DOCSLIB.ORG

Halyomorpha Halys) with Reference to Kiwifruit (Actinidia Chinensis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Halyomorpha Halys) with Reference to Kiwifruit (Actinidia Chinensis PFR SPTS No. 17628 BS1847: Review of the biology, ecology and management of the brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) with reference to kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) Puketapu A March 2019 Confidential report for: Zespri Group Limited BS1847-30-C Zespri information: Milestone No. BS1847-30-C (report 4 of 5) Contract No. BS1847 Management plans for use against biosecurity Project Name: pests in kiwifruit DISCLAIMER The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited does not give any prediction, warranty or assurance in relation to the accuracy of or fitness for any particular use or application of, any information or scientific or other result contained in this report. Neither The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited nor any of its employees, students, contractors, subcontractors or agents shall be liable for any cost (including legal costs), claim, liability, loss, damage, injury or the like, which may be suffered or incurred as a direct or indirect result of the reliance by any person on any information contained in this report. LIMITED PROTECTION This report may be reproduced in full, but not in part, without the prior written permission of The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited. To request permission to reproduce the report in part, write to: The Science Publication Office, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited – Postal Address: Private Bag 92169, Victoria Street West, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Email: [email protected]. CONFIDENTIALITY This report contains valuable information in relation to the Biosecurity programme that is confidential to the business of The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited and Zespri Group Limited. This report is provided solely for the purpose of advising on the progress of the Biosecurity programme, and the information it contains should be treated as “Confidential Information” in accordance with The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited’s Agreement with Zespri Group Limited. PUBLICATION DATA Puketapu A. March 2019. BS1847: Review of the biology, ecology and management of the brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) with reference to kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis). A Plant & Food Research report prepared for: Zespri Group Limited. Milestone No. 77646. Contract No. 35746. Job code: P/310119/01. SPTS No. 17628. Report approved by: Aleise Puketapu Research Associate, Kiwifruit Entomology March 2019 Libby Burgess Science Group Leader, Applied Entomology March 2019 THE NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE FOR PLANT AND FOOD RESEARCH LIMITED (2019) CONTENTS Contents ....................................................................................................................................... 2 Executive summary..................................................................................................................... 1 1 BIology and ecology ....................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Classification and nomenclature .............................................................................. 5 1.2 Geographical distribution ......................................................................................... 6 1.3 Pest Description ..................................................................................................... 11 1.4 Host Plants ............................................................................................................ 14 1.5 Damage ................................................................................................................. 19 1.6 Pest Status ............................................................................................................ 22 1.7 Biology and ecology ............................................................................................... 23 2 Pest management ......................................................................................................... 35 2.1 Monitoring techniques ............................................................................................ 35 2.2 Chemical ................................................................................................................ 38 2.3 Cultural control ....................................................................................................... 40 2.4 Postharvest control ................................................................................................ 43 2.5 Biological control .................................................................................................... 43 2.6 Organic control ...................................................................................................... 44 2.7 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) ...................................................................... 45 3 Pest management in kiwifruit ...................................................................................... 49 3.1 Chemical control .................................................................................................... 49 3.2 Cultural control ....................................................................................................... 52 3.3 Biological control .................................................................................................... 53 3.4 Organic control ...................................................................................................... 53 3.5 Summary ............................................................................................................... 53 4 Reference list ................................................................................................................ 58 Appendix I – Host classification of Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855) secondary plant hosts .................................................................................................................... 68 Appendix II – Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855) morphology.................................................. 76 THE NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE FOR PLANT AND FOOD RESEARCH LIMITED (2019) THE NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE FOR PLANT AND FOOD RESEARCH LIMITED (2019) BS1847: Review of the biology, ecology and management of the brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) with reference to kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis). March 2019. PFR SPTS No.17628. This report is confidential to Zespri Group Limited. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY BS1847: Review of the biology, ecology and management of the brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) with reference to kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) Puketapu A Plant & Food Research Te Puke March 2019 Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855) (brown marmorated stink bug, BMSB) is native to East Asia with an extensive distribution throughout North America, Canada, Europe and more recently Chile. This invasive insect is a significant economic pest of fruit and vegetable crops. Damage caused by BMSB includes: fruit drop, malformed or distorted fruit, internal tissue damage and skin discoloration. Feeding injury varies in response to host plant phenology, BMSB density and life stage/s present. All nymphal stages, except the first instar, and adults feed on plant structures. Feeding by late instars and adults causes proportionately more damage than earlier nymph stages. The BMSB life cycle consists of three main stages: egg, nymph (five instars) and winged adults. Late-season adults move to suitable overwintering grounds in late autumn; dispersing again in late spring to feed and mate. The number of BMSB generations per year varies in response to local conditions (temperature, photoperiod); one to two generations is common in invaded regions and China, however four to six generations were reported in Kwangtung (Guangdong) province, China. BMSB is highly polyphagous with over 300 host plants identified across 62 plant families (identified in this review). BMSB is considered as an arboreal species but also feeds on a wide range of ornamental, wild and horticulturally/agriculturally important crops. Economically important crop hosts include; Glycine max (soybean), Phaseolus spp. (beans), Pisum sativum (pea), Malus domestica (syn. M. pumila) (apple), Prunus armeniaca (apricot), Prunus domestica (plum), Prunus incam (cherry), Prunus persica (peach), Prunus serotina (black cherry), Pyrus spp. (pear), Capsicum annuum (bell-pepper, capsicum), Actinidia deliciosa (syn. A. chinensis var. deliciosa) (Chinese gooseberry, kiwifruit), Secale cereale (cereal rye), Triticum aestivum (wheat), Citrus spp. (lemons, lime, madarins, oranges), and Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). BMSB move between crops during the summer growing season based on the availability of suitable host plants. Feeding on multiple host species may support normal development. [1] THE NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE FOR PLANT AND FOOD RESEARCH LIMITED (2019) BS1847: Review of the biology, ecology and management of the brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) with reference to kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis). March 2019. PFR SPTS No.17628. This report is confidential to Zespri Group Limited. Brown marmorated stink bug management BMSB control at present relies heavily on multiple applications (sometimes weekly) of broad- spectrum insecticides, particularly in North America. This is unsustainable and more integrative control options are required to prevent toxic chemical residues, secondary pest outbreaks, development of pesticide resistance and to avoid harming natural
Load more

Recommended publications
  • He Great Lakes Entomologist
    The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 26 Number 4 - Winter 1994 Number 4 - Winter Article 2 1994 December 1994 Comparative Study of Life Histories, Laboratory Rearing, and Immature Stages of Euschistus Servus and Euschistus Variolarius (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Joseph Munyaneza Southern Illinois University J. E. McPherson Southern Illinois University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Munyaneza, Joseph and McPherson, J. E. 1994. "Comparative Study of Life Histories, Laboratory Rearing, and Immature Stages of Euschistus Servus and Euschistus Variolarius (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 26 (4) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol26/iss4/2 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. Munyaneza and McPherson: Comparative Study of Life Histories, Laboratory Rearing, and Imma 1994 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 263 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LIFE HISTORIES, LABORATORY REARING, AND IMMATURE STAGES OF EUSCHISTUS SERVUS AND EUSCHISTUS VARIOLARIUS (HEMIPTERA:PENTATOMIDAE)l Joseph Munyaneza and J. E. McPherson2 ABSTRACT A comparative study was conducted of the field life histories of Euschis­ tus servus and E. varialarius in southern Illinois, their life cycles under con­ trolled laboratory conditions, and their immature stages. The results indicate that E. servus is bivoltine and E. variolarius is univol­ tine. Adults of both species emerged from overwintering sites during early April, began feeding and copulating on leaves of common mullein (Verbascum thapsus) and surrounding vegetation, and reproduced shortly thereafter.
    [Show full text]
  • Pentatomidae (Hemiptera) Associated with Rice Crops in Southeastern Australia
    PENTATOMIDAE (HEMIPTERA) ASSOCIATED WITH RICE CROPS IN SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA M.M. Stevens1, F.J.D. McDonald2, G.N. Warren1 and J. Mo1 1EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Yanco Agricultural Institute, Private Mail Bag, Yanco NSW 2703, Australia 2School of Integrative Biology Insect Collections, St Lucia Campus, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia Email: [email protected] Summary In response to reports of blemished grain in export shipments of Australian rice a sweep-net survey of stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) was conducted across 38 rice crops in the Murrumbidgee and Murray Valleys during the 2005/6 and 2006/7 rice seasons. Seven stink bug species were recorded, however three species, represented in the samples by both adults and nymphs, accounted for approximately 97% of the 257 stink bugs collected. Anaxilaus vesiculosus (Herrich-Schaeffer) dominated the fauna (84%), whilst Eysarcoris trimaculatus (Distant) and Nezara viridula (L.) constituted 9% and 4% of captures respectively. Although stink bug densities were very low and unlikely to cause significant damage to the crops examined, there was a high level of variability between crops and also between seasons, with a six-fold increase in the average number of bugs collected per crop in the second year of the study. Field-collected A.vesiculosus adults placed on a caged rice plant survived for up to 20 days. Nymphs that emerged from eggs laid on the plant were reared through to adulthood without any alternative food sources being supplied. Hulled grain from the exposed plant showed the characteristic blemishes associated with stink bug feeding.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Sampling and Monitoring Methods for Beneficial Arthropods
    insects Review A Review of Sampling and Monitoring Methods for Beneficial Arthropods in Agroecosystems Kenneth W. McCravy Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, 1 University Circle, Macomb, IL 61455, USA; [email protected]; Tel.: +1-309-298-2160 Received: 12 September 2018; Accepted: 19 November 2018; Published: 23 November 2018 Abstract: Beneficial arthropods provide many important ecosystem services. In agroecosystems, pollination and control of crop pests provide benefits worth billions of dollars annually. Effective sampling and monitoring of these beneficial arthropods is essential for ensuring their short- and long-term viability and effectiveness. There are numerous methods available for sampling beneficial arthropods in a variety of habitats, and these methods can vary in efficiency and effectiveness. In this paper I review active and passive sampling methods for non-Apis bees and arthropod natural enemies of agricultural pests, including methods for sampling flying insects, arthropods on vegetation and in soil and litter environments, and estimation of predation and parasitism rates. Sample sizes, lethal sampling, and the potential usefulness of bycatch are also discussed. Keywords: sampling methodology; bee monitoring; beneficial arthropods; natural enemy monitoring; vane traps; Malaise traps; bowl traps; pitfall traps; insect netting; epigeic arthropod sampling 1. Introduction To sustainably use the Earth’s resources for our benefit, it is essential that we understand the ecology of human-altered systems and the organisms that inhabit them. Agroecosystems include agricultural activities plus living and nonliving components that interact with these activities in a variety of ways. Beneficial arthropods, such as pollinators of crops and natural enemies of arthropod pests and weeds, play important roles in the economic and ecological success of agroecosystems.
    [Show full text]
  • First Records of Halyomorpha Halys (Stål, 1855) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Vorarlberg and Vienna, Austria
    ©Österr. Ges. f. Entomofaunistik, Wien, download unter www.zobodat.at Beiträge zur Entomofaunistik 16: 115–139 From the west and from the east? First records of Halyomorpha halys (STÅL, 1855) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Vorarlberg and Vienna, Austria. Aus dem Westen und dem Osten? Erste Nachweise von Halyomorpha halys (STÅL, 1855) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Vorarlberg und Wien, Österreich. The Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys (STÅL, 1855), is native to East Asia (China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Vietnam) (LEE & al. 2013). It was first discovered outside its native distribution range in North America in the mid-1990s (HOEBEKE & CARTER 2003) and has spread to more than 40 U.S. federal states and Canada (Ontario) since then. The first record in Europe dates back to 2004, when specimens were found in Liechtenstein (ARNOLD 2009). Halyomorpha halys was subsequently recorded in several cantons in Switzerland (e.g., WERMELINGER & al. 2008, WYNIGER & KMENT 2010, HAYE & al. 2014a), southern Germany (HEckMANN 2012) and northeastern regions of France (CALLOT & BRUA 2013). In 2012 it was detected in Modena, northern Italy (MAISTRELLO & al. 2013), and until 2014 approximately 200 records were made in northern Italy (MAISTRELLO & al. 2014). Genetic data indicate that Italian populations derive from at least two independent introduction events, one from Switzerland and one from Asia or North America (CESARI & al. 2015). In 2013 H. halys was detected in France in the region Île-de-France, some 400 km further west (GARROUSTE & al. 2014), and in Hungary in the vicinity of Budapest (VÉTEK & al. 2014), several hundred kilometres away from the closest known records in Italy.
    [Show full text]
  • A High-Quality Actinidia Chinensis (Kiwifruit) Genome Haolin Wu1,Taoma1,Minghuikang1,Fandiai1, Junlin Zhang1, Guanyong Dong2 and Jianquan Liu1,3
    Wu et al. Horticulture Research (2019) 6:117 Horticulture Research https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-019-0202-y www.nature.com/hortres ARTICLE Open Access A high-quality Actinidia chinensis (kiwifruit) genome Haolin Wu1,TaoMa1,MinghuiKang1,FandiAi1, Junlin Zhang1, Guanyong Dong2 and Jianquan Liu1,3 Abstract Actinidia chinensis (kiwifruit) is a perennial horticultural crop species of the Actinidiaceae family with high nutritional and economic value. Two versions of the A. chinensis genomes have been previously assembled, based mainly on relatively short reads. Here, we report an improved chromosome-level reference genome of A. chinensis (v3.0), based mainly on PacBio long reads and Hi-C data. The high-quality assembled genome is 653 Mb long, with 0.76% heterozygosity. At least 43% of the genome consists of repetitive sequences, and the most abundant long terminal repeats were further identified and account for 23.38% of our novel genome. It has clear improvements in contiguity, accuracy, and gene annotation over the two previous versions and contains 40,464 annotated protein-coding genes, of which 94.41% are functionally annotated. Moreover, further analyses of genetic collinearity revealed that the kiwifruit genome has undergone two whole-genome duplications: one affecting all Ericales families near the K-T extinction event and a recent genus-specific duplication. The reference genome presented here will be highly useful for further molecular elucidation of diverse traits and for the breeding of this horticultural crop, as well as evolutionary studies with related taxa. Introduction require improvement because of difficulties in assembling “ ” 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; 1234567890():,; Kiwifruit (known as the king of fruits because of its the short reads into long contigs and scaffolds.
    [Show full text]
  • EPPO Reporting Service
    ORGANISATION EUROPEENNE EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN ET MEDITERRANEENNE PLANT PROTECTION POUR LA PROTECTION DES PLANTES ORGANIZATION EPPO Reporting Service NO. 1 PARIS, 2021-01 General 2021/001 New data on quarantine pests and pests of the EPPO Alert List 2021/002 Update on the situation of quarantine pests in the Russian Federation 2021/003 Update on the situation of quarantine pests in Tajikistan 2021/004 Update on the situation of quarantine pests in Uzbekistan 2021/005 New and revised dynamic EPPO datasheets are available in the EPPO Global Database Pests 2021/006 Anoplophora glabripennis eradicated from Austria 2021/007 Popillia japonica is absent from Germany 2021/008 First report of Scirtothrips aurantii in Spain 2021/009 Agrilus planipennis found in Saint Petersburg, Russia 2021/010 First report of Spodoptera frugiperda in Syria 2021/011 Spodoptera frugiperda found in New South Wales, Australia 2021/012 Spodoptera ornithogalli (Lepidoptera Noctuidae - yellow-striped armyworm): addition to the EPPO Alert List 2021/013 First report of Xylosandrus compactus in mainland Spain 2021/014 First report of Eotetranychus lewisi in mainland Portugal 2021/015 First report of Meloidogyne chitwoodi in Spain 2021/016 Update on the situation of the potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida in Portugal Diseases 2021/017 First report of tomato brown rugose fruit virus in Belgium 2021/018 Update on the situation of tomato brown rugose fruit virus in Spain 2021/019 Update on the situation of Acidovorax citrulli in Greece with findings
    [Show full text]
  • ACTINIDIACEAE 1. ACTINIDIA Lindley, Nat. Syst. Bot., Ed. 2, 439
    ACTINIDIACEAE 猕猴桃科 mi hou tao ke Li Jianqiang (李建强)1, Li Xinwei (李新伟)1; Djaja Djendoel Soejarto2 Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. Leaves alternate, simple, shortly or long petiolate, not stipulate. Flowers bisexual or unisexual or plants polygamous or functionally dioecious, usually fascicled, cymose, or paniculate. Sepals (2 or 3 or)5, imbricate, rarely valvate. Petals (4 or)5, sometimes more, imbricate. Stamens 10 to numerous, distinct or adnate to base of petals, hypogynous; anthers 2- celled, versatile, dehiscing by apical pores or longitudinally. Ovary superior, disk absent, locules and carpels 3–5 or more; placentation axile; ovules anatropous with a single integument, 10 or more per locule; styles as many as carpels, distinct or connate (then only one style), generally persistent. Fruit a berry or leathery capsule. Seeds not arillate, with usually large embryos and abundant endosperm. Three genera and ca. 357 species: Asia and the Americas; three genera (one endemic) and 66 species (52 endemic) in China. Economically, kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa) is an important fruit, which originated in central China and is especially common along the Yangtze River (well known as yang-tao). Now, it is widely cultivated throughout the world. For additional information see the paper by X. W. Li, J. Q. Li, and D. D. Soejarto (Acta Phytotax. Sin. 45: 633–660. 2007). Liang Chou-fen, Chen Yong-chang & Wang Yu-sheng. 1984. Actinidiaceae (excluding Sladenia). In: Feng Kuo-mei, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 49(2): 195–301, 309–334. 1a. Trees or shrubs; flowers bisexual or plants functionally dioecious .................................................................................. 3. Saurauia 1b.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Predatory Stink Bug (Unofficial Common Name), Euthyrhynchus Floridanus(Linnaeus) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)1 Frank W
    EENY157 Florida Predatory Stink Bug (unofficial common name), Euthyrhynchus floridanus (Linnaeus) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)1 Frank W. Mead and David B. Richman2 Introduction Distribution The predatory stink bug, Euthyrhynchus floridanus (Lin- Euthyrhynchus floridanus is primarily a Neotropical species naeus) (Figure 1), is considered a beneficial insect because that ranges within the southeastern quarter of the United most of its prey consists of plant-damaging bugs, beetles, States. and caterpillars. It seldom plays a major role in the natural control of insects in Florida, but its prey includes a number Description of economically important species. Adults The length of males is approximately 12 mm, with a head width of 2.3 mm and a humeral width of 6.4 mm. The length of females is 12 to 17 mm, with a head width of 2.4 mm and a humeral width of 7.2 mm. Euthyrhynchus floridanus (Figure 2) normally can be distinguished from all other stink bugs in the southeastern United States by a red- dish spot at each corner of the scutellum outlined against a blue-black to purplish-brown ground color. Variations occur that might cause confusion with somewhat similar stink bugs in several genera, such as Stiretrus, Oplomus, and Perillus, but these other bugs have obtuse humeri, or at least lack the distinct humeral spine that is present in adults of Euthyrhynchus. In addition, species of these genera Figure 1. Adult of the Florida predatory stink bug, Euthyrhynchus known to occur in Florida have a short spine or tubercle floridanus (L.), feeding on a beetle. situated on the lower surface of the front femur behind the Credits: Lyle J.
    [Show full text]
  • Exocrine Secretions of Wheel Bugs (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Arilus Spp.): Clarifi Cation and Chemistry Jeffrey R
    Exocrine Secretions of Wheel Bugs (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Arilus spp.): Clarifi cation and Chemistry Jeffrey R. Aldricha,b,*, Kamlesh R. Chauhanc, Aijun Zhangc, and Paulo H. G. Zarbind a Affi liate Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA b J. R. Aldrich consulting LLC, 519 Washington Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA. E-mail: [email protected] c USDA-ARS Invasive Insect Biocontrol & Behavior Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Bldg. 007, rm301, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA d Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Semioquímicos, CP 19081, 81531 – 980, Curitiba – PR, Brazil * Author for correspondence and reprint requests Z. Naturforsch. 68 c, 522 – 526 (2013); received August 21/November 6, 2013 Wheel bugs (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae: Arilus) are general predators, the females of which have reddish-orange subrectal glands (SGs) that are eversible like the os- meteria in some caterpillars. The rancid odor of Arilus and other reduviids actually comes from Brindley's glands, which in the North (A. cristatus) and South (A. carinatus) American wheel bugs studied emit similar blends of 2-methylpropanoic, butanoic, 3-methylbutanoic, and 2-methylbutanoic acids. The Arilus SG secretions studied here are absolutely species- specifi c. The volatile SG components of A. carinatus include (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-none- nal, (E)-2-decenal, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, (E)-2-undecenal, hexanoic acid, 4-oxo-nonanal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, (E,Z)-2,4- or (Z,E)-2,4-decadienal, and 4-oxo-(E)-2-nonenal; whereas in A. cristatus the SG secretion contains β-pinene, limonene, terpinolene, terpinen-4-ol, thy- mol methyl ether, α-terpineol, bornyl acetate, methyl eugenol, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, and farnesol.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropods of Elm Fork Preserve
    Arthropods of Elm Fork Preserve Arthropods are characterized by having jointed limbs and exoskeletons. They include a diverse assortment of creatures: Insects, spiders, crustaceans (crayfish, crabs, pill bugs), centipedes and millipedes among others. Column Headings Scientific Name: The phenomenal diversity of arthropods, creates numerous difficulties in the determination of species. Positive identification is often achieved only by specialists using obscure monographs to ‘key out’ a species by examining microscopic differences in anatomy. For our purposes in this survey of the fauna, classification at a lower level of resolution still yields valuable information. For instance, knowing that ant lions belong to the Family, Myrmeleontidae, allows us to quickly look them up on the Internet and be confident we are not being fooled by a common name that may also apply to some other, unrelated something. With the Family name firmly in hand, we may explore the natural history of ant lions without needing to know exactly which species we are viewing. In some instances identification is only readily available at an even higher ranking such as Class. Millipedes are in the Class Diplopoda. There are many Orders (O) of millipedes and they are not easily differentiated so this entry is best left at the rank of Class. A great deal of taxonomic reorganization has been occurring lately with advances in DNA analysis pointing out underlying connections and differences that were previously unrealized. For this reason, all other rankings aside from Family, Genus and Species have been omitted from the interior of the tables since many of these ranks are in a state of flux.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 12. Estimating the Host Range of the Tachinid Trichopoda Giacomellii, Introduced Into Australia for Biological Control of the Green Vegetable Bug
    __________________________________ ASSESSING HOST RANGES OF PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS CHAPTER 12. ESTIMATING THE HOST RANGE OF THE TACHINID TRICHOPODA GIACOMELLII, INTRODUCED INTO AUSTRALIA FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE GREEN VEGETABLE BUG M. Coombs CSIRO Entomology, 120 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia 4068 [email protected] BACKGROUND DESCRIPTION OF PEST INVASION AND PROBLEM Nezara viridula (L.) is a cosmopolitan pest of fruit, vegetables, and field crops (Todd, 1989). The native geographic range of N. viridula is thought to include Ethiopia, southern Europe, and the Mediterranean region (Hokkanen, 1986; Jones, 1988). Other species in the genus occur in Africa and Asia (Freeman, 1940). First recorded in Australia in 1916, N. viridula soon be- came a widespread and serious pest of most legume crops, curcubits, potatoes, tomatoes, pas- sion fruit, sorghum, sunflower, tobacco, maize, crucifers, spinach, grapes, citrus, rice, and mac- adamia nuts (Hely et al., 1982; Waterhouse and Norris, 1987). In northern Victoria, central New South Wales, and southern Queensland, N. viridula is a serious pest of soybeans and pecans (Clarke, 1992; Coombs, 2000). Immature and adult bugs feed on vegetative buds, devel- oping and mature fruits, and seeds, causing reductions in crop quality and yield. The pest status of N. viridula in Australia is assumed to be partly due to the absence of parasitoids of the nymphs and adults. No native Australian tachinids have been found to parasitize N viridula effectively, although occasional oviposition and development of some species may occur (Cantrell, 1984; Coombs and Khan, 1997). Previous introductions of biological control agents to Australia for control of N. viridula include Trichopoda pennipes (Fabricius) and Trichopoda pilipes (Fabricius) (Diptera: Tachinidae), which are important parasitoids of N.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification, Biology, Impacts, and Management of Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) of Soybean and Corn in the Midwestern United States
    Journal of Integrated Pest Management (2017) 8(1):11; 1–14 doi: 10.1093/jipm/pmx004 Profile Identification, Biology, Impacts, and Management of Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) of Soybean and Corn in the Midwestern United States Robert L. Koch,1,2 Daniela T. Pezzini,1 Andrew P. Michel,3 and Thomas E. Hunt4 1 Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Ave., Saint Paul, MN 55108 ([email protected]; Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jipm/article-abstract/8/1/11/3745633 by guest on 08 January 2019 [email protected]), 2Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected], 3Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 210 Thorne, 1680 Madison Ave. Wooster, OH 44691 ([email protected]), and 4Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Haskell Agricultural Laboratory, 57905 866 Rd., Concord, NE 68728 ([email protected]) Subject Editor: Jeffrey Davis Received 12 December 2016; Editorial decision 22 March 2017 Abstract Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) are an emerging threat to soybean and corn production in the midwestern United States. An invasive species, the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Sta˚ l), is spreading through the region. However, little is known about the complex of stink bug species associ- ated with corn and soybean in the midwestern United States. In this region, particularly in the more northern states, stink bugs have historically caused only infrequent impacts to these crops. To prepare growers and agri- cultural professionals to contend with this new threat, we provide a review of stink bugs associated with soybean and corn in the midwestern United States.
    [Show full text]