Heritage Assessment Milldam House, Great Hucklow, Derbyshire

Client: Mrs Sheila Briggs

Technical Report: Ian Miller

Report No: 2017/58

Site Location: The study area comprises Milldam House, which lies on the north- western fringe of Great Hucklow, in the Peak District National Park, Derbyshire

NGR: Centred on NGR 417650 378010

Project: Milldam House, Great Hucklow, Derbyshire

Internal Ref: SA/2017/58

Prepared for: Mrs Sheila Briggs

Document Title: Milldam House, Great Hucklow, Derbyshire

Document Type: Heritage Assessment

Version: Version 2.0

Author: Ian Miller Position: Assistant Director of Archaeology Date: September 2017

Contact: Salford Archaeology, Centre for Applied Archaeology, LG 19 – 25 Peel Building, University of Salford, the Crescent, Salford, M5 4WU.

Telephone: 0161 295 4467 Email: [email protected]

Disclaimer:

This document has been prepared by the Centre for Applied Archaeology, University of Salford for the titled project or named part thereof and should not be used or relied upon for any other project without an independent check being undertaken to assess its suitability and the prior written consent and authority obtained from the Centre for Applied Archaeology. The University of Salford accepts no responsibility or liability for the consequences of this document being used for a purpose other than those for which it was commissioned. Other persons/parties using or relying on this document for other such purposes agrees, and will by such use or reliance be taken to confirm their agreement to indemnify the University of Salford for all loss or damage resulting therefrom. The University of Salford accepts no liability or responsibility for this document to any other party/persons than by whom it was commissioned.

Contents

Summary 3

1. Introduction 4

2. Method Statement 8

3. Contextual Background 11

4. Overview of the Building 22

5. The Setting 32

6. Significance and Impact 36

7. Conclusion 38

Sources 39

Summary

In July 2017, Salford Archaeology was commissioned by Mrs Sheila Briggs to produce a Heritage Assessment of Milldam House in Great Hucklow, Derbyshire (centred on NGR 391050 389460). Milldam House lies on the north-western edge of the Great Hucklow Conservation Area, within the Peak District National Park, and comprises a two-storey, double-fronted property that formed part of the mid-19th-century Milldam lead-mining complex. Milldam Mine was one of the largest lead mines in the local area, and played a significant role in the 19th-century development of Great Hucklow. The Heritage Assessment was required to inform and support the design proposal for the refurbishment of the Milldam House, including the addition a two-storey extension to the rear. The Heritage Assessment has aimed to identify the key heritage assets that may be affected by the development and to assist the planning authority in considering the harm of the proposals on those assets. The report considers the heritage significance and setting of the key assets using desk-based research and analysis on site, and explores the effect of the development on that significance. Consideration has also been afforded to the potential for the site to contain buried remains of archaeological interest. In line with the requirements of the National Planning Policy Framework, the report considers any measures that should be taken to mitigate any harm to significance that may be identified. Based on a review of the available documentary sources and a visual inspection of the property and its environs, it is concluded that Milldam House is of some local significance as a physical reminder of the historic lead-mining industry in Great Hucklow, visible evidence for which has been largely removed from the modern landscape. Refurbishment and adaptation of this currently vacant building for sustainable long-term use will undoubtedly be beneficial to the historic character of the area, whilst the proposed removal of a modern porch will enable the distinctive arched entrance in the front elevation of the building to be revealed, allowing it to be more easily recognised as a former industrial building. Modern alterations to the internal configuration will also be reversed, returning the ground floor to its original open-plan form via the removal of late partitions and an inserted stair. The proposed two-storey extension to the rear of the historic building will impart negligible harm to the setting of the non-designated Milldam House and the Great Hucklow Conservation Area as it will be largely obscured from view from public vantage points. On balance, delivery of the development proposals will enhance the heritage assets, and can be seen as beneficial to the character of the Great Hucklow Conservation Area. The proposed development similarly has no potential to impact on buried remains of archaeological interest, and it is concluded that intrusive investigation of the site in advance of development is not merited.

1. Introduction

1.1 Planning Background In July 2017, Salford Archaeology was commissioned by Mrs Sheila Briggs to produce a Heritage Assessment of Milldam House in Great Hucklow, Derbyshire. The building formed part of a mid-19th-century lead-mining complex, known as Milldam Mine. The house is not afforded statutory designation as a listed building, although it does lie on the edge of the Great Hucklow Conservation Area, and is within the Peak District National Park. The Heritage Assessment was required to provide an archaeological perspective on the significance of the building to inform a planning application that is being prepared for a proposed development. This approach is in line with the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), which requires significance to be assessed when changes are proposed to heritage assets, and for the impact of proposals to be assessed in relation to significance. The Heritage Statement has also briefly considered the potential for the buried archaeological remains to survive within the proposed development area. Milldam House has been empty for several years, and the development proposals allow for its repair and refurbishment for use as a family dwelling. This will include the removal of a 20th-century concrete porch to expose the original arched cart entrance at the front of the house, and the erection of a two-storey extension on an area of hard standing at the rear of the property. The extension will comprise an entrance porch, a bedroom and a bathroom on the first floor and additional living space on the ground floor. The proposed development is focused entirely upon Milldam House, and does not allow for any alterations to two small detached buildings that formed part of the original lead- mining complex and lie within the boundary of the site. These buildings comprise a single-storey blacksmith’s shop and a tall single-storey building that is thought to have housed a winding engine for the mine, although this awaits corroboration. Both of these ancillary buildings are in reasonable condition, but both are currently vacant, contributing to the disused appearance of the site.

1.2 Legislative Framework 1.2.1 National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) National planning policies on the conservation of the historic environment are set out the NPPF, which was published in March 2012. This document sets out the Governments planning policies for England and how these are to be applied, providing the key framework for decision making. Chapter 12 of the framework specifically deals with the conservation the historic environment and provides local planning authorities with guidance on how to conserve their heritage assets in a manner appropriate to their significance. The guidance notes set out in the NPPF are summarised:

• Policies 128 and 129 require local authorities to ensure they have a proportionate assessment of significance before determining applications that affect heritage assets. Policy 129 relates to development affecting the setting of a heritage asset and states that they should ‘avoid or minimise conflict between the heritage asset’s conservation and any aspect of the proposal’; • Policy 131 requires local authorities to take account of the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets, and putting them to viable uses consistent with their conservation. Account also needs to be made of the positive contribution that conservation of heritage assets can make to sustainable communities including their economic vitality, and the desirability of new development making a positive contribution to local character and distinctiveness; • Policy 132 relates to proposals affecting designated heritage assets, including advice on the relationship between the level of the asset’s significance and the level of harm that a proposal may cause. The Policy states that: ‘Significance can be harmed or lost through alteration or destruction of the heritage asset or development within its setting. As heritage assets are irreplaceable, any harm or loss should require clear and convincing justification’; • Policy 134 states that: ‘Where a development proposal will lead to less than substantial harm to the significance of a designated heritage asset, this harm should be weighed against the public benefits of the proposal, including securing its optimum viable use’; • Policy 140 advises that: ‘local planning authorities should assess whether the benefits of a proposal for enabling development, which would otherwise conflict with planning policies but which would secure the future conservation of a heritage asset, outweigh the dis-benefits of departing from those policies’. • Policy 141 states that: ‘Local planning authorities…should also require developers to record and advance understanding of the significance of any heritage assets to be lost (wholly or in part) in a manner proportionate to their importance…’.

1.2.2 Peak District National Park: Local Development Framework The NPPF outlines the need for local planning policies to create local plans and frameworks to implement the NPPF at a local level. The Local Development Framework Core Strategy (adopted in 2011) sets out the vision, objectives and spatial strategy for the Peak District National Park, and core policies to guide development and change in the National Park to 2026. Given the location of the proposals site within the National Park, all of the General Spatial Polices of the Core Strategy are relevant to the potential redevelopment of Milldam House:

• GSP1 states that all development in the National Park ‘must be consistent with the Park’s legal purposes and duty’ (ie with the conservation purpose of the National Park’s statutory designation) and that ‘where National Park purposes can be secured, opportunities must be taken to contribute to the sustainable development of the area’; • GSP2 says that proposals ‘will need to demonstrate that they offer significant overall benefit to the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage of the area. They should not undermine the achievement of other Core Policies’; • GSP3 states that ‘Development must respect, conserve and enhance all valued characteristics of the site and buildings that are subject to the development proposals’ and goes on to list criteria such as ‘impact on the character and settings of buildings’, siting, landscaping and building materials’, and ‘design in accordance with the National Park Authority Design Guide’; • GSP4 relates to the use of planning conditions and legal agreements to secure the benefits of a development. Core Strategy policy L1 refers to protection of the special landscape quality of the National Park and requires that ‘development must conserve and enhance valued landscape character….’ Core Strategy policy L3 states that ‘development must conserve and where appropriate enhance or reveal the significance of archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic assets and their settings, including statutory designations and other heritage assets of international, national, regional or local importance or special interest.’

1.2.3 Saved Local Plan Policies The Peak District Planning Authority Local Plan (2001) is in the process of being replaced. The Local Development Framework Core Strategy, adopted in 2011, will be supported by a new Local Plan, which is currently under development. Meanwhile, the 2001 Local Plan contains a number of detailed operational policies that are still valid under NPPF and the adopted Core Strategy and these will continue to be so until the Local Plan has been fully replaced. Amongst the saved policies, the following are relevant to the redevelopment of Milldam House. Policy LC4 relating to design quality stresses the requirement that new development is of a ‘high standard that respects, conserves and where possible it enhances the landscape, built environment and other valued characteristics of the area.’ Policy LC8 refers to the conversion of buildings of historic or vernacular merit, and notes that ‘Conversion of a building of historic or vernacular merit to a use other than that for which it was designed will be permitted provided that:

i. it can accommodate the new use without changes that would adversely affect its character (such changes include significant enlargement or other alteration to form and mass, inappropriate new window spacings or doorways, and major rebuilding); and ii. the new use does not lead to changes to the building's curtilage or require new access or services that would adversely affect its character or have an adverse impact on its surroundings.’ There are other Local Plan policies of relevance to the development proposals for Milldam House, such as housing policies (eg LH1 which permits the conversion of an existing building of traditional design and materials in the countryside for affordable housing, in certain circumstances, and LH4 concerning the design of extensions and alterations to existing dwellings), waste management policies and transport policies (which cover access and parking), but these are not solely heritage-related and it is thus not appropriate to quote them in full in this Heritage Assessment.

1.2.4 Supplementary Planning Documents The Peak District National Park Authority’s Supplementary Planning Documents include the Detailed Design Guide for Alterations and Extensions, adopted in July 2014, which elaborates on the requirements of Core Strategy policy L3 and Saved Local Plan Policy LH4. The assessment of the development proposals in section 8 has been made with cognisance of the recommendations of this guide.

1.2.5 Great Hucklow Parish Plan The Great Hucklow Parish Plan, published in 2006, was also consulted during the compilation of the Heritage Assessment. The Parish Plan culminated in a series of Action Plans, although none of these are relevant to the proposed extension to Milldam House.

2. Method Statement

2.1 Objectives The principal objective of the Heritage Assessment was to provide an archaeological perspective on the relative significance of Milldam House, and to facilitate an informed decision to be taken with regard to its future. This was achieved by carrying out desk- based research and a visual inspection of the building and its environs to provide an understanding of potential impact of the proposed development on the heritage asset and the setting of the historic environment. The Heritage Assessment has also considered the potential for buried remains of archaeological interest to survive in-situ within the proposed development area.

2.2 Defining Significance When applied to an historic building, the term ‘significance’ can be taken to have several definitions. The first is importance, suggesting that there is something about the site that is valuable, has status and should not be ignored. A site may be important because it is a rare survival, or the earliest known example of its type. It may represent a benchmark in terms of the application of technological development, or be a typical example of such sites. The level to which a site has remained intact is also an important factor in determining its value. The next is the idea of conveying meaning, implying that the site is a source of knowledge. Finally, there is the concept of a sign, that the building is symbolic, and acts as a pointer to something beyond itself. The significance of any site is to a large extent embodied in its surviving fabric, which can retain evidence for how the building developed and was adapted over time. Assessing significance is a key principle for managing change to heritage assets, and is embedded within current government policy; NPPF policies 127 and 128 (CLG, National Planning Policy Framework, 2012). A key objective in the NPPF is ‘the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets and putting them to viable uses consistent with their conservation …’ (NPPF para 126). The NPPF advises that the more significant the heritage asset the greater the presumption in favour of its conservation (policy 132). In their Conservation Principles Policies and Guidance, Historic England has identified four areas of heritage values, which will be considered in determining the overall significance of Milldam House (English Heritage 2008): • Evidential: this derives from the potential of a place to yield evidence about past human activity. This includes physical remains as the primary source of evidence and the people and cultures that made them. Significantly, where there is a lack of written records the importance of the material record increases;

• Historical: this originates from the ways in which past people, events and aspects of life can be connected through a place to the present. This may include illustrative value, such as its connection to an important development, such as technology, or associative value, such as the connection to an important event or person; • Aesthetic: this is derived from the ways in which people draw sensory and intellectual stimulation from a place or building. These may be related to the design of a place, for example, through defensive reasons, or the informal development over time, such as the relationship of structures to their setting; • Communal: this derives from the meaning of a place for the people who relate to it, this includes commemorative, symbolic, social and spiritual value. For example, some places may be important for reminding us of uncomfortable events in national history.

Within these categories, significance can be measured according to hierarchical levels; the most usual levels are: • Exceptional: an asset important at the highest national or international levels, including Scheduled Monuments, Grade I and II* listed buildings and World Heritage Sites. The NPPF advises that substantial harm should be wholly exceptional; • High: a designated asset important at a regional level and also at a national level, including Grade II listed buildings and conservation areas. The NPPF advises that substantial harm should be exceptional; • Medium: an undesignated asset important at a local to regional level, including local (non-statutory) listed buildings or those that make a positive contribution to the setting of a listed building or to a conservation area. May include less significant parts of listed buildings. Buildings and parts of structures in this category should be retained where possible, although there is usually scope for adaptation; • Low: structure or feature of very limited heritage or other cultural value and not defined as a heritage asset. May include insignificant interventions to listed buildings, and buildings that do not contribute positively to a conservation area. The removal or adaptation of structures in this category is usually acceptable where the work will enhance a related heritage asset; • Negative: structure or feature that harms the value of a heritage asset. Wherever practicable, removal of negative features should be considered, taking account of setting and opportunities for enhancement.

2.3 Research Sources

The assessment considers the potential impact of the proposed development upon the historic character of Milldam House and the setting of the Conservation Area, and any buried archaeological remains within the application site (referred to herein as the Site Area), and comprises a desk-based study coupled with a site inspection of the building. The aim of the research was to provide the relevant historical and archaeological background relating to the development of the site. The available sequence of historical mapping was the principal source of information, as this provides evidence for the development of the Site Area since the mid-19th century. The study focused on the proposed development area (ie Milldam House), although all known designated and non-designated heritage assets (including known archaeological events registered in the Derbyshire Historic Environment Record and the Peak District National Park Authority’s Sites and Monuments Record) within a 1km radius of the site have been taken into consideration to provide contextual background. A 1km ‘buffer zone’ has been chosen, as this forms a study area of a size appropriate to the proposed development, and adequately captures the context of Milldam House in relation to the historic settlement of Great Hucklow. The desk-based assessment made use of the following sources: • published and unpublished cartographic, documentary and photographic sources; • the Derbyshire Historic Environment Record; • Peak District National Park Authority’s Sites and Monuments Record (including the Castleton Historic Landscape Characterisation); • the National Heritage List for England; • the Derbyshire Record Office; • historical newspapers and trade directories.

The production of the assessment followed the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA) standard and guidance for undertaking archaeological desk-based assessments (Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment, 2014).

2.4 Site Inspection and Survey

The aim of the site inspection was to relate the findings of the desk-based study to the existing land use of the Site Area in order to identify any evidence for surviving below- ground remains, and also to consider the potential impact of the development on the historic built environment. In addition, a close inspection of Milldam House was carried out to identify any features, fixtures or fittings that could be associated with the building’s former use as a component of the lead-mining complex.

3. Contextual Background

3.1 Location, Setting and Designations

3.1.1 Location Milldam House (the ‘Site Area’) lies on the north-western fringe of Great Hucklow, a small village and civil parish in the Derbyshire Peak District (Plate 1). The property (centred on NGR 417650 378010) occupies the western part of a plot of approximately 0.48 hectares situated in the north-western corner of the Great Hucklow Conservation Area, and is bounded to the south and east by a track leading to Burrs Mount, and to the north by the modern Milldam Fluorspar Mine. In addition to Milldam House, the plot contains two single-storey structures that were also associated with the 19th-century lead-mining complex, although these buildings are beyond the scope of the present development proposal.

Plate 1: Aerial view across Great Hucklow, with arrow marking Milldam House

3.1.2 Setting Great Hucklow consists of a relatively dense collection of buildings constructed typically using natural gritstone or limestone walling with pitched roofs covered with natural stone or blue slate.

The access drive and area around Milldam House is hard surfaced with consolidated gravel. Further to the north, beyond the location of the proposed extension is a planted, banked screen between the property and the fluorspar site, owned and operated by British Fluorspar Ltd, to the north-west. The site is well screened from all directions with large lawned gardens and a good number of well-established trees and shrubs. Boundary features to the north comprise a made banking with trees and shrubs, a line of trees to the north-east, ivy-clad stone walls and planting to the south-east and south, and stone walls and trees to the west. The land surrounding Milldam House has thus been subject to considerable landscaping works, which may have impacted on any surviving buried remains of the former lead-mining infrastructure. The landscaping arrangements will remain unchanged as part of the proposed development.

3.1.3 Designations The Site Area does not contain any nationally designated heritage assets, such as Scheduled Monuments or Listed Buildings. Milldam House was considered by English Heritage (now Historic England) for statutory designation as a listed building several years ago, although it is assumed that it did not meet the criteria required, as it has not been afforded listed building status. Milldam House is thus deemed to be a non- designated heritage asset. The site lies within the Peak District National Park, and the Great Hucklow Conservation Area. Several designated buildings lie within the Conservation Area, including Artis Farmhouse and its attached barn (List No 1334937), the Old Manse (List No 1068603), Great Hucklow Methodist Chapel (List No 1109998) and its associated walls and gate (List No 1359674), Camphill Farmhouse (List No 1334936), and Hucklow Hall (List No 1109999), all of which are afforded statutory protection as Grade II listed buildings. Another Grade II listed building, the Unitarian Chapel (List No 1065709), lies on the southern fringe of the village, whilst the Scheduled Monument of Burr Tor (List No 1007562) overlooks the village to the north-east. The site of Milldam Mine is entered on the Derbyshire Historic Environment Record (HER), which comprises the surviving features of the former mine including a ‘lead- smelting mill, engine house, smithy and mine house’ (SMR 6322). The ‘mine house’ referred to is Milldam House, which is recorded as the ‘agent’s house’, whilst the lead- smelting mill has been remodelled extensively as a theatre and subsequently as an adventure activities centre. It should be noted that the lead-smelting mill lies to the east of the access track to Burrs Mount, beyond the boundary of the present study area.

3.2 Archaeological Background and Potential

3.2.1 Prehistoric Period - Archaeological Evidence Known prehistoric activity, dating from the Neolithic through to the Iron Age, is present across the local landscape, mainly on the high limestone plateau (Stroud 2002, 3). Known monuments dating to the Neolithic include a round barrow at Tideslow, located some 3.5km to the west of Great Hucklow. The site has been subject to archaeological excavations in 1824, 1947 and 1968, which recovered human remains. Another barrow known as Long Low lies at Grindlow, approximately 0.5km to the south-east of Great Hucklow, which was excavated in 1862 (Bagshawe 1863). This similarly revealed human remains, together with a drinking vessel and the remains of two Romano-British urns (SMR 6618). Other known sites dating to this period include tumuli at Coplow and Stanlow, the latter being subject to archaeological excavation in 2004-05 by a local group. Evidence for Bronze Age and Iron Age activity in the area is drawn from the known site of Burr Tor, occupying the high ground overlooking the Site Area to the north-east, where a stone slab with cup and ring markings was found in 1824 (SMR 6342). Comprising the remains of an oval enclosure measuring c 400m by c 170m, it was identified initially as a promontory hill fort, such as those at Mam Tor, Fin Cop and Ball Cross (Preston 1954), although the site was subject to reassessment by English Heritage in 1994, which concluded that it was probably a stock enclosure dating to the Late Bronze Age or Early Iron Age. The earthworks were described by Creswell in 1789 as comprising a double ditch, not very broad or deep. Later fieldwork, including a survey carried out 1978, confirmed that the material from these ditches had been used to construct low banks in between (Hart 1984). These banks are no longer visible as upstanding features because, in 1978, the ditches were infilled and the earthworks flattened to provide a level field for the Derbyshire and Lancashire Gliding Club. The line of the earthworks is still visible from the air, however, and archaeological remains survive as buried features. The site is afforded statutory protection as a Scheduled Monument (List No 1007562). Another barrow of possible Bronze Age date is reported to have been excavated near Hucklow Hall in the early 19th century (SMR 6333). However, the site of this barrow cannot now be identified.

3.2.2 Prehistoric Period - Archaeological Potential Notwithstanding the proximity of Burr Tor and the few other discoveries in the wider area, there is no firm evidence for any prehistoric activity in Great Hucklow, and the potential for buried remains deriving from this early period to exist on the Site Area is considered to be very low.

3.2.3 Romano-British Period - Archaeological Evidence Areas of Iron Age settlement activity in the local landscape may have continued into the early Romano-British period, and a Roman fort and settlement was established at Brough (Navio), situated 6.5km to the north of Great Hucklow, and the main Roman road of Batham Gate takes a course through Bradwell towards Buxton, some 4km to the north of the Site Area. The possible route of a Roman road from Brough to Carsington/Derby is postulated to take a course through Great Hucklow parish, some 0.75km to the south-west of the Site Area (SMR 6334). Several Roman artefacts have been discovered close to the projected course of this road, including a lead spindle whorl and a coin (SMR 6305), which were found to the north-east of Grundy House Farm, c 1km to the south-west of the Site Area. Another Roman lead spindle whorl with an ornamented top was discovered on the eastern side of the projected Roman road in or before 1978 (SMR 6311), located approximately 0.75km to the south-west of the Site Area.

3.2.4 Romano-British Period - Archaeological Potential It is known that there was lead-mining activity in Derbyshire during the Romano- British period, although there is no evidence for any such activity within the Site Area, and the potential for any other buried remains deriving from this period is considered to be very low.

3.2.5 Medieval Period - Archaeological Evidence There is very little archaeological evidence in the region as a whole that represents the period between the end of the Roman occupation and the Norman Conquest. The Domesday Survey of 1087 mentions Great and Little Hucklow, which is referred to as Hochelai. Great Hucklow formed part of the great parish of Hope, one of the largest parishes in England, which was given by Henry II to his son John, who gave the Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield the ecclesiastical rights around 1192 in return for his loyalty. There is evidence of lead mining in Hucklow Parish as far back as the 13th century, when the monastic grange at Grindlow belonging to the Augustinians of Lilleshall Abbey was granted mining rights. Production statistics are available for the Tideslow Moor mines near High Rake in 1195 and 1216 to 1249, when some 100 tonnes of lead a year were extracted. Physical remains of the medieval landscape possibly include a linear boundary that has been suggested to be the medieval township boundary (SMR 6307), although a field survey in 2001 failed to identify any earthworks.

3.2.6 Medieval Period - Archaeological Potential Whilst the Site Area may have been used for agricultural purposes, the potential for any medieval remains of archaeological significance to survive is considered to be very low.

3.3 Background to the Milldam Mine and Milldam House Great Hucklow grew to importance owing to its geographical location on a lead vein which runs from Tideslow to Eyam, and its lead mining history has had a significant impact on the landscape and the heritage of the area. The two main lead mines in the locale were Hilltop and Milldam Mines, which both worked the same mineral vein (Critchley 1977). There is some evidence of mining activity at Milldam Mine dating back to the 1640s (SMR 6322), whilst a document dating to 1679 mentions the mine owner, William Bagshaw, refusing to pay his duty of ‘lot and cope’ claiming exemption because the mine lay within ‘ancient freeholds’. Firmly documented lead-mining operations at Milldam commenced in c 1840, when the site was ‘worked by a few private individuals by means of a gin’ but with little other infrastructure other than a horse-powered ore crusher, and ‘during wet seasons it [was] suspended in consequence of there being no machinery at the mine to pump out the water…’ (Derbyshire Times and Chesterfield Herald, 15 August 1857). Whilst seemingly of a small-scale, these initial operations were sufficient to demonstrate the economic potential of the site for lead mining, leading to the formation of the Milldam Mining Company in 1857. The Company was formed ‘for the purpose of extending the mining operations at the mine by the erection of a steam engine, and the providing of pumps and other materials for the working of the same’ (ibid). It was noted in 1857 that the mine had been leased to the original consortium for a term of 20 years, 17 of which remained in 1857. The average profits for the 1855-56 were £174, and required the labour of six men and three boys (ibid). Following the advertised floatation of the Milldam Mining Company, there was a ‘great enquiry for shares’. Many of these enquiries were from the local community (Derbyshire Times and Chesterfield Herald, 5 September 1857). A short report printed in a local newspaper in 1859 reported that approximately £2100 had been invested in the mine and plant, and that it was anticipated that shareholders would receive ‘a good dividend’ (The Sheffield & Rotherham Independent, 26 February 1859). A report by the manager of the mine was released some ten months later, which stated: ‘We came into possession of this mineral property January 12th, 1858, but it was not until July, in the same year, that the Company resolved to commence active operations. Since then we have sunk our shaft down 50 fathoms, and lined the same with ashlar stone. We have erected on the mine, ore house, warehouse, counting-house, boiler- house, chimney, etc; these are all substantially built with gritstone. We have also built the kilns, and put down the dressing floors, and made two large store dams for water, with pipes therefrom the supply the boiler and dressing floors in case of an emergency. A 12 inch cylinder engine, with crusher and Cornish boiler, has been erected….’ (The Sheffield & Rotherham Independent, 3 December 1859).

Notwithstanding the economic potential of the mine, it was reported in 1860 that there were ‘debts amounting to nearly £1000 now standing against the company’ (Derbyshire Times and Chesterfield Herald, 17 March 1860). This may have been due, at least in part, to a legal dispute with the nearly Great Hucklow Mining Company, which accused the Milldam Mining Company of ‘conducting water from the Milldam mines into the mines of the Great Hucklow Company’ (Derby Mercury, 4 January 1860). Further financial investment had been expended in mine infrastructure during the early 1860s, as implied by a newspaper advertisement inviting tenders to erect and engine house, boiler house and chimney for a Cornish pumping engine (The Sheffield & Rotherham Independent, 19 January 1863). It seems that this was intended to replace the existing steam engine, which was to be adapted for the purposes of grinding and crushing the lead ore (The Sheffield & Rotherham Independent, 2 February 1863). Undated design plans for the new engine and associated boilers survive amongst the primary documentation for Milldam Mine (DRO D1738/10/16). At a general meeting of the Milldam Mining Company shareholders in 1879, it was reported that the Company was experiencing difficulties in consequence of the low market value of lead, and whilst output had increased during the year, it was concluded that it would be prudent to close the mine for a period until the market value for lead had improved, unless the miners were prepared to accept a reduction in wages. The Company employed about 200 miners at that date (The Sheffield & Rotherham Independent, 22 March 1879). The layout of the mine complex during this period is captured on the Ordnance Survey in 1881 (Plate 2). This shows Milldam House, occupying the northern part of the mine complex, to have the same footprint as exists currently, as does the detached building to the south-east, thought to have been a blacksmith’s shop. A group of three adjoining buildings are shown to the south-west of Milldam House, and have been interpreted previously as a whimsy winding house. It seems possible, however, that one of these buildings may have housed the ore crushing plant, given its location adjacent to a steam engine. A group of structures to the south comprised the main shaft, winding gear and pumping engine, with the tall chimney against the southern edge of the site. A large rectangular building in the eastern part of the site has been referred to as the cupola barn, which was used to store the processed lead ore prior to trans-shipment to the Company’s smelt mill (Plate 2). In 1884, at an annual general meeting of the shareholders it was reported that two breakdowns to the pumping tackle and the flooding of the mine had been addressed, and that ‘every part of the machinery was now in first-class working order and all going on satisfactorily’. The shareholders voted to partially continue working the mines (The Sheffield & Rotherham Independent, 29 March 1884). However, in October of the same year, the shareholders resolved to close the mine and dispose of the plant at immediately notice. It was reported at that date that ‘the principal portion of the workings has been closed several years’ (Derbyshire Times and Chesterfield Herald, 25 October 1884).

t 9

Plate 2: Extract from the Ordnance Survey map of 1881, capturing the layout of the Milldam Mine shortly before its closure in 1884 Key 1 Milldam House 4 Pumping / Winding Engine House 2 Blacksmith’s Shop 5 Cupola Building 3 Whimsey winding house(?) 6 Chimney

The property, mines and mining rights of the Milldam Mining Company, described as being ‘in liquidation’, was eventually offered for sale by auction in October 1895. The sale included the buildings that comprised ‘engine house, offices, store rooms, etc’ (The Sheffield Daily Telegraph, 1 August 01 1895). During the following year, it was reported that the mine formerly belonging to the Milldam Lead Mining Company suddenly collapsed, ‘and where the shaft once stood is now a deep chasm, about 30 yards in diameter. The mine has not been worked for the last 16 or 17 years’. It was also reported that the mine and adjoining land had been purchased in 1895 by Mr William Chapman, of Great Hucklow, who took down all the pit gearing and covered the mouth of the shaft (The Sheffield Daily Telegraph, 8 October 1896). The layout of the buildings during this period is shown on the next edition of Ordnance Survey mapping, published in 1898, which identifies the site as disused lead mine (Plate 3). Close comparison of this map with the earlier edition of 1881 shows some slight alterations to the configuration of the mine buildings. In particular, the putative whimsy winding house appears to have been reduced from three adjoining rectangular structures to the single building that occupies the site today. Two small structures to the south-west are no longer depicted, and the chimney on the southern edge of the site also appears to have been demolished. The pumping engine house, however, appears to have survived extant, together with the large store building in the eastern part of the site. These buildings are captured in a photograph taken in the late 19th century, prior to the demolition of the chimney (Plate 4). It is perhaps of note that neither of the historic maps, nor any other primary documentation, provide any indication of a tram or rail system to carry lead ore around the mine surface buildings.

Plate 3: Extract from the Ordnance Survey map of 1898, with arrow marking Milldam House

Plate 4: A rare photograph of the Milldam Mine, seemingly taken after the mining operations had ceased in 1884, but prior to the demolition of the buildings in 1895. The engine house is clearly shown, together with the headstock for the winding gear

Plate 5: Modern photograph from a similar viewpoint

Most of the buildings around the main shaft, including the winding and pumping engine house, are shown to have been cleared on the next edition on Ordnance Survey mapping, published in 1922 (Plate 6). One of the few notable additions shown on the 1922 map, however, includes a new structure abutting the northern side of the blacksmith’s shop, which appears to have been served by a new track that runs through the centre of the former mining complex to replace an earlier track that looped to the north and past the building that is now Milldam House; this track is shown on the 1922 map to terminate at Milldam House, which by that date is likely to have been in use as a private dwelling. Similarly, in 1938, the large store in the eastern part of the mine complex was sold to Lawrence du Garde Peach and the Great Hucklow Village Players. Du Garde Peach became well-known for writing radio plays, and his ‘Derbyshire Plays’ were performed at the Great Hucklow Playhouse until 1971. The theatre is identified on the Ordnance Survey map of 1972, which shows the footprint of the building to have been remodelled relative to that shown on earlier mapping (Plate 7).

Plate 6: Extract from the Ordnance Survey map of 1922, with arrow marking Milldam House

By the 1970s, the site of the mine was occupied by a scrap metal business. However, this was subject to a Discontinuance Order in 1976, issued by the Planning Board. A visual survey of the site carried out at this date recorded the position of the main shaft for Milldam Mine, lying some 50m to the south-east of the scrap yard, in the grounds of Bank Cottage and adjacent to the main road through the village. It was noted that the shaft was fenced off and the top had partly collapsed, with some evidence to suggest that it had been partly filled by the tipping of Council rubbish (Critchley 1977, 195).

Plate 7: Extract from the Ordnance Survey map of 1972, with arrow marking Milldam House In 1984, the Planning Board compulsorily purchased the site of Milldam Mine, with an intention of cleaning and reclaiming the land (DRO D4721/9/2). During the following year, just over 100 years after the closure of the original workings, the new Milldam Mine opened to extract fluorspar and barytes with lead ore as a by-product.

4. Overview of the Building

4.1 Introduction Milldam House was almost certainly erected by the Milldam Mining Company after 1857, with the ground floor being intended as a store/weigh house and office and the first floor providing accommodation for William Chapman, the mine manager (Kirkham 1963). The building was converted entirely for residential use following the closure of the mine in the late 19th century, and was occupied until the early 21st century; the building has been vacant for approximately 10 years. A visual inspection of Milldam House was carried out as part of the Heritage Assessment, and aimed to provide an initial assessment of the historic significance of the house and its setting, coupled with a consideration of the potential for below-ground archaeological remains.

4.2 External Description of Milldam House Milldam House is a double-fronted, two-storey property of traditional construction, with gritstone walls and a natural blue slate clad roof (Plates 8 and 9). The front, south- facing elevation, together with the east-facing gable, are faced with natural stone, whilst the rear and west-facing gable are cement rendered (Plate 10). Two-pot chimney stacks are present atop both gables, almost certainly representing original features. The windows and rainwater goods, however, are uPVC, representing modern alterations, together with a steel flue mounted on the east-facing gable. In addition to the replacement frames, the original stone window sills on the ground floor and in the centre of the first floor in the front elevation have been replaced with concrete. The date at which the replacement concrete sills were inserted is not recorded, although it is likely to have been during the mid-/third quarter of the 20th century. A significant addition to the front elevation is the current porch of concrete construction, which obscures the original arched cart entrance that afforded access to the ground floor of the building (Plate 11). The date at which the concrete porch was added is not recorded, although it is probably a mid-20th-century addition. Further physical evidence for original access to the building is visible in the fabric of the east gable elevation at first-floor level, where a partially stone-blocked doorway has been remodelled as a window (Plate 10). It is though that this access to the first floor was served by an external timber stair, although all physical evidence has been removed. A scar in the modern render on the west gable elevation marks the position of another blocked access aperture, probably a doorway, at first-floor level (Plate 12).

Plate 8: The front, south-facing elevation of Milldam House from the site entrance, showing the gable end of the detached single-storey building in the foreground

Plate 9: The front, south-facing elevation of Milldam House, showing the modern porch obscuring the original arched cart entrance

Plate 10: The rear, north-facing elevation of Milldam House, showing the area of the proposed extension

Plates 11 and 12: The modern concrete porch added to the front elevation, and the blocked doorway at first-floor level in the west gable elevation

4.3 Internal Description of Milldam House Internally, the original open-plan layout of the ground floor has been partitioned to create a kitchen, lounge and shower room, with access to the first floor afforded via an inserted stair in the central entrance hall (Plates 13-15). Entry to the building is via a door inserted into the original arched cart entrance, and set within a concrete porch. These alterations are all presumed to have been implemented following the closure of the lead mine, and the conversion of Milldam House for purely residential purposes. The interior of the ground floor has been stripped entirely of nearly all its original features, fixtures and fittings, although a fire surround set against the west wall in the lounge may be contemporary with the building’s use as a mining office; the fire grate has been removed (Plate 13). A modern rolled steel joist has been inserted into the chimney breast, seemingly to provide additional support the first-floor joists.

Plate 13: The fire surround in the lounge

Plate 14: View of the lounge, showing the inserted partition and modern window

Plate 15: The kitchen

The kitchen has similarly been stripped of any historic features, fixtures and fittings, although a brick-built fireplace remains in-situ (Plate 15).

The first floor has also been remodelled for residential use, and has been partitioned to create two bedrooms and a box room (Plates 16-18). As with the ground floor, all historic features, fixtures and fittings associated with the building’s use as a mining office have been removed, with the possible exception of a cast-iron fire surround.

Plate 16: View of one of the bedrooms on the first floor

Plate 17: View of the second bedroom on the first floor

Plate 18: View of the box bedroom on the first floor

4.4 Ancillary Buildings In addition to Milldam House, there are two detached ancillary buildings within the grounds of the property. The current design proposals do not concern either of these buildings, although they are included in the present report to provide an holistic assessment of the site. A single-storey rectangular range occupying the south-eastern part of the site is thought to have been the blacksmith’s shop for the lead mine (Plates 19 and 20). The building is of random coursed stone rubble construction, with a blue slate roof that was added several years ago. The building is currently vacant.

Plate 19: View of the former blacksmith’s shop

Plate 20: The interior of the former blacksmith’s shop

The second detached building comprises a tall single-storey structure in the southern part of the site, referred to as the ‘winding house’ (Plate 21). The building is of traditional construction, with natural stone to the walls and the roof was re-covered in blue slate around four years ago. Existing window openings have been partially blocked, as has the door opening to the north elevation. The building is currently vacant, and is largely devoid of any internal historic features, fixtures and fittings (Plate 22).

Plate 21: View of the ‘winding house’

Plate 22: View of the interior of the ‘winding house’

5. The Setting

5.1 Assessing the Setting of Heritage Assets The definition of setting used here is taken from the NPPF (2012): ‘setting is surroundings in which an asset is experienced. Its extent is not fixed and may change as the asset and its surrounding evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral’. In their guidance document, The Setting of Heritage Assets (2015), Historic England has provided a stepped approach to the assessment of significance of setting to heritage assets. Following the initial identification of the heritage asset(s) and associated setting the following steps comprise: • assessing whether, how and to what degree the settings make a contribution to the significance of the heritage assets. This requires consideration of the physical surroundings, including its relationship with other heritage assets, the way the asset is appreciated, and the asset’s associations and patterns of use; • assessing the effect of the proposed development on the setting, and the resulting implications for the significance of the heritage asset(s). This requires consideration of the key attributes of the proposed development in terms of its location and siting, its form and appearance, additional effects and permanence; • maximising enhancement and minimising harm (mitigation). This may be achieved by introducing new views that add to the public experience of the asset, improving interpretation of the asset, including its setting, or introducing a wholly new feature that adds to the public appreciation of the feature. Once the contribution of the setting has been determined, and the potential attributes of the proposed development upon it have been identified, the contribution needs to be evaluated in order to determine the magnitude of the potential impact. This is undertaken using the definitions presented in Table 5.1, below.

5.2 Key Attributes of the Setting It is acknowledged that cultural heritage and landscape are fundamental to quality of place and as they are central to attractiveness, distinctiveness, diversity and quality of place in the National Park they should be protected and enhanced. Great Hucklow is essentially a small industrial settlement that was established in response to a thriving local lead-mining industry in the 19th century. This historic industrial character can be recognised and appreciated in some of the buildings in the heart of the village. For the most part, however, most of the industrial buildings associated with former lead-mining operations have been removed from the landscape, and the modern character of Great Hucklow is thus akin to a rural agricultural settlement.

Sensitivity Contribution to Examples for settings Significance

Very high Very substantial A defined setting that is contemporary with and historically and functionally linked with the heritage asset, may contain other heritage assets of international or national importance, has a very high degree of inter-visibility with the asset and makes a very substantial contribution to both the significance of the heritage asset and to the understanding and appreciation of the significance of the asset.

High Substantial Contemporary with and historically and functionally linked with the heritage asset, with minor alterations (in extent and/or character), has a high degree of inter-visibility with the asset and which makes a substantial contribution to both the significance of the heritage asset and to the understanding and appreciation of the significance of the asset.

Medium Moderate Contemporary with and/or historically and/or functionally linked with the heritage asset but with alterations which may detract from the understanding of the heritage asset, and/or with a moderate degree of inter-visibility with the asset and/or which makes a moderate contribution to the significance of the heritage asset and/or a moderate contribution to the appreciation of the significance of the asset.

Low Minor Largely altered so that there is very little evidence of historic and/or functional links with the heritage asset, and/or with a low degree of inter-visibility with the asset and/or which makes a minor contribution to both the significance of the heritage asset and to the understanding and appreciation of the significance of the asset.

Table 5.1: Definitions of Sensitivity for the Settings of Heritage Assets

The remaining historic buildings associated directly with lead-mining operations in Great Hucklow include Milldam House, the blacksmith’s shop, the putative winding house, and the activity centre that lies to the east of the present study area. In this respect, Milldam House and the two associated detached structures have a high evidential value as physical manifestation of the former lead-mining operations. However, these buildings, and particularly Milldam House, are largely obscured from public vantage points by established vegetative growth and landscaping (Plates 23 and 24), providing a secluded setting and exacerbating their physical location on the outskirts of the village. The contribution of Milldam House to the historic industrial character of the area, moreover, has been diminished by the alterations that were undertaken during the adaptation of the building for residential use, and particularly the blocking of the arched cart entrance in the front elevation, and landscaping of the grounds.

Plate 23: The restricted view of Milldam House from the south

Plate 24: View towards Milldam House from the north

Using the criteria in Table 5.1, it can be concluded that the implementation of the development proposals will impart minor harm on the setting of the Great Hucklow Conservation Area and the designated heritage assets within a 500m radius, primarily as there is a low degree of inter-visibility between Milldam House and the village, and little evidence of historic and/or functional links. The proposed two-storey extension at the rear of Milldam House will not be visible from most public vantage points, and will thus not detract from the historic character of the building. Conversely, the restoration of the original arched cart entrance and, where possible, the other blocked apertures at first-floor level will enhance the historic integrity of the building. Similarly, the design proposals allow for the removal of inserted partitions and stairwell on the ground floor, which will essentially reinstate the original open-plan configuration. In addition, the proposed development will provide a sustainable long-term use for a vacant building on the edge of the Great Hucklow Conservation Area, which is clearly beneficial to the historic character of the area.

6. Significance and Impact

6.1 Statement of Significance Milldam House lies on the north-western edge of the Great Hucklow Conservation Area, and comprises a two-storey, double-fronted property that formed part of the mid- 19th-century Milldam lead-mining complex. It was converted subsequently for residential purposes and continued to be occupied until the early 21st century, although it has now been vacant for approximately ten years. The historic character of the building as a component of a lead-mining complex has been eroded by alterations wrought during its adaptation for residential purposes, which included blocking the original arched cart entrance and a remodelling of the interior. As such, physical evidence of original processes, storage and distribution were largely removed when the lead mine closed. Evidential Value: this is limited to the original building fabric, although some apertures have been infilled and window sills and frames replaced with modern materials. There are no notable architectural features, and little that can firmly associate the building with the former lead mine. The landscaping of the grounds has similarly removed visible signs of its former use as a mining complex. Historical Value: Milldam House clearly has a considerable historical value locally as one of the few surviving remnants of the former lead-mining industry, and thus makes a significant contribution to the history of Great Hucklow. Communal Value: as a major source of local employment locally during the 19th century, it is likely that some local residents will have some familial connection with the lead works. Aesthetic Value: Milldam House does not have a particularly high aesthetic value as it is typical of the local character. Significance: Milldam House can be assessed as being of Medium Significance, ie an undesignated asset important at a local to regional level that makes a positive contribution to the local historic environment.

6.2 Development Proposals The development proposals allow for the refurbishment and adaptation of Milldam House for long-term residential purposes. Details are set out in the current set of plans and drawings, which should be consulted in conjunction with this Heritage Statement.

6.3 Impact Assessment Harm to the Setting of Designation Heritage Assets: implementation of the development proposals will have a negligible impact on the setting of the Grade II listed buildings within a 500m radius. The inter-visibility between Milldam House and the designated heritage assets is obscured by tree-lined boundaries, and the scale and massing of the proposed new extension is not substantially different to the existing building. Impact on Significant of Milldam House: the retention an adaptation of Milldam House for long-term economic use will be beneficial to the historic character of Great Hucklow. The design proposals allow for the use of materials in the two-storey extension that will match those in the existing building and the wider Conservation Area. No historic fabric will be lost as a result of the conversion and re-instating the existing window and door openings will improve the visual amenity of the building. On balance, the harm to Milldam House is considered to be negligible. Impact on Buried Archaeological Remains: the proposed development will necessitate the limited excavation across the modern hard-standing area to the rear of Milldam House for the foundations of the new extension. There is no evidence to suggest that this part of the mine complex was occupied previously by any structures abutting the north-facing elevation of Milldam House, and the potential for any archaeological remains pertaining to pre-19th-century activity is considered to be low. It is thus concluded that the groundworks required to deliver the proposed development will have a negligible impact on the below-ground archaeological resource of the site.

7. Conclusion

7.1 Conclusion Based on a review of the available documentary sources and a visual inspection of Milldam House and its environs, it is concluded that Milldam House is of some local significance as a physical reminder of the historic lead-mining industry in Great Hucklow, visible evidence for which has been largely removed from the modern landscape. Refurbishment and adaptation of this currently vacant building for sustainable long- term use will undoubtedly be beneficial to the historic character of the area, whilst the proposed removal of a modern porch will enable the distinctive arched entrance in the front elevation of the building to be revealed, allowing it to be more easily recognised as a former industrial building. Modern alterations to the internal configuration will also be reversed, returning the ground floor to its original open-plan plan via the removal of late partitions and an inserted stair. The proposed two-storey extension to the rear of the historic building will impart negligible harm to the setting of the non- designated Milldam House and the Great Hucklow Conservation Area as it will be largely obscured from view from public vantage points. The proposed development similarly has no potential to impact on buried remains of archaeological interest, and it is concluded that intrusive investigation of the site in advance of development is not merited.

Sources

Cartographic Sources Ordnance Survey 25”: 1 mile map, 1881 Ordnance Survey 25”: 1 mile map, 1898 Ordnance Survey 25”: 1 mile map, 1922 Ordnance Survey 25”: 1 mile map, 1938 Ordnance Survey, 1951 Great Britain Sheet 2: Geological Map of England

Newspaper Sources Derby Mercury, 4 January 1860 Derbyshire Times and Chesterfield Herald, 15 August 1857 Derbyshire Times and Chesterfield Herald, 5 September 1857 Derbyshire Times and Chesterfield Herald, 17 March 1860 Derbyshire Times and Chesterfield Herald, 25 October 1884 The Sheffield & Rotherham Independent, 26 February 1859 The Sheffield & Rotherham Independent, 3 December 1859 The Sheffield & Rotherham Independent, 19 January 1863 The Sheffield & Rotherham Independent, 2 February 1863 The Sheffield & Rotherham Independent, 29 March 1884 The Sheffield Daily Telegraph, 1 August 01 1895 The Sheffield Daily Telegraph, 8 October 1896

Derbyshire Record Office, Matlock DRO D1738/3 Agreement for the leading of coals from Millers Dale Railway Station to Milldam Mine at Great Hucklow for one year between James Flint, farmer of Tideswell, and the Milldam Mining Company, October 1863 DRO D1738/10/16 Two undated plans of the engine and boiler house of Milldam Mine D4721/9/2 Planning Board records of Milldam Mine, Great Hucklow, 1964-85 D7676/BagC/671 Details of a case between the Great Hucklow Mine Company and the Milldam and Gateside mines for flooding the former’s workings

Secondary Sources Bagshawe, B, 1863 ‘Notice of a Barrow near Grindon, Derbyshire’, The Reliquary, 3, 205-6 Barnatt, J, 2011 High Rake Mine, Little Hucklow, Derbyshire: Excavations and Conservation at an Important Nineteenth Century Mine, Mining History, 18 (1 and 2), 1-217 Barnatt, J, Huston, K, Mallon, D, Newman, R, Penny, R, and Shaw, R, 2013 ‘The Lead Legacy: An Updated Inventory of Important Metal and Gangue Mining Sites in the Peak District’, Mining History: The Bulletin of the Peak District Mines Historical Society, 18 (3), 1-112 Cameron, K, 1959 ‘The Place-Names of Derbyshire’, English Place-Name Society, 29, Cambridge Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2014 Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment, Reading Critchley, MF, 1977 ‘A Survey of Little Milldam Mine, Great Hucklow’, Bull Peak District Mines Hist Soc, 6 (2), 191-99 Department for Communities and Local Government, 2012 National Planning Policy Framework Hart, CR, 1944 North Derbyshire Archaeological Survey Kirkham, N, 1963 ‘Great Hucklow Mines’, Bull Peak District Mines Hist Soc, 2 (1), 31-47 Miles, P, Miles, P, Greenfield, E, Bower, A, Barnatt, J, Martin, S, and Ayres, L, 2009 Lead in the Veins: An Account of the History and Development of Lead Mining in the Parishes of Great Hucklow, Little Hucklow and Grindlow, and How it Shaped the Landscape and the Lives of the People, Great Hucklow Preston, FL, 1954 ‘Derbyshire Archaeological Journal’ in The Hill-Forts of the Peak, 74, 1- 31 Stroud, G, 2002 Derbyshire Extensive Urban Survey, Archaeological Assessment Report. Castleton, unpubl rep