To the Sh ri f Oxford greeting We command yo u that without delay you cause th e A bbat of Be auli e u to have full seisin o f the land o f Se lfto n which

: Pratell n s th e we had given to J ohn de , which belo g to W W h e M F u . t anor Of arendo itness ourself at indsor, f 2 8th day o July . W We c o m The King to illiam de Nevill greeting . mand you that you cause the A bbat of Beauli e u Of t h e N ew Forest to have a golden cup (chalice) which w e u e e W committed to yo for safe k ping . itness ourself at

W 2 8th . i ndsor, the day Of July

Cl Roll 6 hn M 1 m . Sec 1 8 0 ose . Jo e 7 , . .

& c W o f W A . e The King, , to illiam rotham , rchd acon W o f e & c . e o u Taunton , and his associat s, command y that immediately o n the s ight of these l e tte rs yo u should cause th e A bbat o f Beauli e u to have 2 3 marks and 6d 1 0 e &c . 8 . . penc , 7 ) for building our abbey . f P e c L W o & . G . 1 2 th itness , son ter, , at udgershall , the f e e day o S pt mber .

6 n M m 1 Cl e Roll . Joh e os . Sec . 1 3 , 3 9 . W &c . . &c . D r The King, , to , Treasurer, eliver f om o ur th e A o f B e N F treasury to bbat eauli u , in the ew orest,

1 00 o f e th e e s marks towards the building our abb y, at t rm L f o G . o f P which the ord Norwich and , son eter, and Ru ib u s W P . . B de p shall tell you itness ourself at rill , the

2 3 rd day of October .

R ll 6 ohn A cc u n Close o . J o t . M m e . Sec 2 6 5, . . B &c . A The King to the arons, ccount to William de o u r f Cornhill, clerk in the issues o th e B ishoprick o f W 2 0 c h e inchester for 5 marks, whi h paid to the Monks 48 A HI ST O RY O E B E A U LI E U A BB E Y

th e s B f o G . of Ci tercian Order of eaulieu under the will , B o f W s 6th &c . formerly ishop inche ter, in the year, W ss th e 6th A itne ourself at Sutton , day Of pril .

8 Joh n Mem . 5 .

T h e o f King to the keepers his wines at Southampton , We o u o f 81 0. command you that y cause the cellarer Beaulieu to have one cask o f the better sort o f wine fo r u celebrating masses and it shall be accounted to yo . A 2 0th o f Witness ourself at shton , the day January .

ll ohn Mem Ro . J Close 9 . 9 . W . . R The King to , the Treasurer, and G and . , Pa L & c . Chamberlains, y from our treasury to the ord B ishop o f Winchester 5 00 marks for the building o f th e B W church o f the Monks Of eaulieu . itness myself at 2 z ud Of th o f Lambeth , the day January, in the 9 year o ur reign . B y the King himself .

Part I I Mem l 1 John . . . l . Close Ro 5 , 9 W R The King to . , the Treasurer, and G . and . , P a o ur & c . Chamberlains, y from treasury to the keepers o f our work o f Beaulieu 400 marks before the time o f M 1 th o f o ur the Feast o f ichaelmas, in the s year reign , F o f M and 5 00 marks between the same east St . ichael and o ur E aster next following in the same year, for work at A nd o f 00 Beaulieu . so hasten the ﬁrst payment 4 marks lest that work S hould be discontinued for want of money . f B o . Witness ourself at ishop Stoke, the 3 oth day June W P B o f . By Lord . ishop inchester

M m 1 0 J n Part I I . e . . Close Roll . 1 6 oh ,

R Marre o Mar The King to Master . of y ( his We o u d Chancellor . command y that without elay you T HE E E A T I S I H A N D HE R I I I B N F C ON OF K NG JO N N Y . 49

e M o f B e o f caus the onks eaulieu , bear rs these presents , to have as we have ordered elsewhere for the work o f e W W 2 th th ir abbey . itness the King at inchester, 9 day f 6 e o f o 1 . January, in the th y ar our reign

M m m Roll e . Sa e . . 5

W . R . The King to . , the Treasurer, and G and , s & C Pa M o f B Chamberlain , y to the onks eaulieu 5 0 marks for th e repair of their church A lso pay to the Monks Of Beaulieu £ 1 5 for the repair of their d i i nem e . C a re ara c o . . hurch ( p , , the building) W h f A t o . itness ourself at Oxford, 9 day pril B y the Chancellor .

C ll n t I I I Mem 2 Ro 1 6 h Par . lose Jo . . . ,

P & c W f D . . . o elivery , to his beloved . , Treasurer the h R L t e . ord King, and G . and , Chamberlains, greeting . Deliver to brother A szo £ 1 00 from the treasury o f o ur Lord f ’ B W the King for the work o the King s eaulieu . itness ’

B th o f . ourself at King s eaulieu, the 4 day September

Cl Roll 1 6 n Mem 1 . ose . Joh Part I I 8 . , .

P . The King to the Treasurer and G . and , Chamber l e e . D A Pr B lains, gr ting eliver to nastasius, ior Of eau ieu , o ne hundred pounds fo r the work o f the Church o f B B L P B s eaulieu by the same ishop , ord . , i hop Of W W L B W inchester . itness the ord ishop of inchester, h f f t o e 1 6 o Our . the 4 day Nov mber, in the th year reign

l R ll 1 2 C o e o . Jo n I Mem . . s h Part . 7 , 4 T h e King to the keepers o f his wines at Southampton We greeting . command yo u that you cause our beloved ’ A bbat Of King s Beaulieu to have o ne cask of wine o f o ur t o e W wines c lebrate mass . itness ourself at Clarendon , 1 da A 4th y ugust . 5 0 A HI ST O RY OF B EAU LI E U A BB E Y

The total contributions o f King J ohn i n money d 1 . 2 . 1 8 8d amounted to 4s , equal to . .

T HE BE EFA C OF HE R N TIONS KING N Y III .

Cl s R ll H nr Pa rt I I o e o . e . Mem 1 d 3 y 3 , . 3 .

f o f We The King to the Sheri f Southampton greeting . s command you that, a sociating with yourself the knights o f — and free tenants your county men , that is to say, — faithful and discreet yo u cause a perambulation to be made of that land which the A bbat and Monks Of B o f eaulieu pray of us in increase their land, and in that p e rambulation yo u cause the metes and bounds to b e set o u t by certain places and certain boundaries, and cause to b e estimated by the said knights and free tenants what o f number acres that land so perambulated contains, and make known to o u r Council under your seal and the seals o f those by whom that perambulation shall have been made , that perambulation according to certain metes and bounds and the certain number of acres as is aforesaid, f W and the name of the place o that land . itness the E arl th e o f L 1 o th o f D at Tower ondon , the day ecember .

B L o f W y the ord inchester .

1 J nua r A D 1 2 2 1 2 a . . y, . Grant by the King of £ 1 0 yearly due from the baili o f H o f L o f M wick enry yndhurst to John onmouth , which su m was to be paid over every year, while the King o f B pleased, to the work the church of eaulieu .

ll H enr Pa r I M m 2 Close Ro . t . e . 0 . 5 y 3 , E F Of payment . The King to . Treasurer, and . and

R o f . Pa o ur . , the Chamberlains , greeting y from treasury to the A bbat Of Beaulieu 5 0 marks o f o ur gift fo r the h B a W H B wo k o f t e rc of e eu . ss de r chu h uli itne , urgh ,

5 2 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y th e 1 th o f e th B 4 day Novemb r , in the 7 year . y the e sam .

Close Roll Henr Pa rt I I M m . e . 1 . 9 y 3 . , 4

A T h e B s o f ccount . King to the aron the E xchequer gre e ting A llow to John Of Monmouth £ 1 0 assign e d ’ ye arly to th e A bbat and Monks o f King s Be aulieu for th e work of their C hurch as long as it shall plea se us o f th e O f H de L s o u r farm enry indhur t, which by command h e de livere d to the same abbat in the 7 th and 8 th years e W s W s th e th of our r ign . itne s the King at e tminster, 7 o f M a th e th day y, in 9 year .

R ll H n a rt I Cl e r P I . M m ose o . e . 9 y 3 , 3 . f Fo r the A bbat o B e aulieu . I t is commanded to the Sheriff o f York that he permit the A bbat of B eaulieu to have the rent which the A bbat o f Kirkstall renders t o the aforesaid abbat by command o f th e Lord the King o f the demesnes o f the Lord the th e A King, which are in hands of the same bbat of th e e Kirkstall , and which rent lord the King grant d to th e aforesaid A bbat of Beaulieu to be receive d o f th e s ame A bbat o f Kirkstall for the work o f his church as W long as it S hall please the lord the King . itness the h th A t . King at lton , the s day of October, in the 9 year

Before the Justiciar .

I M m t . e H nr a r 2 . ll 1 0 P . Clo e Ro . e s y 3 , 9

A o f F o r the bbat Beaulieu . W The King to John Of Monmouth greeting . e com ’ mand you that you cause the A bbat and Monks o f King s B e aulieau to have £ 1 0 o f the farm of Henry o f Lindhurst h t & c . of the 9 year, , which we have granted to them for o f e S the work th ir church as long as it hall please us , at and it shall be accounted to you the Exchequer . H AN D HE R T HE B E N E FACT I ON S O F K I NG JO N N Y I I I . 5 3

W E B L W 1 th itness . ishop of ondon at estminster , the s h o f & c . 1 0t . day November, in the year, the

m 2 6 Me . Close Roll 1 0 Henr Pa rt I . . . y 3 , f ’ B Fo r the A bbat o King s eaulieu . f e We The King to th e Abbat O Kirkstall gre ting . o ur command you , as we have commanded others, by lette rs patent to t h e end that you cause the A bbat of ’ B e 0 o w e King s eauli u to have yearly £9 , which you to th e o f C s h all us, for work his hurch until we have com m ande d s W otherwi e therein . itness the Ki ng at Clarendon , h f D 0 h r 2 t o 1 t o u . 9 day ecember, in the year Of reign A nd it is commanded to the Sheriff Of York that he should permit this to be done without hindrance .

Witness as above .

C R 0 H nr 1 2 2 6 l s oll 1 e r I M m . . o e . Pa t e . y 3 . , 4

’ F o r A o f B the bbat King s eaulieu . I t is commanded to the A bbat o f Kirkstall that he ’ Should cause the A bbat and Monks o f King s Beaulieu to have £9 0 which he owe s the Lord the King yearly in this present year for the work o f their C hurch of the gift L th e th e F Of the ord King, that is to say, £45 at east of M ’ E . 1 0th & c St ichael s in the year , . , and £45 at aster e th e 1 1 th e W s n xt following, to wit, in y ar . itne s the King VVallin fo rd 1 th S e 1 o th e at g , 8 day Of ept mber, in the y ar, &c . , aforesaid .

Close R oll 1 0 H nr M m 1 2 2 6 . e P I art e . . . y 3 . , 3

Fo r A M k o f B e the bbat and on s eauli u . The King to his be loved and faithful John o f Monmouth We h A greeting . command yo u that you cause t e bbat and Monks o f Beaulieu to have £ 1 0 of t h e farm o f Henry o f L th e 1 0t h e o u r w e indhurst for y ar of reign , which have fo r o f C as granted to them, the work their hurch long as 5 4 A HI ST O RY OF B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

s Sh all u it hall please us, and it be accounted to yo at the W E . W 8 th o f xchequer itness the King at estminster, day B October, in the same year . efore the Justiciar .

Contra breve .

1 1 Henr P a rt I M m . e . . y 3 , 5

’ Fo r A B the bbat of King s eaulieu . I t is commanded to the A bbat o f Kirkstall that he s hould cause to have in the next year to the A bbat o f ’ B o f 0 King s eaulieu for the work his church £9 , which he s L owe yearly to the ord the King, that is to say, £45 at F f M 1 1 o . E the east St ichael in the th year, and £45 at aster 1 2 th & c W next following i n the year, . itness the King 8 t h o f A at Newport, day ugust . A nd it is commanded to the Sheriff o f York that he permit the aforesaid A bbat o f Beaulieu t o receive the W aforesaid money as is aforesaid . itness as above .

l R ll 1 6 H nr M C ose o s . e em . 2 y 3 . Writ to John de Mansue that he cause the A bbat o f Bello Campo (sic) to have ten beams fo r rafters in the New Forest of the Lord the King for the work Of his C hurch f ’ o the King s gift .

M m H nr e . Close Rolls 1 e . . 7 y 3 9 Writ t o Peter de Re v ale that he cause the A bbat o f Beaulieu to have 2 0 oaks in the Forest o f Savernake and 2 0 oaks in the Forest o f Bere fo r the work o f his church ’ o f the King s gift .

I I M m 1 Close Roll 1 Henr I . e . . . 9 y 4

h A 1 — W ff 1 1 t 2 . i pril , 3 5 r t to the Sheri of Southampton to assign ﬁve carucates o f land in the plain between the o f L o f Badde sle i h chapel St . eonard and the vill g next o f the coast the sea, which the King has granted to the A o f B bbat eaulieu . T HE E E A T I O S O I OH AN D HE R I I I B N F C N F K NG J N N Y . 5 5

Peter de Ru ibus p .

P Ru ib us B o f W eter de p , ishop inchester, whose name e e R s often appears in thes extracts from the Clos oll , e f e o f was the found r o num rous churches . On his manor H se o n ailes, which John had granted him for that purpo 1 6 e 1 2 1 P the th Octob r 4, he erected a remonstratensian A o n th 1 2 2 bbey, which was nearly ﬁnished s June, 3 . I n 1 2 2 1 he founded at Winchester a house o f D ominican F riars . His other foundations were the Premonstratensian A o f T itc h ﬁ eld H o f bbey in ampshire, the seat the Wrio th e sle s E o f A o f y , arls Southampton , the ustin priory

‘ 1 2 Selborne, i n the same county, in 3 3 , and a hospital f B P o St . John the aptist at ortsmouth some time in ’ H e J ohn s reign . intended to found two Cistercian A s bbeys, and left money and in tructions in his will s L for that purpose . They are aid by eland and Godwin to have been founded by his executors in 1 2 39 ; o ne A l “ L was Netley bbey, which was also ca led ocus ” E dw ardi D Sancti , and the other was at Clarté ieu , in F B H rance . y most authorities, however, King enry I I I . e F o f N A e H e is regard d as the ounder etley bb y . left f 0 o . A 5 marks to the house St Thomas Of cre . Peter de R upib u s (o r de s Roches) was a typical B secular bishop . y turns he was warrior, military engineer, builder, ﬁnancial agent, statesman , and diplo m atist n , and his life almost bega and ended amid the f m s clash o ar . N ever sparing in magniﬁcence when the l occasion demanded it, he was an admirab e manager, and left his bishoprick in an excellent condition . The ’ f S s W s o t . s monk Swithin , inche ter, like the people and s E D baron of ngland, found him a hard master . uring o f P the long struggle King J ohn with I nnocent I I I . , eter throughout stood by the King, and though his lands, 5 6 A HI ST O RY O F B E A U LI E U A BB E Y

o f o f like those the other bishops, were seized by way fo r retaliation the papal interdict, J ohn ordered them to o n th A 1 2 08 He o n th be restored s pril , . died 9 June, 1 2 8 F His W 3 , at arnham . heart was buried at averley ; his body i n a modest tomb he had chosen for himself W at inchester . D o f B ( ictionary National iography . )

COM LET ON OF T HE RE B T ER P I P S Y Y.

1 A u ust A D 1 2 2 4 g , . . 7 .

The monks o f Beaulieu entered into their new C hurch with great joy o n the Vigil o f the A ssumption O f the B M lessed ary . P P ( robably only the resbytery is meant . )

A o f W A ( nnals averley bbey . )

COM LE ON OF T HE A BBE R H P TI Y C HU C . l 1 June A D . 1 2 6 1 u ii 7 , . 4 ( 5 kal . J ) .

D o f A W B o f Win edication the bbey by illiam , ishop H chester . There were also present King enry I I I . , the and th eir C B o f B E Queen z hildren , the ishops ath , xeter, and

Chichester, and many nobles . o f i e (This date marks the completion the abbey, . . , the

Church . ) A f W A ( nnals o averley bbey . ) C HA PTE R X .

l T HE C IST ERCIANS I N RELAT ION T o A RC HIT ECT URE. D H E A e A . . bbey, as we have s en , was begun in 1 2 0 1 2 6 4, and was probably not ﬁnished until 4 , — 4 2 years late r a very long period for the com l i n B u t p e t o of any building . the Cistercians took their C o f W time, for we are told that the new hurch averley, 2 8 which was a very poor house, was years in building i e so far as to enable the monks to enter the r quir , though 47 years more elapsed before the whole was A f . s o ﬁnished a rule, most the work was directed by t h e s conversi monk and done by the lay brethren ( ) ,

but when it was necessary they employed secular labour,

so . although they preferred, if possible, to avoid doing E xperi e nce d mo nks were occas ionally lent from Older s o f foundation to direct the building new foundations, 2 f o f A m an o ld o f thus we know that Geo frey i ai , monk r s B F Clai vaux, was ent by St . ernard to ountains to e o f instruct the br thren in the ﬁrst principles the rule, and their e arli e st buildings were e rected according to h is W counsel . hen a new foundation was approved and the e monks, with the abbat at th ir head , proceeded to the w as place, it a condition of the Order that temporary buildings in which they could live until the permanen t s tructures were completed, or at least habitable, should e h have be n previously erected by t e founder .

1 Fo r t h e c onte nts of thi s ch ap ter t h e write r is sp ecially indeb te d b t h e e Mr. h n B s de The A rchaeolo ical to p ap r y Jo il on , vi g

Journal . L . N . 2 6 , vol XVI , o 3 . ‘2 I bid . . 1 6 . , p 9 5 8 A HI ST O RY OF B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

The building o f an abbey was invariably commenced at the east end and extended towards the west ; the o f Obj ect being that the most important part the church , S in which the high altar was situated , hould be available for service as soon as possible . The extreme asceticism o f the Cistercians in the early days o f the Order was reﬂected i n the C hurches which “ were erected during that period . The design was for cible and direct, remarkably pure, and although severe it was admirably expressive o f the needs which inspired u it . The construction was well thought o t and generally ” 1 B ut B executed with great care . by the time that eaulieu A bbey was planned some relaxation o f their rigid rule o f s implicity o f detail and absence of all ornament had o n taken place, as will be obvious a visit to Netley, B 1 2 which was founded from eaulieu in 3 9 , that is, seven B A years before eaulieu bbey was completed . This change in favour o f a somewhat more ornate S style began , however, at a much earlier date, as is hown by a comparison o f the plan o f the ﬁrst permanent W church Of averley, built not long after its foundation 1 1 2 8 i 1 1 in , with that of Clairvaux, rebu lt in 3 3 , which B is almost exactly Similar i n plan to eaulieu . The enormous difference in the size o f the two buildings W 1 0 averley was only 3 feet in length , whereas Clairvaux — was 4 1 0 feet would by itself require some increase in “ a o f F ornamentation . I n the main rcades ountains and Kirkstall we see how the E nglish love o f mouldings overcame Ci stercian austerity ; although the absolute rej ection o f all ornament weakened gradually as time ” 1 W e o n it w as s . e w nt , always sober and re trained cannot, therefore, I think, be wrong in concluding that

B A C ' Of eaulieu bbey, the larger hurch a richer though

1 I bid . . 1 . , p 9 5

A HI ST O RY OF B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

1 3 th century it is true approach more nearly to a s e e e di tinctiv archit ctural mann r, which is not, however, “ t h e s e st le A am thing as an architectural y . great number — o f them S how such a strong family likeness S imilarity e o f of th ir plan and their principal arrangements , a pu ritan s implicity strictly enjoined by the regulations o f the Order, a budding Gothic style applied in a — particular manner that it is very easy to class them apart and to distinguish them from all other C hurches N of the country in which they were built . evertheless s their tyle was not special to the Cistercian order, but sprang entirely from ancient monastic tradition and from 1 o f B the architectural school urgundy . What the Cistercians did fo r architecture in E ngland Mr B s s was, as . ilson clearly how , to introduce the systematic use o f the pointed Gothic arch and the f ribb e d vault over a continuous series o oblong bays .

1 ’ Enla t Ori ines ran o ises de l archi ect ure ot hi ue en I t alie C . r t , g f c g q , b B s 1 88 2 2 e d . . 4. Quot y il on , p

6 2 A H I ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

A e - s bbey xcept from a point to the south we t, this n t o ut inte ntion could o be carried . I t is hopeless for anyone who is not acquainted with the points o f the compass in relation to the locality to attempt to understand a description o f a series o f monastic buildings , as without the constant use of the words north , inte lli south , east, and west no description can be made ib l e . g These words , although in daily use by every child E in Scotland, are in ngland unfortunately rarely employed, the natural result being that comparatively few E nglishmen are sufﬁciently familiar with the bearings o f the compass at a given spot to be able to use them in description .

T HE PRECINCT.

b e m r A b b at iarum amb it um c o lloc ent ur Sta ula quoru int a , neC e m mo nast e rii ali ua m s h b xtra p orta , q do u ad a it m c o nst ruc t ur s animalium m r e r andu , ni i tantu , p op t

c av e nda e ric u la an imarum . ae fue rint c adant p Si qu , ;

omnes au tem p ortae A bb at iarum sint e xtra t e rmino s .

C s e e s h . 1 . i t rcian Statut , c ap T h e s tab les of t he h orses must b e p lac ed with in t h e A b b e s ne e ma an h se circuit of our y , ith r y y ou for h b b e b h t h e e m s er a itation uilt wit out gat of a ona t y , ess m s t h e e s unl for ani al , on account of avoiding dang r

s s . e e b e le t hem m e e r le t of oul If th r any , t fall or ov all e t h e gates of A b b e ys b without t he b ounds . The above extract from the Cistercian statutes gives the re ason for the existence of the precinct wall at Beaulieu ; 8 e the land which it enclosed, about 5 acres in xtent, was P o f A o f termed the recinct the bbey . The wall was 1 2 e 1 0 rubble , 7} fe t thick, about feet in height, and covered o f by a gabled coping small stones . T h e o f plan the precinct shews its limits, and the position of the various buildings which it contained . Where the precinct wall is still standing the black line will be seen to be continuous ; where it is interrupted the wall e P XV has been destroy d ( late X ) . PLAT E IL

T HE O U T E R G AT E H O U S E .

PLAT E l a.

T HE O E G E O E UT R AT H U S .

t h r m All e e ng av gs are fro m d raw ings m ad e b y M r F e rd inan d F I S S I t o c arry o u t t h e s ugge s t I o n s o f t h e Au t h o r

PLAT E

CE O PALA H US E .

T HE BU I LD I NGS OF T HE A BB E Y 6 3

A EH E T HE OUT ER G T OUS .

u This b ilding , which is slightly later in date late 1 o f A 3 th century) than the original work the bbey, is believed to have formed the only entrance to the precinct . I t is the only building o f the kind o f the thirteenth cen P th e tury now existing i n this country . late I . shows A appearance it presented in ancient days . strong door t h e ﬁlled in the arch , and was opened and closed by f o n o . porter, whose lodge was the east side the arch The room now existing o n the west side and the clock tower are modern , as is the roof towards the east ; but ld the gable with its three small lancet windows is O . Through the outer gatehouse admission was obtained to a o f H lane , at the end which was the Great Gate ouse . On S o f th e the east ide lane was the mill , worked by water power and used fo r n nding corn and sawing timber ; also a large barn and a porch .

T HE GREAT GAT EHOUSE .

Fo r many years much differe nce o f opinion existed as o f e to the use during monastic times this building . Som ’ A b b at s fo r held that it was the lodging ; example, in an “ ’ o ld paper I ﬁnd the following : The A b b at s castellate d s W f S . o A house lie a considerable distance the bbey . N o w w w as , ho ever, there is no longer any doubt that it o r o f A P . e the I nner Great Gatehouse the bbey lat I I . shows the structure as it appeared during the period o f o f A the existence the bbey . A window has since been inserted in the centre arch above the arch was a canopied niche which probably a V contained an im ge of the irgin and Child . I n this l niche, which is an exact reproduction of the origina , a statuette in bronze o f the Madonna and Child has e t 1 1 0 r cen ly ( 9 ) been placed . There has long bee n a 64 A HI ST ORY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

Be e is tradition at auli u , for how long not known , that a f large gold e n image o th e Virgin w as thrown by the monks

S o w le L s s i nto y ake, to ave it from the gra ping hands o f ’ s th e King s Commissioners . Thi belief found frequent e ss 1 0 xpre ion in july, 9 7 , when the lake was being gradually

e e e mptied , and dragg d to catch the coarse ﬁsh it contain d, in order to replace them by trout ; but it is no t a matter o f for surprise that nothi ng the kind was discovered . L e arg images have , no doubt, been cast i n gold, although but rarely ; if such an one ever existe d at Beaulieu it was probably placed above the high altar : a tradition o f this is kind , however, almost invariably met with in places where

monastic buildings have been alienated from the church . A bove the niche the wall is ﬁnished by a corbel table

formed of human and grotesque heads, which is continued

o n the east and west sides . The gables are later than the

P . 1 6th century . ( late I I ) E ast and west o f the main arch o f entrance were door ways fo r foot - passengers these have also been replaced by windows . The great gatehouse originally consisted o f an outer part or porch and an inner hall with side bays . The porch e was elaborately vault d in stone, and, where the original vaulting had become defective, it was restored by the insertion o f exact reproductions o f the original columns P H 1 8 2 and ribs when alace ouse was rebuilt in 7 .

The inner hall , which was entered by a ﬁne arch , is

s o f preci ely similar to the outer porch , except that it is A f r greater width it is similarly vaulted . ccess o carriages was obtained to the gre at court b e yond through an op e ning n - o the north side of the inner hall, and for foot passengers o f by a doorway alongside the Opening . A winding staircase or vice, which was continued o f o f upwards into a turret, formed one the means com mu nic atio n between the outer hall and the ﬂoor above ;

E V PLAT I .

T HE S O UTH C HAPE L O F T HE G R EAT G AT E H O U S E . N o w t h e D raw ing- R o o m o f Pal ac e H o u s e

6 6 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

A s vi itor to a cathedral or any church of large size,

o ne h e and particularly on a cruciform plan , wherever s o f may enter, hould at once proceed to the intersection s o f w the arm the cross under the central to er, and stand s there for some time . This is obviou ly the best point o f from which to obtain a view the presbytery, the quire , o f the nave and the transepts, and to gain a general idea the building as a whole . R eference to the plan shows that the church , the largest and most lofty of the buildings constituting the A to bbey, was placed the north , a position in which it gave shelter from the north winds . Beaulieu A bbey church from east to west measured 3 3 6 feet ; across the transepts from north to south it was L 1 8 6 feet . et us assume that we are standing in the A " bbey itself and not, alas as we must, upon an open ,

- A o f grass covered space . building such a size must o r necessarily be lofty, it would be out of proportion . I f o f the architect followed the proportions height to width , i 2 I L e . . , to , adopted in the cathedrals of incoln and E M o f o f xeter and in York inster, the height the ceiling the nave o f B eaulieu A bbey was 6 8 feet ; but probably o f A ll it was greater elevation . four arms of the cross were roofed at the same level and with roofs o f the same o f pitch , and a clearstory rose above the roof the aisles , which were covered by a lean - to roof at a lower eleva A tion . low square tower probably rose above the roof f ] ev el at the intersection o f the arms o the cross . E I n plan it was unlike any nglish Cistercian abbey, but was almost the same, as regards the ground plan , as that at Clairvaux .

R T HE PRESBYTE Y . Standing beneath the tower let us turn towards the We P : east . are looking into the resbytery the ﬂoor T HE BU I LD I NGS O F T HE A BB E Y 6 7

o ur o f t w o o r is above level, and perhaps a double ﬂight three steps leads to it : further on are more steps leading is o n to the high altar, behind it the reredos, and either A side are doorways used for processions . bove or upon the altar is a gilt o r golden image of the Madonna and

Child . o n I n the wall the south side are the sedilia, carved a in stone for the abbat, the celebr nt, the deacon and the : t e subdeacon the number of these sea s varied, but ther were usually only three . A t Beaulieu the presbytery had three straight bays o f e qual width and a semicircular apse o f six bays ; and an o f e n o f o n s ambulatory t bays, which two either ide were e A d straight and six formed the aps . wall ivided the presbytery from the aisle which surrounded it . A t Clairvaux the elevation was of three stories, with

- separate lean to roofs over the chapels and ambulatory, and with a clearstory to the ambulatory— an arrangement

adopted later at Citeaux and the churches copied from it . Clairvaux was b e gun in 1 1 3 3 o r 1 1 3 5 and we know that P 1 1 0 at ontigny, begun in 5 , the same plan was followed but in an extension o f the church o f Pontigny to the 1 1 8 0—1 2 00— e eastward, dating between not many y ars, that B — a is, before eaulieu was begun more ambitious plan for o f the eastern end the church was adopted . The presby t e r s y there has three straight bays beginning at the cro sing,

of which the western is much the Wider, and seven bays o f in a polygonal apse . The bays the ambulatory corre s o nd p with those of the presbytery . Reference to the historical ground plan of Beaulieu S B hows that there were buttresses to the apse . uttresses,

to give strength and support to a building, were only s placed where they were wanted, and the exi tence of such buttresses suggests that the building terminated with a e no cl arstory and not, as at Clairvaux (where there are

E 2 6 8 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

se - buttres s) , with a lean to roof covering the chapels and We s ambulatory . hall therefore not , I think, be wrong in concluding that the plan followed at Beaulieu was a combination of that of Clairvaux with that o f Pontigny P P ( late and also that , as at ontigny, there were s e s ﬂying buttre s at the east end . This would give the A bbey a far nobler appearance towards the east, whether o r A f viewed from within without . round the aisle o the e w 1 2 w pr sbytery, hich was feet ide, there were ten chapels , o n of which six were radiating, and four, that is, two each

s . ide, were straight

T HE RE QUI .

o n Still standing the same spot, but now turning towards the west, we see the Quire, in which indeed we A o n o are standing . round, b th sides and also at the western end , are the stalls of the monks ; in the centre are the lecterns, on which rest the service books . o f o f Opposite the middle the ﬁrst bay the nave, count ing from the east end, was

T HE L T M PU PI U . I n medi aeval documents the word pulpitum is often

e - B to be understood to m an the rood screen , and i n eaulieu A bbey it is probable that a structure o f this kind extended o f as across the nave opposite the middle the ﬁrst bay, a rough foundation , 4 feet wide, was found in that situation 1 00 1 0 during the e xcavations made between 9 and 9 3 . The nature and use Of the pulpitum are explained in the descriptions of that at Fou ntains and at Kirkstall by H 1 Mr W. St . John ope The ﬁrst and second pillars o n both sides of the nave have holes high up for a pair o f beams or joists crossing

lo ical ournal v o l F n a s o J . u e A rche . 0 York shir . g , XV , p 3 5 , o t in

E X PLAT X Vll . PONT IGN Y

7 0 A H I ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

e th e s wid at ea t end, and 34 feet at the west end ; it probably e nde d with a porch o r galilee acro ss the west front , but no remains of this have been found . From the pulpitum to the west end o f the nave was O f th e i the part church ass gned to the lay brethren . I n s Re tro u ire ome churches, however, the q , a place for inﬁrm monks and others temporarily unﬁt to sit in the e w as quir , placed between the pulpitum and the quire l s P th e a . o f of y brother robably the stalls the latter, as e o n at Clairvaux, wer placed in parallel rows either side e Of s o f of the nav . The number stall in any abbey would , o f conversi course, depend upon the number the ; each lay brother probably had his appointed seat . o f The nave was paved with tiles, some which are still preserved “ they were arranged in three divisions by bands running east and west the outer bands terminated at 2 5 feet from the west wall in two cross bands, whereas the centre ” 1 o f band Of tiles extended into the recess the west door . I t is probable that these cross bands mark the western end o f the quire o f the lay brothers ( Plate o f The extreme west end the church , with the porch , o f - probably formed a kind ante chapel , an arrangement m no t n o t uncom on i n college chapels . The porch was considered to be quite as sacred as the rest of the building .

T HE NORT H T RAN E S PT .

Turning to the right we see the north transept,

perhaps the most curious feature of the church , and o f s the arrangement the uperstructure, as indicated by ” the foundations , is somewhat uncertain . I t has four o n bays with aisles either side, with three chapels towards the east and a similar number towards the west . I t “ ” probably ended in a porch or galilee, which extended

O . cit p . E V PLAT XX I I I .

I M nam es

E S OF I ES FO N D I N T HE BBE C PATT R N T L U A Y H U R C H .

7 2 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

1 2 s e inche wid , forming a wall arcade ; these may have e e s o f xtend d upward to the top the existing wall , which is t h e o f E 2 1 e . f et from ﬂoor the aisle ach ended in an arch , w as which probably rounded in form . The base of the window lighting each bay was immediately above this 1 2 level ; it was feet in width , and may have been two s s P V I lancet side by ide ; the height is doubtful . I n late . an attempt has been made to reproduce the appearance o f the s outh aisle . I n the eighth bay is the rear arch o f a doorway leading e to the lane which is se n i n the engraving . Still nearer o f t h e to the west end church , in the last bay, was formerly an arched entrance to th e staircase which led t o the lay ' brothers dormitory ; only some doubtful traces o f thi s archway remain , as the north face was in part rebuilt th e o f A after destruction the church . nother s mall door o f w - e way, parts hich are visible near the south west angl o f le d the church , to a winding staircase this was probably surmounted by a turret . A S we cross the nave to reach the north aisle we should certainly have seen a large window at the west end o f

o r . the church , also a door, and possibly a galilee porch

L T HE NORT H A IS E . The north aisle was equal in width to the south but the absence o f the cloister o n this side would allow o f i the w ndows being placed upon a much lower level , possibly their sills were just above the recessed portion o f F fo r each bay . orgetting the moment the supposed o ur existence of the building, we see as we continue walk " f m the outlines o the buttresses arked in white gravel . d One in line with the north wall projects towar s the west , and o ne another, and larger , in line with the west wall , P projects towards the north . assing seven more such r th e o f butt esses, forming eight bays , we arrive at angle

T HE BU I LD I NGS O F T HE A BB E Y 7 3

th e the north transept and the nave, and continue along

f . w west aisle o the transept The galilee, hich formed the

f . C end o the transept, has already been described ross ing the transept, and continuing along its eastern aisle and around the ambulatory of the apse we pass twelve o n o f th e chapels, and ﬁnd , our right hand, at the angle o f th e presbytery and south transept, a lavatory for the use

' pri e sts within the church . Crossing the south transept we leave the church through the door and enter the cloister . B w e e s efore doing so , however, may pause to expr s o ur thanks to those who have render e d this walk round the church po ssible and its outlines intelligible . 1 00 e I n 9 , under the wise advice and with the assistanc Mr H Brak ar h H . s e t e Mr . o f . St john ope and arold p , L M A e ﬁrst ord ontagu , who loved the bbey and verything connected with it, caused further investigations to be o f th e made, by which the outline the eastern end of M r H Brak s ar n church was determined . . arold pe c o tinue d the excavations then begun and we have to thank him fo r th e almost complete knowle dge which we n o w o f s f A e possess the plan of the chief building o the bb y . o f e The sites the buildings, when possible, have b en treated in a way worthy o f imitation by owners o f

. s historical monuments The foundations, being in mo t b e cases all that remained, and therefore undesirable to e o ut th e left xposed , have been marked in the turf, and spaces originally occupied by th e walls they supporte d e o f covered with white gravel, so that the ext nt the ” buildings may be seen . That it w as no t always so is proved by the following

extract from a manuscript, unsigned and undated , but probably written about the year 1 7 8 0 T h e church is so completely destroyed that its very s c ite e to fo r is a matt r of doubt the inhabitants , who the 7 4 A HI ST O RY O F B E A U LI E U A BB E Y mo s t part think that it s tood in the field at s ome distance from th e prese nt parish church and that those tw o walls with gables the Win e Press ] formed a part of it ' Mr W e L B indeed I found that . arn r, ord eaulieu s s s o n R Mr A teward , who live the spot, and the evd . . dams , e 81 e both rather i ntellig nt men respecters of thes things, s e e md to be o f that Opinion ; but I quickly discovered ’ its the error and ascertained site to a demonstration , tho o n account o f the eastern part being entirely pulled down ic k n ra h levelled I was unable to make a complete o g p y . T h e nave of the church adjoined the south wall o f the th e o f th e cloister, or rather south wall cloister, which ’ is s e fo rm d o f o f till p rfect, the sh . wall the aisle the D 6 nave . rawing a straight line 7 feet north from this f W o E . wall the foundations another wall running . are paral to it plainly to be seen , which immediately o f gives the breadth the nave, which space is a farm yard E W has now a cart road running through its centre . . o f the sides filled with pig styes &c . for the use the farm what was extraordinary notwithstanding the nave has for so many years been so abominably profaned , in many parts sheets of the original pavement were plainly ’ to be seen consisting o f a profusion of flower d and t ll l o f o rname n y ty e s . The foundations the pillars running up the nave were easily to be seen and in the middl e o f the north aisle a stone vault with a lead coffin th e marble covering which had been inlaid with a brass e was lying o n the ground in its original situation . Th re t he is a fine door, smaller than the one at the east, in o ut o f e south wall , which leads the nave into the w st o f ambulatory, and the western wall the nave was easily t ran c e t s traced just by it . The p were ascertainably by the foundations of walls and part of the east wall o f the f tran t B cloister fo rmd the west wall o the south c e p . eyond this we could trace no more, the ground being levelled

HA P E R C T XI I .

T HE BUI LDINGS O F T HE ABBEY

T HE LO T ER C IS . T must be difﬁcult for anyone who has no t seen a cloist e r to form a mental picture o f what that at B no w eaulieu was like, in monastic times, from what e o f r mains it . T h e w as e e Cloister nearly squar , and measur d about 1 th e 3 8 fe e t along e ach side . The wall towards garth e e (garden) , an ess ntial feature of a cloister, is gon , but i n places its fou ndations remain . I t was probably about 2 0 u o f inches in height, and pon it was a series Open arches o f Purbeck marble carried o n coupled columns o f l th e same material . The a leys which surround and form th e e e - w as cloist r wer covered with a lean to roof, which supported along the walls b y corbels all o f those over the north alley and many elsewhere still re main . Those upon the lower row carried the principals o f the arches . The se ve n large pointed re cesses to the north were t o o f purely constructional , in order reduce the mass the ” a church w ll in which they are set . They were not seats, as they now appear t o have been ; but this alley had a stone seat against the wall along its whole length . This side o f the cloister was probably more used by the monks fo r as a place study and reading than the others, as being full in the sun and less o f a passage - way ( Plate The alleys were paved with square stone slabs set diagonally ; some o f these are in their original positions . I n the centre is the grass - plat ; to this there was pro ma t o bably an entrance, which y have been opposite that

t o F . the rater, the present parish church

E VI I I PLAT A .

T HE ’ M O N K S E N TRAN C E T O T HE C HU R C H FR O M T HE C L O I ST E R .

7 8 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y common bookca se ; in it were kept books for use in the s e T h e cloi t r . vaulting was carried by shafts i n each corn e r ; portions o f the shafts and o f the vaulting and the e ss c ntral bo are still in position , though all are much is f . o worn I t raised above the level the cloister alley, s and a tone seat ran along its front .

T HE L BRA R I Y .

The next arch gave entrance to the library, which was structurally the we stern end o f the vestry ; from this it w as separated by a wall ; doors, opening outwards, led s into it from the Cloi ter . The library and vestry together 6 formed a vaulted room 3 feet in length . o f B The Cistercians eaulieu were not a literary set, as is shown by the following quotation 1 L th e ati u arian sic eland , q [ ] , who was fortunately authorized by Henry v iij just at the aera o f the dissolution to inspect the libraries and archives of th e different religious houses and to select o r transcribe from them B A whatever he thought ﬁt, i ncluded eaulieu bbey in his r o f tour . The rubbish which he found in its libra y was the following kind E dm eru s o n A s , the monk, the life of rchbi hop A nselm . “ B W The life of ishop ilfrid . ' o n E c e les iastic u s Stephanus . B o f Stephanus on the ook Kings . f Stephanus o n the Parables o Solomon . A f F n n john bbat o orde o the Ca ticles . i A small book o f Candidus A pp ac e . A o f V small book ictorinus, the rhetorician , against

Candidus .

“ h e C e s t h e H s H m s e b . Y . t oll ction for i tory of a p hir y D , with b R c W ne &c . mes o f t he C &c . original Do day ounty, , , y i hard ar r , I 6 . . 1 vol , p . . T HE BU I LD I NGS O F T HE A BBE Y 79

Three books of Claudian respec ting the state of the lin ris s oul to Sidonius A pp o a . h E e o f P G isle b e rtus on t e pistl s aul . ” i I V 1 L land . . . e . Collect, v , p 49

U C pon the wall, between the library and the hapter o f s L arches , is a tablet to the memory the ﬁr t ord M 1 0 ontagu , recording the work done in 9 9 upon this th e C part of loister by his son and successor in the title .

E T HE C HA PT ER HOUS . W A e e . . cathedral or a coll giate church , g , estminster A D bbey, in our own time is governed by a ean and s t h e P e Chapter, the latter consi ting of Canons and reb n dari C w as e s . I n monastic times the hapter house the meeting place o f the abbat and monks for th e manage ment of the affairs of the community and for th e judicial f T h e consideration of questions o discipline . name is L ca it u lu m derived from the atin word p , a chapter, as in it w as read daily afte r prime a chapter of the rule o f B A t B St . enedict “ eaulieu the entrance to the chapter house was through the centre o f the three beautiful arche s which are the chief architectural glory o f the P s o f place . robably the ide arches were subdivided, but W C e this there is no certain evidence . hen the hapt r was not in secret s e ssion the no vices would probably b e C standing outside in the loister alley, listening to s what was going on . I ndeed, the arche here, as else e s t h e s o f where, xi ted for expres purpose enabling those standing in the cloister to hear the op e n proceedings in chapter ; this would obviously have been impossible had the C loi ster end of the chapter house been formed by a

wall and a closed door . T h e monks would be sitting on stone benches with a

raised step, which ran all around the room and the abbat

would occupy a raised seat at the east end . There were 8 0 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

probably four bays and a double row o f marble pillars th e e dividing room into thre alleys . The roof was vaulted , as is s hewn by the exi stence o f th e vaulting shafts upon th e uppe r bench ( Plate Chapte r houses were often used as places o f burial for distingui s hed members of the Order ; this was so at B o f eaulieu , as is proved by the presence the stone cofﬁn and al s o the tw o co fﬁn lids which lie in the north and t h e in middle alley, and probably mark the burial place o f ab b ats of three the . The east end and the south side

of the chapter house have been destroyed .

T HE A RLO R P U . “ o r The parlour, slipe, was a plainly vaulted room , 1 2 1 3 4% feet long and ,a feet wide . This room formed the pa ssage o f communication between the cloister and the ’ o f inﬁ rmar buildings the monks y, which lie to the east v ide ( Ground plan) . The parlour was also a place used

for writing, and conversation was permitted there ; but t h e in cloister itself talking, except at certain ﬁxed hours, w as f contrary to the rules o the Order .

The Cistercians, as stated already, were not a literary

Order indeed, we are told that their rules prohibited them from writing books and illuminating manuscripts— work which in other Orders was often carried on in the room P to which the arlour corresponds .

R B A LT T HE DORT E SU V U .

A 1 1 th e vaulted chamber, 5 feet long, extended under f ’ southern part o the monks sleeping place . The vaulting o n o ne o f was carried corbels, of which , a ﬂuted pattern , remai ns in the corner immediately to the left o f the o f entrance . I t was divided into eight bays by a row pillars running down the centre ; the base o f o ne o f these C pillars is still in position . The entrance from the loister w as to this room through a doorway , of which portions

B PLAT E IX .

T T HE C HAPT E R H O U S E A N D T HE EAS T ALL EY O F HE C L O I S T E R .

T HE BU I LD I NGS O F T HE A BB E Y 8 1 o f the jambs and sill remain this doorway has recently P S sub vault ( 1 9 1 1 ) been reopened . late X . hows the dorter as it was in monastic days .

ER R RM T RY T HE DORT O DO I O .

e th e On the ﬁrst ﬂoor, xtending over chapter house, su b vault o f the parlour, and the , was the sleeping place o f the monks . The following description that at Clair vaux may be taken as fairly representing the arrangement commonly found in all Cistercian monasteries “ At the end of the said transept are thirty o r forty o f th e great steps to the dorter religious . The f a whole is o stone and v ulted . The chambers are o n both sides and are made entirely of ’ t o j oiner s work, containing in length from seven eight feet and in width six feet ; in all of which there is a fo r bedstead with bedding, a little table, and a shelf are writing, and the said chambers ornamented with beautiful pictures upon canvas and furnished with tables o f e th f relating to the devotion each r ligious . I n e door o e o f o f ach these chambers is a window two divisions, through which each religious going by the dorters is able to see his companion in his chamber the said chambers ” look upon the Cloister . B h ad The dormitory at eaulieu was not vaulted, but an open roof o f timber similar to that o f the D omus

r ru m , C o nv e so . There were two approaches to the dormi o ne fo r tory, night use, and the other for day use . Of

the former, mention has already been made in the o f th e description south transept . The latter commenced ' in the ﬂight of steps t o be seen in the south - east angle o f C the loister . — R ere D orian I n the building thus named o n the t o ground plan , running eastwards at right angles the D ormitory, were the latrines . 8 2 A HI ST O RY OF B EA U LI EU A BB EY

— The Warming House (Calefa ct oriu m) Near the ﬂight of steps already mentioned are s ome remains o f a door way, now recessed , which led into the warming house . o f ﬁ re - o n The position the place, with its vaulted hood , the west side can be seen by proceeding into the church yard and passing the entrance porch . I t was a vaulted 0 1 th e s room, 4 feet by 9 feet wide . Two of corbel which carried the vaulting are visible in the angles o f th e o f o ne west wall ; , however, only a small portion remains . Over the warming house there w as a room the use o f which is doubtful .

T HE LA A OR V T Y. The washing place o f the monks in the cloister was situated between the door o f the warming house and the o f r C o f door the f ater, now the parish hurch . I t was o f thirteenth century work, but later than the rest the buildings . Our present method o f washing the hands in a basin of no t B A water did obtain in monastic times in eaulieu bbey . Then the hands were held under a tap o f water ru n ning l into a sha low sink . The description of the lavatory given in the paper already frequently referred to , although somewhat more technical in style than that adopted throughout this book, is so clear that it would be a pity not to quote it in full “ Why the original lavatory was done away with in so short a time it is impossible to say but the new structure o ne that superseded it must have been , when perfect, of the f ﬁnest o its kind in the kingdom . I t consisted of three s open arches of moulded members, supported upon column

proj e cting beyond the wall face, and ﬂanked at either end

by small splayed arches back to the wall line . One half of o f the western the small arches remains, and was carried next the wall by delicately carved capitals supported by the

E XIB PLAT .

TH E LAVAT O RY .

84 A HI sT ORY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

s marble shaft , which latter have disappeared . The iron work and part of the door are old ( Plate The lancet windows above the doo rway and the square light in the gable remain and the corbel s carrying the Cloister roof its e and principals are still in p osition . The wooden b lfry

placed astride the roof is modern . The north end is now

occupied by the vestries and over them is the gall e ry . This portion o f t h e hall was probably in monastic days s eparated e e in som way and formed a passag and a serving room . E ntering the C hurch from the ve stry we s e e o n the east wall s ix tall lancet windows each s urrounded by a double B moulded arch . elow them is a string course which is

carried all round the hall . The centre of the three lancet t h e is windows at south end, over the altar, now blocked e ss 1 by the buttr erected i n 7 45 , when , owing to a move ab le ment southward of the roof couples, the g was thought

to be in danger . : On the west side are ﬁrst, two lancet windows, t o o n similar those the east then the pulpit then , to the Pl re fe c north, two more lancet windows . I n ate X I I . the

tory is shown as it appeared when in use by the monks . o f o f s The pulpit is the feature the church , the greate t l t architectura and antiquarian interest, but its beau y has been somewhat impaired by injudiciou s alterations made 1 8 2 A o f subsequently to 3 . nother very beautiful example “ ’ ” Le P l s a ctor s u pit exist at Chester, i n a building f A formerly the refectory o the bbey Church of St . W r erbu gh . The use to which such a pulpit was formerly put is best explained by quoting the directions to the Reader the monk o n duty “ Le t a the reader of the refectory, after prayers, c rry Let the proper books into that apartment . him stand

before the book with his face turned towards the east . When the brethren bow at the Gloria Patri and the I PLAT E X I .

’ T HE E O HE C O I S E O T HE ON K S E FEC O O F E . NTRAN C E FR M T L T R T M R T RY , R RAT R

E XI II B PLAT .

T HE M O N K S ’ R E FECT O RY (T HE PAR I S H C H U R C H )

8 6 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

nari o w the passage to the pulpit . The columns support ing the arches with their capitals and bases were all o f

P e - urb ck marble . The pulpit is semi octagonal in shape “ and a corbel in form . Careful examination suggests t that the panels of the corbel , which are decora ed with o f f leaf work, are three di ferent dates, but the greater part o f this portion is undoubtedly thirteenth century work ; probably it has at times needed and undergone

. o f o f ir repair The parapet the pulpit is later date ( C . 1 3 00) than the corbel upon which it rests ; the original parapet was probably of wood ; above the parapet there o f is a wooden moulding still later date . The arch over the pulpit has the dog-tooth moulding o n its inner order . 1 A t the back o f the pulpit is an early example o f o f t w o - a traceried window , consisting trefoil headed o f lights with a quatrefoil above . I n the south wall the - e pulpit lobby is a round headed doorway . This l ads s e to a mall vice or circular stair, which onc led up to the parapet— which surroun ded the church— and may have been carried up as a little turret to hold the frater bell The frater is covered by a woode n c e iling o f segmental se n e e ctio , but somewhat obtusely point d , with transv rse and longitudinal ribs with carved bo s ses at th e inter s sections . The ceiling is divided into eleven bay , with o r a narrower half bay at the north end, and dates apparently from about the end o f the reign o f

E dward I I I . E xternally all the buttresses o n the east side o f the S refectory , and also that on the south ide towards the o f east , are the same date as the building ; but the others to the south and the west are modern . The circum stances under which the huge and ugly buttress which

it . 6 2 O . c . 1 . p , p E XIV PLAT .

T HE S E S EA DI NG O T HE I T P L T PU LP T .

8 8 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

“ ’ ” E s s an nex d 1 8 1 5 d The timate amounted to £ 7 4 . 3 . A The rchitect, who was unfortunately not consulted “ e until too lat , prepared plans showing that for want o f B R R proper races, the oof together with the afters have I nclined 1 4 I nches from their Perpendicular Bases F W and thereby orced out the Gable all the same distance, R which wall should be ebuilt upright . “ A B G ab l nd W large new uttress to secure the e all . I must observe that when the Roof is well Secured with B o f B races, there will not be great need this large uttress, ’ but as I found the Foundations o f it already Lay d down Rise d H o f P and to the ight ye linth , I did not presume to stop the Workmen from Proceeding without Your ’ ” A ro b atio n Grace s p . V PLAT E X .

T E V E ’ F C H S ER I N G HATCH FR O M T HE K I T C H E N T O T H M O N KS RE E TO RY .

9 0 A H I ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

S howing that there was a communication here between ’ t h e s monks cloi ter and the lane .

T HE LA E N .

’ Between the west w all o f the cloister and the Cellarer s “ 1 1 6 A t building is a lane % feet wide . its northern end Of is the seventh the recesses i n the church wall . The o f sill this has been cut down , and in the back a door s o f way in erted , two moulded orders carried originally s by marble shaft , with foliated capitals and bases of o f the same material . The details the doorway follow so C losely those o f that from the cloister into the church that it must be regarded as an afterthought and no t a ” P V work of later date . ( late X I I . ) Leading from the lane to the dormitory was a ﬂight o f s teps , extending directly upwards from the ground n level through the doorway o its western side . The lower part of this stairway has been converted into a Of th e double ﬂight steps, lying against the wall behind

fi - e e s g tr e . Thes teps, although ancient in appearance , are re ally of quite recent date . The upper floor to the s outh w as also approached from the lane by another o f s e s o f m e flight t p , which no re ains xist, but the jambs f s o the door of e ntry are till in position . T h e stairway which now leads to the upper floor was 1 0 erect e d in 1 9 . A gainst the wall o n the western side o f the lane was

a p e ntise supported by corbels .

T HE DOMUS CONVERSORUM (HOUSE OF T HE LAY

BROT HERS .

’ s Cellariu m Thi building, to which the names , Cellarer s ’

B La B D - uilding, and y rothers orter are also given , o f originally consisted two parts, divided by a passage

1 i O . c t . 1 6 . p , p . 3 E X IA PLAT V .

T HE B O E S ’ E FEC O O F E . LAY R T H R R T RY , R RAT R

P LA T E. XVH&

T HE B O E S E C E O T HE C C F O T HE LAY R TH R NTRA N T H U R H R M LA N E .

T HE BU I LD I NGS O F T HE A BB E Y 9 1 running east and west from the outer court of the A bbey o n to the lane . I n the northern part, the ground ﬂoor, w as a vaulted ce llar ; above this Was the sleeping room f o the lay brothers . I n the part to the south o f the passage was the lay ’ e e brothers refectory, a vault d room three times its pr sent

S . ize, which is now used as a museum The appearance presented by this room in the days o f the lay brothers Plate XV I is shown in . ’ A o n bove the lay brothers frater, but a higher level o f than the northern portion , was an extension the lay ’ B bro t hers dormitory still further to the south . eyond the R D frater southwards were the latrines ( ere orter) , opening into the large drain which is still visible, and , further to o ne - the south , was a storeyed building, which was probably ’ inﬁ rmar the lay brothers y . I t is through the ruins of “ ” D ru mw a this building, locally known as The y (ridged , A gnarled) , that the visitor enters the bbey . “ ” D is no w The omus, as it invariably called, has serve d many useful purpose s since the time when th e lay e B broth rs ceased to exist at eaulieu . I t probably was e e H as e th n conv rted into the G uest ouse , possibly, els ’ it w as A b b at L A h s . e t e where , i n part the odging ft r suppress ion it was subdivided and used as a dwe lling house by th e farme r o f th e n e ighbouring land it has

s e - al o s rved as a school house and a carpenter s shop . U t o 1 0 p early in 9 9 it was a lumber room , and at that date a favourite re sort of owls ; they had no difﬁculty in e o f gaining entranc , as but few panes glass remained e V P . unbrok n in its windows . ( late X I I I ) L M Its restoration was then undertaken by ord ontagu , and to - day it may without exaggeration be stated that the re is no such beautiful interior in any building o f the n - e ki d in this country . It has what is called a tie b am

ﬁ r - o ak . e and purlin roof of oak, and an ﬂoor The place 9 2 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

e 1 1 0 and gall ry above were added in 9 . The three upper s e s t p of the ﬂight at the north end are original , and were continued downwards through an arched opening

into the church , to which the lay brothers were thus able s to gain acces at night . The greater part of the north

s - wall is po t suppression work . On the western side and at the northern end a new 1 1 0 entrance was made to the building in 9 ; this did not,

however, destroy any part of the original structure, as the existence of the plinth o f the buttress which supported the church — now in part seen from without and in part from within the D omus— shews that the D omus and the Church were not originally in structural connection on o n t the west side, although they were so the side abu ting o f upon the lane . The foundations a porch intended to have been built over the entry to the cloister are quite modern . The plinths of the buttresses towards the south , two of which are the basements of latrines, and the lower o f part of the windows similar to those the lay brothers , frater, are still in position .

E EA T ER B L T H S N UI DINGS .

’

n M v i z. in These co stituted the onks I nfirmary, , the M fi rmar . T h e y hall , the chapel , and kitchen isericord A was al s o in this part o f the bbey . The outlines o f th e se buildings have bee n trace d and u are now marked i n white gravel in the t rf ; they are, e f howev r, hardly of su ficient general i nterest to require a 1 detail e d description . — The Misericord Up to the end o f the fourteenth cen “ th e s B tury Cistercian , together with other reformed ene

dic tin es d . B , a hered strictly to the rule of St enedict, which e x t h e enacted that no ﬂesh m at be eaten e cept by sick ,

1 i 8 k s ear o . c t . . 1 Fo r s see H e Bra 6 . thi op and p , p , p

9 4 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

H s ospitium . It was a detached building, and pos ibly s tood upon the high ground near the modern kitchen o f P H garden alace ouse, as some foundations were found 0 1 8 0 there about forty years ago ( . 7 ) in draining, and also when the garden was made .

T HE HO T M CA LLE AY ESF S SPI IU D G N ORD .

A s nother building, al o probably within the precinct “ is H G a ne sfo rds referred to as The ospitium called y , A s but how it Obtained that name is not known . no o r grounds gardens are mentioned in connection with it, w as u it probably the ordinary hospiti m of the monastery .

’ The A b b at s Lodging was possibly in front of the n o w o f house occupied by the gardener, and east the present church .

T HE WINEPRESS .

o f Standing within the precinct, to the north the A o f bbey church , are the ruins a large building, which l o f - probably served the threefo d purpose a wine press, a

- D B hay loft , and a cellar . There are i n omesday ook eight references to vineyards, a proof that the grape was cultivated fo r the production o f wine from early times . The land immediately to the north of this build “ ing has been from time immemorial, and is still, “ V called The ineyards, and it is extremely probable that o f B the ﬁrst inmates eaulieu , coming direct from the w o f B o f ine country urgundy, would take advantage the warm climate of their new possession for the preparation of their native drink, rather than content themselves e ntirely with the beer their brethren in less favoured

Sites were compelled to drink . ’ W H f H v l I 2 0 o o . I n arner s istory ampshire ( . , p . 5 ) we read “ The ruin behind the garden has hitherto been c o n

9 6 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB EY

s 1 1 record is that at Clairvaux, which was de cribed in 5 7 as being “ A fo r great hall the wine pressing, and fermenting o n f places in which there are several large tuns, e o which is square, containing from four score to a hundre d s s hog head , and the descent is to be noticed from the vineyard which is be hind the said fermenting place ; into this fermenting place fo r bringing the vintage t o the tuns

“ The wine goes by lead pipes into the tuns, which are in a cellar adj oining, i n which cellar is a great tun 00 s o f 0 containing 4 hogshead wine, that is, 3 feet round 1 8 and i n height .

B is esides these a great cellar, all vaulted in stone, where are innumerable tun s o f wine fo r the u se o f the s o f religiou , and they pay each year for the yield the vineyards o f the same A bbey from to francs ; also there are in ordinary years to hogsheads o f wine, and there are still other cellars and caves well ” 1 s furni hed . 2 A lso the plan o f the A bbey about the seventeenth century shows the wine -press to have been some 7 0 feet 0 by 4 , with a great building at right angles to it for the f storage o hay . This arrangement is very similar to the B - eaulieu example, where the wine presses and fermenting vats could have been in the northern wing with a cellar beneath and having ‘ the descent from the Vineyard ’ o f still remaining . The main part the building would be the hay - loft above the great cellar for the storage o f wine . “ The building was originally 1 1 8 feet in lengt h by

-1 43 5; feet wide, but was shortened in later days by 34 feet

1 Didro n A es c é es . 2 . , nnal ar h ologiqu , III , 3 7 2 cit . 1 B k s e r o . . H e ra a . op and p , p , p 74

9 8 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI EU A BB EY is - o f ﬁ s h th e to day, there should have been no lack at s e e e e e s A bb e y d uring tho e months . Th r w r doubtl ss al o e o f e pl nty gr y mullet and eels in the river then , and the following lette r s hows that the predatory pike was rather encouraged ; for o ne may be quite sure that the servile Thomas Stevens would no t have given Cromwell anything w as n that o t worth having .

I V X VI I ol I . 8 0 Sta te Pa ers Henr . . . p . y , 3 — M l 1 1 6 t H H . 5 3 5 , Sep arry uttoft and j ohn i le to Cromwell Yo u shall receive by the bearer your pike which my f B We lord o ewley presented unto you at your departing . beg your letters to your deputy in favour o f your beadmen H ab b at s o f B Le tle about ampton , the eaulieu ; Quarre , y D S hw k M o t s . o u t e Netley) , the prior of St enys, y and M i f n H H o t S o t . fount ) ampton , Thursday after oly R D a ood y . I t was n o t until the fourteenth century that the Cist e r c ian exc e t b , y , statute against the eating of ﬁsh p ‘ the sick

was modiﬁed, and doubtless then the stew ponds, which A may still be seen in the valley to the east of the bbey,

were made . Two streams there converge, and upon these six stew ponds were formed by placing dams across the valleys ; there were in addition two larger ponds to the A east of the bbey, which were probably used for storing

the ﬁsh . X I V C HA PTE R .

— M A T C L FE BEA L E T HE MAKING OF A MONK . ON S I I IN U I U — A L RO A L T T O BE E . A BBEY . Y VISI S U I U HE following interesting account of the ceremony observed in the making of a monk at Beauli e u is given in Collections for th e History o f Hampshire D o f D Y . by . , with the original omesday the R W o n o f County by ichard arner, page 5 9 , Vo l . I . 1 The same fragment of antiquity supplies a few oth e r particulars relative to the domestic history and economy of Beaulieu monastery . The following extracts will throw some light o n the ceremony which was observed when a layman was desirous o f enrolling himself among the

. C s m conventual eccle/ siastics The hapter being as e bled, o f d consisting the abbat and all the monks, the candi ate for the cowl addressed himself in the following humble manner to the company

— I b e s c h e Syr, y you , and alle the convent heare ‘ s fo r f G o d o u r lad e M a sembled, the lu fe of , y Sante arye, San c te B h o o l e the blessed jesu , john aptiste, and all the y h ev ne e m e e compagnie of y , that 5 wolde resave , to lyv and in s o f m o nk e dye heare among you , the tate a as reb e ndai e p y , and servant unto alle, to the honour of God A lmit e ro u ffe t and y , solace to the convent, p to the abbey, b l h awl e t unto my s e .

ls The petitioner was then examined as to his life, mora ,

and religion , and , if nothing objectionable appeared in

1 d B b M . d i . B d o . . T h e r Ex C S ap u o Oxon . autho ities of t h e B L b are no t b e odle ian i rary a le to id ntify th is MS . 1 0 0 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U ~ A BB E Y

e th e s o f t o the o f eith r, rule the Order , brotherhood which h e s e e h e to e a pir d , were r ad to him , and promised observ them in th e following term s “ — I e o f Syr, trust , through the helpe God , and your gode praye rs to kepe all these thynges w hyc h e 5 C have e e re h e rs ede now h ar unto me . H is f e o . noviciate , or y ar trial , now commenced I f he passed through thi s period to the satisfaction Of himself and the convent, another chapter was assembled , and a s econd petition read by the candidate . “ —I tw ell Syr , have been heyr now this month nere w v c h e l k s r ht ] hand , and y be God , me y yg we , both the order and the c o mpagnye o f the place ; whereupon I b e s c h e fo r f o f y you and all the compagnie, the lu fe God, lad e Sanc te M S anc te our y arye, the blessed jesu , john B e h o o l e c o m a n e o f h ev ne aptist , and alle the y p g y y , that 3 c will resave mee unto my professi on at my tw ell month ac c o rd n et c io n day, y g to my p y which I made when I was ” furste r av d m n s in the es e a o g 3 ou heyre . o f ro ession This being granted, the ceremony p f was gone through , and on the appointed day the habit was received, and the candidate became a monk .

I MONA ST I C LI FE N BEA U LI EU ABBEY .

We can only realise the kind o f life which was led by the monks of Beaulieu by knowing what it was in other Cistercian houses and by the regulations Of that and other A R Orders . The nnals and egisters have been destroyed , o f A and the history the bbey and its buildings, and of the o f life the men who inhabited them for 3 3 4 years, from c an its foundation to its suppression , only be gathered in a fragmentary manner from public records and other indirect sources o f information . o f A lthough when they took the monastic vows poverty,

s e e e cha tity, and obedi nce and ntered the Cistercian Ord r,

1 0 2 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

“ the e w as o that chapt r held after tierce , on the f llowing “ page h e te ll s u s that afte r chapte r all went to labour until th e b e ll rung for ti e rc e I The routine doubtles s varied at e e s e o f th e diff rent p riod , c rtainly in the early days move m e nt it w as much more severe i n its require ments than it becam e later ; it varied with the season o f t he year e s o r o n s wh ther ummer winter, ordinary day and ferial s s o f s e (holy) day , with the season the ecclesia tical y ar , A L E & c n s dvent , ent , aster, . The variation in the ame f o e . given to certain the services , .g , vigils, matins , lauds , s o f f i ntroduce another source di ﬁculty . The Cistercians t w o divided the year into seasons, summer and winter, e E the latter lasted from Sept mber 1 3 th t o aster . 1 “ We are also told o n high authority th at the day and night were each divided into twelve hours , but they o f were not constant length , such as we , whose time is e r gulated by mechanical clocks , are accustomed to under stand by the word . The natural day and the natural night ruled the time , so that the hours varied in length from o f the n day to day . Those ight were long in winter and o f short in summer, and those the day the opposite , and it was only at the equinoxes that the hour was the same ” as ours . To such a community the proposals o f the Daylight Saving B ill would have appeared ridiculously moderate "

The above account is no doubt accurate, but it requires a little careful thought . D a e y, as I understand it, was from sunrise to suns t , E o f o f night from sunset to sunrise . ach these periods A . s time was divided into twelve equal parts, called hours e night is longer in wint r than in summer, so each part o r hour into which it was divided was long in winter and s the s hort in summer and vice versa. I uspect that by

1 . . . T h e C s e e k hir A rch Journ. v o l . XV 2 O Yor s e . , , p 5 9 i t rcian rd r , M c e T . e b .I . y i kl thwait , — M A K I NG O F A MONK LI FE I N B EA U LI E U A BB E Y 1 0 3 date when the Cistercians arrived at Beaulieu th e y had discovered that a mechanical C lock was ve ry useful for f marking the hours o the day . T h e seven hours to b e devoted to religious exercise s e e ffi — O c e s . w re originally divid d into seven separate viz , vigils, prime , tierce , sext, none, vespers, and compline, each o f which w as commemorative o f some act in Our ’ o r o r Saviour s life death , in the jewish ritu al . I t must be borne in mind that an “ office is ‘not necessarily a se rvice to be attended in a church ; some might b e said when th e individual was away from the e o n a monast ry, perhaps at work the l nd ; the general tendency o f the Cistercians was to diminish the number of the church services in order that more time might be available for agricultural pursuits . T h e first service in most Orders was called matins, but th e B n by Cistercians, following St . er ard, it was known v i il l s . as g I n some Orders it was he d at midnight, but with the Cistercians it appears to have commenced at m f r 2 a . . o about or , and to have lasted about three hours . f o f Those who have attended the o fice the night, which began at midnight in the monastery o f th e Grande Char f t re u se o . , can hardly fail to retain a vivid recollection it A t h e f e small lamp , high up near roof, j ust su ficed to mak o ne o ne the darkness visible ; by the monks, with their e heads cover d by their cowls, entered , each carrying a e h e lantern containing a singl candle, which , when arrived h e o f at his stall , placed upon the desk in front him, until , e th e o f wh n all had assembled , outlines the church became just visible .

Only those visitors to whom the experience was novel, o r whose musical taste was equal to the demands of a s r o f e m e vice Gr gorian chants, unaccompanied by usic, e r mained to the end . 1 0 4 A HI ST O RY O F B EAU LI E U A BB E Y

A v i ils o n d fﬁ fo r fter g , except certain ays, the o ce the

e s o ne e dead follow d , thi was to which the Order attach d gre at importance . Such time as remained be twe en that and dawn w as devoted to reading o r meditation i n the s e o r e s A t cloi t r chapt r hou e . daybreak the bell rang

f e l la uds ma l u tinaz la u des for a short o ﬁc , by some ca led , , “ th e morning praises, but by the Cistercians called

m a tins . I n th e s ummer half o f the year it was always arranged s o that there should be a short interval between v igils n and ma ii s . P rime w as o f sung at the ﬁrst hour the day, which

b 6 a . m s e . tierce would about , in pring and autumn ; ,

m . xt a . se o n ones m . about 9 ; , about n on ; and , at 3 p . , H followed at regular intervals . igh Mass was said afte r e o n o n prime on ordinary days, after ti rce feast days ; t M M w as hese latter days, a mass, called the orning ass, sung after prime . — H igli Mass The commu n ity having taken their places e in the church , the holy water and the salt wer blessed , o r and the asperges, sprinkling with holy water, was per H M o n d formed . igh ass was followed Sun ays by the w procession , hen in a certain deﬁnite order the various e e buildings wer visit d . — Then followed the Chaplet Whilst the bell for this

duty was tolling the community remained seated in church , exc e pt such as had been told o ff for the duty o f seeing t h e o f th e that all doors cloister were fastened, as it was forbidden fo r strangers to enter the precinct during the C holding of the daily hapter . A proce ssion was formed from the church to the a ch pter house , the juniors walking ﬁrst ; arrived there they stood in their places until the abbat entered and took

his seat . The portion of the martyrology, which described the live s of th e martyrs and saints to be commemorat e d

1 0 A HI ST O RY O F B E A U LI E U A BB E Y

Dinne r — F E s W . rom a ter to hitsuntide the monks din e d sext t h e s e fo r o f after , and am the rest the summe r half th e e e o n W F of y ar, xcept that ednesdays and ridays the y e e no nes D din d aft r . uring the winte r half o f th e ye ar th e y e nones e L din d after , exc pt in ent, when dinner followe d v es ers f f p , which o fice was fixed at an hour su ficiently early o f th e s e to allow meal being fini h d by daylight . A fter dinner the community returned to church to say

grace . e o r Th n came an interval for recreation , , in summer, a

s iesta in the dormitory . — The Da ily Work The work o f the monastery was don e ’ e ﬁ v e o ne betw en twelve and in winter, and o clock and six

i n summer . Ves ers o r o f p followed at the earlier later those hours , t o th e su er according season , and immediately afterwards pp e was aten in the refectory, when there was such a meal , A E 1 . t viz . , from aster to September 4th other times it was served only o n great feast days : it was never take n c on vigils and fast days . Grace in chur h followed , then the community went i nto the Cloister to await the summons to collation , which was a reading, not a meal . C l n a nd m lin - e o la tio Co p e . Collation in the chapter hous

m . was at p . . in winter and in summer It was a e o f B o r short servic , consisting a reading from the ible e som other book, and after an interval compline was said 8 o f at 7 or , according to the season the year, followed in half an hour by bed .

I t was only possible by a very complete organisation , and by a knowledge on the part o f all concerned of the o f duties which fell to the lot each one, that such an elaborate system o f services could be carried o n without hitch o r failure . The daily allowance o f bread for each monk was a

o r . pound , and of beer wine about a pint and a half — I M A K I NG O F A MON K LI FE . N B EA U LI E U A BB E Y 1 0 7

b u t Two dishes appear to have been served at dinner, in the de generate days which followed the decline of monastic fervour w e read of sixteen being the daily portion " Mixtm n was an extra allowance of a quarte r o f a pound

o ne - o f — t of bread , and third of a measure drink abou half — t h e a pint taken by the reader and younger monks, and e s those who had serve d in the refectory . On we k day in Le R E nt and on ogation and mber days , and certain vigils , x u e m i t m was not serv d .

The following table , which is probably fairly correct , may make the daily life o f the monks more readily inte l ligible 2 a m a m — V o f . . until about 5 . . igils Commemoration D the ead . e C I nt rval in loister . D —M r L . o . aybreak atins, auds F b — P H M s M ollowed y rime, and then igh a s or orning M ass . a — M r A m . e bout . ixtum o br akfast . a m — H M 9 . . Tierce, followed by igh ass on

F a t / D a s e s y . A — a m . bout . Chapter . — l or noon . Sext, fol owed by dinner . 1 m t m — W m . . o . . N . p 5 p ork , ones at 3 p . 6 — V o r . m 5 p . espers , followed by supper . m — p . . Collation . — m . 7 p . Compline . — D 8 . m p . ormitory . I t is to be unde rstood that this is no t intended to e r present a ﬁxed rule, as it was certainly subject to e e fr qu nt variation . E ach monk I n turn was required for a wee k at a tim e e o f w e to undertak certain duties, including that cook but may be re asonably certain that a community to whom s ixte en dish e s we re se rve d at dinner did not entrust th e A H I S T O RY OF B E A U LI E U ABB E Y

e cooking of th m to an amateur . Other monks were ap pointe d pe rmanently fo r the performance o f s uch Ofﬁces e s T he c nt as . a or o r requir d a pecial aptitude , precentor ,

w as t h e s e t h e e ing r, chief librarian, and keeper of archiv s o r s s u ccentor record ; the was his deputy and assistant . T h e sa crist and his ass i stants were in charge o f t h e fabric t h e th e s s of church , acred plate and ve tments, the shrines s e and re lic . The injunctions as to cleanlin ss give n to them f s e and to all other o ﬁcer in charge of any vessels, wheth r

o r e . sacred domestic, wer most rigid The cella rer was responsible that t h e community were properly supplied with food and drink : a very important H e h . e charge had the control of all the servants, whom

e s . re ectoria n engag d , and could punish and dismi s The f o f was in charge the refectory, and saw that the meals

of the community were properly served . T h e duties o f the kitchener are more than suggested “ H e e by the name . was enjoined to hav a sparing hand o ne i n supplying his own needs, and a prodigal where ” others were concerned . The cooks and servers in the kitchen were naturally placed under his charge . in rma ria n C The fi was in harge of the sick, to whom he was enj oined to minister with special kindness and e F th e o f car . ollowing custom those times, the monks F A Se were bled at regular intervals . ebruary, pril , p tember, and October were the months appointed for the b e e proceeding, and some, it may hoped , were fortunat enough to find a sufficient excuse to escape from the o f infi rmarian w h o clutches the , was the appointed

operator . The a lmoner was re sponsible for the distribution of th e e e o f gifts of the community to the poor, and the s l ction those from amongst them who were to be honoured by h e H e s having their feet washed by t abbat . al o acted

i e . as schoolmaster and attended to the mortuary rolls, . ,

1 1 0 A HI ST O RY OF B EA U LI E U ABB E Y

M 1 8 th 1 2 1 the C On arch , 3 , King arrived at anford e the 1 B e h e from Corf ; on 9 th he left for eaulieu , wher e e da o n 2 1 st fo r r main d the following y, leaving the

Southampton .

Henr 1 11 y . Letters on the Close Roll are dated from Beaulieu H M . o n 1 during the reign of King enry I I I , 3th arch , 1 2 1 1 0th 1 1 th 2 D 3 ; the and january and the oth ecember, 1 2 3 5 , from wh ich it is known that the Court was then B A at eaulieu bbey . o f o f On the occasion the dedication the abbey, ’ 1 e 1 2 6 E s 7th j un , 4 , the King, Queen leanor, the King E R E o f eldest son dward , ichard , arl Cornwall , the ’ B W B E King s brother, the ishops of inchester, ath , xeter, and Chichester, and many barons were present . The young Prince was taken ill and was nursed by the Queen o f w A for three weeks . The admission a oman to the bbey, o f being contrary to the statutes the Order, was, at the o f o f next visitation , partly the cause the deposition the c ellariu s fo r prior and , who were held responsible having given the Queen permission to remain ; but they were also guilty of having at the time of the dedication allowed meat to be eaten by secular persons, which was also 1 contrary to the statutes .

Ed ard I w . The King visited Beaulieu and issued letters from there o n 2 th 2 th 2 th 1 2 o n A january 4 , 5 , and 7 , 7 5 , and ugust “ 2 th 1 2 6 Cro ze 9 , 7 . I n the same year j ohn de la y came before the King at King ’ s Beaulieu on Monday the eve ” f also . o n o St . Giles The King was at the abbey 2 1 3 t 1 1 2 8 October and November 5 th , 5 ; and a deed ’

o 1 E d . 1 B D e c e mb enr lled 4 . is dated King s eaulieu , 5 kal . .

1 A R r e 1 Mo n . s Se i S 1 nnal . ( oll , " 3 37 ° — M A K I NG OF A M ON K LI FE I N B EA U LI E U A BB E Y 1 1 1

8 O n e e 6 th th 1 2 th e 1 2 5 . S pt mber and 9 , 9 3 , King again visited the abbey . Ed a rd I I w .

e 1 2 The King paid a prolong d visit to the abbey in 3 5 , when the Court w as in res idence there from A pril 5 th A 2 th B to pril 7 . The King was also at eaulieu on

February 4th of the same year .

H nr VI I e y .

H VI I B o n A 1 8 King enry . was at eaulieu ugust th and 1 1 8 s A 1 9 th , 4 9 , and he again tayed at the abbey on ugust 9 th ,

1 o n . 49 9 , being then his way to Southampton

Henr VI I I y . I n the ﬁrst year of the King ' s reign he visited the abbey f h 1 1 0 o r A s t . and remained there a week, ugu t 7 to 3th , 5 9 This concludes the list of Royal visitors to the abbey

during monastic times .

E d ard VI w .

The young King stayed at Beaulieu o n his way to r s A 1 1 2 Ch i tchurch on ugust 7th , 5 5 , the year before his

death . m I Ja es .

. B o n s james I was at eaulieu four occasions, each vi it th e o f A — v iz A s 1 1 6 1 being during month ugust . , ugu t 4th , 3 A 1 1 6 1 A 1 1 6 2 0 A t 1 ugust st, 9 ; ugust 5 th , , and ugus 5 th , 6 2 1 1 . HA P E R XV C T .

A M T RE A BBEY H A B . T E BAT S O F BEA L E I D U I U .

T is s omewhat doubtful whether the A bbey o f Beaulieu s was a mitred abbey ; tradition favour the view, but is F the documentary evidence not conclusive . rom o f o f E A the time King john to that dward I I I . the bbat s P was frequently ummoned to arliament, indeed almost continuously so from 1 3 07 to 1 1 A W H ame ldo n I n 34 the then bbat , illiam de , ’ obtained , by ﬁne of ten marks, the King s sanction to be free from attendance at Parliament : he had therefore been summoned during the period when that privilege was ab b at s A reserved to mitred , and the bbey must at that as time have been recognised possessing that distinction . “ Tradition reports that the Monastery of Beaulieu was mitred a bbe s u formerly numbered among the y , that is, s ch as enjoyed the honour o f sending their ab b at s to assi st the King in his great council . On consulting, however, ’ ‘ ’ o f F H the list mitred abbeys in uller s Church istory, the name o f Beaulieu does not occur those mentioned therein

- were only twenty six in number, and are supposed to have been as follows

’

A . 1 . . . St . lban s 7 Colchester 8 W 2 s . . . Gla tonbury . esham ’ Winc h l mb A . e c o e 3 . St . ustin s , Canter 9 . 1 0 bury . . Crowland . 1 1 B ttail W . a e . 4 . estminster . b r 1 2 R E dmu nds u . . . 5 . y eading A 6 1 . P . . . 3 eterborough bin‘ gdon

1 ’

. Di . . . e s . W s . v . Palgrav Parl rit II , III , p 343

1 1 4 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

A n in their day . ecclesiastic who attained a high place i n the Court o f King j ohn was probably skilled in o f diplomacy, and not too rigid i n his views to be use as to a monarch who w usually engaged in a struggle, F either with his neighbours in rance, his barons at home , r P R So o the ope at ome . long as monastic zeal lasted ab b ats we may reasonably believe that the did their duty, ruled wisely, and tried to keep their house in order ; but it 1 1 6 can hardly be doubted that i n the 5 th and th centuries, if not at an earlier date, they allowed grave abuses to creep in , and themselves sealed their doom . A t the dissolution in 1 5 3 8 the community at Beaulieu f consisted o the abbat and twenty other monks .

° Lest it be thought that the spelling o f the word abbat e o f adopt d throughout this book savours pedantry, we may urge that it is so spelt in all contemporary records and in ’ “ ” D u ale s M nastic o n A gd o nglicanum .

H u h First A bba t g , .

El cted 1 2 0 D d e . ie , 4 ,

Dugdale in the A ppendix to N ew e nh am A bbey gives a list o f the ab b ats o f Beaulieu in which the ﬁrst and f H second both bear the name o ugh . Subsequent writers

have generally followed him , but neither he nor they give n tw o a y authority for the statement, and if there were o f so named nothing appears to be known the ﬁrst, except that he arrived at Beaulieu with the community “ circa ” m D 2 fe stu m P e nth e c o st e A . . 1 0 , 4 .

A s B R eaulieu was a oyal foundation , it would be natural that the ﬁrst abbat chosen to rule over it should o f H be a man decided character, and abbat ugh certainly

was so . I therefore think it more probable that there

was only one abbat of the name . — A M I T R E D A BB E Y T HE A BBAT S O F B EA U LI E U 1 1 5

nd A bba t H u h Seco . g , 1 d 1 2 2 Elected Die . , , 3

A 1 2 08 A H R I n pril , , bbat ugh received a oyal passport s for himself, his servant , and ﬁve horses to cross the sea R Ma o f D e o n . at ov r, a mission to ome I n y the same P year the ope sent a monition to King john , to fulﬁl his e A o f B promis , given to the bbat eaulieu, to receive the Cardinal A rchbishop o f Canterbury and make due restitu A u B o f tion ; and again , in ug st, he instructed the ishops L E l W ondon , y, and orcester to warn and induce the King to carry out at once variou s promises made t o the A bbat

o f Beaulieu . H t o R ugh was again sent by King john as envoy ome, 1 2 1 B o f N B A M in 3 , with j ohn , ishop orwich , rother lan artel, B M P . H B o ev . . de y ( ova) , and de auley I n 1 2 1 5 the A bbat exhibited articles against the A rch o i L bishop Canterbury at the fourth ateran Council . A H w as H bbat ugh also frequently employed by enry I I I . o n s th e o f R e s mis ions to Court om and el ewhere . H e was elected as B ishop by the Prior and Convent of R e Carlisle, and the King gave his oyal assent to the lection 8 o n A 1 s t 1 2 1 . f ugust , The sheri fs of Cumberland and Notts were commanded to cau se the el e ct o f Carlisle to have as full seizin o f the lands and ten e ments pertaining B A b Sc lav o nia to the See as ernard, rch ishop of , formerly Cu st o r th e of same bishopric, had, when he obtained the

custody thereof from King john . The King, moreover, o f o f restored the revenues the bishopric, which it had e e e H e c o n b n deprived by n gligence and otherwise . was th e Le A 2 nd ﬁrmed by Gualo , apostolic gate, ugust , and 2 th F 1 2 1 8—1 consecrated by him 4 ebruary, 9 .

MS H . . 6 . 8 arl , 9 5 7 , p . 1 1 6 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

The following refe re nce to the e vent is from the A nnals 1 8 1 8 o f W 1 2 . L H averley, , p 5 The ord ugh, formerly ’ A o f B B o f bbat King s eaulieu , was made ishop Carlisle L with the approval of Gualo , the egate, on condition of depo s ing him if afterwards it appeared that it might be looke d upon as if adverse to the jurisdiction o f the Order ” S if he hould be promoted to be a bishop . o f H A o f The events preceding the election ugh , bbat B B o f eaulieu , to the ishopric of Carlisle are considerable H . 1 2 1 6 interest . The Council of King enry I I I in informed the Pope that the canons of Carlisle had sinned against the authority o f the Roman See ; had sworn all e giance to the o f E o f King of Scots , the enemy of the realm ngland and P o f th e the ope, and had, contrary to the wishes King and

L - A . e the postolical egate, an ex communicated clerk Th y, P therefore, prayed the ope to remove these schismatical canons and appoint prebendaries in their places and o f augment the revenues the diocese . P H The King, writing to the ope ( onorius describes the B ishop thus : “ Whom we truly represent as a man o f eminent i n all ways, as well as by his knowledge letters o f as by dignity manner, and, what we are the better able H to commend , by his ever ready devotion to the oly

Roman Church , and by ﬁdelity towards us many times R H M 1 1 th proved (Close oll , 3 enry I I I . . . ) The B ishop o f Carlisle was one o f the sureties for the King A o f 1 2 2 0 in his treaty with lexander, King Scotland, in , ’ when A lexander agreed to marry o ne o f the King s daughters . B ishop Hugh probably built the choir o f Carlisle

Cathedral . I n 1 8 2 2 he was sent by the King to the Council of

and 0 s . Verona, was allowed 3 mark towards his expenses was A La F B H e taken ill at the bbey of erte, in urgundy, R o f o n his return from ome, and died on the fourth day

1 1 8 A HI ST O RY O F B E A U LI E U A BB E Y

b t B l Ro er de oc onde .

Elec ted D ied , ,

W 1 A The King wrote letters dated at estminster, 3 th pril , 1 0 o n o f F 3 5 , the death King j ohn of rance , desiring the B s s A b b ats & c s i hop , , . , to have solemn mas es sung devoutly A with other prayers for his soul . mong the Cistercian ab b ats uarr Le t ele D u nk e are named those of Q , y (Netley) , ’ B well , and King s eaulieu .

P eter de Chichest r e .

d A 2 E w . El t d . D i ec e . ed ( bbat, I I , , A bbat Peter gave the great image o f the Virgin above the high altar at N ew e nham A bbey

Willia m de Ha meldon .

l t d A E w . E c e d . Died e . . ( bbat, c I I I ) , f L B Was a doctor o divinity . icence from the ishop o f Winchester to receive th e benediction from any Catholic B ishop was given to William de H am eldo n o n 7 th 1 0 September, 3 4 . 1 2 6 0 This abbat, whose predecessors since had sat in P 1 1 o f 1 0 arliament , obtained in 3 4 , by ﬁne marks, the ’ P King s sanction to be free from attendance at arliament . A bbat William de H am e ldo n gave a reredos with six N ew e nh am images for the high altar of .

Wa lter H er in or Herrin y g g.

Elected 2 z u d A A . D . 1 2 . D ied 6th , ugust , 3 7 , january , A D 1 0 1 Rio . . 3 9 ( 5 .

e ac k n ow l d King Richard I I . agr ed to issue bonds in e g ment o f the loans o f the cl e rgy and the nobles fo r th e o f o f e o n conduct his wars , and made promise paym nt ’ ’

M I n o n . e s St . artin s the winter a King s word The lett r W 6th M 1 are dated from estminster, arch , 3 79 , and among — A M I T RE D A BB E Y T HE AB BAT S O F B EA U LI E U 1 1 9 t h e persons t o whom they are addressed is the A bbat of H 0 f B . o eaulieu, ants, J£4 The order payment is dated 8 2 2 o th 1 . january, 3 I n 1 3 86 the King again borrowed money and assigned bonds for the repayment o f th e loans o u t o f the dismes

e ﬁ fte e nth s &c . A or tith s, , subsidies, mongst those who A B 0 had lent the King money is the bbat of eaulieu , £4 .

R ll Ric H Pa tent o . . . . . , p 3

T h e A o f B D o f W bbey eaulieu in the iocese inchester, e of the Cistercian Ord r, being left without a pastor by the W H e r n o f e death of alter y g, late abbat the sam , is unable to make due election because the Cistercian abbat being s o f a schi matic, the King has committed the custody the said A bbey to Thomas E arl of Kent and T ide m an o f Winc h e c o mb e o f , monk the Cistercian Order .

m n d in h m Tide a e W c eco be .

Elected 1 8 A 1 2 1 Rio . D ied , th ugust, 3 9 ( 7 ,

1 0t h 1 0 1 . june, 4 He Formerly of Hailes A bbey, co . Salop . was physi ’ ’ ’ R B o f con e d elire o ian to ichard I I . y virtue a g issued th 1 B L f 5 july, 3 9 3 , he was elected ishop of landa f, and R 1 8 A obtained the oyal assent to his election th ugust, I 3 9 3 H e had a grant of the custody of the temporalities 2 th 1 rd 4 October, 3 9 3 , and they were restored to him 3 1 July, 39 4 . : 2 th 1 —6 B On 5 january, 3 9 5 , the ishop was translated L f W e th e P e from landa f to orcest r by ope, and was ther s e e e o f in tall d in the pr s nce the King, who had attended his s s f previou in tallation at Llanda f . 2 1 st 1 6 th e On j uly, 3 9 , custody of the temporalities S e e W w as H e of the of orcester granted to him . died 1 0th 1 0 1 W june, 4 , and was buried at orcester . 1 2 0 A HI ST O RY O F B E A U LI E U A BB E Y

Ri hard de Middle on c t .

Elected 2 2 nd A 1 D ied , pril , 3 9 4 . ,

1 2 1 On the th january, 3 9 5 , a licence was granted by B W B A c c ade n ishop ickham to Simon , ishop of to give R M A the benediction to ichard iddleton , lately elected bbat f B o eaulieu .

P tent Roll 2 0 Richa rd I I P rt I I M m 1 a . a . e . , . .

1 M 1 6 —A R W 3 9 7 , arch . ppointment of oger alden , M o f treasurer of the King, and Guy one, keeper the P o f A B rivy Seal , to the custody the bbey of eaulieu , co . ’ Southton , and all its possessions, taken into the King s hand on account o f the great dissensions therein between persons pretending to be ab b at s o f that ho u se ; without

being bound to account for the issues thereof . F h urther, t ey are to summon litigants for the position o f o r of abbat before them or either them their deputies,

hear their reasons, inspect their evidences, and bring them t o an agreement .

n R ll 2 0 Rich rd I I Pa rt I I I Mem 1 Pa te t o . a . . . . , 3 — A f 1 Ma 2 0 . o 39 7 , y cceptance by the King john Glo u c e stre A o f B R as bbat eaulieu egis, to which abbacy Richard de Middleton laid claim ; in accordance with the decision come to by William de Waverley o f the diocese o f W H o f inchester, ermann de Stratford of the diocese L W L ondon , john de ardon of the diocese of incoln , j ohn de C o gge sh ale and john de B o xleya o f the diocese o f Can t erb u r W W de R o f y, illiam de oburn and john ewley the L A b b at s M diocese of incoln , of onasteries of the Cistercian C Order, appointed to inquire touching the rival laims, and also appearing in person in the Royal presence in Windsor

e re h is a . Castle, d cla d in f vour

1 2 2 A H I ST O R Y O F B E A U LI E U A BB E Y

E R . ichard , of Cornwall , gave a Cell of Cistercian Ke v ians A M s . o f onk at St in Cornwall to the bbey St . ’ ’ M s B W e W l . o se s arie , eaulieu h n two of Cardinal y s s s s o f ervants unj u tly eized upon ome these lands , ’ s B o f B A M Thoma , ishop angor and bbat of St . arie s B of eaulieu) , pleaded so well that they were restored . H e built the bell tower and the nave of his cathedral 1 2 H e is i n 5 3 . said to have been a constant resident at

Beaulieu . A t e 1 his d ath in june , 5 3 3 , his heart was buried at B B e angor, but his body at aulieu , under a tomb near the e place for r ading the Gospel .

h n Br nin Jo ow g.

D 1 0 i d M A D l d A . . D e 1 6 E ecte . . , . 5 9 , arch , . 5 3 The late A bbat o f Beaulieu appears to have been unpopular with the King, because he did not preserve R F A W the game in the oyal orest . The bbat of averley, on the other hand, had a very good reputation for pre serving the game in the F orests of Wo lmer and Windsor and around his house . W Fit zw illiam Sir illiam , therefore, recommended john “ B l v e r rowning to Cromwell, as a virtuous man , a clean y , h u sb o n de and a good (man) , whom he had described as e re c o mme nda such to the King hims lf, with the additional “ ’ tion o f always having bene good to the Kinge s game ” near unto his house . The King shortly afterwards appointed the A bbat of W e A Be averl y to be bbat of aulieu , and we may hope that as a res ult H is Majesty had bette r sport in the fore st than h e A Sk v n had enjoyed during the time of bbat e y gto n . va lor 1 e B The of 5 3 5 , wh n j ohn rowning was abbat, f B 6 8 —d e o e e 2 8 s . gave the gross annual valu auli u as £4 . i

2 6 1 5 . 2 d and the nett value as £3 3 % . A M I T RE D A BB E Y— T HE A BBAT S O F B EA U LI E U 1 2 3

Thoma Stevens s .

Elected M 1 6 Su rrendered the A bbe , arch , 5 3 . y, z u d A 1 8 pril , 5 3 .

H e e o f B was elected on the d ath john rowning, being A o f e h as at the time bbat Netl y . Thomas Stevens been “ ” - rightly described as a time serving wretch . I n a lette r e 1 A 1 8 o ne o f su b c o m dat d 7th pril , 3 3 , from Crayford , the e s m mission rs for the suppression of monasterie , to Tho as Wrio th e sle e A e y, he stat s that bbat Stevens, imm diately th e le t before surrender, out the mill and parsonage at B th e L s eaulieu , and also lodge at St . eonards, to his si ter for a nominal rent . A 2 6th 1 8 On pril , 5 3 , Stevens, in a letter to Thomas “ Wrio th e sle s e e y, protests again t the d traction of his l wd ” monks which now , thank God, I am rid of . They had e u e probably been t lling the truth abo t him . I n oth r l e tters he is shown to be trying to ingratiate himse lf with Thomas Wrio th esley by obtaining a hors e which h e e s o f requir d, and al o with Cromwell by the gift a pike, f r B b e A z u d 1 8 o e e . which eaulieu was c l rat d pril , 5 3 , Thomas Ste vens and 2 0 monks signed the de ed of sur e e f B e A e H e e d o f r nd r o aulieu bb y . rec ive a pension 66 1 d I n F 1 0 w as £ 3 s . 4 . ebruary, 5 4 , Thomas Stevens e Re B A institut d to the ctory of entworth , near lton , vacant th e e o f P e w as u m by d privation john alm s, who most M I st 1 0 willing to submit, and on arch , 5 4 , wrote a letter “ of complaint to Lord Cromwell to the e ffect that h is cousin C ooke with ge ntlem e n and farme rs o f Sir john ’ W e e M E v F b 2 e . e e allop s t nants ass mbl d upon S atthias ( . 3 ) th e B e and inducted abbat quondam of eauli u , and, with e e e e e e s gr at viol nc and blows given , nt r d into the par onage and seal e d up t h e barn doors and hired men with mon e y to jangle and ring th e b e lls above all measure and cus o f e tom a charitable induction , wher of great clamour and 1 2 4 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

o f wonder is men in the whole shire , so that my name and es timation is cl e an gone and destroyed in all this B disturbance at entworth . I n 1 5 48 Steve ns was collated to the treasurership o f

Salisbury Cathedral . H 1 0 F A e died in 5 5 . urther references to bbat Stevens will be found in Chapters XI X . and XX I I .

1 2 6 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

e e s o f R which he xpend d in our ervice at the Court ome . W e s Me le b u rn th M itn s ourself at , the 9 day of arch .

Cl Roll oh n M em 1 6 ose J . . 7 .

W W u &c . e o The King to . , Treasurer, command y e o n that, as you love us, immediat ly the sight of these s e letter without any charge and delay, you deliv r to the A bbat of Beaulieu 1 07 5 marks to go on o u r message to 0 o u r the Chapter, and deliver to him 5 marks of gift, W which are in arrear to him and his house . itness D 2 6th o f A ourself at orchester, the day ugust .

Pa tent Roll 8 Joh n Mem . . 3 .

& c The King to all merchants to whom , . Know ye H A B that whoever shall loan to . , bbat of eaulieu , and de A rdinto n A mfridu s D o ur Thomas , and de ene, envoys, whom we have sent to the Court of Rome upon o u r 00 business, 5 marks, we will pay the same fully to him o r e o ur his messenger, bringing thes letters, together with the letters o f the aforesaid mess e ngers testifying the sum o f that loan ; and to this we bind ourselves by these our W L F B W letters patent . itness, ord ishop of inchester, R 2 0th F th e 8 th at ockingham , day of ebruary, in year o f our reign .

Pa t n l n M m 2 Ro l 8 oh e . . e t . J

a The King to all his beloved friends , his vener ble men , f P C o &c . the notaries and haplains the lord the ope, We render to you many thanks for that in our business i to be promoted in the Court, you have freely g ven aid e o u r s s and couns l to envoys, who them elve greatly praise We you . are also sending again to the Court our faithful A o f B A rdinto n A mfridu s bbat eaulieu, Thomas de , and de D ene, asking most attentively your love to the end that T RAVE L AN D D I PLOMA CY 1 2 7

yo u will help them in promoting the business o f th e Church o f Cante rbury according to o u r dignity and the o u r o u so custom of kingdom oftentimes declared to y , that e o u from being devot d we may become more devoted to y . W L P B W R itness, ord . , ishop of inchester, at ockingham , 2 o th F day of ebruary .

P a t nt Roll 8 John M m e . . e . 3

e & c e The King to all m rchants, . Know ye that who ver shall lend money up to the sum o f 40 marks to o u r be loved H A o f B and faithful . , bbat eaulieu , whom we are sending o n our busin ess to the Court o f Rome ; w e will pay that money to him or to his certain messenger bringing these letters to us with the letters o f the same abbat testifying that loan ; and we bind ourselves t o this by these o u r W P B f W . . o N letters patent itness, , ishop inchester at iort, th f A h & 2 o 8t c . 5 day ugust, in the year,

n R hn Mem . Pa te t oll . Jo 9 . 5

B f o f P D &c The King to the aili fs the ort of over, . Provide passage to the A bbat o f B eaulieu with ﬁve horses o n o u r f and his men , whom we are sending a fairs, and E W e s it shall be accounted to you at the xchequer . itn s , L P B W s e W e . th the ord , ishop of inche t r at av rley, the 4 o f A day pril . B th o f o ur y the same, in the 9 year reign .

R ll 1 ohn M m Close o . J e 4 . 3 . W . G R The King to , the Treasurer, and . and . , & c Pa A Chamberlains, . y from our treasury to the bbat o f B R 0 o ur eaulieu , going to ome, 3 marks of gift, and 0 fo r o f 3 marks to him payment his wages, so that he shall ge t a grant of aid o f 1 00 marks made to him in R 03 the Court of ome, and 4 . to him to buy a palfrey . A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

P n Ro ll 1 a te t . Joh n Pa r I M t . em 8 5 , . .

Le tte rs of cre dit to be made to the envoys o f the Lord R the King going to ome . e s &c To all m rchant seeing these letters, . Know ye that whosoever S hall lend to o u r beloved and faithful H . A o f B t o , bbat eaulieu , whom we are sending the Court of Rome upon the business o f the Lord the o f 1 00 King, up to the sum marks we will cause the aforesaid money to be rendered to him without delay who S hall bring with him these letters patent o f the aforesaid abbat testifying that that loan was made to A nd e him . in witn ss whereof we send you these o ur W f letters patent . itness ourself at the New Temple o L 8th o f 1 th o f o u r ondon , day january, in the 5 year

reign . (These letters are made triplicate because o f the dangers f o the sea . )

I Cl R l 1 J n P rt I M m . . ose o l oh a . e . 5 , 7

f f We The King to the Sheri f o Kent greeting . com mand you that yo u cause the Lord john B ishop of A o f B P M Norwich , bbat eaulieu , eter de aulay, whom we o u r f S are sending on a fairs, to have hips to cross the F S o u sea into landers, and it hall be accounted to y at E W M the xchequer . itness myself at arlborough , the

2 8th o f A 1 o f . day ugust, in the 5 th year our reign

I I Mem 8 r I I I P art . . . H en . 3 y , R E F . The King to . , the Treasurer, and . and , Chamber Pa o u r A o f lains, greeting . y from treasury to the bbat B M Lit c hﬁ e ld o n eaulieu and to aster Thomas de , going W o u r F 1 0 . affairs into rance, marks for expenses itness, L P B o f W W 2 nd ord . , ishop inchester, at estminster, the M a r c B o f d & . day y, in the 3 year, y himself and the justice .

1 3 0 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

B o u r f L F of eaulieu , going on a fairs to the egate of rance , 1 0 £ for his expenses , and to brother Simon , Canon of Ba h am y , going on our affairs into parts across the sea , W W 5 marks for his expenses . itness ourself at estminster 2 t st M day of arch .

Sam Roll Mem 1 e . . 9 . E The King to . , the Treasurer, and to his Chamberlains Pa r W M greeting . y from our Treasu y to brother illiam , onk o f B o ur f eaulieu, going on a fairs into parts across the sea, 2 W W marks for his expenses . itness the King at est rd o f Ma minster, 3 day y .

H nr I I I . Pa rt I m R ll 1 0 e Me 1 0 . Close o . y . , . E The King to . , the Treasurer, and to his Chamberlains Pa r W M greeting . y from our Treasu y to brother illiam , onk o f B o u r f L o f F eaulieu , going on a fairs to the egate rance , W W 1 0 marks for his expenses . itness the King at est

th . minster, 4 day of july

Edward I I M m 2 ll . . e . . Close Ro . 3 5 — A f B 1 0 . o 3oth july, 3 9 Order to permit the bbat eaulieu t o pass the sea with £ 1 0 and with his retinue in order to F d ra oe e . attend the Chapter General at Citeaux . ( )

Edward I M m 1 1 d l . e . . Close Ro l . 4 — 2 h Ma 1 2 6 . P 4t y, 7 ower to make attorneys i n place ’ B of the A bbat of King s eaulieu, who is going abroad ’ by the King s licence .

t Cha ter XXX VI . Chronicles of E nquerrand de Montrele . p

V l V. o .

C r nicl s Pa ris 1 8 2 6 . I n the French h o e , ,

1 2 4 5 . I n the y ear above mentioned there were sent from H F P Paris to Rome to our oly ather the ope , on behalf T RAVE L AN D D I PLO MA CY 1 3 1

R F E n am of the two ealms of rance and ngland, certai b assado rs F , that is to say, for the Kingdom of rance , A o f Orc ham tw o the bbat p , doctor in theology, and k E A knights ; and for the ingdom of ngland, the bbat B of eaulieu with two knights, for summoning to the said P l ope , as they had been summoned to the last Genera v Council at Constance, in order that he might con ene and assemble a council to perfect and accomplish the no t things which had been perfected at the last council, by notifying him that it was very prolonged, and that it was contrary to the purpose o f the U niversal Holy

Church . HA P E R V C T X I I .

T HE B NE OF T HE A BBE USI SS Y .

H E needs of s uch a community as occupied the A bbey and its granges were almo st as varied as those of the inhabitants o f B eaulieu village are

- to day, and to meet them all a very elaborate organisation

w as necessary . The cella rer had to keep a careful eye upon the stores e t o of corn , ﬂour, m at, ﬁsh , and vegetables, and visit the

granges, fairs, and markets where they were to be Obtained . o f t to The supply beer, wine, and fuel was entrus ed him , also the carriage o f goods and o f the materials necessary fo r the repairs of the monastery, such as wood, iron , glass,

and nails . ’ ra na toria n o ne o f The g , the cellarer s assistants, had C o f e th e harge the mill and the bak ry, miller and baker s being under his order . Part o f the duty o f the refectoria n was to purchase the

- cheeses, table cloths, towels, napkins , jugs, dishes and mats A used in the refectory and elsewhere . t regular intervals h e was suppli e d from the farms with straw upon which e S the brethren plac d their feet when itting at the tables, and with hay and rushes to cover the whole of the floor . Bay leaves were scattered about o n Holy Saturday to s th e cent air, and in summer flowers with mint and fennel t o purify it . Other office rs were charged with the supply o f lamb skins and cat - skins to line the habits o f the brethre n in o f fo r o f the winter, and salt curing them ; candles, soap , e for —a and all the mat rials shaving, very important and ’ ceremonious operation o f boots and pig s fat for keeping

1 3 4 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

le d se a o u and cause that corn to be thither by , but y shall n o t e W give th m money but only corn . itness ourself at 8 o f l lchester, the th day july . B P Ru ib u s y . de p .

Cl R ll 6 n m 1 6 Me . . ose o . J oh .

R A mfridus D The King to eginald of Cornhill , de ene, L f P . o A james Savage , and de yons , keepers the rch W & c . e bishoprick of Canterbury, command you that immediately o n the sight o f these letters yo u cause the A bbat o f Beaulieu o r his certain messenger to have 1 5 0 quarters o f corn as near the sea as yo u can where it m ay b e easily carried up to his abbey, because we have given W s . the same to him and to his house . itnes as above

Cl oll 6 n S ose R J h M m 1 1 ec . . o . e . . . 9 9 I t is ordered to William de Bracas that he cause the o f B o f o f o ur L monk eaulieu , the bearer the letters ord

to 1 00 1 0 . the King, have cows and bulls

Cl R ll 6 h n Mem 1 0 ose o . Jo Sec . . . . 79 .

Order to William de Bre uss that he cause to be to o f B 2 0 delivered the monk, porter eaulieu , cows and 2 l W A F bul s . itness the bbat of ord .

Close Roll John M m 1 e . . . 9 3

A f c &c . & The King, , to the rchdeacon of Sta ford , . We comman d yo u that you cause the A bbat and monks o f Be aulieu to have three cart- loads o f corn in the Manor o f T h addeh am o f B o f E , which is the ishoprick xeter, n f savi g the seed of the lands and the food o the servants . W n W B W 1 0th o f it ess . rewer, at estminster, the day B A f H o o . Oct ber . y the rchdeacon untingdon T HE BUS I N E S S OF T HE A BB E Y 1 3 5

Mem 1 2 Sa me Roll . . . W H A e n o f f &c . e The King to . , rchd aco Sta ford , command that you cause the A bbat of King ’ s Beaulieu to have three plough te ams of those which were o f the f W Wa B o E e . ishop x ter itness ourself at ltham , the

f B A o f B . 3 oth day o October . y the bbat indon

m n Me . . t n R ll Joh . Pa e t o . 9 4

t o &c We The King all , . command you that you ’ maintain and defend o ur monks o f King s Beaulieu and all their men crossing through your bailiwicks t o buy S no r heep and other store for his house , neither doing r o r permitting any inju y hurt to be done to them therein , and if anything by them thereof has been forfeited you W do cause it to be restored to them without delay . itness f W 2 nd o . ourself at inchester, the day january

m 1 1 R ll n Me . Cl e o Joh . . os . 9 f H A &c . &c . . The King, to , rchdeacon of Sta ford, ’ We command you that you cause the A bbat o f King s Beaulieu to have the price o f oxen for three plough teams

- M o f Ch e dde h am and three cart loads of corn of the anor , B E which is in the ishoprick of xeter, and it shall be th e E e W l accounted to you at xch quer . itness ourse f at M 2 th o f th eaI arlborough , the 5 day November, in the 9 y f ur o o reign .

M n m . 1 . Patent Roll . 1 0 Joh . e

We o u u &c . o The King to all , command y that y permit the carts of the A bbat o f Beaulieu bringing corn and other necessary things to him from his Manor o f F u B o r arendo unto eaulieu to return , not doing per mitting to be done any inj ury o r hurt to them o r to his th emf W L men who shall have led itness ourself at ound ,

1 o t h o f A 1 0th a o f o ur . day pril, in the ye r re ign 1 3 6 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

Clos R ll H I I I P rt I . Mem 2 2 e o 1 enr a . . y . , .

The King to the Keepers of his stud in the New Fores t

. o f o f greeting Know ye that we, for the safety the soul L o f our father ord j ohn of good memory, formerly King E i i n A ngland , have g ven to our beloved Christ the bbat and monks of Beaulieu all the issue of o ur stud which is i n your keeping until we complete the 1 4th year o f A nd our age . so we command you that you may deliver We s that stud to the same abbat and monks . will al o that for the aforesaid term they shall have the custody s A nd of the afore aid stud . because we have not yet a & c W E M E o f seal , . itness the arl arshal ( arl Salisbury) W 1 M at inchester, the 5 th day of arch .

I a r I H nr I I t em . 2 1 Clo R M . se oll e . P . . 5 y ,

L W The King to Hen ry o f yndhurst greeting . e command you that yo u permit the A bbat and monks o f Beaulieu to make without hindrance a certain ditch between o ur forest and the land which Lord john the W King our father gave them in the same forest . itness the B ishop of Winchester at Westminster the 7 th day th o ur of November, in the 5 year of reign .

I M m 1 6 6 H nr I I I P a rt . e . . e . y ,

The Lord the King granted to the A bbat o f Beaulieu that he should have “ for life a fair every year at his manor of Farringdon for two days during th e eve o f

L E and . U St . uke the vangelist on that day nless that A nd Sh eriﬂ B &c . fair, it was commanded to the of erk W shire that he should allow him to hold that fair . itness H W 2 6th a &c . . , at estminster, the day of j nuary, in the

6 h B . t year of our reign . y the same

1 3 8 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

i W W . 1 W thout delay itness the King at estminster, 7th o f day October .

Clos Roll H n I I e . 1 e r I M m d . e 3 y . 5 .

1 2 h A u 2 2 — t . 1 A o fB g , 9 . The King desires the bbat eaulieu that he allow 5 00 hurdles to be made in his wood o f ’ Sub e rto n for the King s ships and for bridges .

Close R l 1 H en r I I o l . I M m 1 e . . 4 y . 4

1 Fe b 1 2 0 — W f o f W 4th . , 3 . rit to the Sheri f ilts that he allow the A bbat o f Beaulieu reasonable aid for the men o f Fare ndo n , which was a demesne manor of the Kings E of ngland .

Cl R ll 1 H n I I I M m 2 1 ose o . e r . e 5 y . .

rd N v W M o . 1 2 0 o f 3 , 3 . rit to john onmouth that he allow the oxen and sheep and other animals o f the A bbat o f Beaulieu to have free ingress and egress to his pasture in the New Forest o f the Ki ng as they formerly had before such in gress was denied to the abbat, until the King commands otherwise .

P a rt M m Cl s R ll H enr I I I . e . . o e o . 8 . y I I , 9 A F r H . o enry de St . lbans I t is commanded t o the Bailiffs of Southampton that H r A o f they permit en y de St . lbans to have two ships the S hips which are in the port o f Southampton fo r his salt which is at Bea ulieu to be taken to London o r elsewhere W B where he may wish . itness the King at edford, 1 0th f day o july .

Before the justices .

M m 2 d Cl R oll 1 8 Henr I I I . e . . ose . y

1 2 - F Fitzw arin A B fo r 34 . ulk and the bbat of eaulieu not permitting the abbat t o have his custom o f saltpan in Wane tni h g . T HE B U S I N E SS OF THE A BB E Y 1 39

The salterns, into which the salt water was admitted t o m a and in which it was allowed evaporate, y still be seen ’ o n the low- lying ground between Salter s Salterns) ’ H F F far o f ill arm and Ginn s arm , not from the mouth B the eaulieu river . “ The Saltern proper was a large tract o f perfectly ﬂat land, divided into shallow ponds , about twenty feet square, by low mud banks about six inches high , just wide enough for a man to walk upon with caution . I nto these the w as water baled, by large wooden scoops, from ponds which had caught the salt water at high tide ; and here o r it lay, evaporating more less quickly, according to the e o f favourable or adverse w ather . I n various parts the works were small windmills, about twelve or fourteen feet n c o ntinual se a high , which , whirli g with the and varying f o f s breezes , pumped the water into di ferent sets pan , as it e o f approach d nearer to the condition brine , and at last

lifted it into large cisterns, whence it ran , by gravitation , - e e into the boiling houses . Th se latter were merely larg - lo w - e w alls brick built sheds, with weather beat n , upholding

a wide expanse of tiled roof, under which were the pans A C e - and furnaces . loud of st am ﬁlled the boiling house when working ; salt impregnated th e air ; and the roads e - all around wer black with coal ashes from the furnaces, which had for generation after generation been incessantly ” 1 burning . x e Si teen weeks boiling was the general season averag , o f e r and each pan made about three tons salt p week, fo r t n A dri burning nineteen bushels of coal each o . ft o f tu rn th e took eight hours, after which pan had to be ’

C . s cooled , emptied, and leaned Sixteen drifts made a week

work, which extended from Sunday night to Saturday ” 2 morning .

1 T s d me Re s e . . E . O 1 0 King , ld i vi it , p 3 2 id 6 . I b . . 1 , p 5 1 40 A H I ST O R Y O F B E A U LI E U A BB E Y The foregoing account of the salt manufacture relates t o L ymington , but the process followed there was the same B 1 0 as at eaulieu . Out of tons of salt about 4 tons f E o psom salts were also obtained . The actual value of w as I e the table salt S . per bush l ; but the Government 1 0 duty, which up to 74 was not heavy , was at that date 8 s 1 8 0 increased by 5 . per bu hel i n 4 the duty was no less

1 08 . than . per bushel

Cl R l d a rd I M m e o l 2 E e . . os . 5 w . 5

h 1 2 — 2 0t . B f Sept , 9 7 . Order to the aili f of Southampton and others appointed to take wool in that county for the ’ s A o f B King use, to restore to the bbat and Convent eaulieu ten sacks of the thirty lately brought by them from the ’ abbat and convent for the King s use, as the King has granted to them that they S hall hav e ten sacks to make

cloth for their own use .

Ed a rd I I n u i ition a d uo d da mnu m Fil w . s e . q q . XXX N o 1 . 5 .

6 A 2 E d 1 —W t ff . . o pril , 7 rit the Sheri of Southampton to inquire whether it would be to the damage or prejudice o f the King o r o f others if the King should grant to the ’ A bbat and Convent of King s Beaulieu 6 0 acres of waste o f F within the metes of his forest the New orest, to ﬁnd ornaments and other necessaries for the high altar of f St M s C o . the hurch ary in the ame place, so that the same might be inclosed by a ditch and hedge and con

verted to arable land , and the same so inclosed and converted to arable land may be able to hold to them and their successors for ever— o r not ? The I nquisition and return to this writ was taken at H o le b ury in the New Forest before the B ailiffe of the W a nte o n . same forest ednesday in the feast of St j ohn , P r m L t n m 2 E 1 o ta a i a . . , 7

1 42 A HI ST O R Y O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

d I M 6 m . n Roll Edwa r . e Pa te t . 9

— 2 6th Sept Protection and safe conduct to a ship b e longing to the A bbat and Convent o f Beaulieu frequently carrying to the ports of Gascony and elsewhere grain and other their goods, and bringing back thence wines and other their goods to their own ports for purposes of trade , D Lin h ur t de s . and to the men and goods therein . ated

h u r T R For st Proc din 1 6 Exc e e . . e ee s q g , 5 .

’ Claim o f the A bbat of King s Beaulieu made and allowed at the castle o f Southampton before Robert de Oﬂ o rd E o f F and others , justices in yre for pleas the orest o n o f i n Co . Southampton , on Thursday, the morrow h L t E A D 1 1 . St . eonard (7 5 dward I I I . , . . 3 3 The abbat claims to hold to him and his successors all his tenements as well in wood as in plain as well in o f fee King, as of others acquired and to be acquired, deaffo re ste d o f , and out of all power foresters, verderers, f He . C o f regarders , and of all baili fs also laims common pasture for all his animals and of his men except goats in the New Forest and La Bere ; that he may have all manner o f wild beasts in his Close ; as much turf and brushwood as he requires for the sustentation o f his abbey o f fees and amercements, ﬁnes and redemption his men o r for whatsoever cause due forfeited ; that no justices, ff o r f sh all sheri s , escheator, constable, forester baili f enter into his lands o r fees o r o f his men that he may be quit o f all amercem e nts and enclosures ; and that he may use all these and any other liberties granted him no tw ith

r - standing any misuse o non user . The abbat asked by what warrant he claims says A s regards the disafforestation of his lands it w as granted by King john and conﬁrmed by King Henry ; T HE BUS I N E SS O F T HE A BB E Y 1 43 the common of pasture by King Henry and also the taking

of wild beasts and the taking of turf and brushwood . H e also sets up the Charter of King Henry as to ﬁn e s

& c . and amercements , and that no justice, shall have power of entry into his lands the Charter of King john granting

that the monks may be quit of all a mercements, and the Charter of King Hen ry granting he shall not lose his

liberties through non user . A nd t , moreover, the King, holding the aforesaid char ers

ﬁrm and established, conﬁrms the same .

Therefore the liberties and rights aforesaid, according to the tenor of the C harters o f gift and grant and con ﬁ rmatio n l , are a lowed to the said abbat and monks ’ and their successors, saving always the King s right in

all things . H A P E R V C T X I I I .

LAW A N D OR ER D .

H E A b b ats of Beaulieu were provided with a powerful weapon for the maintenance o f order and the punishment of their enemies in the shape o f s o f w a a entence excommunication , hich i n medi eval times o f carried with it disabilities a very serious nature, such as we, in these days, can hardly realise . “ The follow ing formula is the sentence o f e xc o mm u m o ld E s ication , in ngli h , which occurs in the above M 1 S . fo r mentioned , and is inserted there as a precedent the A bbat o f Beaulieu whenever he might have occasion to wield that dreadful weapon B au c t o rite A lm h t e o ur y the of yg y God, and b le ss d San c t e M o f c o m a n e o f y arye and all the p g y heven , o f arc h an e lis atriark e s ro h e te s a o st o lis angelis, g , p , p p , p , e v an e list e s g , martyres, virgins, and confessors ; and also o w e re o f al h o o l e Ch u rc h e L by the p the y , that our ord San c t e P o f a o st o lis j esu Christ gave to etor, prince the p , su c c e sso re s G o d au c t o rit e o f and to her in , and by this m au ndat e present , direct to me, and us, we pronounce B e nl e ab lut e l e ac c ur id A . o so s . p y , and y , to be and dam nid : de ertid h o o l e p soe that he be p from God , and y o f Crist e s e h o o l e chirche, and have no merit d th , and y

’ no r o f n o n passion , sacramentes that be don y hoole no r o f e chirche, parte prayers or gode d eds among C e le ac c u rsid hristen p p ; but that he shal be of God , sle n w ak n st o n d n s ttin o n e t n fast in py g, y g, y g, y g, g y g , y g, y g, and yn al other werkes ; and yf he have n o t grace o f

1 Ex d. MS Bib Bo d . M e Co . . S . e . . O . xon not id ntiﬁ d

A HI S T O RY OF B E AU LI E U A BB E Y

Pre te re a cum commune interdictum terre fuerit , lic e at Vobi s nic h ilo minus in v e stro monasterio e xc lus is ” m u n ic atis e t inte rdic tis o fﬁ c ia e e xc o m divina celebrar . “ M e e or over, wh n a common interdict shall be laid upon the country it is permitted to yo u neverth e less to cele brate t h e divine ofﬁces in your monaste ry except to

e tho s who are excommunicated and under interdict . M n B L R Bib E x . . o . e . . Capit Cart elli oci g in Cotton .

N e ro A X I I . A H The following entries refer to bbat ugh , afterwards B o f s o f ab b ats ishop Carli le , the most distinguished the ,

who , however, had evidently lapsed somewhat from the high ideals and simple life which the founders of his

Order enjoined upon their brethren .

the Cisterc ian Order A D 1 2 1 t u s o . Ma l n Sta te . . r e e f , 5 , d 1 6 A nec . . 1 , p 3 c . The A bbat o f Beaulieu i n E ngland w h o before three earls and forty knights without order had himself at h is G ar o c il do board merrily drunk to g , and who has a g with S a ilver chain for guarding his couch , and who takes along with him secular servants on horses w h o serve him o n bended knee, who of custom causes himself to be served o f in silver vessels, and whom many other things following o n are said, he presents himself to the chapter every C ist erc ium occasion far from to answer objections, other A o f wise he knows that he would be deposed . The bbat t Q uarr can decla re this o him . o f I was for some time unable, in spite much search “ G ar o c il ? a and inquiry, to discover who g was ( person who was “ no better than she should but from ’ D u fre sne s Glossary it appears that G argo c il means He o f guttur . cites the use it in the above extract “ as follows : - Bibere ad Gargo c il in Statutis Cisterc apud

M A ne c d . . 1 1 6 immo deratius arten , tom . 4 . , col 3 , est LAw AN D O RD E R 1 47

e e bibere . I t may therefor be translat d as merrily x e drank to e c ss .

La nercost 0 1 2 2 C ronicles o . . h f , p 3 , 3

H B o f e ugh , ishop Carlisl , who horribly dispersed the f s e s Conve nt o the ame Church , and divided their poss sions s o f by fraudulent divi ion , through the j udgment God return i ng from the Roman Court to the A bbey which is

e La Fe rté o f B e and call d , in the parts urgundy, sicken d died miserably without the last rites o n Sunday within the th octave o f th e A scension (june 4 ) .

Wa verle 5 1 8 8 1 2 2 l o . A nna s . f y , 7 , 3

’ H A o f B E ugh , formerly bbat King s eaulieu in ngland , e B o f R e aft rwards ishop Carlisle, returning from ome, cam A o f La F e e to the bbey the Trinity ert ) , where, aft r ’ e d o n th e rd e s thr e days illness, he die fourth day, the 3 non f e Lo o jun . "how suddenly he is taken from our midst whose speech some had thought strange, but not so his e h art . I M Cl s Roll 1 2 H nr I I . em 1 0 o e . e . y .

A 1 2 2 -W i n E 1 0 8 . pril , rit to the justices yre in Co . Southton that they shall not permit the A bbat o f B e auli e u or his men to be troubled in their eyre because a certain de ad person found o n his land within th e N ew Forest was buri e d without View o f the coroner o r the verderers f o the King . A nd to the same that they pe rmit the abbat to have his court concerning those things which pertain to him t o in Co . Southton according the Charter of King john .

Cl ll 1 H nr I I I ose Ro e . Mem . 6 . 7 y .

1 2 1 —W f f B A u . 2 . o g , 3 3 rit to the Sheri f erks to put ’ A o f K B in respite the plea between the bbot ing s eaulieu , o n f se a whom the King has sent his a fairs beyond the ,

K 2 1 48 A HI S T O RY O F B E A U LI E U A BB E Y

h is m e n R Wu lve l W and , and alph de and alter de Lamb o u n , concerning damage done them by the abbat h is th e and men , and plea between the abbat and jordan de I nglesham concerning an assault until the abbat s re turn . T h e H Dev e lie E like between enry and dith his mother, and the same abbat for taking cattle , and between j ohn the younger and the abbat for unlawfully detaining chattels .

Roll o 0 a nd 0 Henr I I I Pleas o u ries f 3 4 y . f J nd A iz s a ss e .

I t was als o presented and found by the same that o n the vigil o f Saints T yb urc iu s and Valle rianus in the 1 5 th year : William Russell with a horse carrying the saddle B W o f of a convert of eaulieu named illiam , then keeper A o f B o f Harisfo rd the grange of the bbat eaulieu , , with thre e greyhounds entered the forest and Slipped them i L T h ( a messa v l) after the game of the ord the King . e W forester arrived and illiam ﬂed, leaving the horse and

. e greyhounds, to a spinney The for sters delivered the Buttesth o rn s o f horse and greyhounds to john de , teward S f the forest . The heri f is ordered to cause the abbat to come that he may produce his servant William Russell ” on the Friday before A sh Wednesday

Pleas of the Forest a t Winchester on the Morrow ‘ H ila r 8 Edwa rd I Be r Ro er de Cli ord o St . . o e f y, f g ﬁ ,

& . c . c , & The A bbat o f Beaulieu was indicted for receiving B e R R Selw o de roth r ichard , his convert, and obert de and R R a milia ra m fo r ichard de ames, his servants (f ) , indicted trespass o f venison with snares and other engines in a C s 0 lo e, made ﬁne with the King for 4 marks, came and ’ brough t the Queen s writ by which the Queen pardon e d the abbat and convert fo r the trespass aforesaid and gave

1 5 0 A HI S T O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y de t th e Brad sle B e T he A riment of town of e ( addesl y) . bbat H e . came and shewed his warrant . is therefore quit

Pl a o th F r t R ll N 6 e s e o es . o o 1 . f . . 5

Claims o f the Abbat of Beaulieu made I n Castle of R E f R H Southampton before obert de ford, obert de aspal , W P R H de H am sla e illiam de onte oberti , and ugh p , the E F o n Kings justices in yre for pleas of the orest, Thursday o f L E dw i n the morrow St . eonard , 5 . I I I . N ol — A 8 H e e as a The bbat makes claims . is qu stioned

rodu ces cha rters . to his warrant in making the claims, and p C s T h e The laim are considered and adjudged upon . ro ll con s i sts of o ne piece o f parchment (and contains about 1 2 s f folio o writing) .

P nt ll M a 6 . te Ro 2 0 R 2 . 1 d ic . . . . I I p. .

’ 1 F b 1 — e e . . 3 9 7 , 4 Commission to the King s broth r, H E s o f Thomas de oland , arl of Kent, and the other keeper o f s o f the peace in the county Southampton , and justice oyer and terminer there, and the Sheriff, to enquire what S books, vestments, chalices, crosses, ilver censers, and other church ornaments and goods have been removed from th e A o f B R h o w bbey eaulieu egis, and by whom , and many s horses, mares, oxen , cows, sheep , pigs, and other animal h aVe e been tak n therefrom and from the manors, lands, and s o f tenement the same .

Cist ci n S n d 1 . t s 1 M n A c . er a a tu te 1 . arte e e . , 4 3 , , p 5 5 9 c

The General Chapter commits the reformation o f the o f B ab b at s o f R th e monastery eaulieu to the ievaulx, in o f o f D o f L diocese York, and ore, in the diocese ondon that they may reform the same whatsoever reformation they S hall have found to be e D o f needful in that b half . iscreetly giving the abbat the said place carefully to understand t h e method o f h is preferment . LAW AN D ORD E R 1 5 1

Ma rt ne 1 8 Sta tu tes o the Cistercia n Order . e A D 1 . . . 4 f , 6 A n cd 1 . e . . , p 5

’ W A o f B E hereas the bbat King s eaulieu in ngland , by commissions granted by the General Council , as by trust worthy persons it has been brought to the knowledge o f C v the said hapter, has committed ery grave abuses, to the s candal and detriment o f the Order therefore the General Chapte r h as altogether suspended him until he sh all have lawfully and sufﬁciently excused himself concerning the premises .

1 2 Earl Chancer Proceedin s 43 . y y g 1 2 7 T o t he right Re uere nt fade r in god and full graci ous lord Bi sh f B e and Chaunc e lle r of E n an s opf) o at h gl d . Be se c hit he me k e ly G uylliam de M oyne iiic h aunt of B re t ayfi That forasmoc h e as v pon S e int N icolas D ay las t passed 1 your sayd suppliaunt was t ak e n v pon t he se e with ij Balynge rs o f Corne wayle w he ro f was maist e r of t hat one H L o e f and o f at o e H 1f b s e h e s th t h r a 0 . i t Yv of C onk e rnow wh ere y[ n] ne youre sayd suppliaunt hadd xxj t oh o f wyfi w hit e and rede whic he w as b rought b y t he sayd R ob e rs into t he fraunc hise of Be wley and there dispoile d and de me ne d aft e r t h ayre ow ne lust w h e rof the re ys co m e a gre t parte o f t h e sayd good int o t he h [and o f] t h e A b b at of Be w le y and hys 2 monk s ii t ofi wh e rof t h e s monk s e so in o e n y . j ayd y hav ld p Taverne j t ofi and t h e re menfi t ab yding w ith t h e A b b at and o the r me n due lling in t h e c ont re y that ys t o saie Ro ge r B uk fast t ofi R ob Co n mo t ofi o hfi t ofi o hfi j , . n j , , t y j j , 2 ' C ofi wt e r t ofi Wh e rfor e ase u t o ou e j t , j . pl v y r go od lordshipp t o graunt e diuerse writ t e s sub pe na dire c t vu to t h e sayd A bb at and o ther diu erse p sone z b e fore re h e rse d to come and app e re b e fore youre good lordshipp at te a se rt ane day as Iaw e and good c o nc ie nc e re uirit he for th e loii e o f d and in w e o f C h ri ee q go ay a t .

1 Bal n e rs sm se a - S y g a all going loop . 2 Ma b e 8 1 y or 3 hole in p arc hme nt . 1 5 2 A HI ST O R Y O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

E The document is i n nglish and undated . john f B s o f B W s Sta ford , i hop ath and ell , was Chancellor in — 1 2 1 1 1 . 43 43 3 , and again between 43 3 and 443 R B o f B W obert Stillington , ishop ath and ells, was l 1 6 —1 0 1 0 Chancel or from 4 7 47 , and again in 47 and 1 1 47 .

1 5 4 A HI ST ORY O F BEA ULI E I I A BB E Y

refuge only to them who should slay a man by chance ” without lying in wait for him .

T HE A N A R OF BEA L E S CTU Y U I U . That Beaulieu A bbey possessed the privilege of sanctuary is quite certain , but how and when it was obtained is doubtful ; it is generally said to have been confe rred in f o E o f P . the reign dward I I I . by a bull ope I nnocent I I I , “ but we are told that the register o f that Pope does not B no contain anything relating to eaulieu , and there is ” 1 o f R f A record any oyal grant o the privilege t o the bbey .

no t D r. C o x . This view, however, is accepted by h u ll H A 1 6 The of onorius, No . 7 , in the ppendix (page ) ’ o f W H , . arner s ampshire , vol contains the following “ Lic eat Cleric o s La ic o s quoque vobis , vel y , liberos fu ie nt e s c o nv e rsio ne m re c i ere e t absolutos, e seculo g , ad p ” c nt ra i i n li u a re tin re eos absque o d c c o e a q e . To this the author has appended a footnote privilege of ” B o f sanctuary granted . eneath this, in the copy the work which I have used and which belonged to an “ o f : antiquarian some note, is written in ink This is not ” e o f r y grant sanctua y . The proper rendering of this passage into E nglish is

not free from doubt, but I am disposed to regard the following as correct : I t is also lawful fo r yo u to C o r receive lerks or laymen , freemen freedmen ﬂeeing from u conversi the sec lar arm as , and to keep them without any ” contradiction . I t is objected that a monk COu ld n o t become a o r conversus lay brother, but all clerics or clerks were “ ” not monks ; and also that e seculo fugie ntes should “ be translated ﬂeeing from the world, but for this no w as special permission would have been necessary, as it

H o c . h e and Bra a it . 1 . k es r . . e St Jo n op p , p , p 7 5 PLAT E XX I X .

S C S E E K E D . A N TUARY R . U R HA M

a h e e R . B . A R l p H dl y , .

1 5 6 HI ST ORY O F B EAU LI E U A BB E Y

s o u t o f h is o w n as o ne tarved or left accord , learns with s ati s faction that he w as s oon afte rwards arres ted outsid e “ ” s W e W the anctuary, and ill awe was hanged . I n s o f o f R 1 8 the ﬁr t year the reign ichard I I I . ( 4 3 ) the following summons w as s ent to the A bbat o f Beaulieu

Trusty and well beloved in God we greet you well . A nd fo r certain great and urgent causes us and our Council specially moving We well and in o u r o u straightest wise charge y that ye, bringing with you all and every such muniments and writings by which ye C laim to have a Sanctuary B o f at eaulieu , and also two your monks , appear personally before us and o u r said Council at o u r Palace at Westminster within S ix days next after o ur N o t the receipt of these letters . failing us to do this upon the faith and allegiance that ye o w e

&c . o u r unto us . G iven under privy seal the 1 5 th day o f December the ﬁrst year of o u r

reign . 1 T o the A bbat o f Beaulieu . It would be very interesting to know what were the muniments and writings ” which the A bbat took with him to Westminster ; but that they were su fﬁcient to e stablish his claim is proved by the fact that Beaulieu A bbey continued to be a s anctuary up to the date o f its

i i n 1 8 surrender and suppress on 5 3 .

LIMIT S OF SA NCT UA RY .

The privilege o f sanctuary belonged to every co u se s crated church and the churchyard surrounding it, but thi [

was only recognised as holding good for forty days, the o f fo r right giving continuous protection , even the whole

1 D. MSS . . 1 H e N . arl ian , o 433 , p 33 PLAT E XX X .

S C S E E K E EX A N D T HE AN TUARY R , H HA M ,

FR I TH S T O O L O F H E X HA M . A a h e e R . B . . R lp H dl y ,

1 5 8 A HI ST O RY O F B E A U LI E U A BB E Y

A B RA ’ I‘ lON O F T HE RE j U A LM.

C onn e cte d in E ngland with the privilege o f sanctuary “ ” “ w as th e e o f renu ncia tio re ni practic g , abjuration o f B law th e re alm . y the ancient common if a person guilty o f felony took the beneﬁt o f sanctuary he might within forty days appear cloth e d in sackcloth before t h e coroner and the people , confess his guilt, and take an ’ oath to quit the realm and not return without the King s licence . On confessing and taking the oath he be came attainted of the felony, but had a reasonable time to prepare for his departure .

A R LAW A D R SANCT U Y N P OC EDURE . W hen a person took sanctuary within a church, not being a chartered sanctuary, the usual procedure appears to have been as follows “ When any man has ﬂed to church we will that as o f the coroner, soon as he has notice it, command the bailiff o f t h e place that he cause the neighbours and the four nearest townships (to form a jury) to appear before him at a certain day at the C hurch where the fugitive shall be ; and in their presence he S hall receive the confession o f the felony and if the fugitive pray to abjure our realm let the coroner immediately do what is incumbent o n ” 1 him . f I f, however, the o fender did not choose abjuration , ’ l but elected to be tried in the King s Court, he was de ivered th e to the township to be kept at their peril, or was sent to o f nearest gaol to await the next visit the j usticiaries . I f

he not only refused abjuration and trial, but also objected f C . to leave the hurch , a rather di ﬁcult situation was created A fo r r pparently he was safe forty days, afte which he

1 ‘ ’ A c t E ard L De O icio Coronat oris Br s rea se of dw , jj and itton t ti E h s 8 . t M ere De Coronne rs se 1 F. . N th on , , ction di ion of ic ol

1 e d b C o x o . cit . . 1 . i . 7 , quot y , p , p 3 SANCT UA RY 1 5 9

b e could no longer abjure the realm , and might starved o ut o f the church and it became a penal Offence to supply him with food . I f he abjured the realm the coroner ﬁxed upon th e port from which he was to sail , which was very often D e e ov r, as being a place at which he could r adily ﬁnd a ship ; the coroner also named the places at which h e o n was to stay his way thither, and the time allowed him are o n th e e for the journey . Cases record in which coron r D f selected over, although the o fender was then at York . “ Thus the distance from York to D over over London B 2 0 n ridge was nearly 7 miles, and there are several e tries o f eight days being the allotted time, thus maintaining ” 1 a rate o f over 3 3 miles a day . From Beaulieu a person who had abjured the realm would probably have been sent to Southampton . The abjurer Of the realm was clothed in sackcloth o f without a girdle, and carried a cross wood in token n o f h R that he was u der the protection the Churc . eason abl e travelling expenses as far as th e port we re allowe d ’ him, but he was forbidden to leave the King s highway,

e . . t o o o r except under great necessity, g , btain lodging ; to fo r o r delay anywhere two nights, to entertain himself anyw here . I f he left the highway the hue might be raise d against him and the men o f any village might lawfully kill him , and not very infrequently they did so . 2 The following record o f such a case is taken from ’ the Coroner s Rolls o f Northamptonshire : john o f Ditc hfo rd ﬂed to the church o f Wootton o n account o f robbery, which he confessed before the coroner and and o n the four townships, abjuring the realm had the o f D port over assigned to him . Two days later his o f body was found beheaded i n the ﬁelds Collingtree .

1 2 C o x o cit 8 . C o x o . cit . . . 2 . . 2 . , p , p , p , p 77 1 6 0 A I I I S T O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

‘ T h e inquest returned that on the preceding Wednesday the said j ohn abjured the realm o f E ngland before th e W o n coroner at ootton , and the same day he aban ’ do ne d the King s highway and the warrant o f holy fle d Church , to visit the cross, and over the fields o f H u C ollingtree towards the woods . e was raised against him and he was pursued by the township o f Wootton H i and others, until he was beheaded while still fleeing . s ’ head was carried by the four townships to the King s ’ o f castle at Northampton by order the coroner .

M ON T O A C HA RT ERE ANCT A R A D ISSI D S U Y . The procedure of conferring the protection o f a C hartered sanctuary apparently varied i n certain details at t o each place , but at all a sanctuary man was obliged

have his name entered i n a register . f o ne The oath o any seeking the liberty of St . j ohn ’ f o f Beverley was received by the archbishop s baili f . The f o f clerk o the court made entry his description , his o f residence , and the place and mode the crime and then “ Gar him lay his hand uppo n the book saying on this wyse “ o th sh alb e Sir take hede o n your . Ye trew and ll L A rc h b issh o o f Y L o f feyth fu to my ord p ork, ord this P o f Ch ano ns o f towne, to the rovost the same, to the this c h irc h and all o th ir ministers therof “ h e re w e en k n fe A lso ye shall no poynted p , dagger, y , t K n s w a e n a e ns e . ne none other p , g the y g pece ” “ h m k sse A nd then gar y y the book . The sanctuary man then paid the bailiff o r his deputy d d . f 2 s . . the fee o 4 , together with 4 to the clerk for 1 i nscribing his name in the register . I t appears from the Register o f N e we nh am that o n a certain occasion the Lord A bbat o f Beaulieu wrote through

1 i b o c t . b d Co x . . 1 0 . MS 2 2 . 1 e Harl . , 4 9 , f 7 , quot y , p , p 4

1 6 2 A HI ST O R Y O F B E A U LI E U A BB E Y

no t man of good gravity, and circumspect, and base o f o r d S stomach faint of heart when nee hall require, the s S O place tandeth wildly ; and it is a great sanctuary, and b o u nde th upon a great forest and upon the sea s e coa t, wher sanctuary men may do much displeasure ” e e if they be not v ry well and substantially look d upon . Is urged by his neighbours o n this account to write to the D e L B uk , and my ord Chief aron will also certify his Grace B thereof . egs him to move the King in the matter . W 2 o th A ade, ugust . 1 Stowe gives the following account o f the evils re sulting from the existence o f sanctuaries U nthrifts riot , and run in debt upon the boldness o f these places . Yea and rich men run thither with poor ’ men s goods, where they build . There they spend and M ’ bid their creditors go whistle them . en s wives run ’ thither with th e ir husband s plate and say they dare not abide with their husbands for beating them Thieves bring thither their stolen goods, and live thereon . There e N o u t they devis robberies . ightly they steal ; they rob e and rewe, and kill , and come in again , as though th se places gave them not only safeguard for the harm they have don e but a licence to do more . A BOL T ON F T HE R HT OF AN T A R I I O IG S C U Y . I n E ngland all privilege of sanctuary and abjuration I 2 2 1 . 8 were abolished by Statute james , chapter , but, in spite of this, in certain pretended privileged places in L W A ondon , such as hitefriars or lsatia and the Savoy, 8 t 9 , the right was still asserted, and by Statu e and ( W Ma 2 f illiam I I I . , y 7 , penalties were imposed upon Sheri fs s is s who failed to execute proce s there . I t po sible, how o f f w as e ever, that the laxity the Sheri fs not unconnect d s o f A with fear for their own safety, for the lawlessnes lsatia s wa proverbial .

1 ’ e s C . . . Stow hron , p 443 S A NCT U A RY 1 6 3

It is generally thought that the privilege o f sanctuary e B i it h as disappeared in Gr at rita n , but still exists in

Scotland, though it is in abeyance . The mo st celebrated ecclesiastical sanctuaries in Scot o f Wo dale land were the Church , now Stow, near Gala

s e o f L L hi ls, and the Church esmahagow near anark ; the e latter was a sanctuary of both kinds, cclesiastical and “ ’ P ” royal, as the King s eace had been granted to it by

D avid I . King of Scotland . The most famous royal sanctuary in Scotland is the H olyrood House where the privilege arises from the respect f due to the person o the sovereign . o f H The precinct olyrood, to which the privilege also A ’ ’ P H belongs, includes rthur s Seat and the King s ark . oly rood only afforded protection against imprisonment for

Fo r - debt . twenty four hours after passing the conﬁnes th e debtor was protected against arrest, but if he desired

to stay longer he must enter his name in the register .

Crown debtors, fraudulent bankrupts, and persons able to C pay but refusing to do so , could not laim the protection H 1 00 o f the sanctuary of olyrood . I n 8 imprisonment w as e for debt abolished and sanctuary became obsolet , but as H H regards olyrood ouse the privilege, though dormant, is o f t still recognised by the laws Sco land .

T N HE F T E T O BEA L E DIS I GUIS D UGI IV S U I U . The Sanctuary of Beaulieu gave Shelter to three o n e persons whose names live in history ; a Queen ,

th e n - another widow of a Ki g maker, and the third a

P re tender to the throne .

U E E N G E OF N O U Q MAR AR T A J . The struggl e fo r the Crown be tween the adherents of

H o f W e R H o f the ouse York, of the hit ose, and the ouse L o f Re d R ancaster, the ose, continued from the ﬁrst battle

. A 1 a f 1 8 of St lbans in 45 5 to th t o Bosworth in 4 5 .

L 2 1 64 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

E I V o f E I n 1 47 0 dward . York was driven from ngland E V I . and Henry . was restored to the throne dward th e S o f 1 1 W returned in pring 47 , defeated and slew arwick ,

- e B o f B the King mak r, at the attle arnet and dispersed the f e M f L . o o ancastrians On the day the battl , argaret f H V I e We A o . njou , wife enry , land d at ymouth with a f H W train o French auxiliaries . earing of the fall of arwick

o f B . and the destruction of his army, she fled to eaulieu P l V ilV The occurrence is thus described by o ydo re e rg . “ M Queen argaret, perceiving it was in vai n to provide w ars and o f o w n for , , now almost despairing her safety and ’ s A o f e her son , departed to the next bbey the Cist rcian B order, which is at a Village called eaulieu , and there took 1 t h e e o f sanctuary . The report in m antime her coming E D being bruited abroad, dmund, uke of Somerset, with E o f D e e john his brother, Thomas Courtney, arl vonshir , E who before had always been of the other party, jasper, arl o f P L W Lo n stro embroke, john ord enlock , and j ohn g , the o f o f R chief Captain the Knights hodes , met together quickly at Beaulieu and went to the Queen . “ The doleful woman seeing the noblemen who were her friends was somewhat refreshed i n mind , and laying fears somewhat apart to the intent they should not think sh e she had done anything unadvisedly, talked with them o f s sh e many matter , and declared the cause why could not be present in time, and what reason moved her to fly l unto that sanctuary, beseeching them particu arly first th e o f h e r before all things to provide for safety son , and despairing utterly to pre vail at this present in th e force of s F th e arms, she thought it be t to sail again into rance, if o f time year and malice of the many would so permit, and there abide till God s hould give better opportunity to use r th e a ms . The duke with others after he had comforted

1 R msa Y L s e es Ce e Ab b e se a y , ork and anca t r, giv rn y, in Dor t sh e as t h e e o i h s e e . ir , p lac t i int rvi w

1 66 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

“ to be her nephew and saluted as the White Rose o f ” E o ngland . I n the foll wing year h is banishment was e H V I I demand d by enry . ; he then went to Vienna and w as se R I V f E . o 1 recogni d as ichard , King ngland . I n 49 4 he was supplied w ith money for his expedition to E ngland E M 1 by the mperor aximilian I . I n 49 5 he was denounced as - o f- M an impostor by Garter King arms at echlin , and his E nglish adherents were arrested and executed . I n the same D W year he was repulsed at eal and at aterford, but was I V o f welcomed by james . , King Scotland at Stirling, and L 1 was married to ady Catherine Gordon . I n 49 7 he sailed fo r Cork, but subsequently landed in Cornwall, where there I V R . was a rising, and proclaimed himself King ichard , E I V stating that he was the younger son of dward . , who was supposed to have been murdered in the Tower together P E with his brother . The retender laid siege to xeter, but on the approach o f the Royal army he withdrew secretly to Taunton . When he was come near Taunton he dissembled all s fear, and eemed all the day to use diligence in preparing But all things ready for fight . about midnight he fled B F with three score horse to eaulieu i n the New orest , where he and divers of his company registered themselves Sa nc tuar y men , leaving his Cornish men to the four winds, o f v o w but yet thereby easing them their , and using his wonted compassion not to be by when his subjects ’ blood ’ h e o f P s should be shed . T King, as soon as he heard erkin 00 flight , sent presently 5 horse to pursue and apprehend o r him before he should get either to sea, to the same little Bu t island called a Sanctuary . they came too late for the f latter o these . Therefore all they could do was to beset the Sanctuary and to maintain a strong watch about it , ’ ” 1 till the King s pleasure were further known .

1 ’ “ L B s L e He ord acon if of nry VII . SA NCT UARY 1 67

He was induced to leave the Sanctuary under a promise f o f o a pardon , and was sent in custody to the Tower L e th e u nfo r ondon , wher he contracted an intimacy with E o f W e fo r t u nate arl arwick, and was xecuted planning an attempt to escape . T h e following interesting extracts from the Public Records relate to the Sanctuary of Beaulieu A bbey and its dependencies

I Mem I I Part I . . . Clo e Roll 8 Henr I . s . y , 7

Concerning a plea to be enrolled . It is commanded to the Sheriff of Berkshire that he cause to be enrolled in the rolls o f the coroners and reserved until the next coming o f the justices in those parts the plea which the Lord the King has against the A bbat o f Beaulie u by occasion o f a certain homicide who ﬂed into the C hurch o f Langefo rd and afterwards is said to have abjured the land o f the Lord the King by the bailiff o f the said A bbat o f Farringdon without warrant and L W command of the ord the King . itness the King at D 2 0th o f A unstable, day ugust .

A bout the year 1 5 2 7 Thomas H e neage wrote to Cardinal “ W Pleasith o r rac io u se olsey, y Grace to be good and g unto my powe r brother the A rchdeacon of Oxford for the o pt eyning o f sume parte of his goods taken from him by that le w de person which ys in Se ntw arye in w d le B e e y .

Sta te P a ers Henr VI I I V l 1 2 N o 2 8 o . . p , y . . , 7

Thomas A bba t o Bieu le to Cr omwell f y .

1 2 0th S t — I f th e 5 3 7 , ep have received your letter o 1 7 th Se ptember des i ri ng me to deliver to the bearers t h e o f M anzin F body james , lorentine . 1 6 8 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U L I E U A BB E Y

W S O o n ould have done , but he left Sanctuary Sunday

last during my absence from home . F H M r rom ide onaste y, 2 oth September . I id N 6 b . o . , . 7 5

T a m o he sa m he s e t t e.

1 h — f M 2 8t . On S o 5 3 7 , Sept ight your letter by aster P erp o int I and Master Huttoft did with diligence gather all the conveyers o f james Manzy and have so used that I think they will lo v e the worse h e reafter to steal sanctuary Bie ule men from y . Your suspicion that I was privy to his conveying for the favour I bore to Master Huttoft M M ll M e . and aster y , has been to me as a death anzi hid day and night in woods, bushes , and Old barns ; we go t him o ut o f a hay barn and delivered him to Master P e r o int p . H ampton , 2 h 8t September . I d bi . N 66 o . . , 7

Harr H u tto t o Cromwell y f t .

1 2 8th t — I e 5 3 7, Sep hav received your letter for the apprehending james Manz ii who lately escaped out of B n A nd sanctuary at ea ley . where your lordship has been informed that his escape was effected by my means, I beg you will re ward those who so imparted as they deserve . I am innocent as the child unborn . I have L B made search with my ord of eaulieu these two days, F both aboard ship and in all the orest, and have this night found the said james in a hay -loft on a farm H H . e beside ampton was hidden half the mow deep , and when discovered seemed more dead than alive . My Lord o f Beaulieu has used very good diligence in this matter and is much discouraged by the reports made of him .

1 7 0 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

t h e K inge s b ig ue s pl easure ope ne d to the m the y have v e rye lame ntab le de clare d that if the y b e no we se nd to o the r s aynt u rye s not o nlie the y b u t the ir w yv e s and c hilde rn al s o s h alb e utt e rly u ndo fi and t h e rfore have de s ire d u s to b e m e ans for t h e ym w ith your lordship that th e y m ay re m ayne he re for t e rme of the ir lyv e s s o that

‘ no ne o th e r h e R e sayv e d and b yc au se w e have by e xaiac on t h c e rt e yne k no w le ge that t h e gre at no mb e r of t he ym w the ir w yv e s and c h ilde rn sh u ldb e utte rly cas t a w aic the ir age impot e n c y and o the r t hinge co ns ide red yf the y b e se nt to any othe r place w e have se nt thi s b e re ar unt o yo u b e se c h inge your lordshipe w e m ay k now e t h e Kinge ple asure b y you he rin whic h e k no w e n w e e s hall ac c ordinge t h ’ to o ur m os t b o w nde n due t e s w all dilige nc ac c o mplis h e t h e sam e as know e th our L ord w h o have your L ords hip in h is b lys se d k e pinge from B e wle y t h e iij daie of A prill

Yo‘r lorde sh ipp e s mos t e assure de t o C Omaunde Richarde L ayton pre st

’ Yo r lorde s hipp e m ost b ow nde n b eademan and s v ant William P e tre

" r 1 u ff m Yo w po man j ohn re an .

The second letter is from Thomas Stevens, the late A o f B Wrio th e sle bbat eaulieu , to Thomas y, the grantee th e 1 6 A of abbey, and is dated th pril

I H S .

A ft e r my h ert ye R e COme ndaCo ns/ thi s is t o de syre you ’ t o b e good and s ingle r Mastr t o the s p o r me n p vile gyd b in t h e S aﬁ c t u arye of be w l e y for de tt e/ w c e ar in t her b e h av yor v e ry hone st m e n b athe SO b e ne in all t h e ’ ’ t yme / I b e ynge the re p o w e r g oy u l do wz t no t b ut t h e w yll e vyn s o C ﬁt ine w/ h e raft e r/ w hos namys be t h e “ 1 r c Ot e ynyd w in the r s u pplyc ac on/ in that p o t ow ne t h e ’ t hynk e t o lyve h one s t lie , to go fro m t he same s h alb e

1 L He e e s e s . . 1 1 f. 1 . tt r and Pap r nry VIII , vol 3 , 3 SA NCT UARY 1 7 1

th e r utte r undoynge no p ﬁ t t o t h e t o wne for w he n the y b e gone t h e h ow sys w yll yeld no Re nt but stond t ’ ’ r r v oyde and de cay as god k now w h o p s v e yo w m s hype t ' to yor ple sur and he rte de syre w i ncrease of 0 ’ r w rt yn at yor how s of le on de t h o f ap il

Yo’ chaplen and b e dema Thomas S t e pyns late ab b at of b e wle y

E ndorsed T o My ve ry syngler good Mr ’ Mr Th o mas Wit he sle y e sqre de liv e de spe .

D ocketed T h ab b ot o f Be aulie u t o 1 i h xv A s Mr Wr ot . . j prili

o n 1 A The third letter was written 7th pril, also to Wrio th esle y, from john Crayford Right w orshipfull afte r mos t hart y COme ndaé ons thie s sh alb e in mo s t hu mb le w ise t o b e se c h yo u t o te nde r t h e lame ntab le p e t ié o n and Supp lication o f t h o ne ly mos t w re c hyd and mi se rable D e t t o f s at b e aulye u] s o pe nsiffe ' and h e v y/ ffe r s t e ppyd/ in age/ of l ong Cbnt inuaunc e the r/ t lodon w w yffe s and childe rl w h o ( w o faile yf the y shall ' de pt e) must b e c fi p e lle d to b e gg and faili ng o f fo o de in a sanctuary o f s male co mpasse/ must othe r I e nge d ther b odye s and s le nde r goods in goyng ab ro de or de y for h ungar T h e holle I nhab it ant s o f b e aulye u ( fe w e x c e pt e d) b e s anctuary m e n T h e m orde re rs and fe llons w o ll inc ont i t u e ntly and w out any furthe r sute/ as h Op e le s me n de part ] t he R e st b e de t t ors of good b e h av or and right quye t e mongs t th e r n e ighb ours and bo th c an and w oll ﬂynde s ub st anc iall and hone s t m e n for the r go od ab e ring during ther liffe and abode ther] yt w ar an e xc e lle nt and an hie gh dede o f Charite to p c ure lice nce of t he K i nge

1 Wrio t h esle Le e s e s I . . y tt r and Pap r , 5 9 1 7 2 A HI ST O R Y O F B E A U LI E U A BB E Y

t grace the r t o tary w w ife and childe r/ no t by ve rtue o f t h o ld S anctuary th e r] b ut b e ne w pt e c t ion unde r t h e Kinge gre at e s e ale / T h e o b t e n oo n h e ro f S h uld much r r w s ounde t h yo w o ship and c Ome nde yo hie ghly unto t h o lle w co u nt re e in the s p t e s/ w he t yo unse e n] and u nk no w e n b e

m re e e t c . e t c . och gard d ,

D ocketed

° I o n C o X VI A s t o Mr Wriot h " rauf rd j prili . The fate of the sanctuary men is indicated by a note ’ Cru mw e ll s Remembra nces mong , T h e sanctuary me n at B e aulie u for debt 11 n n e e e for e t o co ti u th r lif .

1 H . . Le e s e s e . 1 1 1 6 . tt r and Pap r nry VIII , vol 3 , f 3 2 T B. . 6 . C . MS . s 1 ott itu , f 4 5

1 7 4 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y tors of Pe te r de Rupib us may have contributed to the I ts s e e foundation . name appear to hav pass d through se e o f many pha s, not, how ver, quite as many as that its e par nt . We have seen already how the Cistercians and other “ ” Orde rs came to adopt the name Bellus Locus for their ss abbeys, and po ibly, as has been suggested, the monks B e of eaulieu , carrying with th m to their new home the “ same wish to associate it in name with a pleasant “ La etus Locus place, called it , which in time became Le tte le Le ttil e o r Le t e le h e y, y , g , and still later was corrupt d “ ” “ l r D N l into N e tte ye o Netley . ugdale gives e tte e y “ ” Le tte le and y as transition names, a fact which lends Lett el e some authority to the tradition , and the name y P F occurs in the Taxation of ope Nicholas the ourth . “ “ E dwardst o w o r D e E dw ardi loco Sancti , as an E additional name , indicates that Saint dward was its s o f A patron aint, and , course, as a Cistercian bbey, it was V M r under the special protection of the irgin a y . E E o f dmund, arl of Cornwall , the grandson King H john , whose gift to ailes is mentioned below, was also

a benefactor of Netley . N o inhabitant o f Hampshire who loves what is beau tiful has any excuse for n o t having made a pilgrimage e A to Netl y bbey . I n the grimly humorous medley under that title in The I ngoldsby Lege nds the fo ll ow mg verses are worthy o f the subj e ct

saw ee Ne e as t h e su n I th , tl y , A c ross t h e w este rn wave Was s s A nd e inking low , a gold n glow T o thy rooﬂe ss towe rs h e gave ; A nd t h e S e e W it s m e ee ivy h n , ith antl of gr n , T s hat wrap t thy wall around, e e b h a s Shon lov lily right In t t gloriou light , ’ A nd e s I f lt twa holy ground . A U HT E R H U S E S E LLS AN D RA E S A E 1 D G O , C G NG OF BB Y 7 5

T h en I thought of th e anc i ent time T h e s M s o ld day of thy onk of , e M and e s e and C m e c h me Wh n to atin V p r o p lin i , T h e d H s 1 0 11 ( I lou o anna , A n d c s and - s es m thy ourt , long drawn ai l a ong , ’ ll d h e e s c e s Sw e t full tid of a r d ong .

A nd e t Ne e as z e y , fair tl y , I ga e and m de Upon that gr y oul ring wall , T h e glori es of thy p almy days

I t s ve ry ston es rec all . as as as

b me d w o e Su li in ruin , gran in , as as as as No voic e awakes thin e echoe s now "

H I L E S BBE G O U CE S E S I E . A A Y , L T R H R

H e A s o f B ail s bbey, the econd daughter house eaulieu , w as e 1 2 6 R E o f found d in 4 by ichard, arl Cornwall second son of King john for twenty monks . th N 1 2 1 e o f n On 9 ovember, 5 , i n the pr sence the Ki g e e e and Qu n , thirt en bishops, most of the barons and

e t e abov three hundred knights, the church was dedica d M F f . o e to St ary, and the ounder gave a feast incredibl H e e magniﬁcence . is r ported to have expressed a wish that h e had always expended his money with equal wisdom . A t o f o f th e the date the dedication the Church , Founde r had already spent ten thousand marks upon the e e s e building, and immediat ly aft rward he gave a furth r sum of a thousand marks to buy land and to build th e A house, and the King by charter settled upon the bbey the yearly rent of twenty pounds . The most remarkable gift to the A bbe y w as made by s o n F E E o f the of the ounder, dmund, arl Cornwall , who, e e e whilst travelling with his fath r in G rmany, purchas d a b a th e th e portion of a relic said to blood of Saviour . ’ f 1 2 2 a O this he gave in 7 , after his f ther s death , a third 1 7 6 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

H A o f part to ailes bbey, which it proved a valuable s po session , as many more of the faithful than formerly e were attract d thereto .

‘ I n 1 5 3 8 a Solemn I nquiry was held into the nature ” o f s T h e B H thi venerated relic , lood of ailes, reputed to o u r L be the blood of ord . The Church and most o f the surrounding buildings were destroyed by fire in 1 2 7 1 but a new church was 1 2 built and dedicated in 77 unfortunately, however, sixty s years later thi building was much injured by floods . B M r . . St Clair addeley writes to the Lord Montagu 1 8 in july, 9 9 , as follows “ A lthough Beaulieu belongs to the transition period E P from Norman to arly ointed, I think in certain arrange ments its C hild Hailes of 1 2 5 1 more resembles it than it resembles F ountains o r even comparatively neighbouring Tintern though I do not believe we S hall find that Hailes 0 possessed a circular apse . The church was 7 feet wide, 1 0 and the nave about 4 feet long, and the cloister about ” 1 3 3 feet square . r I t is satisfacto y to learn , as we do from a contem o rar o f p y letter, that the daughter abbey at the time its e B suppr ssion was a credit to eaulieu .

EWE M B E N NHA A B Y .

nh am A A C 0 N ew e . bbey, in the parish of xminster, “ ” D lia 3 Belli Loci Re is A n lia evon , ﬁ 3 g g , was founded by R M E o f eginald de ohun , arl Somerset, according to the A tw o Parc o lu de nnals of the houses of and Chester, in 1 2 1 1 2 6 R 4 . Tanner says not before 4 , because ichard B B o f E o ne o f e ( londy) , ishop xeter, who was the witn sses e to the foundation charter, was not cons crated till The date given in the “ Origines Cistercienses ” is 6th

1 . . 8 . Mo d . H st . C mb . a i , vol II , p 44 1 V . . M A . . 6 0 D . . . , vol , p 9

1 7 8 A HI S T O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

e s e e s cland tinely betray d the abb y and di placed the convent , e D s A with the artful advic and concurrence of iony ius, bbat o f B e T h e s B eauli u . monk of eaulieu determined to se nd ne w e N e w e nh am a abbat and convent of tw lve monks to , N o f F and chose j ohn de orthampton , warden aringdon , as th ne w B e abbat, and on july 7 the colony left eauli u

N e w e nh am e e o n as as for , and proc ed d the ﬁrst day far

s e e s x e Chri tchurch , wh r they took hip ; the ne t day th y B A e W e arrived at indon bb y ; the third at haddon , n ar D e s F A orch ter, and the fourth at ord bbey . On january 6th F s E o n , the ea t of the piphany, which fell a Sunday e N ew e nh am that y ar, they entered the site of chanting “ ” e R R the Salv egina, in the presence of eginald and W M o f T h e illiam ohun and a great concourse people . premises were in a very unﬁnished s tate and a s mall 1 fo r e building served a chap l . H C o k esw e ll s h is ugh de , who till in public retained N ew e nh am character of abbat, went by land to , probably in order that he might arrive there before the colony, S P who took hip . revious to their coming, by unworthy o ff o ld pretexts , he contrived to send the members in A various directions, and the new colony entered the bbey “ R and took possession of it . Thus, says the egistrar, “ f e was the change e fected, but it was not the chang o f o f M H the right hand the ost igh , but a fraudulent f invention o Satan .

H C o k esw e ll 1 2 2 . ugh de died in September, 7

Willia m de Cornwa ll o r P o f B e 4 . , Cornubia, rior eauli u 1 2 1 2 2 A was consecrated th September, 7 , and was bbat for 1 6 years , when he became blind , resigned and retired to

B He 1 2 8 8 B e . eaulieu . died in , and was buried at eauli u A o f P e plain slab urbeck marble, which cover d his body, is in th e Lay Brothers Frater (the Museum) at Beauli e u v i de ( p .

1 O e Mo nast ic o n Dio c oesis E e s s . . liv r, xoni n i , p 3 5 7 A HT E R HO S E S E LLS AN D RA E S O A E 1 D UG U , C G NG F BB Y 79

Richard de Chichester o f B w as 5 . , monk eaulieu h 1 2 8 8 H e s e e 1 t . consecrated Sept mber 3 , is aid to hav ’ destroyed with his o w n hands in the King s Court a A A Charter of dvowson of xminster, being richly bribed B e H e e 1 2 th th e . by Canons of eauli u was deposed Octob r , 1 2 B 9 3 , and returned to eaulieu , leaving his abbey in debt 2 8 to t h e amount of £ 3 . 6 Richard de P erdiston Su b c ellare r o f B c n . , eaulieu , o s d 2 H e se t e t h e o f t h e e c rate N 1 . ovember, 9 3 at r st claim A A e e e bbey to xminster, and rec ived mor mon y from York, where on h e banqu e ted and lived j oyfully and lavishly H A 1 2 r - . e e while it lasted retired pril , 9 7 , but was elected 1 0 e 3 3 , and died on his r turn from a general chapter N e 1 0 W ov mber, 3 4, and was buried at averley .

Ra l d Sh ch - R s B A . e i a w e . 7 p p e igned at eaulieu ugust, 1 1 3 4 . 8 R ‘ . o bert de P u l sv ree zj y y , native of Somerset, Cellarer B e o th 1 1 R of eauli u , consecrated September 3 , 3 4 . esigned Ma 1 2 1 B y, 3 died at eaulieu .

. John de Cok swell C o k isw ill P o f B 9 y ( ) , rior eaulieu , 1 2 1 e o n 2 6th D elected 3 died, aft r a long illness , ecember, ’

. 1 2 N ew e nham St Stephen s day, 3 4, and was buried at .

1 0 . Joh n de Gettin ton P g , native of Northants, orter at Be A o f L o f aulieu, rchdeacon ewes, Canon Chichester . C 1 2 H e onsecrated 3 4 . built the cloister, began the new e r th e r fecto y towards lavatory . H e 1 8 became blind and died 3 3 , and he was buried at N e w e nh am th e th e , in ﬁrst arch of cloister .

T HE BBE OF S T . G C E S E S M I N S E OR N E W BBEY A Y MAR Y RA , A T T R , A , WI OU T HE W S OF ON D ON TH T AL L L .

A e Smithfi e ld The bbey stood ast from , and was founded E . 1 by King dward I I I in the year 3 49 , upon the following occasi on “ 1 8 2 E I I I d I n the year 34 , 3 dward the . , the first great e so pestilence in his time began , and increas d sore, that M 2 1 8 0 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y for want o f room in churchyards to bury the dead o f t h e o f th e s o ne ro city and suburb , j ohn Corey, clerk, p o f P o f H cured Nicholas , rior the oly Trinity, without E ald ate o f E Smithfi e ld fo r g , one toft ground near ast the burial of them that died , with condition that it might be called th e Churchyard o f the Holy Trinity which ground w as e o f s caus d , by the aid devout citizen , to be enclosed with a wall o f stone ; and the sam e was dedicated by R B o f L alph Stratford , ishop ondon , where innumerable e o f th e e bodi s dead were afterwards buried , and a chap l th e e o f built in sam place to the glory God . To which E s e King dward afore aid, having regard , after having be n o f in a tempest on the sea and in peril drowning, at which time h e made a vow t o build a monastery to the honour o f L o f God, and the ady Graces, if God would grant him to come safe to land he there built a monastery, causing E M it to be called ast inster, placing in it an abbat and ” r W monks o f the Cistercian o hite Order . 1 The abbey was surrendered in 5 3 9 , and was valued 6 D o r 6 2 1 6d 1 03 0 1 3 . . at £ 5 4 . per annum ( ugdale) , £

(Speed) .

T HE G RANGE S . A grange was a small monastery, around which were grouped the buildings necessary for carrying on the work of the neighbouring farms .

The residents were chieﬂy lay brothers , who formed a f A community , governed by o ﬁcers elected by themselves . o f e P few monks lived at some the grang s, such as ark and L e . St . eonards, where th re were chapels 1 1 1 H There are at the present date ( 9 ) farms at arford , L e F Ott erw L . o o d . , and St eonards odg arm is probably B Lo d in e P T h ro u h am no w ocke g g , and the ark of g is P F represented by ark arm . A t L St . eonards there are the remains of a chapel and o f a very large barn .

A HT E R H S E S E LLS AN D RA E S O A E 1 8 1 D UG OU , C G NG F BB Y

e o f th e The following d scription great barn at St . ’ Leonards and o f the chapel th e re are take n from Warner s 1 History of Hampshire The ruin of which I am at present speaking consists of the gavel gable) ends o f e a vast barn . I n it was probably deposit d the larger f o f proportion o the yearly produce the abbatial lands . — The dimensions of this barn are as follows 2 2 6 feet in

‘ o f 6 0 length , 7 7 feet in breadth , and upwards feet in A o f e e height . barn consid rable siz , built with the materials f o . the ancient one, is within its end walls “ W s ithin an old stone enclo ure, which surrounds this Le e o f barn and St . onards farmhous , are the remains a s e most beautiful chapel , which must have been ﬁni h d in h L t e e e o f e e . high st styl archit ctural magniﬁcenc ittle, e e its e is e how v r, of p ristin glory now discoverable, sinc th e ruin h as long be en appli e d to th e ignoble purpos e s o f

- - e nd s a goo se house and h o g stye . The eastern is the mo t e e e e s e an p rfe ct . The altar pi c is support d on each id by e e G o thiC e ric hlv l gant niche adorned with lateral pinnacl s , s e e r w embo s d , and a Sarac nic arch , c o ned with a cross . “ T h e e e o ne window, also over the altar pi ce, the opposit th e s e e nd th e e at we t rn , and doorway und r it , concur to s e e e e it s i i a sur us this ediﬁc must hav be n , in or g nal and s e a e x s e e perfect tat , an ex mpl of e qui it Gothic architectur . I trac e e e e e w e e t h e s an intimat r semblanc b t n moulding , e s f e e e s & c . o s nich , plast r , , thi ruin and som small fragm nts ” 2 e B e A e which r main at eauli u bb y, L ’ St . eonard s Chape l h as in more recent days b e en e e e treated with proper r sp ct, and no traces now r main of th e s - e - goo e hous and the hog stye .

1 2

I . . 2 . I . 2 Vol . . , p 34 . Vol . , p 35 HA P E R C T XXI .

T HE DISSOI . UT ION OF T HE MONA T ER E S I S .

HE ﬁrst step towards the dissolution o f the monas t e rie s W 1 2 was taken when Cardinal olsey, in 5 4, obtained grants from the King for suppressing a number o f the smaller houses with fewer than seven inmates, in order to found a College at Oxford, at ﬁrst ’ known as Cardinal College, then as Christ s College, and e W now as Christchurch ; and anoth r at I pswich . hat ’ e xact obj e ct was upp e rmost in Wo ls ey s mind cannot be o f e se known , but his method proce ding gave ri to con s ide rab le s o f disturbance in various part the country, and was a material factor in bringing about his downfall in 1 2 h is 5 9 , which was followed by death in the following year . W s e ol ey, in his letter to the King , calls them c rtain e e s e e s exile poor, l an , endow d with mall r v nue , not exiles) and small monaste ries wh e re i n n e ither God is s e rve d Z s e e no r religion kept . ealou churchm n w re alarmed at this manner, and rightly regarded it as likely to lead to f s e e a general dissolution o the religiou hous s . Som of the ab b ats atte mpted to avert the danger by offering sums o f o f e s money for his College instead th ir abbey land , and popular dissatisfaction was manifested by attemp t s to k s o ne rei nstate the dispossessed mon . Such a is thus described Yo u have heard before how the Cardinall suppressed o f o ne Be am many monasteries , the which was called gg , v e rie in Sussex, the which was commodious to the country th e s s but so befell cause, that a riotous company, di gui ed u nk no wne and v ise rs and , with painted faces , came to the

1 84 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

e s as e m o naste r es r o r e s utt rly wa t , w ll as ther churches , y , p y y , rinc i all se s e s s t e ne m e ntes p p hou , fermes, grang , lande , , and h e re d tamc nte s as e o f y , the ornament s, ther churches and c attalle th e d s leaso ur o f A lm ht ther goodes and , to high y p yg y S lau nde r o f re l o n God, good ygy , and to the greate infamy ’ o f the Kinge s h igne s and the realme if E lsewh e re in the preamble it is suggested that the ejected monks would go to raise the numbers in the “ e G o d gr at, solemn monasteries wherein (thanks be to ) religion is right well kept and observed . The following account of the “ great deliberation which preceded the passing o f the B ill is by Sir Henry 1 6 2 Spelman , who was born in 5 , less than thirty years after the event “ I t is true the parliament gave them to him, but so unwilling (as I have heard) that when the Bill had stuck l ong in the lower house and could get no passage, he commanded the Commons to attend him in the forenoon e in his gallery, wh re he let them wait till late in the o ut afternoon , and then coming of his chamber, walking o r o n a turn two among them , and looking angrily them, ‘ o n o ne e o n ﬁrst side and th n the other, at last, I hear ‘ B (saith he) that my ill will not pass, but I will have ’ o r o f it pass, I will have some your heads, and without other rhetoric o r persuasion returned to his chamber . E B nough was said, the ill passed, and all was given him ” 1 as he desired .

T HE B DISSOLUT ION OF T HE A BEYS . The manner o f dissolving the abbeys by King H V is enry I I I . thus described in an ancient writing, from 2 MS F 1 1 1 2 66 Cotton . , Titus . , fol .

1 “ o c i t H s . d 8 2 06 b s e . e e e . 1 . e i t of Sacril g , 5 3 , p , quot d y Ga qu t , p I . . 1 2 vol , p . 3 . 1 Cam en SOC. Pub . No . XX . . 1 . d , VI , p 33 T HE D I SSO LUT I O N OF T HE M ONAST E R I ES 1 8 5

The furst e ntrau nc e was a president ge we n by Cardinal ] W e ab ilitie t o ols y, who under pretense of and four better de sso lv e d bilde his sumptuous colledge, certaine small e e h im se lfe houss s, and by that doing of , I doubt not with w arrau nt R e good from ome , he did make loose in oth rs t w arde s A the conscience o those houses . fter him there k in e s Mr w h o e came to the g service . Cromwell , had served l] d in s the cardina in these former o ge . “ ] That Cromwell was the man that by his zeal , his w isdo m e c o urad e w as s , and his g , Goods in trument to ffe He carrie all to good e ct . These means he used . ﬁrst found means to perswade the king that it might lawfully be don e ; that for his c ro w ne and state in saftie it was e h e e a e are necessari to be done , four that mad pp to the kinge howe by the ir meanes th e pope and cle rgie had au c th o rit e e e alliau n c e rinc i all e so greate , r venu , , and p p y c a tiv itie o f e e su b e c t e s p the sowles and obedi nc of j , that they were abl e t o put kinge in b azarde at their will ; that maint e nau nc e o f h is w arre s for his revenue and estates, e e and affaires, both in peace and in warr , at hom and ab ro ade w as s e e s e , with others , it mo t proﬁtabl to dis olv au m e ntac i n f them for g o o his tre asure . e e e ab ro ade Cromw ll caus d preach rs to goe , and main ta n e d inst ru c te th e e s o e y them to peopl , and to perswad the su b j e c t e s con science s to stand fast to the king without f r h i de s lv in f ll i e e o e s o s o o a e e nc e . f ar the pop s cur e, g his g “ H e caused to be placed in the arc h e b u sh o pe s place C s e b u sh o ric k e s e e s ranmer, and in diver oth r p and hi r plac c lear e e e s w h e ro f w as in the g divers p rot stant , by meanes he s amo n e able to execute greate thing g themselves, and they were not able so muche as to enter into any full and p erfect s ] coun el against them , muche lesse to put any thing in ub lic k e kin es p execution , as against the former g of theis lm rea e . “ He knewe that the c largie had in king Richardes the 1 8 6 A HI ST O RY O F B E A U LI E U A BB E Y

S e cond e s time s uborned an oth e r with preten s e o f a next title to depo s e th e kinge ; h e knew that h is c largie were atte m tin e m ar u ie s E x tar p g the like with the q of e . “ H e perswad e d th e king by m ain tte ininge of equ u m

us h o ldin e - w e t h e - e mmine nt j , and by g do n over power of

s s as s - e oche greate one in time pa te, like bell weth rs, had t h e S h e e sh e ﬂ o c k e s o f E led pp ngland against their prince , to k ne tt tast e to him the love of his common s and specially h is c i ti o f L of t e ondon . H e placed ab b atte s and ffrie rS in divers great hou sses and divers le rne d men perswaded against these s uper s ti ti e ns m e n e re die ( ) , which w re to make surrender of their s o f k in e s e hou es the g commandem nt . H e se th e k re s t ra ne e R e cau d ing to y all paym nt at om , e s e s u b e c te s e e and all r ort of his j thither, ith r for suites , e s e s e s w h e rb app ll , faculti , or oth r cause , y both he kept s e e h is e e e s e e h is trea ur and h ld it from nn mi , and r strain d e nn e mies from ﬂ iinge to fore n partes or confe re nce with

H e e v i i c i ns e t h e them . caus d s ta o to be mad of all e se s t e e s w h eru o n r ligious hou ouching th ir conv r ations, pp w as re t o u rne d e e th e B k e B e e ss the book call d lac ook , expr ing of e ve ry such th e Vile lives and abhominabl e fac te s in o f e b re th e rne s e e murders th ir , i n un p akable crim s , in e s o f e de e de s e d troying childr n , in forging of , and oth r e s o de v idin th e inﬁnit horrors of life, in much as g of all e e s E e e se r ligious p r ons in ngland into thr e partes, two of th partes at the least committe d unspeakable cri me s and thi s app e ared in writing with th e names o f the parti e s and their fac te s s e th e . This was h wn in parliament and Villaines

made known and abhorred . H e caus e d the king of th e abbes po sse ss ions to make s e s e e uche disp r ion , as it behov d inﬁnite multitudes for th ir o w ne int re st to j oyn e with the king in h o llding th e m e w h ic h e h e e e am o u n down , did by divers m ans, and thes g other : by ffo w n ding divers b u s h o pric k e s and coll e ges

1 8 8 A HI ST O RY O F B E A U LI E U A BB E Y and t he A b b e Gasquet ( Henry the E ighth and th e E s M s s ngli h ona terie ) . It is impo s s ible fo r many reas ons to attach much cre dit to th e se reports or to think highly o f the character ” 1 o f t h e s s vi itor . The men whom Cromwell employed to report upon t h e o w n monasteries were paid hirelings, intent upon their as advancement , and seeking to attain it by getting much plunder for their master as possible, whilst keeping all e they dar d for themselves ; unscrupulous in statement, o f convicted accepting bribes, and persons upon whose “ ” o ne oath no now would hang a dog .

Those who are interested i n this question , which is e unsuited for full consideration h re, and are ready to give a fair hearing to what is to be said o n the other side are ’ re comm e nded to read the A bbé Gasquet s work o n Henry E E M the ighth and the nglish onasteries . e 1 0th 1 0 Cromwell was arrested on jun , 54 , and was 2 8 A beheaded o n Towe r H ill o n june . mongst the “ charges made against him w as that he hath acquire d and obtained into his possession , by oppression , bribery, e e s s o f xtorted pow r, and false promises , immense um e e mon y and treasur . “ T h e e silver vessels , including many crosses , chalic s , e t h e C mitr s, vases, and other spoils of hurch , might amount to rathe r more than sterling . H e e e s s maintained his position by pure obs quiousn , and there was no kind o f tyranny of which he declined b e He to the agent . was continually open to bribes , f ” 2 and was guilty of many acts o simony .

1 d H o l . . i mb M . st v . . Ga rdne r C . o , a i , II , p 444 1 b 2 i . . I d. . , vol . II , p 45 C HA PTE R XXI I .

T HE SU RRENDER OF T HE A BBEY;

LT HOUG H the humour o f the Situation was probably not seen and certainly not appre ciated by Thomas th e A bbat and the 2 0 monks who forme d the community at Beaulieu when they S igne d

‘ ‘ A 2 nd 1 8 th e do c u me nt on pril , 5 3 , which follows, it is s nevertheles there . One can almost se e the Commissioner taking from a o ne o f e o f wallet a numb r parchment scrolls, a common form with blank spaces to be ﬁlled in according to the f e circumstances o e ach abbey visit d . The deed bears the

impress of having been drawn up by a lawyer, probably L in the Court of Chancery of the ord the King, assisted perhaps by a C lerk in the Court o f A ugmentations ( Increment such an individual as would n o w ﬁnd a D o f R P ﬁtting place in the epartment I nland evenue . erhaps it w as suppli e d to the C o mmissio n ers b e fo re they left L o n ondon . I t is a rather mean looking thing a parch 2 1 2 e th e ment membrane about 4 by inch s , with seal in o f T h e wax hanging from the centre the lower border . e - e nam s are written upon the left hand margin . Th y “ were so sure beforehand o f the unanimous ass ent and ” consent of the monks that there would b e no necessity to le ave a blank at that point ; and they would have b e e n equally certain that after “ deliberating in their “ mind s the monks would of their o w n me re motion “ and th e ir own accord surrender what th e y could n o e long r retain . One would like to sprinkle the precious document

with commas, and throw in a few semicolons, aids to 1 9 0 A HI ST O RY OF B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

th e s o f S O to clearer under tanding writings, abhorrent t h e legal mind .

RRE ER OF BEA L E A BBE N N . 1 SU D U I U Y, o 7 . To all those faithful in Christ to whom the present writing s hall come Thomas o f the Monaste ry or A bbe y ‘ ’ o f t h e Bles sed Mary the Virgin o f King s Beaulie u in the County of Southampton o f th e Ci stercian order and o f th e Convent of the same place Greetings in th e Lord for ever Know ye that w e the aforesaid A bbat and Convent by unanimous assent and ‘consent deliberating in o ur minds by o u r c e rtain knowledge and mere motion

“ from certain ju s t and reasonable causes specially moving u s o u r minds and o u r consciences willingly and of o ur own accord have given granted and by these presents give grant render and confirm to our illustrious prince and Lord H enry 8 th by the grace o f G o d King of E ngland and France defender o f the faith Lord of I reland and o n earth supreme head of the Church of E ngland . ’ A ll our said Monastery or A bbey o f King s Beaulieu aforesaid and all the site soil circuit and precinct o f M the same onastery o f Beaulieu aforesaid . A lso all and singular o u r Manors lordships messuages gardens courtyards tofts lands and tenements meadows feedings pastures woods rents reversions services mills passages knights fees wardships marriages n eifs villeins with their con s equences commons liberties franchises j urisdictions offices courts leet hundreds views o f frank pledge fairs markets parks warrens vivaries waters fisheries ways roads vacant soil advowsons nominations presentations and gifts o f Churches vicarages Chapels Chantries hospitals and other E cclesiastical Be nefi c e s whatsoever Rectories vicarages C hantries pensions por tions annuities tithes oblations and all and singular

T HE S U RR E ND E R O F T HE A BB E Y 1 9 1

emoluments profits posse ss ion s hereditame nts and rights whatsoever as well within th e said County of Southampton within o u r Counties o f Surrey B e rks Cornwall and else where within th e Kingdom of E ngland Wale s and Marches o f the same to t h e same Monastery o r A bbey ’ of King s Beauli e u in anywise belonging appertaining appendant or incumbent . A nd all our Charte rs E vide nces writings and munime nts t o the same Monastery or A bbey Manors land s and t e ne q m e nts and othe r th e premises with the appurtenanc e s or e se e to any parcel ther of in anywi b longing or conce rning . T o have hold and e nj oy the said Monastery o r A bbey ’ s ite s oil C ircuit and precinct of King s Beaulieu aforesaid also all and s ingular th e Lord s hip s Manors ten e ments Rectories p e n s ions and other the premises with all and singular their appurtenance s to our afore said most in vincible prince and Lord the King his h e irs and assign s for ever to whom in thi s part to all effect o f right which therefrom shall be able or can ensue we subject and submit ’ us and the said Monastery o r A bbey o f King s B e aulieu e and all rights by us in anywise acquir d as it is fit . G iving and granting as by these presents we give and grant to the same Royal majesty his heirs and assigns all and every full and free faculty authority and power to dispos e o f us ’ and th e said Monastery of King s Beaulieu aforesaid together with all and singular the Manors lands tenements rents reversions services and each of the premises with their rights and appurtenances whatsoe ver and for his free royal will at his pleasure to be alienate d given converted and transferred to whatsoever uses may pl e ase his majesty the gifts disp osition s alienations c o nv ertio n s and trans latio ns of the like by his said majesty in anywi s e to be made . Thenceforth we promise by these presents that w e will have them ratifie d established and accepted and A nd s for ever valid . as all and ingular the premises may 1 9 2 A HI ST O RY O F B EAU LI E U A BB EY

take effect according to their due We have renounced and yielded as by these presents we renounce and yield and from the same we withdraw in these writings the elections moreover to us and o u r successors also all Complaints provocations appeals action s suits and examples and what s oever o u r other remedies and b ene ﬁ c e s to us perchance and to o u r successors in that part by pretext of th e dis position alienation translation and conversion aforesaid and other the premise s in anywise sued for and to be sued for and all things of treachery error fear ignorance o r other matte r or disposition exceptions objections and alle gatio ns entirely removed and deposed openly publickly and o ur o f o ur expressly of certain knowledge and free will . A nd we the aforesaid A bbat and Convent and o ur successors will warrant fo r ever by these presents the said ’ Monastery precinct site mansion and C hurch o f King s

' Beaulieu aforesaid and all and singular the Manors lord ships messuages gardens courtyards tofts meadows feedings pastures woods underwoods lands tenements and all and singular other the premises with all their appurtenances to o u r aforesaid Lord the King his heirs and assigns against all persons . I n witness whereof we the aforesaid A bbat and Convent f have caused o ur common seal to be a ﬁxed to this writing .

D ated the 2 nd day o f A pril in the 2 9 th year o f the reign o f o u r said Lord the King . A cknowledged in my presence and before me William Petre o ne o f the clerks in the Court o f Chancery o f the Lord the King on the day

and year aforesaid . By me Thomas the A bbat Griffyn Hamtu n By me Thomas Ydle By me Richard Frye

A E R C H PT XXI I I .

T HE MORT UA RY ROLL.

H E s heading of thi chapter, although not strictly e e e s accurat in r lation to its cont nt , is useful as recalling a practice common to the Monastic e s e e e t i Ord rs , which hows that, if th y had in th ory giv n p e e e fo r the world , in practice th y r tain d a kindly feeling their brethre n in other abbeys and were n o t unmindful o f the services rendered by those who had indeed left the world . I t was part o f the duty of th e Precentor to draw up “ the Bri e f o r Mortuary Roll by which th e death o f any broth e r was announce d to monaste ries of the same

Order, and to ask for prayers for his soul . This document “ ” s e b re v iat o r was sent by a pecial messeng r called the , b e o f who may regarded as the prototype the postman , and who , notwithstanding that he always ofﬁcially brought e sad n ws , was doubtless, in his private capacity, made e w lcome, because he carried from one abbey to another f th e gossip o the day . Such documents often contained s om e Latin verses in praise of the dead or o f sympathy 103 8 with the living at their .

T HE FO N ER N OHN U D , KI G J .

I f Henry I I I . had been master in his own kingdom it would not have been necessary for h i m to write the P H A D following letter to ope onorius I I I . (c . . . and had he carried o u t his wish the Founder might have e o w n l r sted in his abbey, and his tomb might possib y

have preserved it from destruction . T HE MO RT UA RY RO LL 1 9 5

Vives aliquas natura sep ulc h ris

at t rib uit t umulo s v indic at mb s s . , u ra uo E i r Seneca : p g .

Even heathens thought that some powe r o f re tribution was given to violated tombs .

Be ess h s me me it known to your holin that Jo n , o ti King of E e se e e mem e t h e se Be e ngland, our fath r, of r n ory , found d hou of auli u , as is m E d e e e th e s me se h e known to any in nglan ; th r for , in a hou c se h is b c e e t h e c mm de and as it is s h e ho urying p la aft r o on ath , aid s e m e d s b u t e ds t h e me th e d s b c e ol nly vow thi ; aft rwar , in ti of i tur an E d e se s s e se b e e e h im an d h is of nglan , a v ry riou trif having ari n tw n b s h e e d e m e s so h is b d d b e b t aron , di in r ot part , that o y coul not rough t h e s d se b u t t h e b s and m s c es e b t h e to ai hou , i hop onk of Wor t r, y h d in e s c e s u t t e m e . c e gra of ho p itality , p royal clo th ir ona t ry Sin se e ms e h is se c h e de h e d it lik ly , that if in own hou whi h foun d coul lie b e d h is c e ese c e as h e s m se d s se d his uri in orp or al p r n , al o hi lf i p o in e m e t h e e t h e b e e d b e m e e e lif ti , d votion of r thr n woul or fr qu ntly se d h im t e mm d as w e b e e e arou to pray for h ir co on lor , and p roﬁt li v ss is es d s m b e V e s no le h afor ai alvation . It ight ry p le a ing to you e e e h is V OW m b e e s s c e w e are th r for that ight fulﬁll d on thi p art , in b ound to p roc ure . h is salvation with t h e Lord in e ve rything that n W e e b e s w e c a . h refor also w e g your holin es that you de ign to ec e e t h e e u s and t h e b e e Be e u es r iv p tition of r thr n of auli afor aid, whic h b y t he b eare r of the se p rese nts the y se nd to t h e fe e t of your ess t h e b b c t h e b d t h e es d holin , for ringing a k of o y of afor ai King d i a n e t e se d e . our fath r , if p l a you in ulg ntly N othing is known as to th e re ce ption of o r the reply s e W e to thi l tter, and orcester Cath dral still holds the e B e A e r mains of the founder of eauli u bb y .

T HE GRAVE SLA B OF ISA BELLA COUNT ESS OF CORNWA LL .

Afﬁ xe d to the north wall o f the museum to the right o f the lockers is a marble grave slab , 7 feet 7 3 inches long 2 1 0 by feet inches wide . I t has in the middle the case

f Of e ment for a brass e ﬁgy a lady, under a cusp d canopy t w o with side shafts and pinnacles and shields at the head . Surrounding the slab was an inscription o f which the

N 2 1 9 6 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y beginning only is legible H| C | A C ET YS A B ELLA P R IIVI There is good reason to believe that thi s S lab covered th e grave o f I sabella Countess o f w as B A D 1 2 Cornwall , who buried at eaulieu . . 3 9 . The s lab remain e d over the grave i n its original situa

s e its tion for centurie , but was subsequently remov d to e s e e no w 1 1 pr nt position . Th re are persons ( 9 1 ) living at B e aulieu who can reme mber it lying at the s pot marke d by t h e small e r cross in t he middle o f the P e s e r byt ry . The site of th e grave w as forgotte n after the removal o f t h e S w as re - o n lab , and accidentally discovered Sep e 2 th 1 8 8 e th e temb r 9 , 5 , wh n a colt belonging to neighbouring farmer put its feet through the cove ring th e e e W h e o f earth and gras s into grav ben ath . ithin t P XX L grave was found a leaden sheeting ( late ) , enclosing f th e t h e body o a woman . The covering and remains re - were at once interred , and a small cross marks the h e s ite o f t grave . “ Fe b 1 2 1 8 . B This lady died i n childbed 3 9 , at erk hampsted , and her body braut from thence and deposited at Beaulieu i n choro . “ E lizabeth (that was the ﬁrst wife o f Richard earl o f o f B Cornwall) was buried in the choir elland, being that woman which is called I sabel . This Isabel died in the

f o u r 1 2 2 th o f ye ar o redemption 3 9 , being the 4 year the

f H . . F o r reign o K . enry I I I after this manner she being e o f a great with child and n ar to the time her deliver nce , 1 m o rb u m ic te riu m fell into or the hicket, and delivering a child into the world which had life and was baptized o f by the name Nicholas , they both presently died there u pon , which thing when the earl understood, being then

on his journey into Cornwall , he burst into tears and

1 Jaundice .

T HE MO RT UA RY RO LL 1 9 7 W gre atly lamented that loss . herefore hastily returning h e h is and leaving his former j ourney, he onourably buri d Be o f B e wife at lland eaulieu , an house of r ligion builded th e by K . john from foundation and replenished with ” 1 ic Charterhouse (s ) monks .

T HE RA E LA B OF ELEA NOR A HT ER OF G V S , D UG A KING EDW RD I .

I ss oll Mic h E d u e R . I I . , 4 . .

2 8 A u — R Hau ste de g Twenty marks paid to Sir obert de , o w n fo r e e se j unior, knight, by his hands the xp n s and preparation s made fo r the burial o f t h e body o f the ’ L E Be ady leana, the King s sister at aulieu , by command o f t h e 2 0th N 1 00 Treasurer ; also on the ovember, £ paid H e Lu d are sh all h to nry de g for t e sam e purpose .

' E ne e . o h is s e dward I had daughter by cond marriag , E r W 6 th M a 1 06 sh e named leanor, bo n at inchester y, 3 ;

. t h e L E e died in childhood It is probable that ady l ana, ’ t h e S z m e ntio n e d e e w as s King s ister, in the abov ord r thi t h e e o f h e r child, and that this is cov ring grave . The following account of thi s intere sting relic is take n MS f . o from a , unsigned and undated, in the possession Lord Montagu

“ The principal (monument) is a large blue sp e ckled ’

e 1 0 . in s whit marble, ft by 3 ft . and 5s . , curiou ly inlaid with a white composition which is cemented into the hollows o r ro uv e s g with pitch , which shews a black line all round . The white compos was afterwards engrave d and the lin e s ﬁll e d with a black compos ition which is for the mo st part e re re se n effaced by being continually walked ov r . The p

t at io n is - I e o f h e r , as conj ectur , the ﬁgure a lady, head re sting o n a pillar standing on a bracket o r Gothic p e de stal

1 H s e iii 1 0 2 d . E olin h d, , 4 ( . 1 9 8 A HI ST O RY O F B EAU LI EU A BB EY

e e e o n und r a G othic og arch , adorned with ogee 5 foil two S e e s e e s l nd r pillar , t rminat d with pinnacles and crocket s c o rro ne t and a large ﬁnial , which support a ducal between t w o S s t h e c o rro ne t S e e hield , and hi lds seem to have b en ss is inlaid with bra , but they are tore away, the whole se e e o n s enclo d with the inscription , ach lett r a eparate e s e e as s littl quar of whit inlaid afore aid , Of which only s is s e e b e e thi vi ibl , of which any m aning can mad JES U C RIS T : O M NI P O T ENT Fl

INT EM .

T HE G RAVE SLA B OF DA N WI LLIA M OF R WA LL CO N .

A noth e r grave slab which is ﬁxe d into the north wall o f M P e 6 e the useum is of urb ck marble, f et 5 inches long 2 e 2 by 3 inches wide at the h ad , tapering to 3 inches at the is e h as foot . I t p rfectly plain , but an inscription round the e dge DA V I N WI LLI A M E D E : C O RNWA ILEI I C IS T IC I I D EV D E S A : A LM E GIT P I T E ‘

6 T M I BRC I .

R e e o n N ew e nh am A e ef rence to the s ction bb y, a

- e f B s D an daughter hous o eaulieu (p . show that W o f o f B illiam Cornwall, a prior eaulieu, was elected h m 1 2 th 1 2 2 H e o f N ew e n a . abbat September, 7 died in 1 2 88 B : S , and was buried at eaulieu this lab, doubtless, h is covered grave .

A R EA RL OF CORNWA LL N OF T HE RI CH D , KI G R MA O NS .

E - FF T HE D O U B L E H ART C O I N . I t was the custom in monastic times to bury portions o f th e body o f di stinguished or much loved persons in two o r in three different place s under the belief that the souls o f the departed would derive greater advantage from

2 00 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

w as E o f P o ic t o u B created arl and Cornwall . oth were W s born at inche ter . “ I n 1 2 6 E o f o f 5 , the arl Cornwall was elected King R e the omans, and received the I mperial Crown , and b came ’ o ne o f h is da o f e of the greatest men y, r markable energy H e s and ability . was pre ent with the King and Queen o f A 1 2 6 at the consecration the bbey Church in 4 , and o f A was much interested in the welfare the bbey, and no t only added to its endowment, but arranged for his o w n A burial within the bbey Church , by founding a fo r chantry in it, and making provision the religious

o f & c . services to be held in commemoration himself, So fixed was this in his mind that he refused to allow o f W M his first wife, I sabella, third daughter illiam arshal , E o f P o f E o f arl embroke, and widow Gilbert Clare, arl H Be rk h am ste de Gloucester and ertford , who died at p o n i th 1 2 the 7 january, 3 9 , to be buried, as she wished, A s o f i n the bbey Church at Tewke bury, near the tomb her first husband , and had her body interred with due B honour, at eaulieu , before the high altar, but sanctioned

her heart being taken to Tewkesbury , where it was

- buried before the high altar in a silver gilt cup , by B H Si tu ne P o f w h o rother enry de p , rior Tewkesbury, was present at her death ; and her bowels were interred M A H e r at issenden bbey, before the high altar there . late husband shortly afterwards set o u t for the Holy L and as a pilgrim, where he remained for some time , A and, returning by pulia, Sicily, and Calabria, he reached D n 2 1 2 o st 1 2 . over the january, 4 “ 1 2 I n 45 , owing, it is said, to a dream he had in th e H L M H oly and, he founded a Cistercian onastery at ailes , e in Gloucestershir , and colonised it with twenty monks B and ten lay brothers from eaulieu , and its church was e e th e 1 2 1 W complet d and d dicated 5 Novemb r, 5 , by alte r Cantilu e B o f W o f de p , ishop orcester, in the presence T HE MO RT UARY RO LL 2 0 1

H I I I e the founder and his wife, King enry . and Qu en E B e o f s leanor, thirteen ishops , and a gr at multitude noble A e h is and other illustrious personages . This new bb y of o w n e o w n founding, apparently, took away som of his ’ B 1 2 interest in his father s monastery at eaulieu . I n 43 , E R o ne o f e arl ichard married Sanchia, the daught rs and c o - s o f R B P e heir aymond erenger, Count of rovenc , and S o f E 1 2 o n as ister Queen leanor ; and in 5 7 , his election o f R Sh e s King the omans, was crowned with her hu band A ix- - o n i th Ma A at la Chapelle the 7 y by Conrad, rch f Be rk h am bishop o Cologne . Queen Sanchia died at p 1 2 6 1 stede in November, , and her body was buried at H th e A . ailes, in the bbey Church , before high altar I n 1 2 69 the King o f the Romans married for t h e third B e de F time, choosing a beautiful damsel, eatric alkenstein , o f H o c h stade n A e a niece Conrad von , rchbishop of Cologn , ‘ o n o f o f who, account her beauty, was called the Gem ’

W H e . 1 2 1 th e omen . had no issue by this lady . I n 7

” e o f H o f A body and h art his eldest son , enry lmaine, who o n 1 M had been ruthlessly murdered the 3 th arch , at V o f B e iterbo, in the Church St . laise, w re brought to L n 1 Ma His w as ondon o the 3 th y . heart placed in a vase and buried in Westminster A bbey near the shrine o f E St . dward the Confessor ; his body was honourably ’ t o H carried ailes, and there, by his father s command, delivered fo r burial before the high altar o f the A bbey n Ma H i R o 2 I st o f . s Church the y father, ichard, King o f R Be rkham ste de o n 2 nd A the omans, died at p pril , 1 2 2 o w n 7 , and his body by his order was buried by the in A o f side of Sanchia, his second wife, the bbey Church H t B ailes, but his hear he directed to be buried at eaulieu , and there it was interred . It is not unlikely that this interesting block o f stone was the receptacle for the heart o f this great and good man , and that the second recess in it was intended for the reception of the heart of h is 2 02 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

B R ‘ widow, eatrice , the Queen of the omans and the Gem W ’ B o f . i th O 1 2 omen eatrice died 7 ctober, 77 , and is stated to have been buried b e fore the high altar in th e F M church of the riars inors at Oxford , and her heart may have be en brought to Beaulieu and placed within this ” f t h e S o f o f h e r co ﬁn by ide that husband .

WEET - HEA RT A BBE S Y .

- H A e D s o f C iste r Sweet eart bbey n ar umfries, al o the o s ian Order, was actually built to receive as its mo t trea sured poss ession the h e art o f the never - forgotten L D e v o r u il o f H o f B husband of the ady g , the ouse alliol , s Mr W H u sh e who e romantic story is told by . entworth y “ R M H ” in The oyal anor of itchin , a delightful work, to L which I am indebted for much that follows . The ady D e v o r u il w as o f A L o f g a daughter lan , ord Galloway, by M o f D E H argaret, daughter avid, arl of untingdon , the o f D L grandson avid , King of Scotland .

A b e tte r lady than sc h e w as none

In all t h e Yle of Mare Bre tane .

A N D R EW DE WYNT O N .

H e r B e husband was j ohn de alliol , who succ eded to o f H B 1 2 2 8 the vast estates his father, ugh de alliol, in ; estates which became still more extensive after his marriage w f ith the great heiress of the Lord o Galloway . j ohn de Balliol was appointed in 1 2 5 1 to be one of R o f o n o f the egents Scotland, the marriage the young

A M o f H . King lexander I I I . with argaret, daughter enry I I I o f E ngland . Some years later he quarrelled with the Prince B i shop o f D o ne o f urham , in Whose diocese, his great strong ’ B s e holds, arnard s Castle, was ituated , and was only r ceived back into the fold o f the Church after submitting to a

2 04 A HI ST O RY OF B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

as h e r A nd S h e it though lord were present . when rose t h e se s A nd cour s were di tributed amongst the poor . this s h e A nd never ceased to do while she lived . i n her will S h e ordained that the heart S hould be laid upon her ” —A N DRE w D E W T breast and buried with her . YN ON . I n 1 2 7 5 the Lady D e v o rgu il built upon the River D o f G Nith , near umfries, under the shadow riffel , the A H bbey of the Sweet eart, and upon its completion ’ t h e ca sket containing her husband s heart was placed T h e se e within it . Lady D e v o rgu il de Balliol lived to thre e of her sons succeed to the Balliol estates ; she w as - 1 2 0 twenty two years a widow and died i n 9 , when the s w as Sh e ca ket , no doubt, buried with her, as had directed o f Lane rc o st and before the high altar . I n the Chronicle her death is thus recorded “ F o f A 2 1 8 On the east St . gnes (january 0 in the e e L v ning, passed from this world the noble dame, ady D e v o r u il f B w as o L . g , widow the ord john de alliol She a woman largely endowed with money and lands, both in E ngland and Scotland ; but she had a much richer e o f ndowment in the nobility her heart, being daughter o f A L o f and heiress the magniﬁcent lan , sometime ord Galloway ; she passed from the world full o f years at s B D u D Ca tle arnard, and was buried at Quer oux o — H A o f C eur Sweet eart bbey) in Galloway, a monastery ” Cistercians, which she herself built and endowed .

- D EVOR GUI LLA OR T HE BBE OF T HE S E ET E . , A Y W H ART

’ In gre y Criffe l s lap of granite L es t h e Ab b e s " i y , aintly fair We ll t h e he art that ﬁrst did p lan it Finds h er e arth ly resting there

Wh o f m a e o f w ess ro out an g ildn , L ess e nb e c me awl forc , u ridl d ri , Re ac hed forth w ise h ands in mildness

He lp ful to t h e coming time . T HE MORT UARY RO LL 2 05

’ T he rude Galloway ch i eftain s daughter Me m h e r N m n h ory of or an K ig t , A nd long widow ed sorrow taugh t h e r

T o make good deeds h er de ligh t . as as as as

B me h e e h h - e e and s e m uild r , ig tow r d ol n , Ab b e y ch urch in faire st style e c h u ed c um Point d ar and ﬂ t ol n ,

R ed d n se t e s e . ang ow tran p , nav and ai l

T h ere t h e de ar h e art laid in h oly e t he a s e s b e e Plac , alt r t p for , Dow n she kne lt h e rse lf in lowly

A doration on th at floor .

T e da b sh e e e hith r y y day w nd d, On that same sp ot kne lt and p rayed ; T e e s e all w as e de h r at la t , wh n n d, s With t h e h eart she loved w a laid. as as as as

RI N CI JO N C BE SHA I R P P PAL H AMP L L .

o f La - R The part the y brothers efectory, which is still e s standing, is now a museum ; in it will be found th e and other interesting relics of the past that have been e o f A s discover d amongst the ruins the bbey, and al o s uch docume nts as throw light upon its history during monastic times . HA P E R V C T XXI .

T HE G RA NT O F BEA U LI EU MA NOR T o THOMA S WRI T HESLEY O .

H E e t he lands s de d by which , right , privileges and immuniti e s form e rly b e longing to the A bbat and Mona ste ry of Beauli e u A bbe y were conveyed to Thomas Wrio th e sle y commences as follows

ll r V art 2 IVI P a tent Ro . 3 Hen I I I P . 2 0 . 7 y , .

T h e m . e w King to all to who &c gre e ting . Know y that e as we ll for t h e good a nd acc ep tab l e se rvice to us b y our " b e e d s T m s Wri th e sle Es e lov e rvant ho a o y q . hith rto in many ways b estowe d up on u s as for one t h ousand t hree h undred and ﬁ ft y p ounds six sh illing s and e ig h t p e nc e of our lawful mone y of England we ll and faithfully p aid into t h e hand of t h e T re asure r of t h e Court of A ugme nta tions of t h e re ve nues of our Crown for our use with whi c h w e c onfe ss that w e are c onte nt of our sp ecial grace and of our own c e rtain knowledge and me re motion w e have give n grante d and b y the se p re se nts for u s our h e irs a nd s uc c es s ors do give and grant to t h e same T homas Wrio th es le y h is he irs and assigns all th e house a nd s ite of t h e late Monaste ry ’ of Be aulie u oth erwi se King s Be aulie u in our County of m ” Southa p ton .

— v iz The sum which was paid for the property . , 6 8 d — re re s . . when multiplied by, say, to p s e nt the differe nce in the value o f money in 1 5 3 8 - 9

- s 6 3 8 d . and to day, amount to . , which was pro W bably its full market value at the time . hatever may have happened as regards the other properties which — Thomas Wrio th e sley obtained and they were not a fe w h e did not receive the Manor of Beaulieu as a gift from

1 Some writers multiply b y 1 2 or e ve n b y 2 0.

2 0 8 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

relie fs h e riots vivarie s warren s ﬁ sh e ries turb aries w ays roads vac ant soil and all lib erties franch ises and j urisdic tion s commoditi es and all p roﬁ ts and all and s ingular our othe r rights p rivile ges p ossession s and h e reditame nts of whatsoe ve r nature kind or sp eci e s the y b e or b y wh at s oe ve r names the y may b e known named recognise d or rep ute d situate lying and b e ing in t he vill and p ari sh of ’ Be auli e u othe rwi se King s Be auli e u in our said County of Southamp ton A nd all that close of land calle d (blank in original) lying n e ar o r n e xt t h e b oundaries of t he he said c lose calle d t gre at close of Be aulie u also t h ose our t h re e Ch e s of Bovere Th rou h am and t Le on ap l y g S . ards sit uat e Wit h in t h e b oundarie s of t h e afores aid gre at c l ose Wh ich b el ong ed or app e rtai ne d o r could or migh t b e long or app e rtain to th e late A bb e y of Be aulie u othe r ’ wi se King s Be aulie u in our said County of Southamp ton or to any Abb at of t h e same so fully and e ntire ly and in so amp le a mann er as any Ab b at of t h e same late Mon as te ry forme rly h e ld h ad or e njoyed or could or migh t h old have me o ur h ds h M s or e njoy ca into an in right of t at ona te ry . as as as as PROVIDED A LWAYS that n e ith er th ese o ur l e tte rs p ate nt nor anyth ing in th e m contained should e xte nd to t h e lib erties p rivile ges and immunities of t h e Sanctuari es with in t h e Monaste ry village and limits of t h e gre at c lose of Be au lie u aforesaid h ith e rto u sed claime d o r sold b y th e aforesaid late A bb at a nd Convent o r any of h is p redecessors Wh ich w e declare and p ub lish to b e long ago e xtinct void and annih ilated as also w e annih ilate e xtinguish and ese n s w ess w h e e &c W ss e nact b y these pr t In itn r of . itn e t h e King at T e rlyng 2 9 th day of July ( 1 5 39) By th e King

h imse lf &c . I t is under the terms o f this very comprehensive title deed that the manor o f Beaulieu has been held for upwards - t o f 3 7 0 years and is held t o day . I t is a family radition that j ohn Duke o f Montagu successfully maintained his right under this deed to exemption from the payment o f B all tolls o n his journeys from London to eaulieu . HAP E R XXV C T .

T R T ON OF T HE A BBE T HE DES UC I Y .

Wh o see s these dismal he aps b u t would de mand What b arb arous invade r sac ked t h e land ? But e h e e s T did b wh n l arn no Goth , no urk ring T hi s de solation b u t a Christian King ; Wh en nothing b u t t h e name of z eal app e ars ’ T wixt our b est ac tions and t h e b est of the irs ; d es h e s c e e w d s e What o think our a ril g oul p ar , ’ ? ” Whe n suc h t h effec ts of our de votion are

HO w as respon s ible for the destruction of the A bbey ? Thomas Wrio th e sley o r King Henry V I I I . Mr H Mr Brak s e ar a th e . St . john ope and . p st te that f ormer was the guilty person . T h e whole of the building was syste matically re moved to the foundations by Thomas Wrio th e sle y afte r the ” 1 suppression . A s A e l o , The bbey was surrend red by Thomas Stephens o n A 2 nd I 8 2 th pril , 5 3 . It was not, however, until 9 july, 1 th e A 5 39 , that the site , etc . of bbey was granted in fee Wrio th e sle by letters patent to Thomas y . The greater 2 part of the buildings seem thereupon t o have been pulled down and the materials sold, apparently to be used in the ne w block- houses then in course of construction o n - s the adjacent sea coa ts . B o f The eaulieu river, which up to then had been so th e A e e much service to bb y, now proved to be a chi f factor in its destruction , for it cannot be doubted that

O c 1 it . . 8 . T . he c r m e s a e . p , p 4 itali in 0 2 1 0 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB EY t h e facilitie s afforded by water carriage of the materials o f which it w as buil t i nﬂuenced their use fo r such a e s e n fariou purpos . The building o f block- house s and the fortiﬁcation o f t h e coast were certainly matters which concerned the Wrio th e sle King far more than Thomas y, and we know that the King took a very active share i n that work . H s s s e - ur t Ca tle, Cal hot Castle, two larg block houses at o f Cowes , and probably other smaller works the same kind , were all constructed , at least in part, from materials k B A ta en from eaulieu bbey . The following references t o the two block - houses at “ Cowes are from Collections for the History o f Hamp 1 D R W ” W ’ shire , by . Y . and ichard arner, and from arner s ” 2 History o f Hampshire Leland in his Itinerary thus describes them ‘ c aste lle s Ther be two new , sette up and furnished at the mouth o f N e wp o rte

‘ That that is sette o n the e ste s ide o f the haven is c aullid th e E st Cows ; and that that is sette up at the is W west syde callid the est Cows, and is the bigger o f t ra ec tu s castelle the two . The j between these two ’ c ast e lle s m le is a good y . Of these, Camden cites some L L atin verses made by eland, which are thus translated by Bishop Gibson

“ T h e e C s h d h e two gr at ow , t at in lou t und r roar, T s t h e e as e th t t h e es e sh e hi on t rn , a on w t rn or , W e re e h N wp ort e nters state ly Wight . These fortiﬁcations were probably raised by the King about the year 1 5 3 9 o r 1 5 40 when alarms o f foreign invasions had circulated through the kingdom ; and it r was deemed p udent, in consequence thereof, to put the f ” coasts i n a proper state o defence .

Vo l I . . . . . 2 0 . , p . 3 . Vol II , p 7

2 1 2 A HI ST O RY OF B EA U LI E U A BB E Y t he Barbican o f the Towre wol bee re adie by Michaelmas e c o vrin A nd if th y may knowe where to have g for it . i n that the Kinge s Maj este is re so lv id that there s halb e le d e asw e l s B th e (l ad) takin for the aid arbican , as Towre s le ade s B fo r it elf, of the that arr at eanley so that delivery of t h e sam e Maistre Wrio th isle y must make a w arrau nt " 1 h is and Grace wol signe it . From the following letter it is clear that the King ’ s workmen were actually e ngaged upon the destruction o f the beautiful building which had doubtless for many o f r generations been the pride the count y around . 1 o f 5 39 . Certiﬁcate Thomas Kanner, clerk, surveyor ’ Multo n of the King s works, j ohn , master mason , and R L A j ohn ussell , master carpenter, to the ord dmiral , concerning the making o f two block - houses at E ast Cowe ” 2 W o f W and est Cow in the Isle ight . They ﬁnd the foundation o f the block- house at E st

Co we digged and the wall brought up 4 feet above ground . Have set 1 7 0 persons to work to ﬁnish it according to the platte devised by the King . Their wages will amount to f f 1 1 6 3 8 d . . o £ 3 . a month The carriage stu f, taking down M f B th e o & c . stone at onasteries eaulieu and Quarre, , will 1 6 A t W amount to £ 0 a month . est Cowe the expenses 6 1 5 d will be the same . Total for both houses , £ 5 4 3 . 4 .

Can ﬁnish it by M ichaelmas o r sooner with more men . M o w lto n Signed Thomas Canner, Clerke ; j ohn , R M . asson ; john ussell , Carpenter Fancy describing the stones o f Beaulieu A bbey as stuff I — Schoolboys can work o u t the following I f 1 7 0 men 6 8 d 1 1 s . . earn £ 3 a month , how many men were pulling down Beaulieu A bbey and Q uarr A bbey

E s : O Le e s and e e s v o l . Le e C . lli riginal tt r , S ri , tt r XXII “ 2 Le e s an d ers F e and o mes t h e e tt r Pap , or ign D tic, of r ign of V l 1 Hen XI . . 6 N . ry VIII , , 4 ( o T HE D E ST RUCT I ON O F T HE A BB E Y 2 1 3

T h e following letter from o ne o f th e vi s itors appointe d

‘ by Cromwell to rece ive the surrender of j o re v al A bbey in Yorkshire is equally convincing evidence that it was e e the King and his m rcenary minister, Cromw ll , who were re sponsible fo r th e destruction o f the A bbeys o f E th e Cistercians in ngland . Burton has the following letter to Lord Cromwe ll from o ne of the visitors o f this A bbey in the time of ‘ H e V nry I I I ,

Ple asyth e your lordsh i p t o be adv e rtyse d I have take n down all the lead o f j e rv aux and made it into p ec ys o f 2 am o u nte th th e o f half fodders, which lead to number e e ighte n score and five fodders, with thirty and four fodders and a half that were th e re before : and the said c o nv e it lead cannot be , nor carried until the next sombre , fo r s c o u ntre so the way in that are foul and deep , that r a w re A nd c o nc e rn in e th e no c a y ge can pass in ynt . as g H l ’ raising and taking down the ouse , if it be your ordship s ple asure I am minded to let it stand to the next spring o f o f no w so the year, by reason the days are short it A nd would be double charges to do it now . as con c e rn in e th e s o f g elling the bells , I cannot sell them above fifteen shillings the hundred ; wherein I would gladly ’ s o s know your lordship s pleasure, whether I h uld ell o r L them after that price, send them up to ondon and c ar a e if they be sent up, surely the y g will be costly from e A B e . nd that plac to the wat r as for ridlington , I have e as s a re th M don nothing there yet, but p y it to arch next, b e cause the days are no w so very short ; and from such e as t o u tim I begin , I trust shortly dispatch it after s ch s a fa hion , that when all is finished, I trust your lordship hath appointed me to doo and thus the Holy Ghos t

e e e e e . A t v r pr s rv your lordship in honour York , this

Du M V 2 o n . A b . . . . d r l s 6 . e g , , vol , p 5 7 fod 2 1 4 A HI ST O RY OF B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

’ 1 t h 1 8 . B ,4 day of November 5 3 y your lordship s most bounden beadman , RI HAR B E LLYC I S C D .

I t is evide nt from this l e tter that in th e minds o f tho se who for mercena ry reasons we re be nt upo n the de struction the th e t of abbeys , lead upon the roofs was more importan o f e than the stone which they were built, and we l arn F o ne o f s by a letter from j ohn reman , the visitor to “ th Ma Cromwell , dated 7 y, that since the surrender Be u laie e of some lead has been embezzl d . I f any doubts should still remain as to who was really responsible the following ought to set it at rest

F t o th e L P j ohn reman ord rivy Seal , that the razing of the A bbeys o f Lincoln s hire would be costly 2 to the King .

It may please your good Lordship t o understand that ’ the King s Commission commande th me to pull down o f to the ground all the walls the churches, steeples , C all e loisters, fraters, dorters , chapter houses, with oth r

r fo r . houses saving them that be necessa y a farmer Sir, there be more great Houses i n Lincol nshire than be i n E s o f i all ngland be ide suppressed, their w th thick walls and most part of them va uted and few buye rs o f o r either stone , glass slate, which might help the f f W e charges o plucking down o them . h refore I certify L your ordship that it will be chargeable to the King , o f the down pulling them , if I should follow the Com t h e e mission , by l ast one thousand marks within the e e c shire . Ther for I think it were best, to avoid this harge , t o s e take ﬁr t down the b lls and the lead, which I am ff ne r about to do , for I had both plumber and y (ﬁner)

e e s He n . . . 1 . 4 . Sat Pap r , VIII , vol 3 , p 9 9 2 Le e . E s O Le e s rd e es . . . lli , riginal tt r , 3 S ri , vol III , p tt r 35 9

A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB E Y

S o care fully h as it be e n guarded by the Italian Govern

- th e ment that as to day the visitor enters church , the last monk might be leaving by some back door ; not a s ingle piec e o f the beautiful inlaid marble frontals o f the is o r altars missing defaced , and the church in every s e o f part, the cloi ters , and the s parate houses the monks are all as perfect as when their owners were forced to s urrender them .

T HE E T ME T V S N S .

T h e e ordinary v stments used in the abbeys were , e o n appar ntly, usually sold the spot to help to pay the expense s of the Commissioners ; more costly ve stme nts “ e L o f e were s nt to ondon . Scores ( vestments) , chi ﬂy of e o f o r cloth of gold and silv r, tissue worked in pearls , ’ ” “ were preserved for the King s use . Thus, a set of cloth o f gold with ornaments o f blue velvet and three altar frontals from Beaulieu 1 were saved from the general L ” sales and s e nt up to ondon .

1 ’ E A ff T e s s R i s t . o e . e e R . O u . xch . , g , r a ur r oll , , quot d in Ga qu t , 8 o cit . . 1 . p. , vol . II . , p 4 CHA PTE R XXV L

E T HE LAY OWNERS OF T HE MANOR OF BEA U LI U .

H E first lay owner o f t he Manor was descended Wrio the sle W o r Wr th e from Sir j ohn y, rith y , Garter King - o f- A rms and Faucon H e rald in th e e He VI E V - o f-A . I r igns of nry and dward . Norroy King rms , 1 47 7 ; and he ad of the College o f Heralds on its incor rati n 1 H o o 8 . e 1 0 p 4 3 died in 5 4 . Wrio th e sle o f Sir john y had two sons, whom the e W H the o f s lder, illiam, York erald , was father Thoma W rio th e sle B M . y, the first lay owner of eaulieu anor The s W 1 8 e econd , Thomas, was aterford pursuivant, 4 9 Gart r - o f- A 1 0 f s King rms, 5 4 ; o ficiated at joust held at Tournai , 1 1 F A o f A 5 3 ; knighted by erdinand , rchduke ustria, at e H . e 1 Nur mberg died in 5 3 4, leaving antiquarian and e h raldic manuscripts and collections .

T HE F E A BBE I RST LAY OWNER OF BEA U LI U Y .

h o mas W riot h es l w as 1 0 T ey born in 5 5 , and was ’ ’ e H o r e ducated at King s all St . j ohn s College , Cambridg ’ o f S 1 0 1 clerk ignet, 5 3 entered Gray s Inn , 5 34 ; graver o f e L 1 6 t o R the Tow r of ondon , 5 3 ; ambassador egent o f e M e H t o the N therlands, ary, Que n of ungary, propose e He V th e D o f a marriag between nry I I I . and uchess M 1 8 o f o f 1 ilan , 5 3 ; Knight Shire Southampton , 5 39 ; 1 0 1 0 e j oint principal secretary, 5 4 knighted, 5 4 Constabl o f 1 1 1 e s Southampton Castle , 5 4 formulated ( 543) off n ive

e s V H V . and defensive leagu between Charle . and enry I I I ,

s o f F 1 . which resulted in the joint inva ion rance, 5 44 H e Baron W riot h e le 1 L was created s y, 5 44 ord Chancellor,

1 K . G . 1 H e V o ne o f 544 ; , 5 45 ; appointed by n ry I I I . his 2 1 8 A HI ST O RY o r B EA U LI E U A BB E Y e e s P E V I x cutor and rivy Councillor to dward . ; created E arl o f S out hampt o n 1 5 47 deprived o f ofﬁce fo r issuing commissions to four civilians to hear chancery cases in h is ab sence without consulting his fellow executors ; ’ re - 1 8 W admitted to Council c . 5 4 ; joined arwick s B o f opposition to Thomas Seymour, aron Seymour Sudeley, P W and the rotector ; abandoned by arwick, and struck ff s f 1 0 H 1 0 o o . e li t Councillors , 5 5 died in 5 5 .

H e nr W riot h e s le s ec on E arl o f S out h am t o n y y, d p , E l B 1 H n . e in s o o f the ﬁrst ar . orn in 545 became M o f s volved in a scheme for marrying ary, Queen Scot , t h e D o f 1 6 to uke Norfolk, 5 9 , and was arrested and o f L conﬁned in the Tower ondon for conspiracy, with R 1 6 —1 H e 1 8 1 oman Catholics, 5 9 5 7 3 . died i n 5 .

H n W ri h l t hird l out h am t o n e ry ot es ey, E ar o f S p .

' B 1 f t h e se c nd E H e orn in 5 7 3 ; son o o arl . was the ’ o f M A e patron Shakespeare ; . . , St . john s Colleg , Cam ’ c F bridge entered Gray s I nn be ame patron of john lorio , A an author, who was reader in Italian to Queen nne , P F ’ and groom to the rivy Chamber . ( lorio s chief publica a -E D 1 8 tions were a great It lian nglish ictionary, 5 9 , edited ’ by T o rriano ( 1 6 5 9 ) and a translation o f Montaigne s E ssays . ) H e E 1 0 was presented to Queen lizabeth , 5 9 Shake “ e V A 1 spear dedicated to him enus and donis in 5 9 3 , “ ” L 1 He is and ucrece, 5 9 4 . sometimes identiﬁed with the anonymous friend and patron described by Shakespeare h is s H e in onnets . involved himself in an intrigue with ’ E e V o ne o f e lizab th ernon , the Queen s waiting wom n , 6 V 1 1 . 5 9 5 , and withdrew from Court, 5 9 olunteer under

E 1 6 A 1 . ssex in expeditions to Cadiz, 5 9 , and zores, 5 9 7 A R P s ccompanied Sir obert Cecil on an embassy to ari , 1 5 9 8 ; secretly married E lizabeth Vernon and incurred ’ E E e Queen lizabeth s displeasure went with ss x to Ireland , ’ e and became involved in E ssex s conspiracy . Ord red

2 2 0 A HI S T O R Y OF B EA U LI E U ABB E Y

D R A evonshire , utland , thole , Northumberland , and

Buccleuch .

c o - E e The e ldest daughter and heiress, lizabeth , marri d P E o f j ocelyn ercy . eleventh arl Northumberland , who

1 6 0 . died in 7 She married as her second husband ,

M o nt a u E M R alp h g , son of dward ontagu , second M o f B R M w as Baron ontagu oughton . alph ontagu 1 66 1 6 6 s L X I V . ambas ador extraordinary to ouis , 9 and 7 ; h e unsuccessfully endeavoured to get Monmouth declared o f W F 1 68 0 as Prince ales ; retired to rance , ; succeeded o n M o nt a u 1 68 t o E o n th e Bar g , 4, and returned ngland accession of james took up William ’ s cause at the Revolution ; Privy Councillor and created Vis c ount M ont h e rme r E arl of M o nt a u 1 6 8 e and g , 9 marri d , E o f secondly, lizabeth Cavendish , widow Christopher M D A 1 6 2 M ar u is onck , second uke of lbemarle , 9 became q H o f M o nt h e rme r Duk e of M ont a u 1 0 . e and g , 7 5 had I s sue,

o n s e c ond Duk e o f M o nt a u so n o f D e J h , g , the ﬁrst uk , s e e D 1 0 L H e ucc eded as s cond uke, 7 9 ; ord igh Constabl I 2 0th 1 1 at the Coronation of George . , October , 7 4 ; L L o f W e ord ieutenant Northamptonshire and arwickshir , 1 1 M D th 1 1 F 7 5 ; . . of Cambridge, October 7 , 7 7 ; ellow o f R o f P 1 1 F th e the oyal College hysicians, 7 7 ; ellow of K 1 1 1 G . 8 f R . o oyal Society and , 7 ; Colonel the st Troop H s 1 1 —2 1 1 o f t h e of or e Guards , 7 3 and 7 3 7 ; Knight B M 1 2 e o f ath and Grand aster, 7 5 ; bear r the Sceptre i with the Cross at the Coronat on of King George I I . , 1 2 o f W 1 — M 7 7 ; Governor of the Isle ight, 7 3 3 3 4 ; ember o f P 1 6 L - H e the rivy Council , 7 3 ; ieutenant General of ors , 1 H 1 6 M 7 3 9 ; General of orse, 74 ; aster General of the

1 2 - o ne o f L o f th e Ordnance, 74 49 ; the ords justices R 1 1 8 D 1 6 1 th e ealm , 745 to 74 . ied july th , 749 , when title became extinct . T HE LAY OWN E RS OF T HE MA NO R O F B EA U LI E U 2 2 1

He c o - e had issue two daughters and heiresses, I sab l M E H and ary . Isabel married dward ussey, who later th e o f H - M w as took name ussey ontagu, and created Lord Beaulie u of Beaulieu 1 6 2 E arl of Beau ie u in 7 , and l in 1 8 M Brude nell E 7 4. ary married George , fourth arl o f M 1 D o f . Cardigan , who was created uke ontagu in 7 7 3 The property was for a time divided equally between the d L B a e two aughters, but subsequently ord eaulieu bec m th e 1 8 0 2 sole owner . On his death , in , without issue , it s E liz ab et h o f M D o f pa sed to , the daughter ary, uchess M . E e H D o f ontagu lizab th married enry, third uke B l ucc euch , and had issue,

h ar e s William H enr fourt h Duk e of Buc c e uc h C l y, l ue e nsb e rr B 1 2 H e and . Q y . orn 77 was succeeded by W alt e r F ranc is ﬁ ft h Duk e of Buc c le uc h his son , , , who L A o f married ady Charlotte nne Thynne, daughter the M s o f B W H W arqui ath , and had issue illiam enry alte r M Do Duk ontagu uglas Scott, sixth and present e o f Buc c euc h He nr oh n Dou las S c ot t w h o o n l , and y J g , , e M o f B e D succe ding to the ontagu estates eauli u , itton P th e o f e th e o f ark, and manor Clithero , added name H M . e 1 8 8 ﬁ rs Baron M ont a u ontagu was created, 5 , t g o f Be au ie u 1 0 l , and died in 9 5 , when he was succeeded s o n by his ,

ohh W a t e r E dward Dou las S c ot t -M ont a u s ec ond J l g g , Baron M o nt a u of Beau ie u 1 1 1 e g l , the present ( 9 ) own r M B e . L M 1 8 8 L of eauli u anor ord ontagu married, 9 , ady V o f Cecil ictoria Constance, daughter the ninth Marqui s o f L H e othian , by whom he has two daughters, el n and E lizabeth Susan . A C H RONO LOG Y O F B E A U LI E U A B B E Y M A D 1 — FR . 2 0 1 O . 4 5 39 .

A D 1 2 0 . . . 3 h — \ i b t . Vr s ss d h Ab e F July 5 t i ue re lating to t e y of aringdon .

2 0 1 4. . A s 1 — Le e m t h e C s e A b b is ugu t 6 . tt r fro King John to i t rcian a “ a sking for aid for t h e Ab b e y wh ic h w e have " s founded in t h e Ne w Fore t . - b T h e Fe ast of Pe ntecost . A rrival of t h e Ab at s e and monk from Cit aux .

1 2 0 — 4 5 . — h h b 2 T he F n C e e A b e . January 5 t h . ou dation art r of t y signe d

1 2 05 .

e e mb e 1 h - F s J h b S p t r 2 t . ir t gift of King o n for uilding our b A b e y .

1 2 06 . — M s n J h n . ay l gt h . Vi it of Ki g o

8 1 2 0 .

M h 2 rd —En c e n e c c e . ar 3 . gland p la d u d r an Int rdi t

1 2 1 2 . — e e e 1 8 h s J h . D c mb r t . Vi it of King o n

1 2 1 3 . — M ch 1 t h s o f J n . ar 9 . Vi it King oh Ab b at Hugh goe s to Rome as Envoy of t h e i K ng . M —T h e e c e m aya Int rdi t r oved .

1 2 1 6 .

Oc b e 1 t h — e h t h e F e to r 9 D at of ound r King John .

2 2 4 A HI ST O RY O F B EA U LI E U A BB EY

1 2 85 . c b e s O to r 2 I t . s E 1 s n a d , e 1 }Vi it of Ki g dw r Nove mb r 5 t h .

1 88 2 .

W m C w me A bb Ne w e nh am Dan illia of orn all , for rly at of , b e t h e A b b e uri d in y .

1 2 9 3 .

e emb e 6 th and t h — s E S pt r 9 Vi it of King dward I .

e e de Ch h es e A bb P t r ic t r, at .

1 3 1 1 .

E e d e E d I b h b b w . e t e A e . l ana , aught r of d ar , uri d in y

1 2 3 5 .

' s s }Vi it of King Edw ard II .

1 340 .

e b — m S p te m e r 7 th . Willia de Hameldo n lice n sed to re c e ive b e e as Ab b n diction at .

1 1 34 .

T h e Ab b at s e d fre from atte ndanc e at Parliament .

1 3 7 2 .

V A d — l r s 2 2 n . a t e He b b ugu t V rring e lected A at .

1 39 0.

n r 6 h — h A b t . e b Ja ua y D at of at Walter.

1 39 2 . — b A s 1 8 h T ide man de Winc h ec o mb e e e ed Ab . ugu t t . l ct at

1 3 9 3 °

—" July 5 th T h e A b b at e lec te d Bi sh op of Llandaff. A C HRONO LOGY O F B E A U L I E U A BB E Y 2 2 5

1 39 4

— R d M d e e e Ab April 2 2 nd ic hard e i dl ton l c ted b at .

1 3 9 7 — C mm ss . Marc h 1 6 t h . o i ion of Inquiry — uc es e e ec e A b b A Ma 2 0th . b b R y . John of Glo t r l t d at at ichard

dep osed .

1 400 .

d es e d f c e Ric hard de Mid le ton r tor to o ﬁ .

2 1 4 5 .

William Sulb ury e lec te d Ab b at .

1 42 7 .

Abb at summon ed to We stmins te r to p roduc e p roofs o f righ t of

Sanc tuary .

1 42 9 .

William Wob urn e lec te d Ab b at .

1 47 1 . — A 1 t h ee M e A c e Ed d th e p ril 5 Qu n argar t of njou , Prin war , and C ess W c e c r ount of arwi k tak San tua y .

1 489 .

— He A s 1 8 . s ugu t th Vi it of King nry VII .

A b b at Humphre y e le c te d .

1 49 7

b c e s Pe rkin War e k tak Sanc tuary .

1 49 9

A s 1 t h — s e ugu t 9 . Vi it of King H nry VII . T m s Sk e v n t o n c e e ec e d A b b ho a y g or Pa l t at . P 2 2 6 A H I ST R O F E A U LI E U A E O Y B BB Y .

1 5 09 .

—Ab b T m s c sec d B s e 1 t h . e B r Jun 7 at ho a on rat i hop of ango . — t h — s i H A s t h 1 . ugu t 7 3 Vi it of K ng e nry VIII . B e ec e A b b John rowning l t d at .

1 5 33

— Ab b T m s B s B b h e A b e . e t b e . j un at ho a , i hop of angor , uri d in y

1 5 36 .

M — m e s e b b arc h T ho as Ste v n e l c te d A at .

1 5 38 . — e de t h e A bb e . Ap ril 2 . Surr n r of y

1 5 39

Sale o f t h e Ab b e y and Manor to T homas Wrio t h esley .

De struc tion of th e b uildings b y orde r of King He nry VIII .

2 2 8 I ND EX

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