Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Admin., DOT § 178.601

strength, and be firmly secured in the (ix) For receptacles with protective outer packaging. fiberboard 6PG2, the requirements (ii) Any part of a likely to of § 178.516(b) of this subpart apply to come into contact with the contents of the protective packaging. the receptacle must be resistant to (x) For receptacles with protective those contents. Closures must be fitted solid plastic or expanded plastic pack- so as to be leakproof and secured to aging 6PH1 or 6PH2, the requirements prevent any loosening during transpor- of § 178.517(b) of this subpart apply to tation. Vented closures must conform the protective packaging. Solid protec- to § 173.24(f) of this subchapter. tive plastic packaging must be manu- (2) Protective packagings must con- factured from high-density poly- form to the following requirements: ethylene from some other comparable (i) For receptacles with protective plastic material. The removable re- steel 6PAl, the drum must com- quired for this type of packaging may ply with § 178.504(b) of this subpart. be a cap. However, the removable lid required (3) Quantity limitations are as fol- for this type of packaging may be in lows: the form of a cap. (i) Maximum net capacity for pack- (ii) For receptacles with protective aging for liquids: 60 L (16 gallons). packaging of steel or steel box (ii) Maximum net mass for pack- 6PA2, the protective packaging must agings for solids: 75 kg (165 pounds). conform to the following: (A) Section 178.512(b) of this subpart. Subpart M—Testing of Non-bulk (B) In the of cylindrical recep- Packagings and Packages tacles, the protective packaging must, when upright, rise above the receptacle and its closure; and SOURCE: Amdt. 178–97, 55 FR 52723, Dec. 21, 1990, unless otherwise noted. (C) If the protective crate surrounds a pear-shaped receptacle and is of § 178.600 Purpose and scope. matching shape, the protective pack- aging must be fitted with a protective This subpart prescribes certain test- cover (cap). ing requirements for performance-ori- (iii) For receptacles with protective ented packagings identified in subpart aluminum drum 6PB1, the require- L of this part. ments of § 178.505(b) of this subpart [Amdt. 178–97, 55 FR 52717, Dec. 21, 1990, and apply to the protective packaging. amended by Amdt. 178–99, 58 FR 51534, Oct. 1, (iv) For receptacles with protective 1993] aluminum box or crate 6PB2, the re- quirements of § 178.512(b) of this sub- § 178.601 General requirements. part apply to the protective packaging. (a) General. The test procedures pre- (v) For receptacles with protective scribed in this subpart are intended to wooden box 6PC, the requirements of ensure that packages containing haz- § 178.513(b) of this subpart apply to the ardous materials can withstand normal protective packaging. conditions of transportation and are (vi) For receptacles with protective considered minimum requirements. drum 6PD1, the requirements Each packaging must be manufactured of § 178.507(b) of this subpart apply to and assembled so as to be capable of the protective packaging. successfully passing the prescribed (vii) For receptacles with protective tests and of conforming to the require- wickerwork hamper 6PD2, the ments of § 173.24 of this subchapter at wickerwork hamper must be properly all times while in transportation. made with material of good quality. (b) Responsibility. It is the responsi- The hamper must be fitted with a pro- bility of the packaging manufacturer tective cover (cap) so as to prevent to assure that each package is capable damage to the receptacle. of passing the prescribed tests. To the (viii) For receptacles with protective extent that a package assembly func- fiber drum 6PG1, the drum must con- tion, including final closure, is per- form to the requirements of § 178.508(b) formed by the person who offers a haz- of this subpart. ardous material for transportation,

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that person is responsible for per- stitute a different design type under forming the function in accordance the provisions of paragraph (g)(8) of with §§ 173.22 and 178.2 of this sub- this section. chapter. (d) Design qualification testing. The (c) Definitions. For the purpose of this packaging manufacturer shall achieve subpart: successful test results for the design (1) Design qualification testing is the qualification testing at the start of performance of the tests prescribed in production of each new or different § 178.603, § 178.604, § 178.605, § 178.606, packaging. § 178.607, § 178.608, or § 178.609, as applica- (e) Periodic retesting. The packaging ble, for each new or different pack- manufacturer must achieve successful aging, at the start of production of test results for the periodic retesting that packaging. at intervals established by the manu- (2) Periodic retesting is the perform- facturer of sufficient frequency to en- ance of the drop, leakproofness, hydro- sure that each packaging produced by static pressure, and stacking tests, as the manufacturer is capable of passing applicable, as prescribed in § 178.603, the design qualification tests. Changes § 178.604, § 178.605, or § 178.606, respec- in retest frequency are subject to the tively, at the frequency specified in approval of the Associate Adminis- paragraph (e) of this section. For infec- trator for Hazardous Materials Safety. tious substances packagings required For single or composite packagings, to meet the requirements of § 178.609, the periodic retests must be conducted periodic retesting is the performance of at least once every 12 months. For the tests specified in § 178.609 at the fre- combination packagings, the periodic quency specified in paragraph (e) of retests must be conducted at least once this section. every 24 months. For infectious sub- (3) is the perform- Production testing stances packagings, the periodic ance of the leakproofness test pre- retests must be conducted at least once scribed in § 178.604 of this subpart on every 24 months. each single or composite packaging in- tended to contain a liquid. (f) Test samples. The manufacturer (4) A different packaging is one that shall conduct the design qualification differs (i.e. is not identical) from a pre- and periodic tests prescribed in this viously produced packaging in struc- subpart using random samples of pack- tural design, size, material of construc- agings, in the numbers specified in the tion, wall thickness or manner of con- appropriate test section. In addition, struction but does not include: the leakproofness test, when required, (i) A packaging which differs only in shall be performed on each packaging surface treatment; produced by the manufacturer, and (ii) A combination packaging which each packaging prior to reuse under differs only in that the outer pack- § 173.28 of this subchapter, by the re- aging has been successfully tested with conditioner. different inner packagings. A variety of (g) Selective testing. The selective such inner packagings may be assem- testing of packagings that differ only bled in this outer packaging without in minor respects from a tested type is further testing; permitted as described in this section. (iii) A plastic packaging which differs For air transport, packagings must only with regard to additives which comply with § 173.27(c)(1) and (c)(2) of conform to § 178.509(b)(3) or § 178.517(b) this subchapter. (4) or (5) of this part; (1) Selective testing of combination (iv) A combination packaging with packagings. Variation 1. Variations are inner packagings conforming to the permitted in inner packagings of a provisions of paragraph (g) of this sec- tested combination package, without tion; further testing of the package, pro- (v) Packagings which differ from the vided an equivalent level of perform- design type only in their lesser design ance is maintained and, when a pack- height; or age is altered under Variation 1 after (vi) For a steel drum, variations in October 1, 2010, the methodology used design elements which do not con- to determine that the inner packaging,

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including closure, maintains an equiva- side of the packaging may not be re- lent level of performance is docu- duced below the corresponding thick- mented in writing by the person certi- ness in the originally tested packaging; fying compliance with this paragraph and when a single inner packaging was and retained in accordance with para- used in the original test, the thickness graph (l) of this section. Permitted of cushioning between inner pack- variations are as follows: agings may not be less than the thick- (i) Inner packagings of equivalent or ness of cushioning between the outside smaller size may be used provided— of the packaging and the inner pack- (A) The inner packagings are of simi- aging in the original test. When either lar design to the tested inner pack- fewer or smaller inner packagings are agings (i.e. shape—round, rectangular, used (as compared to the inner pack- etc.); agings used in the drop test), sufficient (B) The material of construction of the inner packagings (, plastic, additional cushioning material must be metal, etc.) offers resistance to impact used to take up void spaces. and stacking forces equal to or greater (iv) The outer packaging must have than that of the originally tested inner successfully passed the stacking test packaging; set forth in § 178.606 of this subpart (C) The inner packagings have the when empty, i.e., without either inner same or smaller openings and the clo- packagings or cushioning materials. sure is of similar design (e.g., screw The total mass of identical packages cap, friction lid, etc.); must be based on the combined mass of (D) Sufficient additional cushioning inner packagings used for the drop material is used to take up void spaces test; and to prevent significant moving of (v) Inner packagings containing liq- the inner packagings; uids must be completely surrounded (E) Inner packagings are oriented with a sufficient quantity of absorbent within the outer packaging in the same material to absorb the entire liquid manner as in the tested package; and, contents of the inner packagings; (F) The gross mass of the package (vi) When the outer packaging is in- does not exceed that originally tested. tended to contain inner packagings for (ii) A lesser number of the tested liquids and is not leakproof, or is in- inner packagings, or of the alternative tended to contain inner packagings for types of inner packagings identified in paragraph (g)(1)(i) of this section, may solids and is not siftproof, a means of be used provided sufficient cushioning containing any liquid or solid contents is added to fill void space(s) and to pre- in the event of leakage must be pro- vent significant moving of the inner vided in the form of a leakproof liner, packagings. plastic , or other equally efficient (2) Selective testing of combination means of containment. For packagings packagings. Variation 2. Articles or containing liquids, the absorbent mate- inner packagings of any type, for solids rial required in paragraph (g)(2)(v) of or liquids, may be assembled and trans- this section must be placed inside the ported without testing in an outer means of containing liquid contents; packaging under the following condi- and tions: (vii) Packagings must be marked in (i) The outer packaging must have accordance with § 178.503 of this part as been successfully tested in accordance having been tested to Packing Group I with § 178.603 with fragile (e.g. glass) performance for combination pack- inner packagings containing liquids at agings. The marked maximum gross the Packing Group I drop height; mass may not exceed the sum of the (ii) The total combined gross mass of mass of the outer packaging plus one inner packagings may not exceed one- half the mass of the filled inner pack- half the gross mass of inner packagings agings of the tested combination pack- used for the drop test; aging. In addition, the marking re- (iii) The thickness of cushioning ma- terial between inner packagings and quired by § 178.503(a)(2) of this part between inner packagings and the out- must include the letter ‘‘V’’.

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(3) Variation 3. Packagings other than nally tested inner packagings in ac- combination packagings which are pro- cordance with the conditions set out in duced with reductions in external di- Variation 1 in paragraph (g)(1) of this mensions (i.e., length, width or diame- section. ter) of up to 25 percent of the dimen- (5) Variation 5. Single packagings sions of a tested packaging may be (i.e., non-bulk packagings other than used without further testing provided combination packagings), that differ an equivalent level of performance is from a tested design type only to the maintained. The packagings must, in extent that the closure device or all other respects (including wall gasketing differs from that used in the thicknesses), be identical to the tested originally tested design type, may be design-type. The marked gross mass used without further testing, provided (when required) must be reduced in an equivalent level of performance is proportion to the reduction in volume. maintained, subject to the following (4) Variation 4. Variations are per- conditions (the qualifying tests): mitted in outer packagings of a tested (i) A packaging with the replacement design-type combination packaging, closure devices or gasketing must suc- without further testing, provided an cessfully pass the drop test specified in equivalent level of performance is § 178.603 in the orientation which most maintained, as follows: severely tests the integrity of the clo- (i) Each external dimension (length, sure or gasket; width and height) is less than or equal (ii) When intended to contain liquids, to the corresponding dimension of the a packaging with the replacement clo- tested design-type; sure devices or gasketing must success- (ii) The structural design of the test- fully pass the leakproofness test speci- ed outer packaging (i.e. methods of fied in § 178.604, the hydrostatic pres- construction, materials of construc- sure test specified in § 178.605, and the tion, strength characteristics of mate- stacking test specified in § 178.606. rials of construction, method of closure Replacement closures and gasketings and material thicknesses) is main- qualified under the above test require- tained; ments are authorized without addi- (iii) The inner packagings are iden- tional testing for packagings described tical to the inner packagings used in in paragraph (g)(3) of this section. Re- the tested design type except that their placement closures and gasketings size and mass may be less; and they are qualified under the above test require- oriented within the outer packaging in ments also are authorized without ad- the same manner as in the tested pack- ditional testing for different tested de- aging; sign types packagings of the same type (iv) The same type or design of ab- as the originally tested packaging, pro- sorbent materials, cushioning mate- vided the original design type tests are rials and any other components nec- more severe or comparable to tests essary to contain and protect inner which would otherwise be conducted on packagings, as used in the tested de- the packaging with the replacement sign type, are maintained. The thick- closures or gasketings. (For example: ness of cushioning material between The packaging used in the qualifying inner packagings and between inner tests has a lesser packaging wall thick- packagings and the outside of the ness than the packaging with replace- packaging may not be less than the ment closure devices or gasketing; the thicknesses in the tested design type gross mass of the packaging used in the packaging; and qualifying drop test equals or exceeds (v) Sufficient additional cushioning the mass for which the packaging with material is used to take up void spaces replacement closure devices or and to prevent significant moving of gasketing was tested; the packaging the inner packagings. used in the qualifying drop test was An outer packaging qualifying for use dropped from the same or greater in transport in accordance with all of height than the height from which the the above conditions may also be used packaging with replacement closure without testing to transport inner devices or gasketing was dropped in de- packagings substituted for the origi- sign type tests; and the specific gravity

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of the substance used in the qualifying to a higher packing group, hydrostatic drop test was the same or greater than test pressure, or specific gravity to the specific gravity of the liquid used which the packaging has been tested); in the design type tests of the pack- (vi) Type of side seam welding; aging with replacement closure devices (vii) Type of steel; or gasketing.) (viii) An increase greater than 10% or (6) The provisions in Variations 1, 2, any decrease in the steel thickness of and 4 in paragraphs (g)(1), (2) and (4) of the head, body, or bottom; this section for combination pack- (ix) End seam type, (e.g., triple or agings may be applied to packagings ); containing articles, where the provi- (x) A reduction in the number of roll- sions for inner packagings are applied ing hoops (beads) which equal or exceed analogously to the articles. In this the diameter over the chimes; case, inner packagings need not comply (xi) The location, type or size, and with § 173.27(c)(1) and (c)(2) of this sub- material of closures (other than the chapter. cover of UN 1A2 drums); (7) Approval of selective testing. In ad- (xii) The location (e.g., from the head dition to the provisions of § 178.601(g)(1) to the body), type (e.g., mechanically through (g)(6) of this subpart, the Asso- seamed or welded flange), and mate- ciate Administrator may approve the rials of closure (other than the cover of selective testing of packagings that UN 1A2 drums); and differ only in minor respects from a (xiii) For UN 1A2 drums: tested type. (A) Gasket material (e.g., plastic), or (8) For a steel drum with a capacity properties affecting the performance of greater than 12 L (3 gallons) manufac- the gasket; tured from low carbon, cold-rolled (B) Configuration or dimensions of sheet steel meeting ASTM designations the gasket; A 366/A 366M or A 568/A 568M, vari- (C) Closure ring style including bolt ations in elements other than the fol- size (e.g., square or round back, 0.625 lowing design elements are considered inches bolt); and minor and do not constitute a different (D) Closure ring thickness, drum design type, or ‘‘different pack- (E) Width of lugs or extensions in aging’’ as defined in paragraph (c) of crimp/lug cover. this section for which design qualifica- (h) Approval of equivalent packagings. tion testing and periodic retesting are A packaging having specifications dif- required. Minor variations authorized ferent from those in §§ 178.504–178.523 of without further testing include this part, or which is tested using changes in the identity of the supplier methods or test intervals, other than of component material made to the those specified in subpart M of this same specifications, or the original part, may be used if approved by the manufacturer of a DOT specification or Associate Administrator. Such pack- UN standard drum to be remanufac- agings must be shown to be equally ef- tured. A change in any one or more of fective, and testing methods used must the following design elements con- be equivalent. stitutes a different drum design type: (i) Proof of compliance. Notwith- (i) The packaging type and category standing the periodic retest intervals of the original drum and the remanu- specified in paragraph (e) of this sec- factured drum, i.e., 1A1 or 1A2; tion, the Associate Administrator may (ii) The style, (i.e., straight-sided or at any time require demonstration of tapered); compliance by a manufacturer, (iii) Except as provided in paragraph through testing in accordance with (g)(3) of this section, the rated this subpart, that packagings meet the (marked) capacity and outside dimen- requirements of this subpart. As re- sions; quired by the Associate Administrator, (iv) The physical state for which the the manufacturer shall either— packaging was originally approved (1) Conduct performance tests, or (e.g., tested for solids or liquids); have tests conducted by an inde- (v) An increase in the marked level of pendent testing facility, in accordance performance of the original drum (i.e., with this subpart; or

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(2) Supply packagings, in quantities for testing and tests must be carried sufficient to conduct tests in accord- out in the same manner as if prepared ance with this subpart, to the Asso- for transportation, including inner ciate Administrator or a designated packagings in the case of combination representative of the Associate Admin- packagings. istrator. (b) For the drop and stacking test, (j) . If an inner treatment or inner and single-unit receptacles other of a packaging is required for than must be filled to not less safety reasons, the manufacturer shall than 95% of maximum capacity (see design the packaging so that the treat- § 171.8 of this subchapter) in the case of ment or coating retains its protective solids and not less than 98% of max- properties even after withstanding the imum in the case of liquids. Bags con- tests prescribed by this subpart. taining solids shall be filled to the (k) Number of test samples. Except as maximum mass at which they may be provided in this section, one test sam- used. The material to be transported in ple must be used for each test per- the packagings may be replaced by a formed under this subpart. non-hazardous material, except for (1) Stainless steel drums. Provided the chemical compatibility testing or validity of the test results is not af- where this would invalidate the results fected, a person may perform the de- of the tests. sign qualification testing of stainless steel drums using three (3) samples (c) If the material to be transported rather than the specified eighteen (18) is replaced for test purposes by a non- samples under the following provisions: hazardous material, the material used (i) The packaging must be tested in must be of the same or higher specific accordance with this subpart by sub- gravity as the material to be carried, jecting each of the three to and its other physical properties the following sequence of tests: (grain, size, viscosity) which might in- (A) The stacking test in § 178.606, fluence the results of the required tests (B) The leakproofness test in § 178.604, must correspond as closely as possible (C) The hydrostatic pressure test in to those of the hazardous material to § 178.608, and be transported. Water may also be used (D) Diagonal top chime and flat on for the liquid drop test under the con- the side drop tests in § 178.603. Both ditions specified in § 178.603(e) of this drop tests may be conducted on the subpart. It is permissible to use addi- same sample. tives, such as bags of lead shot, to (ii) For periodic retesting of stainless achieve the requisite total package steel drums, a reduced sample size of mass, so long as they are placed so that one container is authorized. the test results are not affected. (2) Packagings other than stainless steel (d) or fiberboard packagings drums. Provided the validity of the test must be conditioned for at least 24 results is not affected, several tests hours immediately prior to testing in may be performed on one sample with an atmosphere maintained— the approval of the Associate Adminis- (1) At 50 percent ±2 percent relative trator. humidity, and at a temperature of 23 [Amdt. 178–97, 55 FR 52723, Dec. 21, 1990, as °C±2 °C (73 °F±4 °F). Average values amended at 56 FR 66285, Dec. 20, 1991; 57 FR should fall within these limits. Short- 45465, Oct. 1, 1992; Amdt. 178–102, 59 FR 28494, term fluctuations and measurement June 2, 1994; Amdt. 178–106, 59 FR 67521, 67522, limitations may cause individual meas- Dec. 29, 1994; Amdt. 178–117, 61 FR 50628, Sept. urements to vary by up to ±5 percent 26, 1996; 66 FR 45386, Aug. 28, 2001; 67 FR 53143, relative humidity without significant Aug. 14, 2002; 68 FR 75758, Dec. 31, 2003; 68 FR 61942, Oct. 30, 2003; 75 FR 5396, Feb 2, 2010; 75 impairment of test reproducibility; FR 60339, Sept. 30, 2010] (2) At 65 percent ±2 percent relative humidity, and at a temperature of 20 § 178.602 Preparation of packagings °C±2 °C (68 °F±4 °F), or 27 °C±2 °C (81 and packages for testing. °F±4 °F). Average values should fall (a) Except as otherwise provided in within these limits. Short-term fluc- this subchapter, each packaging and tuations and measurement limitations package must be closed in preparation may cause individual measurements to

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