Trusteeship Council of the United Nntione in D-:Ic.::.Mlur, 1947, Requostin1~ Unification of the .L'wq Peoplo W1dcr One Administr~Tion

UNITED NATIONS

TRUSTEESHIP T/: J:T. 6/32 _ TJ:.=:;T.?/Jl COUNCIL l Fclrunry 1950 Oh.IG TILL: ENGLISH

Dulil Distril ution

1 ~TITION FilOi·. TH.:.. .. LL-iJi COiJF~lillNCi

CONCi.::LtNING TOOOL.JW UlW~ll L~UTISH .• Dl'11NIS'i''ic,TION ;J4D TOOOL,'JJD mma F"u.l£NCH :J)HJiUSTIL~TION

!J)!,C •_7 th8 Secret11ry-G..:n,m:1l: In accord.1nccl with rule 84 of the rules ,.:,f :,rocoduru for the Trusteeshi: Council, the Socn::trrry-General hA.s the h·)n-"Jur t::i trnnsmit horowith b th0 mcrnb::rs 8f the Trusteoshi~J Council ;,,n un::latc 'i comr:::unicntion from the J.11-Zwo C::mference ccmcurnin.{ the Trust Terri t,,rL.:s of T,:i ~ol:m(l unicr J":ritish ::i.:iministrGtion and To.~olnnd umler F1 ,mch administr:,tion, This c,orr,munication wns tr:msmi tted to the Sccr<:!t-l.ry-G,mcral J,y the Unitt.!d Nations Visitin.; Nis;,'!ion to Trust Terri t8ries in West f,frica. ·r;i.'ET.6/32 T/i'ET,. 7/31 page 2

COPY

TO THB VISITING MISSION OF THE THUSTEESHI!' COUNCIL

OF Tlli: UNIT.ill NATIONS, .·.T LQME, ON DEC.bl:illi.:li 1 1 J8~2

QDJ!<..CT

The object of this memorandum is to set out more details in support ot the petition we presented to the Trusteeship Council of the United Nntione in D-:ic.::.mLur, 1947, requostin1~ unification of the .l'WQ peoplo W1dcr one administr~tion,

THE COUNTRY

iweland lies :)Ctw~cn the River Mono on the cast and tho Volta River on the west, and extends northw~rda from thu Gulf' of Guine~ to the 7th degree latitude in the, west .rmrl. to the Sth de,jroe ln.titude in the CA.St. On this area of .1.bout ten th•)us,11.nd square miles are foun:i n.bout 0ne million ;,eople.

The Ewe people are of the same ori;in; they speak the same lani3Unbe, namely, Eve, Local customs ara practicnlly the s.llile n.nd their culturn.J. back-Jround is essentially the same. The Gurmans occu~ied the e~stern half of Ewcland in 1884, and sub,equcntly by mutu<1l r1.~rocacnt tetween tho l3ri tii,h anri the Germans, it wl\S ~:;arti tioned betw~cn these two ::,owcr3 by settini; up the !\nr~lo-Gunnrm frontior of Ewcland without e.:msultin:::~ the ~wea thems~lv1.;S in nny Wl'JY wh~tever.

:.ft1.;r the dcfunt rJf tho Germ:ms in the first :~hrld liar of 1914-19181 th-: pcrman,mt ,~n 1;lo-FNnch rronti.::r wns eat u:1 in 1920, wtwrcby thu former Oen:cJ.n portion r)f Ewl·L·.n-1 wn.!! Jividcu into two, a~ain without consulting thv .:i.h'..:S th1;olBclv2s,. ::F0lnnd hn.s since remained three territories, nrunely, GolJ Co:\st. r:wc:11:i,1, ,;, , 1 ·mrl ,_,.n_;(.;r United Kin,;dor.1 Trusteeship and iW1:land .,, '.:t . ~· . :s this political frontier which has bc~n the r:Jot c9.us~ Jf ·i:_; . s·.l; li :ius uf'. the Ewu people 03 the ro.;sult of which th<)y s~nt n s~•""c.:.·c.L :-. ~,:~,, ~.,v-:. to th0 Trusteeship Council of tho United . T/:i i::T ~ 6/32 T/i. 7/31 ~ac~e 3

THE DIS;,BILITIES OF THE E.W.c; rEOi'LE

(a) The disabilities of the Ji:we i.'eople are many and varied - a:,li',ical, ec,momic and social. These have nlrearly l:--•een amply set forth in the Ewe News-Letter Noe 20 of December 1946: !.nnex I, and in the Oral i'rescntation by our special rer,rcscntG.ti ve: :.nnex · II.

(b) ConcNte cxanul<;s illustrn.tin6 the very artificial nature of the frontier am set f ;)rth in Annex III. A glance at the Ilk1.p of the territory

11 in question will show h;JW the "Volta Trian1:lo was formed by sim:,ly irawins a m. .:..r,:iber of str:i.L;bt lines. It is evident that the test interests of th.J inhabitants of the Ewe territory can only be safe67.larded and the peorle led ~,ro::ressi·.rcly t•) solf-L~ov,:rnrnent or independence by placing the three Zones under one ;iJr:linistratlcn,

1, ~ OLITIC:..L DISABILITIES

In ordff::· L;, pruparc th1.: t0rritory for eventual self-Government or. ind-:;-,\3ndcncc, the :)resent ,Llitical institutions need to be de;veloped on ox?ctly th"' s:1!:1c lineso .~ itc;,rcsent::i.tivc /,.ssembly in French Togoland for instance r.:,1st h::i.v8 its ccunt,.;r;:~:rt ,Jn the British :Hue to 12mable the two tu fdrr,, ,1 Jcint ,',sscrnl:ly. 'th,, locc:,l councils upon which those assemblies are t,nsud ne:c:d oquc1lly to h.: Jr,:;aniserl on th,J same pr:i,ncipleso You cannot hnvo in one zone the L)C'd t~c•v•..:rnr.1er::.:i uf a villacr,e or district run eff0ctiv

ln view .:;f the f:-iret~oin,:; fo.cts we r:w,int,,:i.n th::i.t unification under one i.~l.:unistr:,tL1 n is th,, Lest solution ,,f our :•roblom. ( 1.) 'Lh,; ~liversity 1f a 1:riculturt1l products ubt'.lin.:i.ble in Ewe territory

t J.;:;v,.::L,:;:!,·:•it, ty ~h,: two 1dr:1iru,.sturing i).Jwcrs J parts 0f the t.:.:r:ri tury havu been J.l..l'.·-:r :01 ·ty t:12 i:1!11'. it:mts t::i firU w->rk <.;ls..::whor0, It h/'\S n,)t b2en :,0ssihle

fer the F'..'J,1e,:: Z.m.1 t.:, :::u:·-:,i.y the Drit.:i.sh Z:.me with food-stuffs of whioli the

fo:r::i.Jr D. .;rent .,:..,S1ucc;r~ In the Sr>.r.,c way, thu i3ritish Zone w!'lich has ;:-J 0ntif,..:.l :.,u:·•:.l·r ..>f z:1lt, fish. oni:mJ and timher is unablo to su:[)i,ly their

(b) G.)U Cnst G0v•.:::-;Xi.1.mt hi.::,;ulDt:ions ;ov1:.rnin,--; lard tenure in f.-:-itisll ':.';,.~c•hnd ("2:-j tis!i T,):;;l:ini .',Jninistr.1ti'.)n Orclirumce lJoc 15 of 1940; C:1p" 96) stri::.::.y :i.'or·H,: ?..11 outsi.1<:!rs, even Ewes from French To,;olc:n:i to

l:u.y ar.·; 0\-ffl 1cm \.:::; i:1 :'::ritish To_;ol-1.nd"'

T(;;rit:Jr~: •:r:-,1nc 1,ml .sturling) it is rrnctiG:illy im1.1ossible for the ~\v-JS in the Dri~,ish ..u:d French zones t:1 trade arnoni.:; themselves~ llorse still, ctJ.pitnl c:mn•_)t b0 my11Jd .f· .... : one zone to nnothcr. Consequently, it is not possib}.e for ;;, 1xr:::ion iivin:; in one zone to support membl:rs of his f3lllily or Jth1.:r dcrc11·.i-:1:1ts lh·in t in the uth.;r Z;:)ne.

(-1! i'rovisinn in the Trustoashi:1 :,_;r,mncnts wh-.ireby :ill m0mb0rs of tho Uni te:d :htions c:m trtvl..-:: fruely in th1;;; Trust·-Turri torics is r.. J.;Jc'.ld 1-:ttGr.,

(_.,) Th•J s~Jli :.tin,-; ::if the T0rritory into Dri tish nnd Fr..:;n'Jh zones doc::s

not m:1kc dthL:r z..:no sufficiently !'1.ttre.c~iv~ for f->r0isn cnpi t.:il in·rostm .. mt-

(f) Th-1 UX;:''Jrt · duties nnJ export lic.::inccs rxiyable in the Fr1:nch zono .::1rc not c ,n:.'.l:i,,o t) th•J Jvvclo::mcnt of the export brn,inuss, ~)rincipri.lly by th()

0 (:;) ':;, .... ::: :::::;· t:.r of ,l1Jvclo1,,in.:; loc1.l inJ.ustri"'s rmi c~~--:r:1t.i-v-.J

suci ct.i :'3 ,J: :'3 :nt ,1,~,:,e::.r t., h:wu r1;c,:i v,.:l th..J ~tt-enti m it d0scrvo: ::.n tr.-: T/fET,6/32 T/;ET, 7/Jl pnge 5

·(h) The establishment of industries such as

briok and tilo maJdng, wt.ite lime manufacture, soap manufacture, cotton textile irnustry, canning of fish and vegetables, salt-works, cement manufacture, and edible oils is lor.g overdue.

We believe that tho unification of the Territory under one administration and consequent pooling,of the resources shuuld,go a long way in remedying these shortcomings.

3a KDUCfil:IONAL DISABILITIES

(a) The most potent factor in the development of any country towards !elf-eovernr:ient or independenco is education. In the Ewe territory two different systems of education obtain which result in the production of dia~Wlar citizens. In the French zone the emphasis is on the production of a perfect French scholar, whose foremost pre-occupation is to become a French citizen as distinct from Ewe citizen, This type of eduoation leaves out of account all indieenous culture even to the point of forbidding the teaching of the mother tongue. It,. has often been explained to the United Nations that it is impoBsible to tench the Vernacular lan5'lages as they are too many and that none is spoken or,understood by a large number of the population. Our reply is that the Ewe numbering about a million souls speak one language which is Ewo, Local variations do not prevent tho whole or the poople to communicate with each other. The .lan@lage itself h~s been the l!lubject of serious study by German scholars who have produced an alphabet, grammar, dictionary.and a certain a.mcunt of usefUl literature. Thie has been carried on by Ewe and Europoan scholars until the Ewe language today has become a literary language recognized bY_ the Intem~tionaJ. Institute of A.frican language& ~'d Culture, ';i.'/1 :.;·r, 6/32 T/i·t.T. 7/31 pa;~e 6

In the British zone the Ewe lan·IUage is acceptod as a subjoct for Matriculation oxamination of the University of London. In the Driti3h zone, the educational systom does tako account of indigcn,ms culture. To thia extent, the ~)roduct of this systom is a moro suitr.blo citizen in a territory worldn; towards self-government.

It may be noted that the curricul~~ of the schools in the French zone is to a vory great ex.tent a copy of that of the schools in Metropolitan Franoo, whereas that of the schools in the British zone is adapted to local conditi0ns.

(b) It is necessary for the full exercise ~f self-government or independence to have a unive~sity for the Territory. If the present division continues, it is almost certain that no university will ever be established for either of the zones, yet they are called upon to become self-governing 0r independent.

(c) The experiment in mass-education which has just been carried out in the two zones promises a great future if it can only be carried out on a large ru1d permanent scale.

4, HE/.LTH Drs;unLITlliS

Health service in the two zones is not up to the standard one might expect. No real hospital exists in any of tho zones. This to a certain extent is understandable as the upkeep of such a very essential service is beyond the moans of either of the zones soparately which should already be fully occupied with providin6 the m~st alementrlry services such as: (i) First-rld centres or dispensaries for each village;

(ii) Mobile dispensary to bo attached to each centre;

(iii) Health visitors to instruct villagers ~n simple rules of hygiene and child care; and,

(iv) Innoculation a6ainst amall-pox, yellow--fcver, whooping cou6h, typhoid and tetanus,

The inndequacy of health service in the British zone is the cause of ~r.dless stre~~ of patients going to the French zone for medical.attendancee 1'ht! currency excha.."'l.go control is a great hard!!!hip for these poor patients, lolho hav~ to pay for acco::modation and medicine. T/PET,6/3~ T/PET,7/31 page 7

5. E,tITER SUPPLY DISABILITIES

A unified territory sh,)uld be more capable of providing water necessary for a large number of dist1icts in both the.British and French'zones which are now in great need of witer.

60 JlOAD DEVELOPMENT DISABILITIES .,, The present lamentable state of all the main roads and bridges in the two zones can be remedied if the territories are ~ified.. A fuller use of the. railway system in French Togoland can be made by developing lateral

feeder roads to the railway li~e 0

T!-IB CONSULTATIVE COMmSSION

In spite of the assurances given by the representatives of France and the United Kingdom that the Consultativu Commission

(a') "would be a Commission on Ewe affairs within the two zones" - British and French;

(b) "would deal with the ~we p:-oblem ru1d be charged with the task of satisfying the legitimate aspirations and cla.i.ms of the Ewe people";

(c) "would compromise repres1m:~atives of a population at present time distributed among threu distinct territories", namely, tha two Togolands and the Ewe territory of the Gold Coast, (See

T/P.Vo39, pagus 71 and 106) 1 the Commission is named Consultative Commis,sion for Togoland affairs, where the Ewe problem receives little or nG attention at all, and no provisions are made for the Gold Coast Ewe~ to be represented on it on the plea that the Commission was not created for Ewe affairs.

We suggest (a) that the Gold Coast Ewes be allowed to be represented by two members t0 be elected by them, thus increasing Afric:m merr:borship of the Commission to six: T/PET.6/32 T/1':E:T • 7/31 page 8

(i) Two to represent Togoland under French Trusteeship;

( ~~i'., Two t o rcprcsent Togo l and und er Unit e d Ki ngd om Trusteeship; and,

(iii)' Two to represent the Gold Coast Ewes.

(b) Thats to ensure efficiency of the Cor.uniasion, tho r.iandate of the ,d'ricnn rnambers of the Dritish zono should be extended to five years instead of the one year now fixed.

ME,\SURES FROFOSt:D IN THE FR •. ,NCO-BRITISH JOINT MEM)R;JJDUM

(a) Some relaxntion of frontier regulations have been effected: Annex V; but failure of the Customs authorities on both sides to enforce changes laid down has nullified the effects of these relaxations: Annex VI,

(b) The setting up of the proposed Conventional Zone ia still hanging fire and the Governments themselves do not seem to know what to do: Annex VII. Wen.re anxious that the two Govcrnt1ents should come to an early decision in. the matter,

(s) No serious efforts have yet been made to hannoniee administrative and cultural policies apart from the mass-education experiment in Kpnlime which so f~r has had no following up,

C O N C L U S I O N

After havine given n trial to the joint Franco-British proposnls for the removal of our .disabilities which ore P

Received at United Nations Headquarters: 12 December, 19494 T/PETc6/32 T/PET.7/31 · page 10 C O ? Y -·-·--- ... --.

ANNEJ: ·--·· ~

THE. E1.JE llEHS-:-UTTEl:i. Organ of the ii.11-Ewe Conference Edited by Eo /\mu

No. 20 DECEMBER; 1946 Frice 2d.· ------.. ------.. _ ------·- -- _.., - .. ------

At the close of the old years "llJen ·i:,houghts fo:· th0 new year are soaring in our minds, the 11JE NE1,JS--I.r':TTER conside1·s it has two spG-:ial duties to 3.ll the people of fa:eland: U) To remi:1d them wby tt1·.'Y :s-ho1.~lJ persist in their demand for the unification of Bweland. und8r or,e pro,--:ressive ad.11inistration. ( 2) To remincl them of the great porso,,al sacrific0 eve:-y ]£we-speaking person is called upon to make for the achiever..ent of tllls ,,r,ification.

In a struggle of the kind we have embn:.ckeci U;')0n,. a strugg).e which is

bound to be long contin'..led, .._it i8 30 Ca.SY I ir. tine, for ;ie,,ple to fo·:·got and allow their er.thus:.-ism to flag ancl t.hei::c J.etennin-':l.U on to 1-.rar,c. It is therefore absolutely essential that every Ewe-spcairing r-erson_, whether young or old_, sho'..lld have a . clear knowledge of the main re~sons for our demand and the price we are called upon to pny for the a~hievement of the unification of Ewelnnd, because it is onl:• by this means tl~"lt we .,.c3.r1 const.antl;r revive our enthusiasm and stiffen our determination for t~c stru1:;gleo

Why, we may n.sk, should the pe0plc of i..Sw'l:md persist in their demand for the unification of Eweland under one p:rop·cssive administration?

lo Before .,he first. Great War of 1914 Eweland. w::i.s di.vided into two territories, namely the Eadern or the G::-.:.·m.::.n territor-_r of Eweland then known as Togoland, and the Western or the i3;-i +~is~ t·Trritory cf lw•Jland which fanned

and still .foims pr".!.rt of th2 Gold Coast~ The er:i 1. .9 uf thl3 t.hE:11 i:ng!..u·--German boundary were n).n1-0st thr, same as t.hos,i of t.~:a A 8) )·•-F~·t!nch boundary today which have been poi1:ted out ap'.in anci again i:i. these News--!,ette:-3., 1.-le quote from the EWE NEvw"S-U:TY.ill Noe 2; June, 1945; 'I'/i~T,,6/32 1 '1'-. /pt:'f' . l.J .... CJ 7; .,,.,11 ..- pngJ 12.

"The partitions of Ewelnnd Wfjre probably carried 0ut j n i~norance

of the facts of Kwe Society ••o~oo This frontier cuts indis~Timinately through villages and farms,,~,•• One village ha3 close f,m1ily ties with

the next village, and so on, all the way from the Hivor Vol.1:,n. to the Mono 0 The real t!'uth of the matter is that it is impossible to si::>t 111-1 a. satisfactory frontier anywhere between the lower Volta in the Gold Coast and the lower Mono on the ~/estern border of Dahonwy., 11

The worst evil of this pD.rtition was that in.the Grent War of 1914~ Ewes wera led by the British and the Germans respectively to fight a6ainst ea.eh other and shed each other 1 s blood, not because of nny quarrel b8twl1en the Ewes themselves; but because the two foreign powurs which partitioned them happened to be at war with each other, It was only by pure chnnce; thank God, that parti tionod Ewela.nd und.tir tho Dri tish and the Fr"nch r-cspcetiyoly was spared a repetition of this most painful experiencc: in tha lnst World War of 1939, • Socially spu~king, th~ people of iwoland are united by the closest tios of kinship., language and culture and can never so.tisfactor:i ly hJ scpnr1ted into two or rnoro territories as they nro todny,, Neither Brita:i.n no:-.:· France appears to c0nsider it har obligation to pay nny attention to tho pe::.t'e~tly legitimate roquost of the Zwo peoplo 0 Britain, at, any rate, in t.hu light of hor past action of 1914 describect above, shou.ldJ if only ns an net of restitution alone, hoed ciur cry and take vigorous o.c t,ioa to ~·5.t:ht thi::, griev9us social wronge Ann. France A.t any rate, if ,only for nh.3:r r,~eetit experience a.lone of the cruel partition of her own country by Nazi G0rnw.ny, should aympathizo with us Ew0 people' and take even more vigo:::·ou::, act.ion to h:lsten the unific!ltion of Ewolnnd for which ·' li.e people o.r Jweland ar0

clamouring 0

2 0 Nor is the partition of iweland i'ess iniquit,oi1s econornlcoJ~r speaking~ Lome is not only a seaport town and tho capiti,.1 of French Bwol.::i.nd, but it hns .ala0 a good 'hi1rbour. But ,~ccra, whicl· is n. sc.::i.port. t.o,,'71 and tha ca.pitnl ot the Gold Co:ist, has no harbour. Lame is therefo:ro :)f crccJ.te:- • . ec.inomic impurtance thnn Acerno D;r !er the greater part o.f Ewe.>} 2.nd ... Eritlsh T/rsr.-6/32 T/PET.7/Jl pa.ge 12

and Fronch, is nearer to Lomo than to Accrfl. Furthernorc nil traffic over the two main motor roans that l6acl from Eweland t.o Accra IJust be ferried across the Rivor Volta, Until this ri~er has beon bridged, every part of • Eweland is, for all practical purposes, nearer to Lome than to 11.ccra~ Ho for instance is.a.bout 70 miles from Lome_p while it is about 106 miles from Aocra. Again, Hohoe is about 95 miles from Lome, while it is about JJO miles or

convenient seaport town for the purpo9e of trade thnn is Accra, But since \ Lama is in the French territory of Eweland and is separaten from the greater half of Eweland by strict frontier regulations, tmde between Lome and the greater half r-,f Ewela.nd which ie I::ritish t.erritory is n practical impossibility,

One side of the Anglo-French frontier may at times te starving for want of food and yet, because of strict frontier regulations, no help whatever is p0ssible from the other side which may be thrivin~ in plenty. We people of Eweland consider this a grave wrong both soc~aJ 1y and e~•Jnomically and do persistently ask that this be brought to nn end by the unification of Eweland,

Jo Educationally and politically the partition of Eweland is not in the interests of the people of Ewelando Here again we q'J.oto from the EHE NEWS LETTER Noo 2; June 1945:

"Most of us ren.lise, howadays, thrit judged by modern standn.rda;

education in Ewelanci is still very· b.:ickward indeod o o o ~, ~ St)me of our villages are tQo poor or too small t~ be able tu raise ~ll the muney that they need to build and equip their own schoolr,, and pr·ovide teacherse It is n matter of joint effort in whole division2 if they are . 5 big and prosperous cnoueh and for big and well ordered stntes coooeo \vhen we consider the c.:J.se for a secondary school; then we hdve to think of a combiru'..tion of states~ A single state of Eweland r,a~not. possib]y build, equip and provide teachers for a first-clas::i seco:-ula:rJ ::-choolG 11

The situ."\t.ion at present is that after the E.ducai~_.l ;routh of t:wcland ha·,e completed their ;,:-:-::rnar:,• education in Ewelanc. they depe:-!d enUr,:,ly on the few ·racancies off er(~d them in the Yarious sec ,;nd.'l:r·:r ,.cho·J l" in the T/PETo6/32 . T/J?ET, 7/31 page 13

Gold Coast~ The Fres:iyterian Training College and Achimota College which take the largest numbe:, of Ewe students tak~ re~:)ectively from ten to twelve every yearo Taking it fo~ granted that each of ~he· si..~ remaining secundary schools includ:'...ng WcD; ey College takes from s:L;,c ·-:.o eight Ewe students on an

average; we rn.i,_;hl:. say tr1at, about sixty to seventy Ewe sti...:clentc who attend primary schools in Eweland obtain admission to cJcondary schools every year. But suety or seventy students every year is only~ sprinkling of the large number of educated Ewe yo)1ths of primary echool standard who are turned out from about twenty senior schools or more every yea-re l!e car.not expect

Vf::ry much more than :.his 0 And until we have built one or two first·-class .ae.condary--5('.hools. ourselves, the bulk of our yout,h stands no chance of ever obtaining secondary educationo

But since a Erst~lass secondary school can only.be built by the joint effort of many states, it is clear that the pnrtit.ion of Eweland as we see it today is Getrimental to the educational developnent of Eweland.

Stunrnii1g up all the foregoing arguments in one sentence we say~ The social, economic, educational and political progress of Eweland is impossible without the unification of Eweland 1u1der one progrE5ssive administration,

Let us remember, hoh'ever: that the. Ul)ification of Eweland means a great deal of hard work of various kinds. tve should be continually inst:ruct,ing_ __our illiterate neighbours in facts about our unification whi,:;h they must lmo~. We sht,uld be continually writing about our affairs for the infqr.naticn of other people, so as to enlist their sympathy and full support. We must do everything we can to help our cause without fear o~ favour and with single minded devotion 0 All these resolves are af great impor~ance. But unless they are loyally backed up by our readiness to give money LIDliliALLYs all our labours for Ewe unification will never come to frci.tion~

There are two major i terns which involve heavy financial cOI:JU.itments .. The first is the means whereby th~ whole world, especially members of the

Assembly of the United Nations ai well as the .'unerican, Br'.i.tish and French public sh~ll be made to know and understand our case for unific3tion. And public opinion is surel.y the most effective ~Jans whereby pressure cnn be T/rET.6/32 T/PET,7/31 page 14 brought to bear on the governments concerned to heed our request. ABain, by far the quickest m~ans of informing the public is throuGh the press and the representative poli":.ical bodies of the various countries whose opinions are of great weight in world a.ffairso Dut whore the aid of the press and political representative bodies is sought, heavy financial commitments are involved.

Secondly it is absolutely necessary for us to supplement all our endeavours by sending' a deputation of at least four members to speak for us and to state our case sufficiently clearly at both world and regional conferences. And we should be prepared to finance such a deputation on several occasions, According to the New York Tribune o·f December 9th, 1946, the Trusteeship Committee of the United Nations General Assembly made a recommendation which we quote in support of this latter point:

"That the Economic and Social Council (of the United Nations General Assembly) together with the power concerned, be called on to convene regional conferences of representatives of non-self- . . governing territories to give them opportunity to express their wishes and aspirations,"

It is obvious that we are faced with the need of ,ollecting a Central Fund immediately. In fact, contributions to such a fund have already started, It is being contributed to by all throe sections of Eweland namely, French Eweland, British Eweland and Eweland of the Gold Coast. We reckon that if ev~ry man of the total nu:nber of adult inhabitants of these three sections will contribute four shillings, and every woman two shillin~s, more than

twice this sum will bo realizodc At the flat rates sug6ested, it will take eithe.r 50,000 men or 100,000 women to contri'.)Uto l:;10,000. But surely there are hundreds of men and wumen in Eweland who have the means of giving betweea :l,l and ~5, if only they are prepared to make a sacrifice a.nu to give liberally.

The Ewe-News Letter earnestly appeals to every citizen of Eweland to r.iake a real personal sacrifice; to begin NOi·l and give as much and as often as he can to the Ewo Central Fund for the realization of the unification of T/P~o6/32 T/fET~ 7/31 page 15

Ewelan~ und~r one progressive administration, You are called upon to be the first to sacrifice all you can for this great cause, Football-~tchos, concerts and other publ.!c shows for collecting money for the Ewe Central Fund are all most wclcome 0 Dut first and foremost is your own liberal contribution Provided that every one is.willing to contribute readily: we can hope to reach our immediate total of til0.,000 by the clqse of March; 1947,, ., . Fellow citizena of Ewe1a.nd, are we really in earnest about our request the unification of heland under one progressive ~nistration? The state for oft he Ewe Central Fund by April 1st, 1947 will prove our earnestness. ✓ T/IFrJ:.6/32 T/i:ET.7/31 page 16

CO:.· Y

:.NJJiX lI,

illl Oral r·ruaontf\tion •Jf the Case for the Unification of Bwcl::md Mndo Boforo tho Trusteeship Council of the UnitGd Nati one nt Lake Success ,.m J)ocombor 8., 1947.

by Sylvanne E. Olympic two ;~ccroditou Roprosontativo. }fr, Chninnan, and Members of the Trusteeship Council ot tho Unitort Nati0ns: ·

I bring you grootings.frooi rnrnmount Chiofs, chiofa and Eldare., ai.gnnt.orios c>f tho Ewa Convention and the Ewo pooplo, The regret tha.t tho • time limit 6iven t,1 their ropro::iontntivoa to npponr bo!oro you does not allow any o! tho Chiefs uf tho ~we people to re present. We are, however., doeply grateful to the Trustt::oship Council for this unique· opport\D'lity so generously afforded us to prueent our cnsu before thia international body, one of the grent orgAn8 of. tho United Nationo.

The gwe case is o ~implo one. I will endonvour to put it batore you without paaoion. It. is the simplo roquoat ot n tribe or one tdllion poople • to be ollowod to 11ve togathur under ono roof., and• one govornment. ao th11t they C/Ul achiovu penco and prosperity.

Tho description of the countcy of this tribo o.nd thoir histocy aro givon in vur ?3tition, .md tu.so in tho joint mwnornndum subnitted to you by the two ~·.!ministorin~ authorities - Fr/Ulcu an1 thu Unitod Kingdom. You hnvo, not only in our own ,i)otition., but in tho joint ml.lD.orandwn o! the two powura,

the oosentials and th9 justification ut our cL-dm. I propose, thoreforo1 to aUIIUI1D.rise thoso, aupplementin3 tho in!onn11tion a.lrandy o.t your dispoc,al. I shall Al8o attompt to oorroct certain impressions which theae documonta may have oro~tod. T/L~T.o/32 T/iET.7/Jl paGe 17 !

The lwe C'.)untry lies alonr.; the Gulf of Guinea on the West. Coast ,Jf !.frica., It has an area uf abou~ ten thouso.ncl square miles and, thus,

\ is near] y as lnrge as :;.~;:Llestino or Bolciu.m. Its population is cpproxiraately one million.., Its first contact with Bu.ropoans dates back more than three ce~turies, but it hns lrnovm effective i!:uropean administration only since the last qua:::-tt;,r :Jf t.ho 19th century~ In 1884 the country was shared between Germany and Englanu, the forr,lC:r occupying about three-quarters of the aroa. The part occup~ed by the Drlti3h was often referred to as '-,ho Volt;;. Trian~1lc, and this area constitutes tcxlay the southeastern corner of the Gold Coast

Colony a Difficulties arose d~ring the fir5t few years of the occupation of the country by Germa!l.y and Great Brita::.n owing to the boundary which was set up bet,we8n c,he Ewe living in the VoJ.ta Trrnngle anct those in the German controlled area, Generally speaking, the Volta River formed a natural boundary between other Gold Coast trLbe~ and the Ewe, Dut the V0lta line was not followed by the Ani:;lo•-Gcrmany boundary,

r·rofess..i.on Duell; in his work, 11 T!1e N3.t~e i:"roblem in Africa 11 , refers to this position: "Dut for s,)me reason, about 200 miles n0rth of Lome the fr::intier wns ori,}in:illy Jr;,.wn so ns t·) lenve the river riml desc~md di.:ii:r:mtlly t,1ward Lu1m.:J, ns a result lf which n t rian1le on the le.ft b·mk of the riv0r which c~r:1c t0 be cn.llod. the Volt,1 Trin.n.~10 became Dritish Territ,n-·y. 11 Dis;:iutus with the Dritish Colony of thl3 Golcl Coast ns t:::, trade n.nd custorns J.utir::s in the Volt.'1 ro;;i.,m led the:: tw,-, 1;Jv0rm.wnts to establish .:i. customs unilm in 1894 f .::ir their territories unst of the Volt.:i. Thi;.; German Hust ,,fricn.n rnurch:mts wur-0 c:i._~cr to .Jbt·lin th0 Volt.'.'\ Trian::1o in exchan,~c for Gc:rmn.n Snm0a, but tli0 German Gov0rnr,1t:mt WJulJ not n;:rtoc to give up its specific IsL::m-1 unrl so t;io o:::.chnngu W'lS not made.)

The cust0ms union cstnblishcJ in 1D94 for tho t.Jrri torios 1.;n.st of the V0lt:i lostcd for ten yEnrs, T~1is cust0ms unim wJs rur;uii::ltuJ by Gc:nnnny in 1904 in .;;r:ier to divort the trc1dc hhich uas plssing thr~ugh the fort of Ket.::i. in Dritish C')ntr,)lled t.8rritory, :m::i the Gcrm:i.ns levi0ri t:r.,,t:_;ctivc duties in the int of the trade of Lome and the Lome-Pal:i~e Railwny.

'i'rv "\J·:,l ta Trionc~e remains part of the Gold Const Colony todny and is inlv11-.i t·<: l·y lh<.:'. Ew:, the smne group which inhabits the southern _portions or 'ccth Bri t::..:;.L C.'.i:ninistrired and French !lnrninist8ted Togoland.

In 1914, British ~roopa ndvancin6 from the west, and French troopo ad,n:mcin6 fro::: th,:: east, occupied Tot;oln.nd. From 1914 to 1920, the Britioh occu:·,ied the western half, includini:; the Port of Lame, while the French occu1)ied the east•.:rn half. /Ster the pen.cc treaty in 1920, the British ha~ed over 2.cout two-third:; of the former Ge:nnan Togoland, including the Port of Lame to the Fr,'nch .' the country was thus :iivided into;

2.. ToL•:Jl,m:i under British mandate,

b. ~i\:,!~•1 1:..'1°1 ur.der French mande.te, thr'l r·,sult of th.:,se partitions, the Ewe country is now split into three sections.

1. Thr: Volta Trianc;le, which continues to form part of the British C,Jl::,ny of the Gold Coast~ 2. The part of To5oland.under British admir~stration which lie~ in.~Eiiately to the north of this area.

J. The part of To6olanQ. under Frfnch administration which liee to the Coast of the Volta Triangle.

It should be noted here that-the'pnrtitioning of Ge:nnan Togolnnd did not tnke int0 account one of the principal recommendations of the joint momornndum submitted by France 3.Ild Great Britain to the League of Nations regarding the so.l c,f Gnir,iln Togoland. I quote from this recom.inenda.tion: 11 The two g~vcrnmcnts, anL~ated with the desire to arrive at a mutual understanding, have · c2rr.e to the conclusion that the plan which they ought to recommend to the League of Nations is that the territories of Togo and the Cameroons should be placed'

un::i,~r 3. m.1.ndate, but th;,.t the terms of the mandate should take into accoun~, firstly, the interest of the nativea, till now artificially separated from the .:ireas cccupied by people of the srune race. 11 No attempt was ma.de~ however, to •::.o aw3.y with th,: artificial partioning of the Ewe tribe in '"the south, a situation which h~s existed for over thirty years. It ia true that in the north of Togoland T/PET.6/32 T/PET. 7/31 r12.ge 19

eatisfaction was liven to the D.igombc. tribe ,.,hich µetitioned a::; enly as 1914 for the unificntion of their land, Com.~enting on this petition, ~ir Hugh Clifford, then Govcrn'.)r of the Gold Co"st, wrote ::m September 24, 1914, to the Secretary of Ste.te for the Colonies in Londun: 11 It should, I think, be noted for future reference th~t any ~ttemµt once mor~ t) divide the Dngomba country in e manner which is opposed to thA ethnol:)bic;·l distribution of the n:itive population will be keenly r,;scnted by the chiefs ar,:::! peoplo, both in the northGrn territories an~ in the Se.ns:-nne Mnngu llistrict of Tocoland., 11 The f,Jrei;oing remarks apply with equnl f,Jrce to the feeling uf the natives in the Peki and Masihohe districts and to the f,wuna population in the Keta and Lomelc.nd districts • 11 Neverthel~ss the E,rn ps0plc of Mis1.'hohe c.nd Lul'lelan::! were separated from their kinsmen in the Peki an1 Keta districts. Clec.rly, no

notice was taken of Sir Hugh Clifford 1 s rem~rk reb3rding the n0cessity for the unification of the Ewe peJple.

As soon as the proposed partioning of Totolend was made known, there was an immediate protest on the ~art of the Ewe living in the Lome anj Keta districts. In Sp?tember 1919, a number of chiefs l!n:! ,.)ther Ewe le(iders, SeEt a :lispn.tch

to Lord Milner, Secretary of State for the Colonies in En0 lr>.nd, :;tating that the possibility th<1.t part c,f To6o o5.ght be transferred to anoth .. r p;.iwer had filled them with £reat ap.i)r, h.snsicn and that on nccount of tribal t,Jrritorial, educational and ec,momic consider;::.tions, they wished tu be \.L"'lder British rule.

The dispatch further st:ited that the nbs,>rption of Togoland into the French Colonial Empire would sever membE:l! s of the Ewe-spE:aking people in Togoland from those in the southeastcrn pnrt of the Gold Coast nnd s~riousl.y ,, interfere with thC;ir ecommic pr0gress •. The dis);)ctch c,,nclud.ed: 11 the feeling of his lorship 1 s petitioners will be more clearly understood when they are considered side by side with those of the inhabi trnts of Alsc.ce and Lurra.ine a.t the time of their annexation to Germc.ny in 1871. 11

Protests were also sent by Ewu living on the Gold Cuast with th~ result that in 1920 the Congress of British West Afric.::. took up th~ir cll.se with thEi British Government in the United Kingdom. No result was obtnineJ, however, f.om '.I'/PET. 6/32 T/PET. 7 /31 page 20 all these protests nn~ the Ewe country remaine1 split into tnc three zvnes already describeG.

The Permanent Man::1.n.tes Commissi:.Jn of the L acue of Nt\ti(ms also drnlt,

on several l)Ccasions, with the To 6clnnd fr,,~tiur question. F-.>r exnr.i.ple, in 1928, the chiefs and inhabitr:nts of \foamc in T0g0bnd unde:i:: French administration, petitioned to l::nQJ.C of Nations c;mccrnint, th8 scpnrntion of their villages fro::,. their f,ms by this bcun~.nry betweon French nnd Britiah Togoland. All that was obtnined as a result of this petition .,;.:_s an assurance

by the man:\: tory powe:·s that: 11 1 t is underst:xid thnt in respect to land on either side of tho fr.:,ntier, th:) rights, whether inclivicl.u.:i.l, trib.:;.l or frunily, hithPrto ~njoyed in respect thbreto by persons wh)m the delinc~ti0n of the frontier will separate frum' those lands, shc.11 continue to be enjuycd undiminished."

During the 14th S0ssicn of the P0nnanent Mnn-:Qtes Ccmr.1.issicn held from October 26 to November 13, 1928, the question ::if the boun:lay between French and British Togol2.nd was ngain raised. I qucite fr,)m the minutes of thn t sessions 11 M. Palacios said thnt the same question cf the nity of the tribes crose as regards the territory, and .:>.lso in connectivn with the jelinc:ation uf the frontiers. Reference ha1 been 'made to this wirk cf ~.,)limitc.ti-.n ,)~ several occasions, and. also to the arrani;emrnts uf 191/,-1918 ,m::. the i-lilner-Simon agreement of 1919. The press and public Oj)inbn hi'.:1 often criticized the boundary line on the gr0unll th:- t when it bied been tr3.cc:.:., sufficient account hnd not been to.ken of naturt'.l consi::lerntions, such as di visions )f l~E,'Uagc, race, tribe, locnl custom, etc, in connectLm with which the requirements of justice were more imµorte>nt them the convenicmce of the powt~rs. 11

In reply, Sir :1cnsfor,! Slater ( fr;rmerly Governor of the G,.:ilu C...J-i.st

eliminate entirely any division of the tribes. hS fnr as the nort~crn section of Togolclnc. was concerned, he believed th.:i.t the division cf t~!rrit.:.iry had been :successful in this r-:spect, but ht c,mld not prc.ten:i thct all th..; tribes in the T/PET.6/32 T/PET. 7/31 ,i)nge 21

suuthern section were s:-:tisfien.. It wns., hcwever, the British Goverrnnent' s .JGlicy t:1 r strnin th,'3 tribes fr.:;m r._-oz1cnin6 quc,sti:ms which must be • rcg,Tcle:. ns havini; bcon finrlly settled in 1919 11ml 1922, nnrl he had always

pr0sumed th.1t it w:iul•j bo im.f)rupt..r f0r the locr:l iOVernment b do so. 11

Thus while the Pcrmnnent Nnn l1i.tes Cvmmission 0f the1 leaeue of Nations wns fully nwarc of thz eeri.'US dist".b:IJ.itiJs resulting from the partition of

EwcLmd, no E- ffecti ve acti-:in was tc.kc-n t:> t!'nninc.te the injustice existing. The qui;:.Btion of the p:1rtition of Ewcknd cc'Jit0 b;~fore the Pennnnent Mandates Commission c\bnin in 1936, onct 1938.

I have t;iven t 11is brief survey u f the bistory of the demanc!. for the unificd,i m c.,f EwdnnJ in order tu demrmstrnt~ to you thnt the problem is a. const:?.nt source of irritutiun i?.?ll d_issatis~acthin to the Ewe people, nnd th~t an ncccptnblc solution is loll£ overdue.

Th,:-, agitntfon fur the unificntL,n uf Ewelnnd is bec0ming more and rnCJre in tens,-!. During the scc:md World \,;ar, difficulties arose between the French e.nd the British ~~overnr.icnts ~n:i~ as n c~Jns~:qucnce, contact between the Ewe Jiving in the British ,m.1 the: French zon0s, resp&ctively, bGcame very difficult, and sometimes r.ltog,.::th0r impossiblG, especially during the yet.!rs of_ 1940 and 1942. 'l'his Bt! te of affr.irs nnturnlly intcnsifie,1 thG domnnd for unificntioi,, and v;' ri0us or~~ani z-:1 tims throughout the F.wo country, nnd els vwhere, took up the demnnri. This finnlly culminn.te.t in the crcntion of the All-Ewe Conference which hc.s the full becking nnd tht, nuthori ty of· the Ewe peoplo in all • territories. The ~11-~'we Conference is ccrnposed of traditionnl chiefs,

Eld~s, nn;~ othor l,;;aders mvi peoples (_;f thu j":;wo c-:,untry. _ The aim of this org~nizntion is to co-ordinnte the Ewo :.iem~d for the unificction of 'their people under one administr~tion.

The Joint Fr:mco-British Memornndum

The ndministering authorities recently circulated in both the British and French areas of Ewelnnd n joint memornndum setting forth'thoir views on the question. 1-1ith your pennission I should like to make a few observntions on this memorandum. .. T/PET.6/32 T/PET.?/31 page 22

Wishes of the Petitioners

I wish to mnke it quite clear to the members of the Trust'eeahip Counoil that the Ewo petition cmanntes from represent~tives of the Ewe people resictut&

in the French and British zones of Togoland1 as well as those of the Gold Coast. It is the unequivocal wish of the Ewe living in thoee three zone~ J to be placed under one administration, Consequently, it is incorrect to say that the Ewe in French Togoland desire only the re~establishment of the old German Togolnnd under one administr2.tion, while their ldnmnen in the Briti8h zone drn1and the creation of nn autonomous Eweland.

Other Tribes

It is true that in French Togoland and in British Togoland there a.re other important tribes living to the north of the Ewe court. ry who are ethnologically diffeNnt from the Ewe. The most important numerically of these tribes are:

A. In French rogoland.

the CAbrai - 195,000 the Cotocoli - 72,000 the Moba 72,000

B. And in Dritish Tobaland,

the Dagomba - 92,000

The total popul~{ion of these other tribes could be estimated at 600,000 according to French nnd British official records.

It is intercoting to note in this connection that the following other tribes of Toboland arc also split to a cert,u.n extent botween the British and French zones:

c!., Nob::i. b. Tchokossi c, Kokomba. T/PE:r .6/32 T/PZT. 7/31 page 2.3..

·There is no doubt but tho.t these tribes would also welcome the opportunity of living together under one· o.dministr.:-.tion, and would -c.artainly do so if they h?.d the o'pportunity of c.pper.'.ring before you.

Some d~ubt ha.s been expresse.d in the joint Fronce-British manornndum concJrning tho goou relctionship betwein those other tribes nnd the Ewe. The · de l'Unit~ Togolaiso, which is the most importnnt politico.1 body in French To6oland1 has as one of its prim~ry aims the,developnent of good relations between all tha tribes living in Fronch Togoland. This aim has bcdn steadily pursued, and to date substontial results hnve been achievhd,

It ho.s nlso been stated th~t within the Ewe country, itself, there are other smaller tribe5. I must say th~t this st~tement exeggerates the fncts of the situation, ond misinterprets the position of small migrant groups, o.11 of whom have inter-mc.rried with the Ewe.

Reforenc~ wns mnde to the Minn .ind the Adangbu in French Togoland, The oncestors of those people crane fror.i. the Gold Coast. The Minn nre not fran DMo.'Iley, .ls suggested in the joint mamornndum. Further, the Minn ond the Adnngbe spenk no language todny other thn.n. Ewe, mid practice the same genertl•customs. They hcve b;come absorbed by the Ewo and do not owe .:-llegi.::mce to o.ny Pnrruaount Chief outside the Ewo country.· The same remarks cpply to the following groups in Togola.nd undu~ British administration:

o.. Awntime (population 4,000)

b. Nyngbo (popul,,tion 1 1 000) c. Uec.dz\:,l (popul['.tion 300) d. Agotime (popul~tion 3,000)

Tho totnl population of thase four groupa is about 8,0CO.

The Ewe Convention

The Ewe Convention which was signed in 1946, is a genuine instrument' drcwn up and signed by the true representative of our people: The criticism leveled n.gainst certain signatories from French Togoland a.re n T/PET.6/32 T/PET.7/Jl pri.ge 24 m0ritod. The men who h.-:ve described themselves in the Convention .:1.s presidents of the Councils of Notables ~re, cxcopt in one case, nnturnl rulers or chiefs who hnvo been olected presidents of the Councila of Notables which ~re consultntive district councils created by the French Government.· These men c::mtinue ,to be our chiefs, even though the Councils of Notables nay dis~ppec.r. However,. the Councils c.f Natnblcs continue to function in French Togol~d tod:1y. An ordincmco ;c,ublishcd in Jru1.uary, 1946, provided for their ~bolition c.nd substitution by district councils (conscils de circonscription). These latter councils, however, hnve never boen formed, cU1d the Councils of Noto.bles, although technictlly, or legally dend, still function.

The Joint Fr2.11co-British Propos~ls

We ~ree with the o.dministering nuthoritics thnt there is no ndvantnge in crenting nn autonomous Ewe stntc which will be too small to become nn efficient nnd independent self-govcrning unit. This need for lnrger groupings mnkes it cssenti~l th~t the Ewe country should not remain split up in-three units.

We c.:mnot, however, nccept ns vv. lid thG r0.::.sons given for the continued d..bision of the two Togol.:-nds and the Ewe country of southenste:m Gold

Co:-.st. It s 3~:ns to us thnt the whole difficulty ns contended by the .:v:,:ninistering :J.Uthorities nris0s from theso two fnctsJ firstly, thnt tho Ewe country of southcilstcrn Gold Coil.St i::; n British Colony; secondly, th.:J.t pGrt of the D~gomba country in the north is n British protectorate.

rJow, may I .'.1.Sk, are we as ~ tribe to continue suf.Ler ing economic, cultural and politic~l dis2.bilitics merely because the Keta ru1d Dagomba districts .'.:.re not trust aNr-.s? Surely, the terms of Chapter XI of the Ch~rtcr of the United N~tions apply with equ~l force to tll dependent territories, the interests of whose inh.'.1.bitnnts are declared to be paramount.

Arc we to take it th.'.1.~ we h~vc to ebide forever by the decision arrived .:-.t by the British .:>.nd Frt:nch Goverrm1ent s, nnd accepted by the League of Ifa.tions in 1928 with.:nrt giving voice or paying heed to those actuilly affected? T/PET.6/JZ T/PET. 7/31 pnge 25

I P.l",1 rof erring in this coru1cction to the stc:.trn:-ient L.1.:'.de br Sir R2.nsford S12.ter, nccrcdited rcprcsento.tivc of tho British Govornac,nt, to th0 PG:nnn.ncnt Mnndr.tcs Cor.rmission: 11 It is, however, thl; British Govorrm

Hv.d· tho General Ass0mbly of the Uni t-.:d Nations no right to ::w.kc en~' recarrnnend2.tion'·to coloniol pow-:::rs on 1:10.tttlrs 2.ffecting·the wdforo o.nd vita.l interosts of the colonicl peoples? I most cc:.rn0stly bcso,ich yc,u to put yourselves in our position to nppr

As rGgnrds the other mensures proposed in tho joint mcmor.:u""..L!um, we feel thnt the o.clnlinistering cuthorities are sincc~~ly d.:i,sposdd to help us, .. . . but we must sry t!-io.t the mcasur<1s proposod n.re hopolcssl~r ino.d0ri_uc.t~.

It is pointed out in the joint memorund\llTl tho.t substantial progress in the socicl, economic, cultur~l nnd politictl spheres hc.s b.:ien ,::1.chiev0d, 11 z.s

wcs recognized by competent bodies of the Leo.gue of Nn.tions11 • The f::.ct thnt these ver; bodies of the League of NQtions accepted thu p~rtition of ·, our country r.s correct nnd proper mclrns us feel their npprov.'.'.l of reports by the mnndntory powers should not always be accepted wi th:)ut question.

Besides, no nntive !.nh.::.bitn.nt W.'.lS allowed nt the t:i.r;1e to give his opinion on these reports. While there hns been so1a~ pro~ress in the Ewe country, thnt facts aro thnt:

1. Thero is not~ sinele pcnnnnent rand in the Ewe countr; tod~, either in tho British or the French zone. The roads nro cll either ;1ud or lntcrite;

2. There is not n single socondnry school iu either tho Fr0nch or the British zono;

3. There is not n single hQspitnl worthy of the nrunc in either of the two zones;

4. There is only one technicc..l school built by the Gornnns which is now being

used more as ~ factory th:m ns n 'school by one of the raissiono.ry bodi0s; T/PET,6/32 T/PET, 7/31 pa.ge 26

5. In the political sphere the progress made can hardly 'be jeacribed as ·substantial. In French Toi:;oland, up till December 1946 the participation of the inhnbit::i.nts in the g:,vernment of th :::ir country, whether local or central, was limited to District C')uncils known ns Conseils de Notnbles crented to advise District Commissionors. These Councils, in effect hnd very li~tle, or no influence ~ver decisions tnken by the District Commissioners. Hichcr up wo.s the Lcbislati ve Council ( Conseil d I l,dmini st.ration) of which only two nominated ;,.fricans. were rnE:mbers, notorious for their inability to understand or express themselves in French, and whose only qun.lificr>.tion was that they were disposed to collabor;,.te with the local administr~tion. On the British side there are Native Authorities created ostensibly to look after their own locnl nffairs, but are hedged about with the over-riding au"thority of the Administrative Officers and the veto of the Governor, so thnt ·in effect they are only instruments for · carrying out the orders of the Europenn administrators,

In the Gold .Const Legislative Council, n body which passes laws generally applied later to Togolm1d under British adrninistrrtion, no representative of thia latter territory is a member,

Customs Barrier

As a result of the division of the Ewe country there exists a customs barrier between the two zones. This barrier. is one of. the greatest stumbling blocks in the way, not only of our internal trade o.nd commerce, but also of our cultur~l, social and religious cuntacts. Mention of this bnrriar is made in the joint memorandum, but no 1r.te is fixe:i for its_ removal.

Administrative Measures

No specific mention is made in the proposals of the necessity for harmonizing the administrative machinery and methods of the two administraticma, which, in our opinion, in· all cases eh?uld recognize native institutions, To give you an concrete instance~ I may mention that while in the British zone, the positio; of the chiefs is supported and strengthened, in the French zone our chiefs ore reduced to ordinary government functionaries, nominated and T/PET,6/32 T/PET.7/31 ! page 27

removed from office by district commissioners. Agdn, a representntive assembly. has recently been instituted in French Toiol~ni which has considerable powers over questions nffcctinb the budget of the country. But this assembly has no legislative power and no rii_,ht to cl.iscuss politicr:.l matters, not even with a view to making sugg-3sti,Jns. On the uth0r hn.rn~, there is a legislative council in the Gold Coast which hcl.s very limited powers over the budget, but, at the same time, is a let~islctivo b0r!y whfoh c.'.lil ,:l_ec:.l with mutters concerning the affairs uf the colony.

The Propcsed CJnsultative C,)mmission for T:1;;•.:,lrmd ;.rf.'..l.irs

The powers of the proposed Consultative Commission for Tocoland affairs are n0t definei in the memarnnium, It ap~ears t0 be limited to economic and cultural mntters. The m~nner in which the proposed two representatives of the inhnbitMts on this Commission are to be chosen is not definec. Further, the proposed permanent secretariat which is to co-ordinate th0 eff~irts of the two admi.nistr:-tions, is t0 be composed solely 0f men nominated by the tw:.> gov:rnmen~s, without any ref0rence to the wishes of the Ewe people. This proposPl, in our opinion, is hiishly updesir:1.ble.

Conclusion

It is clear from the jvint mE::morand\lm thnt the sulut.ion proposed by the ~dminisuring powers of the Ewe probl€m is, at most a makeshift arrunGement. It cocs not solve the basic problem, In order to insure orderly and true

progress of the Ewa country, we must h,.,ve .:1 c0mmon educ: ti,Jn£'1 system, the same politicnl ?rganizr.tion 1hroughout the land nnd economic unity, ·'fhis can only be broughtabout by th,J complete unificntion 'Jf tht: country under one ndministrE1tion. T/PE!' .6/32 T/PET .7/31 pl\ge 28

The Ewe people .eirnestly petiti1n the Truste8ship Council to invcstignte this problem on the spot, kn::iwin6 thnt our clnims arc just.

Finally, I wish, in the nrme ~f the Ewe peJplc, to thenk the Trusteeship Council for nffording us the opp>rtunity tu 1-1resent our case befure you.

If there nre any questions, and if the PrcsUent nnd the rules of proceduro permit, I should be most plenscd t.:, be given the c,pportunity to reply.

______..., ___ __ C O P Y T/PET .6/32 T/PET, 7/31 page 29.

A. Districts split int'.) two by the Anglo-French Frontier in Togolana: .

1: ______,\FL,\O DISTRICT .. ::-;- ..

:§,.ri tish f,flao Towns French ;,E::o T.'.),-ms ... ,.. ~----··-·--'I';., .. ,~ .. ,.. ,_,-r•,- l. Hanyo Kofe 10. Batome 1, Nyakonakpoe, 10, Klemegble 2. Agokpanu 11. Yol:oe 2. Gakli 11. Yo~oegble

3 > Teshie 12. Abgoe 3. Agbalefedo 12. S:tgbade , ,., I,vedzi -J 4. 13. Sakani 4. !.v b.'.ait,hlc .J..) i.: ....,::_,,,._: u\, .. 5. Hoeme 14. Adelafome 5. /watame 14, s~g:Je 6. Sovife 15. Vief e-,.fagame 6. G,:,vifegble 15. iclc2.togble 7. Gbugbla 16. i'.if ekotosme 7. Made·.-1om0Bble 8. ilpeyame 17, !,kame 8, ~Jonyorne 9. Tove 18. Tublukofe 9. t.fedokee -----··-- "'"-•·-~---·- II. ,'.GOTIME D:J:..§1fil.9.! British h.gotime Towns ~h_;\go_t:~.::.~~ 1. Kpetoe 1. Zukpe 9 ,· /muzukedzi 2. Gboxorne 2. Kpodzeaxo 10. Vutegble 3. :\dedorne 3. Nyitoe ll. ,',guduvi 4. ;.dzige 4, Adame 12. Hnkui. 5, !'benyinasi 5. Batume 13. Agbadzi 6. BE 6. Lotsukefe 14. Bludokodzi 7. Zomayi 7. 1\dzkpa 15, Helenui 8. Agokpo 8. Kodze 16. J:nonokofo ._....__ , __ .. ___ ;_

' T/PEI' .6/32 T/P1T. 7/31 page JO,

III, ;~VE___ DISTR1CT .___ British Ave Towns··· French ! ve T~~ , 1. LaE.pa Dsadsefe 12, Kpakbwoe ·23.· Kogame 1. f.legbo . 12. ;',nd') 2. H2.ve 13. Kpegbadza: 24; Vuvevia 2. Dzi> 13. Dzogbafone 3. Dzayime 14, Kpede 25,' Vuvega 3. Dzolo 14, Yometse ' li. Kpeduh-:,s 15. Kpoge 26; l~dzoyianko 4, Tniviefe 15. ; gotirne-Kev~ 5. En.n.e 16, Kagakpe 27; Dadifedo 5, Yofe 16, Nadegba

6. Nt.:.VfilG 17, Ahokpe 28 ~ /,gbaleve 6, Keva 7. Nyj_ve 18. Didokpe ~9~ Kpota 7, ·Badza 8, Hc!Ilyive 19. .. Koterala 30, Ahokpo 8. Dedze 20-. Veko 31'. Kave 9, A.nyre ...... •· ...... · ...... 10. Wosu 21. Vudokpo 32. Fokpe_ 10, ,~vevoe ~· . . ... 11. li:eve 22, Tsolome 11. :.dzanu

.... , ...... ,..-. ~., .... 0f ...-,.,c_,_,_V'...... __,,_,,,_...,_...... , ____ ,______,______,.,_,._.....,.,.,. --- --

B. Towns (Villal';e~to two by the Anglo-~·rench .Fr9n~ier_in Togolau1:

British J\gbonudo French /:gbonudo - ? District

British Kuma-Dafb French KUI!!a-Dafo KtL~3 Di~:ric~ 3, 1'..>,lebi-Y.ame Br1t1s .. h Ln kl eb' i~ K. rune ., Frenc h . L e kl e b'1- Kame - Le,, 1 1c b'1 "J.A_,r_c,n· ~; t

-·· --.--,·~~-4 ...... - • .....,.--~--~- -~----·-----.1·• .. ·- _,..,,,...... ·-- T/P~'l' .6/32 T/PET.7/31 pae,;e .31.

C. PeoEle livinP, in British Zone whose fanns are sElit into two b~ the /u1_Blo-French Frontier in To~oland:

. _,,KPOETJ\ ___ _.,.___,__ DISTRICT , ...... ·Living in British zone: Farm split into two: · 1. Amewu Foe Cocoa Fann 2. Hermut Ashie Cocoa .md coffee farm .3 • 'George i\kpe II II II II 4. Benett Sebuabe Coffee Farm 5. Fermand Taia blu Coffee and Cocoa Farm 6. Bnnsa Kwadzo II II II . 11 ?. Manfred /\.feli " II II !I 8. Tonbia Cocoa Farm 9. G:'.. lbert Doku Coffee Farm 10. Rev. Ankn Cocoa Farm 11. Gustav Akpe Coffee Fann 12. Ntsu Do- Food Fann 13. Kwa.mla, i,mlaga Food Farm

D. Pe9~l~ living in British zone but 9wning land or fnrms in French zone:

I. SHIA DISTRICT Farm in French Livin~ ll} British Zone - Farm in fyench Zone. Living in British zone - zone 1. t.ebali Kwmni - Cocoa Farm -12. /;ndrea.s /..vudzivi-Cocoa Fann " 2. Dzoboku Ewe.mla r, II -13. Vincent Avudzivi- 11 II .3 • Mc.1 thias iullusu II II -14. Nicodemus .llllegadzi 11 II 4, Kwrunitoe 11 11 -15. Marko .wudzivi , - 11 II 5. · Henry Avudzivi -Cocoa & Coffee Fann -16, Matso Avudzivi - 11 II 6. John Kpodzo - Coffee Fann -17. Afoya Kuled:')!Jle - II II 7. Joseph Kerne II " -18. Kete Tefe II II g. Francis Kerne II II -19, Tsiame Iaw0 -Cocoa & Coftee 9. Alexander Adonkor II " -20. Azuma Mensa - " II 10. Peter Kwasivi II • II -21. ,inyam II II 11. Peter Kwasige ff II -22, Tsekwna " It etc.etc.etc. Majority of people live in British zone but have their fanns in French zone • .______.._.. ,...,,-.~----~------T/i)~'J.', o/32 T/PET.7/31 page 32. II. · 1\TIKPUI DISTRICT Fann in French µvin~ in British z2ne - Farm in French Zono - Livina; in British •zone-;:_ zone 1. Raphael Tse - Cocoa Farm - 14. Ihniel Dobge - Pnlm Tre<3s .....') Tsotse Dakla II II 15. Yawa Badu lmnri - I! II :, . Moses Fevo II II - l6. r.~bnlesi II II 4. Petro Kate II II 17 •. Dzadi i ~bcdi II II 5. Tsiami Kwasi II II - 18. ,\nlm 1tk0V n II II 6. Jacob f11r,bo II II 19, i,l·::myo I! II ?. Ewe Konu II II - 20. Kwaku ,drT- - C::icoa Farm 8. Felix: Tso II II - 21. Baba II II 9. Tsedo !! II - 22. T,myom,'lisble - Palm Trees 10. Dasi Fudooe " II - 2.3. Konko II II 11. Kwadzo .'hisku II II 21~. Willi8.l!l Ese II II 12. Elu ;,dzo,gble II 11 - 25, Ekpe. II II

II II 13. Klcms Tse , - II 11 & palm trees - 26. Kublame 27. :".metefe II II

III. KPOET.', DISTRICT Fnm in French

_L_iv__,in_r-_2_i_n....,.B_r_i_t_i_s_h_Z_on...... ,e,.__,.F_a_rm___ in___ F_r~e.n_ch ...... z.Jn....,..e - Livin~ in Briti~V.~~0 - zone 1. Joseph Nyawuve - Food Farm - 12. Gabriel :.msx0 - Pam Trees 2. Mam1s0 1,gbeko II If - l.3. Godwin :.dzudz.'.) - II II J. Kokor".>ko .'simenu II II 14, ~ogoe ;,ba II II 4. Tsikplonu !,do Coffee Fnrm - 15. N'Jn Kude II II 5. Avagbe Motto - Coffee & Cocoa 16. Kloko 1;.bo.nya 11 II F;:mn 6. Kofi t',bustus - Palm Trees - 17. Ele Zigiri~i - Coffve & Palm Trfjcs 7. Ntsua. Do II II - 18, .•~buatso K::>fi 11 8. Yawovi ,':.goda tse It II - 19. Sodo /1dzovo II ll 9, Doga Ka.tso II II - 20. i111drec'..S J1e;beloasi- 11 11 10. Jrunes ng:,mevi " " - 21. Peter Afeli - Co'.,Oll. Farm 11. Edzi Tsiablu II II

--~-----...... -.. .. ~," - _..., __ _ T/PlTI' .6/32 T/PET, 7/.31 page 33,

farm. in French Livin,, j_n Britisb Zone - Fc1.m in Freq5th zone - Living in Brituh zone - . zone 1. Togbi ;~~.::,da, Cocon Farm 11 . .. lfred S-9.i - Cocoa & Coffee Farm 2. John l,gbota II II - 12. Conrad ;\dzagbo - Coffee Fcmn J. Edward /.r,bemenu II II - 13. :3tephen Nyemcmku- I! II ,, 4. Dcyil 1\mposa fl II - 14. Oscar 1'1ote :, 5. Scku Fie II II 15. ,\melogbe Ii 1: 6. Dzonn II II 16 • .Saline Biaku H I! 7, Peki Kaku - Coeoa &. Coffee Fann - 17. Qqbriel Zgli ll l\ 8. Clemans Sqbaku II II II 18. Kwasi BlcdzGi -CJf f, '.:: ....t p,J.lrr1 :, 't"I ;_.. : ~ s 9, Nelson Mote II II II 19, Emmanuel Soku li 10. Freclmund Dz :Jmah! II II It - 20. Christoph ltdobee- '.I 'l ------~ j,·,;,rr, 6 13 '"l 1 1 1.u;.,/,c. 'l/r?i::T. 7 /31 V. ,-FL:,O DISTRICT p:.:.ge 34. Farm in French J-i-:i!}_;' in British Z·Jne - Farm in French Z(me Livtr1:: iQ_British zone - z·:ine 1. i~-.iku t}:•.sl~ - fo;_,d Farm - 46< :,tilti - Food Fann 2, K J:l1lr: Cnmed'.) II II 47. Zmma.nuel Kwr.si II II 3. ~1:'ins;:,h Ri1kp)rti II II 48. ;-:we.si V(;;ffiag.'l. II II 4. Kc:ml,1 HJ.lkporti 11 II 49. Kw1.k:11 Verne~ II II 5. his:i.ts~ Hngbo II II - 50, :·Jaedinio II II .. ... II II II II 6. i·J;.c¼U t.D. vC - 51. Kwao 7 . .t.h~ .-,1,:pJ D:;r;be " II - 52. Kudsho II II 8. , ..i~t.,:; ... ,~~ri ('it)Z.'-\ II It - 53 · i.1bo II 11 9, l\uk'..; ;,vunyito II II - 54, 1(wc1.dzCJgil II II 10. D(.;'..J'.)bl,.;e JI " - 55, Nyamov•:J II II 11. I..·.1,1? ; . vuni'i. to II II 56, K9·:> II " II 12. I-::1nsa.vi Stun.::iny v II II - 5" ·. !JyaL t) Tu.kpo~ II 13, \:JdZ'.) D:1.bl.a ft II - 58. Tcwoda 11 II 14. ;{-.,r.si :Sdn. II It - 59. Kcih')e II II II II II II 15. ~bok0 Eda 60. n .•r,onJro 16. .,f:::!.dinr,. Eda II II 61. .. m,muicade II II 17. l\lukk::) Ed:.".. II II 62. H::;1:my13dzi II II 1~.. t.:tse Ed?~ II II 63. Fi.:lku II II 19, ;.1--j Huso II II - 64.. Hcnush II II 2CL .'N:\dzi Hukporti II II - 65. Lvgba II II 21. ;J,181:i.r-tckpo Eda II II 66, Dz2te II 11 II 22. i~ )i< ')SJ. l.dzibalo II II 67. 'Judo II 23, f'cLklu .dzib:>lo II II - 6;l~. F-,wudu II II 2i1. /tsu ,'y,:;womu " II {9. Gb~konya II II 25. hnwut:ny0,:;r1 Log:, II II - 70. TJ~bi II II 26. Gil1:J<::rt Hiwe I! II - n. Hugn II II 27.' J0rm Hukp::,rti II " - 72. tUk:is:,kpo " II "'10 II II II II ~ \ ,' . Fis Fitii III - 73, Go.13 29. /.f~tmi II " - 74, .:·.k?fito It II 30, D:igbo ,. t:::i II II 75. K.omb " II II Ji. E.1.u ;I tasb::i II II 76. K:Y)fO 11 32 Z}.:dzu II II - 77, vcw.ita II II 33. L ~ :1 l·:1.!;nR II II 78. :1L,.d:.i1_p II " 34, ~•:ibdz0 II II 79. Fitii F:Jfi II II - II .,.,~ ,,.~·. . :ubdzi 11 II - 80. j,fadiko Agbotoko II ) Jb, Fi··J.,:·ku II II - 81. T:mga ,,gbotok-:> II II 37. l{~ust..y II II - 82, Himndzi .'.gb,::>tok:, - II II . .,.. , II II II II 38, ,,._; ..... 83. j,r.:bcyib:::ir ;.'Jna.donu- u II ]';' .. ~·:i.!fr. II II - 84.. i.Z'.)sli :',ebodE'J1U - 4·~,_, K)~U Vac.1. II II S5. l{bk,mi t gbedanu - II " 1.1. . '.':1,.myi;,::lo II - •,S6 T :.i:1bivi ,._$bedanu - II II " II I..':'. .'.f (.l!l:.lV) II II 87, r:w:,mi .gboge " 4J. :-::,.b~ .. ;hwu II II 88. Sc;Li:.nu Hukporti II II - - II 44. 'yio~c " II 39. l\W'.'kU Knmsnu II ' - 4c,...... ~o ;:~:1.e 11 II ...... ------·-· ___ ~ -·--- T/PET .6/32 T/PET. 7/Jl page 35,

VII. r.NYONA. DIS TRIG T. livinp in British Zone-Farm in French Living in British- zone-Farm in French zone zone 1. t_mankwa Cocoa FaITl · and 1. Ewumla Awi Palm Trees. Paim Tr11es 2. Dzansi Kofi " 2. Bediako II II 3. Dzansi P.nain 11 II " - 3. r,,athias Ato II II 4. Dza I~oto " II II 4, Kwasi Kuma II II 5. Klu Dzam ... " II II ·- ,, 6 . .t-.nyomi Koto " II 7. Toevie l~ofi Mensa- !I II II

VII. B/,GIO DISTRICT IX. KUTE DISTRICT Living in British - Farm in French ' Living in British-Farm in French Zone Zone Zone Zone 1. Ben Odama - Cocoa Farm & Palm l.Cassian f,gyai -Cocoa & Coffee Farm trfres 2. Linus Kppoh II II 2. Ahiadu II II " 3. Kwami Kuma II II II J. Silvesta Kwadzo II II " 4. /unbrose Olipo - II & Kola II 4. Gerhard Kwamla. II II II 5. Fu7.tsi II & Palm II 5, Theodore Kwamla II II " 6. Y.umasi II II II 6. OlyTipio II II " 7, Ponefacio Etnga- II II II 7, Daniel Obuadzo II II II 8. .~ koto II II II 8. Barnabas .~bahio II " II 9. _rd.medu II II II 9, Victus Gbogbo- II " II 10. Jacob /1gidi II II II 10. Timotee Dagbledzi II II II 11. Tulius Kwamla- II " II -'12. Duamana I\wa.r:1e- II II " lJ, Pilaisone Obor,bo 11 II II 14, Francis Yawo - II 11 II 15. t..mafotse Ewa;n.la Far:n & Palm Trees 16. f., Y .Baku - Cocoa Farm 17. Francis Yao - II II 18. f.tiblc Dodo - II II 19, Cosrnos Kwami - II II 20. Nana Kwaku 1-;pensa - Food Farm. T/PET .6/32 T/PET,7/Jl p'.tgt: 36. X - VLI DISTRICT Living in British - Farm in French Living in British F ar;;i in French Zone, Zone Zone 1. Fi;-.. '.gbcnoto Todoko- Cocoa & Coffee 19. :..gbo Tso - Y.::u.1,Eice & Palm Farm & Palm trees treeo .20. Stephen .'.vnku - Coffee & Palm trees 2. ·.gbedi :ctonko - Rice,Cocoa,Coffee 21. /,ndrc.1s :,medekn.nyn - Palm II II Farm & Paln trees 22.. .'.ui;ustus 1-ugblcnu - Paln Trees 3. F ~kpi .'.gbcdi II II• II Nicodemus Todoko - Coffee & PaL'n 4, Joseph Kpo Todoko-Coco !:t Coffee F1rm 23. trees & palm trees - Cocoa f arrr. & 5, Cornelius Todoko II II II 24. llathias :uncdzi Palm tree:; 6. :wa'!lla :.gbedi II II II 25. Tzogbc Tsede Palm Treec,. · 7, Nateo /,tivi II II II .... • 8. /~nko Thoi;las Kludse II II II 26. Petro Tsogbe Coffee & Palm trees 9, Ignatius J-:ludse - II II II God.fried I~ofi It II II 10. Lawrance .\kpad1.i - II II II 27. 28. ."tlex11.nder Kwadzo II It ll. Dogbe hkwatia II II II " .'.kwa - Palm Tre,39. l?.. The Todoko 11 II II 29. Dog be tia Tulessi · - Food Farm. 13. Todoko Kwar.1i II II II JO.

14. Robert Kofi II II II 15. ,'.dsdzi Taogbe II II II 16. Taogbe Ego - Cocoa Farm & Palm trees 17. Rwaji Ego - Cocoa & Coffee fann • 18. Kwadzo t.gbedi - Cocoa & Palm trees

XI - r'clrrl DISTRICT. There are as many ae 190 names on our list of people who live in British Fenyi and own land in French Fenyi, Practically all the inhabitants of British Fcnyi own lands in French Fenyi. T/PET .6/32 1·/i·i,T. 7/31 page 37. E. People living in Togoland under French Trusteeship, but owning lands or farms in French zone. I NOEPE DISTRICT • Living in French - Farm in British Livirig in French - Farm in British ~ ~- zone ~- 1. t,'ukafo Komla - Food farm & Palm tr. 30.i\iaselinus Komia - Food Farm etc. 2. !,kpata. Soled.mi... " II II 31 Raphael Komla " " II 3. Gbemi f,denyo II II II · 32, Joseph Nkafo If It II 4, Tofo Nuwoto II " II 33, Anani vi Nk'af o II II II ,, If II ,, 5. Egbi .\histi 34. /.wusu \biable - It II 6. Horku '·1 odii It II II 35, Komln Egbi II " II ?. '.hiafosc '.hiadako " If II 36. Kwami Gabla II II " 8. f.pevi Donya It II " 37. Hartin !lmstowoyi II II II 9. Dovlo Tonu II II II J8. Kwadzo Akpakli - II It II 10. Dufo Adso~enu II II II 39, .\medche Akpakli- II II II 11. Ynwovi ~.hamu It 11 II 40, r\annn /,bisti It II 11 12. Gbo Honu II II II 41. r,,aui :;kpakli 11 II It 13.'' 'illio.m Bedii - II II II 42, Doe t;kpakli II II II ll,. Cld.ef :,l::ikpa II II II II 43. /JJ:chawo <\hiable- II II II 15. ';J;:irkpa T,:nu - II II II 44, Ewakuvi 'Jii;ible- tt " 11. 16. .\hi-'lblc .'.hiati- II II 11 45, Etinnt, Huwosu - II 11 11 17. ~ ,~bastian r:able II " It 46. Firminus Nuwosu- II II II 18. Derboe .'.dcnyo - II II II 47, Casmir Hoku " 11 II ,, ,, II II II 19. Joshua !'1able - 11 48. Thom:i.s Hoku 20. George Mable II II II 49. N2thaniel Hoku - II II II 21. Farbinn Lable - II II II 50, .:,lfrcd Hoku 11 II " ,, II II 22. Kwad '.hpnka - II 11 51. Benjamin Hoku - II 23. Kwamla \ha.r.1c\ - It II II 52, Fidelis Hoku II II II II 24. i-:w~si t,ham:i. II II II 53. .'.desu Kpovi II II 25. 1{umat J.harna 11 tt II 54, J.latevi Kpovi II II II 26. Nyawoto Kwamla II " II 55. hnkati Kpovi II rt " 27. Yawovi Nyawoto II II II 56. 1-iander.mo Donya - II II 11 28. Louis l'.:kafo 11 II It 57. Kweru Dowloe II II II 29. Victor r'wamla - II II II 58. }!athias Dovloe - II II 11 T/PET .6/32 1/i 1:,1', 7/Jl page 38,

t!OEPE DISTRICT CONT'D. Living in French - Farm ic Btitish Liyinp; in French - Farm in British zone zone zone - . 59, Thomas Dovloe - Food Farm & Palm tr. 64, Etse Donyo :... Food Farm & Palm Trs. 60, Konla Do·1loe II II II 65, Gakli Nuwoto- 11 II II 61. Snncny,q, ... Donyo II II II 66, Glomc Gcl-cli II II II

62. Kw:cnlc.vi Donyo- II II II 67, LUJ:1.0 Kpavi II II II 63. Y.

II - LEKLSBI DISTRICT. III. M'Il.0 DISTRICT. Living in French - Fann in British Living in French Fam in British zone zone zone ~

1. Issac Bi.:iku - Cocoa farm & Palm tr,L Y.oakli - Food Farm 2. Nicholas t,dobec- II II II 2, Agboko II II 3. R,K.:,dobee' II II " J. Ftuno II II 4. Glomu - Cocoa Farm 4. Yuddra " 11 5, GeraJ10n ,\do bee - II II 5, !,hiablc II II 6. lfartin Do, - Cocoa ..,._ Coffee Fc1IT.1 6. :~.uzuvi - Coconut Farm 7, Kwadso II II 8. Kwusi II II 9. Suka :.fotro II II 10. Kake .-\bo. II II

IV. YIKPt, DISTRICT Living in French Zone Fam in British Zone. 1. Moviewu Cocoa Far:n 2. Y.tlr.lekla " II J. Sewonu II II 4. Fia :.di ·Food Farm. 5. ',gbadzi Ew:mon. II II 6. Dogbe " " 7 . .Simon Kwamla " " 8. Dogb1tse II " 9, Gbodo 1 :i.wo " II T/?ET -.6/32 T/PET.7/Jl pa.13:e 3 9,

C O F Y

THS E.~·!E NE 'S-L~TTER

Ori;:-:n of the ;lll-2we Confsrence ~~dited t~· Z. _·.r:iu.

No. 22 F:obru::cry 1947 Pcice 2d,

The four Eur:)pean p:iw8rs which h,.vc colonies in ,',frica to-day are Bel~;ium,

Britain, France and Portu6~1, It is a startlinc fact that these powers have never workGd ::lUt 3. cor.u:1on policy of colcni.3.1 administration. Each power has it □ own •. For the benc::fit of the re;,ade:rs of th,:; ".::w,.:! !J'3ws-Lctt2r we set forth belo.. • the v.,rious c::iloni 1-l policies t~~kFn ;;iainl~· fr::-r:1 Lord H,:;_:;,by' s book: :.n '.frican rurv-,.y: - l. EELGI.-1J POLICY: On pngc 495 L·1rd H.'.tih? st.,:t::s: 11 Thcr2 is not in tr.~ pr~~cnt policy of Congo ~ny evidence of an intention to mak0 the introduction of Bclfian civilization, or Belgian institutions, thJ main obj€ctive of nd ministration. 11 ·.b:i.in on p'.'.Cc 1282, he st.1tes': "Th·J t 1.,.ro distinctive features of the Belrian system nre: 'a utilit~rian outlook Rnd a close 1ssociation with relicious t'"achinc; the C:-stholic Churc~ is mainly rt?sponsible for education .'.l!ld has a prcdomin11tin6 influence in th;' 1,njority of th1.: sch0ols. Tbure is no planned effort to cre.:ite cin olitc, anj, wherever possible, thtc vernacul,T is used in the cc?.rlicr stat~·.s of instruction; mrum::i.l tr2.inin1..: is given n prominent pl;:tce, and aLnost :tll post-pri::1:;_ry education is voco.tional. It is n,::;cessary, however, to remember thn t the pro sent ,~ducation.al system, like most other :idministr:1tivc institutions in thv Belgian Congo, is a post-war cn::ation, (rGferring to th,2 period after the Gr,]n.t ',T:lr of 191!+) and the officie.l Bol6inn

~ttitude towards thc introduction oft 11e '.fric.cm to a Europ.;.::m fonn of culture is not yet cl2,'.lrly determined.'" ""'.1.' /r;,,-r• {. o - ./,. .... : •', T / r ·: .. • 1 / _; L pU.£::8 4l'.',

cduc·,t-~cn, ·,:::. in oth::-r soci~.l sc:rvic:~s, c:.cch 3ritisr j,~p.:wl.c:ncy h"s its own

1 oc~,.:.' ·,,:y:·: r t , .. !r, t , wn'i c h r-: t.-"2.ns policy ·•n :, ·· i:-rinistr-.tion. Th1: t::ri ti~h ..._ov.:rn::, ant. h ·1s, howc,v ,r, :,nnounccd cor_t.'.lin principl :•s of ; n :r,l ::pplic:: tion for t!1. L.uid '.'.nc,.:, of coloni.'.1.l 6ov-::;-rn ,:1cnts in iduc:1tion,l 1r_,tt· rs .•.• The first of th.,s,: ,L:cl:,r2.tions of policy w·-'s

!"""~": in 1925, The:, ccntra.l prohlc:1! W''.:" i::on:=:i.:,T,'l tc >s' tl·1 f'in•:lir>; of w~·s to improv:: wh'.'..t is sounl in in·ii[~nous tr"..dit-\.on, ,- '. ('.:.t ..ion sLoull b-: :d:"ptc:1, 1 sairl the white pc>.pe:r, 'to th.:.: ment:i.lity, ::ptituJcs, occ1;;:,·,t,ions : '1:1 tr, :litions of th.: vcirious pcoph·s, cons:rvins "ls f:,r .,s possit:..'-- '.111. :.;oun; ;,.n-1 l.,.·~lthy clcr.,tmts in th,, f1.bric of U: .. ir soci -:-,1 lif~.' :...Jue ::.ion w-,s '\...:) r-.is•.c: up h.·.Lrs fror:i '."'1.,.on:· trc:; pt~opl-:, -~s w 11 ns to :.ssist th~ !)0:.c:,·.:.ntry tY,nrJ2 b•.:tt~,· stanc'.'.:.r:is of life •••• " · ci'lln' on p0.;~ 1230, hs st-t-;;s: "Th-.: m,xt st,-.L,::1-:::t of policy rGlatcd to the place of th~ v~rn~cul::r in n~tivc cJuc~tion. It w'ls rccog:;iscd 'th!'!t V•3rnt:culc:rs nust b~; us.:J in th~ first st0.t::;i;S of •~k:n.:mt::.ry educ'ltion.' :~ncour:ii:-cm;_:-nt w:-,s ci vcn to thi.: displ·,c,:.'1·:::-;,t of V·. .rn'lcul ·irr.,, spoken by li::iitcd mr:ib,:rs, by .:lomin1nt or union 11.n,.;u~~"'s. .~~n,:lish w;o_s, how,,vt'r, re~-,::-lec1 as c1 n-:.:cessity in 1.11. intcr",cdi 01t;:-!, s•.:.con~i~:.ry, r:n:I tc:chnic·~l sd,c,ols,

2.nri 'if it fr, '.l. n-!cessity in lhos'-', it.~ inculc'.ltion r.mst co::i..:1,:ncc in th, hi1;h2r stand.::.r::2 of the clcmcnt:.!r;'./ scr:ools.' T_his lnn~u-;f'-- policy h:is b.::.:n, l:n]ors•~•:l b;s.· t:F' resolution of the Council of tht~ Intcrn,tion"_l Institut.J of .fric:Ln Lnnru~r~s and Cultur8s.

British policy h,1.s bc~~n ·icfi..n.::d on p:--,,;, 71.. of thz. book fric·_ .iV:!ncin; (by J:-.c:,son :).::vis, Thor.1.1s i<. C::.;::ph:cll ::n.:.i.:-i.rb,:rd ·ron1:) in th,_, followin1.t ,,,or-:ls: "The. i:;0,11 of coloniG-1 polj cy i::: 1,~cl-:rL?d to bo th.:: r2.isiry of th; st'.lnd.-.r l of lif,, of th;; p, oplc ··n:; th,.: rl,.ivdopmtcnl of poli tic:~l institutions n.r:d politic·1l pow··r until coloni::::s c 1.n b•~cor:-:(; dfocti v 2ly self-c_'.OVi.orninL ,'.l.lonb

: . r:=cr:-:H FJIICY (P:1r.:: 1262 of E· ilcy' s :.n · fric::.n .'.:-urvq): "Sluc~.tioml pol1c~; is :-,:,--;~c~! by t••to outst<'.ndin[ fentur,-3s: first, th.:.: un.iv,cn,;1l us,'. i::r Fr.;nch .T/PF:r .6/32 T/PET .?/31 page 41.

as th2 ri1edium of i.::c::truclion; secondly, a clearly defined polic;r of linit- inc r:-,orc ,dv,,nce:d c::c1c .. t1 on to thz der.iand which exists for its proctucts, with a stroni~ emph~,si.s on vo,~, 1:.lon-'.ll tr;:iinint: as the for:11 which such education should

t3kc. The use of French '.lS a medium of instruction from the earli~st stages is supported on the ground thn.t if m:ist~ry of "· European langu'.:.be is the ultimate aim, it is bettc~r to start it as early as possible,., 11 ·.,[c.in on pa[;e 1282: "Thi3 French political idc'tl. prescribes the use of French bnguc1ge ns a universal medium of instruction. The use of French in the popular schools .,_nrl interest in French culture which it stimulates, must tend to give th8 pupil an outlook which will differ only in degree from that of the elite. TH~ 1''HOI.2 TREND OF TH:~ FR.:.NCH METHOD IS IN EFFSCT T01):RDS THE PRODUCTION OF CIVILIZ.',TION ESSZt1TI 'LLY NON-\FRIC ·,N IN CH. a:_cT:n.

The same views about the French colonial policy are expressed on page 73 of the book ',FRIC!_ .illV.'};CING: In Jn.nu:-.ry-February 1941+, the Free French held n. conference at Brazzaville pr~sided over by the Colonial l•dnister nnd opened by General de Guulle, in which the lAte Governor-Gen~ral 1bou6 plnyed an inport~nt part •••• Th0 view put forward is th~t the colonies are part of creater Frnncc; there is no thought of their becoming self-gov~rning units in the: 1\nglo-Sc1.xon sense. Hric ans are to be assimilated as Frenchmen, and when assimihted they shoulder, together with oth;:;r Frenchm,:m, th.J political, economic anJ social responsibilities of their country, anrl as Frenchmen, have cqunl rights with all oth,?r Frenchmen, French is the. only langm.gc to be used in any school, offici.u or non-officinl.

4, rOR.TUGESE POLICY: The Rev. John T. Turker, gives a cle3r definition of the Portuguese policy in his article 'National Spiritual Unity within the Portufese Empire I in the Internation;-i.l review of Nissions, October 1946. !le sn.ys: "The Portui;ucse Empire is one n.nd indivisible. The writ whjch runs in the rr.othorl;mr runs likewise in the oversea provinces •••• The rulin[ idcn is that of a moral, spiritual and legal unity based on one language, one loyalty, one l~w. 'Unity in diversity' does not Express the actual position or the '£/P1"1'. b/32 T/PET. 7/31 page 42. ideal sought. 'Here too is Portugal' i5 a favourite colonial expression. 1 OnGness I is the Key to Portuguese attitudes and methods. The da°ngcr is thn.t the 'oneness' is often equated with uniformity or sameness without reg~rd to differences of race, background, colour, culture, conditions or country. The governing ideal of administration is that of as~imilation of all typ~s to that prevailing in the motherland. 11

On pace 1283 of t.N ,'i.FRIC!.N SlTRVEY, Lord Hailey wri' tea: 11 The Portuguese educational policy, so far as its features c~n be distinguished, would seem to aim at Europeanising the 'frican •••• 11

1.fo should like to repeat what we have already said, that, it is startling that the European powers which have colonies in !.frica have no policy guiding their colonial administrations. Every one does what he pleases. No attempt has so far been made by the colonial powers to work out a common policy. But we feel that the working out of a common colonial policy is a matter of practical common sense and of primary importance which to overlook or ignore is a serious reflection on the various colonial powers concerned~ We know that through the vigorous action of the United Nations, the mandated territories in .~.frica are now being brought under an International Trusteeship System whereby, we believe, the various colonial administrations in those territories itla.Y be guided by a basic policy, But what .of the large number of colonial territories

which do not co□ e under the scrutiny of the International Trusteeship System? Should the various colonial powers continue to administer their ttrritorics according to their various fancies? We feel th~t the time is ripe for laying down a common policy which shall guide the various colonial administrations nnd implore the powers concerned to give this important matter due attention. · Our chief concern however is how the diversity of colonial aruninistraticns nffects the people of Sweland, and it is about this we should like to say something at length.

r,,:c have repeatedly stated in these news-letters th:it the people of Eweland are one and indivisible, and that the partition of Eweland between two totnlly T/?ET .6/32 T/PET, 7/31 page 43. different colonizing powers is n serious social crime which should be recti fied without delay. It is rnr>st grievous to think of a people who 'lre united by close ties of kins~ip, lanfU'lge E.nd culture being divided between two totally different colonizing powers whose colonial policies are diam~trically opos9d. British policy which we 1na7 c2.ll the policy of adaptation on the one hand aims at educating thE::i:r coloni,11 peoples for self-government and, for that reason, takes due account of indigenous culture, and makes provisions for its free development. French Policy or the policy of assL~ilation on other hand aims at converting their colonial peoples into French citizens, and, for that reason, sets the culture ·of the governed peoples at nought, takes account only .'>f French culture, and imposes that upon the colonial p\~oples. 7he policy of adaptation encourages the cultivation of distinctive individuality resulting in inexhaustible variety whereby the world is rr,ade ever richer and richer. It also encourages the 'cultivation of n.:1tional aspiration which is a natur2.l moving force capable of awakening in men's hearts the sense of self respect and honest pride, both o.f which qualities are men I s natural herita&e, But the policy of assirail::J.tion not only discour~ges but practic2.lly for bids the cultivation of :J.istinctive incividuality, thereby reducing the world to a dead sameness. It ~enies to incividu~ls ns well as groups the sense of true self-respect and hon'3st pride, a fact which no one with intim01te knowledge of the life of the people of th~t section of Ewel,:m:i und:r French adr.,inistra tion would deny. When the move for the· unification of Eweland w:i.s at its early beC,inning, it happen0

Thnt part of Ewelan1 known ns Torol311d has iniee1 been nest unfortunnte,

For some thirty years it was a Gerrn:m colony until the be6innini; of the GNat 1far of 1914, an,l was adr.u.nisterei accordinr, to Gerraan Colonid Policy. 1:hat-· ever good work thP German Governm~nt did in Togolan·l~ one thing is clcnr, n1W1ely, they dii not aim at the future injepenicnce of Togoland. Their rule was one of hard oppres,sion which spared no efforts in makini; the people to feel th~t they were anct would always be a ~ubject people. No incentive was given to the people to act for themselves or to state their 1:tinds. Thcr1::: was no opportunity for the cultivation of self-respect, honest pride or national aspiration of any kind, This was the con~li tion when the British and the French took over -iuring the Gre'lt 1•!<1.r of 19ll.., and Tof;olru,j has ever since been adninistere~ by two rtifferent colonial policies. Lome and its hinterland were still me.re unfortun:.:i.te in that for 5i.:,c years (1914-1920) thc.!y were under British a'.l"!l.inistr.,.tion but were later hanied over to the French. However coul-

pro6ress? The present French colonial policy of assir:rll~tion is certainly

never Goin6 to achieve the desirej prcgress in Fr0nch 2weland nor will the system of education which obtnins in that·territory today.

1-.re should like to discuss the French educational policy in French

Ewelanj at some lcn6th in the next number of thn ElE NEWS-LETTER before closing this subject. T/P1'1' .6/32 T/PET. 7/Jl page 45

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GOVF.Ri"-J"Jv!ENT OF THE GOLD COAST GO>rm,r;:1,T OF TOGOL.J,D UND:,R FI:.-SJ1.:CH TRUSTI~ESHIP

PUBLIC t!OTICE ' RELAXATION OF FRO!JTIER COi~TROL WG.urnrnG i',RTICL'S II! TR,-,1'.SIT BET1·lEEN TW, '.}OLD COAST .um TOGOL.-JJD UNDER Ul;IT!:D r:IhGDOI'~ TRUSTIT.::SHIP ON ,THE OhE H,'Jm .i.:,1D TOGOL,ND mmER FRENCH. TRUSTE:SSHIP' ON TW, OTHI'R HAND

The laws in forc'e in each territory r8quire persons travelling between British and French Territories to declare, .:1t British and French Cus.toms posts and, if required to do so, to submit for exrur~n~tion all produce and articles, even if they are not duti:_i.ble, which they are importing or cxpor·ting on their persons, in their baggage or in the vehicles in which they are travelling.

Gold Coast and Togoltind under United Togol~nd under ?rench Trusteeship. Kingdom Trusteeship.

Import: . Irnport: The following articles .3.re ::i.dmitt.ed The following .:crticlcs o.rr- :,dr,u.tted without restriction or payment of du_»Y: without restriction or payment of duty: ( a) R.:i.w foodstuffs and live animals (a) Rnw foodstuffs in non-comrr.ercial (except horses and en t tlo) from Toeoland qu,,ntith s ::md live anirr,c.1.ls fror.1. under French Trusteeship. ndghbourinr; British Territory:, This (b) .t\rticlcs manuf.:i.cturcd in or -:,roduce concession is lil:rl.ted as rcr,2.rds Kol.J. of Togoland under French Trusteeship. to 200 nuts .:i.nd :i.s re.rra.rds chickens to ( c) The Personal and housohold effr,cts 15 birds per pcrsonQ of persons tr~nsfcrring their donicile. (b) Other produce of or articles ( d) }!edicines prescribed by a doctor manuf.--:.ctured in neighbouring British for the persons transporting them. Territory exc12pt timber in co,;1.t"71t:rc:i_:l quantities. T/PET .6/)2! T/PET. 7/Jl. page 46

Export,: (c) The personal and household effects The following articles may be 0:xpcrted of pers0ns t~ansferring their domicile. without reGtriction or payment of cluty: Gold Coast and Togolaml unde:::- United Togoland under French Trusteeship~ Kingdom Trusteeship (a) Raw fo ·dstuffs and live animals (d) Medicines prescribed by a doctor (except horses and cattle) of local for the persons transporting them. crigin, E~ort_: (b) Locally manufactured a~tislcs and The follo\d.ng articles may be exported l:cal produce, otl:er than t:.mber or -.

• T/PP:r .6/32 T/PP:r. 7/Jl page 47

Travellers are reminded that they must Travellers are reminded that they must declare in full to Customs Of::'i.cers both declare in full to Customs Officers • on entering and leaving the Gold Coast o:th on ente11ng and leaving Togoland all money and cash instruments, cheques, under French Trusteeship all mon·ey and drafts etc., - which they have with cash instruments - cheques, drafts, them.. etc,, which they have with them, An oral declaration may be made whek\_the - sum does not exceed £10 or 5,000 frs. Above this aum a written declaration is necessary.

GPD/W;,824/200/8-49. !/PET. 6/3 l. rn/p~M 7/r, .1 u l 1 ).l. page- 413

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ArJlrEX VI.

Extract froo minutes of the 3rd session of the Standing Consul ~a tive CoITL'nis sion for Togoland, held at Government House, on 22nd, April, 1949"

SECTICN III. 4. The Cor.::ni ssion consid.ered various complaints mu.cic by ~)1e African her.i.bers, As a ,-csult the Officer ,tdministcd ng the Gc-,:8!'1rncn'.·. of the Gold Coast stated that:-

(1) He greatly regretted the in1:onveni0cmce cnt:.sed to MrQ Ho:n.1 anG his adviser by the Gold C--:ast Customs, when they were croseing the frontier. This appeared to h,wc been caused by the nm1-rece:..pt of ' the instructions :-el.'.!ting to the runou:it of currency whi:::h a person was allowed to take across the front::i.er with him, He would have the matter looked into on his return to Accra,

(2) NoIT11ally such Customs bnrricrs as were set up on· r.:ads away from the frontiEr were established only for surprise :he-:;ks _f, r sho:·t periods c:U1d then only on the instructions 6f the Ccllector-in-Charge, The seizures made at such barriers had fully justified their cxistQn_cP .. For a long time tbcrc had been Police barriers nt all the principal ferries in the Gold Coast set up prir:mrily for statistical purposes. He would neverthele::is c:ndeav ·ur to arrange that the minimum of incon

venience was caused t:i travellers at '111 those Custorr.s mr: p~,:i_:. ·•3. barriers.

(3) He would ask the Comp~ro1-J.er o.'.:' Customs to consider the Fssibilit:r of restricting the ,~:::tivities of the Prev~n:.~ve Servlce to w:.t:-,.i.n n specifi,: distance of the fronti.e::- on the L..:1c::: of the lir.1i t in for :; in Toe;0land under French Tru'Jt •"··:,hip wh:i c~, ~s stc1'Led :::,y Mr-. Olympic, K2.s 25 k 1 lcn"tres, \ T/PET .6/J2 T/PET. 7 /31 page 49

(4) It had b0cn hoped that it would be possible to announce' at this sc ssion the completion of a plan which would enable money to be transf,:rred r.iorc easily from Togol.:i.nd undc-r United Kingdom Trusteeship· to Togoland under French Trusteeship through Post Office channels, but certain diff'icultiG:S in this regard remained to be overcon,e.

( 5) The Commission agreed that it was necGssary, in order. to avoid misunderstanding, und to ensure th~t Customs Officers and the p~blic w0r0 fully infonncd, to put up at all Customs Posts large notices in French and English which set out clearly the new arrangements introduced as the result of the work of the Commission during its three sSJssions, and in particular remindlng tro.vcllers· of the necessity of dcclo.ring in full the currency which they earned W1 th them.

( 6) The .;~fricun ~k,rnbcrs :1sked the Co-Chairman to be good enough to cause an e:x-pla.nation to be sent to the Central Exchange Controls of the pc).rticul.:1r circumst=:mces of tho two Togolands so that, wherever possible, instructions of ,::,:eneral 0tpplication could be modified to suit these circumstanc.:.:s. T/PET.6/32 T/PET.7/31 page 50

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ANNEX VII

INTERIM REPORT ON 'i'HF. (.;UESTION OF THE EST.illLISHMENT OF A "CONVENTIONAL ZONE" IN BRITISH AND FRENCH TOGOL!;ND. ' JOINT MEMORANDUM BY THE MINISTERB DE LA FRANCE DI OUTRE MER AND THE COLONL\L OFFICE

1~ Iri December 1947 a rn\s!rnorandum was prepared jointly by the British and French Governments which set out the measures proposed to meet the grievances set out in petitions laid before the United Nations by the representatives of the Ewe peoples under British and French trusteeship. Amongst these was an undertaking that the two Governments would "consult together in order to establish within a fixed period of time a conventional zone designed to remove ,, all the disabilities rf'sulting from the customs frontier", taking into consideration "the necessity to ensure that the establishment of this zone

~ would not prejudice the principle of exchange control between French nnd Bri~ish terrltories in Africa". 2, In the course of the 2nd session of.,, the Anglo-French Standing Commission for Togoland held in December 1948, note was taken of two ~fficulties in particular which arose in connection with the proposal for a conventional zone:-

n(a) the fact that both Trust Territories formed part of larger economic and fiscal units•·••••·• and, (b} the fact that it remained necessary at present to retain the existing exchange controles",

The Co-Chainnan stated that, \-mile preliminary consideration had been given to these difficulties by the local Governments, the Angio-French memorandum 'j'/1ll!•,-',.1 )r· ·, '/'.l2 T/PET" 7/31 page 5-~-

referred to in paragraph 1 above made... it clear that the rnnttGr wns one fQr the two Metropolitan Governments to pursue and agreed to report to ttwsc Gc;,vernr.:i.ents the importance and urgency which the .Hrican r,,embers of the Commission attached to reaching an early decision,

3 ~ The question has been under close study by experts in Lond0n and Paris nnd, while it is not yet possible_ to fonnulate definite conclusions, the ;following paragraphs will acquaint the Commission with the progress rra.de to date, with the various points on which further study is required and with the method by which it is proposed to pursue this study.

4e As was envisaged at the time when the joint memornn~um was drawn up~ any arrangement for a conventional zone w:>uld necessarily hn've to safeguard the exchange controls exercised by the two Governments concerned. Exchange Control in the last' resort ,implies an absolute refusal by the contj~ol authority to allow within its jurj_sdiction the purchase or sale of foreign currency except for value received in the form of goods or services, Thus if a conventional zone were established in the two Trust Territories it would not be p~ssible for sterling and franc currencies to circulate freely side by side because this would involve the purchase and sale of one foreign curren ~y otherwi~e than for value received in the form of goods or services, Further difficulties are referred to in paragr~ph 6(b) belf)W, It w:uld therefore be found that the ~onventional zone would be unable to acquire the foreign currency it required for purchases from the sterling and franc aroi:s ur.lcss it earned an equivalent amount of each currency by export, of goods or pcrfonnanc3 of services to hritish and Fronch territories, This would inevitably lead to a disturbance of the pr · sent pattern of trade and might bring very real hardship to the inhabitants of the conventional zone.

5, As a matter of general policy, no Gove1nment could run the risk of I inflicting this hardship upon the peoples concerned without appropriate safeguards, It is the opinion of the French and British experts th~t the first ne:essity is to .Jonsi der what these ::,af eguards should be. No ,easy solution appears likely but the Joint Working Party to which reference is 1nde in paragr.:i.ph 7 below has been inst.::-uctcd to irrrnstigate this aspect of the problem and to. advise upon the saf egu0:rds which migh:. be adoptedo T/PET ,6/J2 T/PET.7/Jl page 52

6. In the course of the ex.runination of these problems, ancill.:iry ditficultiee have come to light which perhaps have not hitherto been given sufficient attention.

(a) The eatnblisruncnt of a Conventional Zone would necessitate~ setting up of n customs barrier to SP-paratc it from neighbouring territories. The nature of the terrain ~nd the absence of natural frontiers would mako it difficult to maintrun an adequ.nte control. \ It would, therefore, be essential to employ c~nsidcrnbly more staff than that employed at the momont, The cost of such an increase would bo all tho more inconvenient because the two Budgets concerned would at the same time lose the revenue realised at present through the exist(4ce of the frontier between the two Trust territories. The finnncial consequences of the establish.~cnt of a Conventional Zone must, there fore, be given nore thorou~h exruninntion to ~nsure that the resultant increase in import and export duties nnd of taxation in general, did not rise nbovo a reasonable level, and that it did not involve nn increase in the cust of living hannful to the interests of the peoples of TogolAnd and likely to impede the economic devclop.1E-nt of the territories.

(b) On the other hand, as long as there is c:X.Chilnr',e control in the storling and franc nre~s the est~blishmont of a Convcntionnl Zone would require special monetary r.rranr:emcnt.s which might to.kc the f:Jnn ci ther of the convertabillty of thP two currencies limited to th8 Zone, or the introduction of a spccinl currency. Even assuminr th:it the difficulty of control at the frontiers of the Zone could be 0vc,rcomc, thr' small aren of the Zone W0uld raise other problr,1s. Whatever the cvr,ntual solution of these problems, it is feilred th:1t the currE-ncy would l,,ck stnbility. The ciroubtion of sterling nnd francs side by sic:r, would inevitably introduce an element of c,.impcti tion influ,:nccd by factors which, thou~h temporary and Sl'Ocnd.,ry, might within the nnrrow fr.::;iuu,rk 0f the economy < f thc: two Togolahds, have c,.,nsider::ble rcpcrccissi,ns, On the other hnnd

~~ sin['lt~ currency wnt;ld nut finn in this econo,1y ,'.l suffici, ntly sr)lid basis T/PET.6/32 T/PET. 7/31 page 53·

to avoid substantial fluctuations. It would in any case be necessary to ensure th:it the budgetary expenditure was covered by adequate resources, and that the balnnca of payments of the Zone was kept steady, and this might have the effect of slowing down economic and social development. An:insufficiently stable currency would in turn result in an unc~rtainty which could only have a~ adverse effect on trade and might make it practicably impossible. For all those reasons it i~, therefore, essential to try to estimate the consequences that would be introduced ly special monetary arrangements, through studying in greater detail the economic structure of the two Trust Territories, and the nature, direction, importance fluctuations of internal and external trade.

?. In the light of these difficulties which, in the view of the two Governments render it impossible, at this stage, to set any fixed period of time within which a conventional zone could be introduced without involving grave dangers for the economies of the areas affected ~nd for the standard.of living of the populations, the experts consider that further careful and detailed study must be given to the problem; and in fact a Joint Working Party has bee:i. set up for this purpose. The Working Party is composed of representatives of the two Me~ropolitan Governments and of financial experts from both countries. Its terms of reference include the tnvestigation of the economic and other effects of tho establishment of a conventional zone, of the measures that would be necessary to safeguard the economic interests of the populations and of the means by which the exchange control and other probiems referred to in, tho preceding paragraph·s could be solved. a. Me.::i.nwhilc, during the period when the Working Party is conducting its studies, it might i_-c useful for the Co1mnission, through its Secretariat, to consider whether it can recommend any further practical measures, on the lines of those already taken in accordance with Section IV (I)~ of the joint memorandum of December, 1947, for improving existing arrangements for frontier traffic between the two Trust Territories. T/PET.6/32 T/PET.7/31 page S4·

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ADDENDUM 1

RESOLUTION OF THE TOGOLAND UNION ON BEHALF OF THE N,\TURAL RULERS AND THE PEOPLE OF TOGOLAND UNDER UNITED KINGDOM TRUSTEESHIP

WHEREAS it is known that the Visiting Mission is on the way to the British Trust Territory of Togoland, and

2, Whereas it is arranged for the Natural Rulers of Togoland under U,K, Trusteeship and the people to meet and accord them a reception at Kpandu on the 15th day of December, 1949, and

3. Whereas i•,emoranda representing the wishes and needs of the people of Togoland under U,K. Trusteeship have already been prepared a~d forwarded to the Colonial Secretary for submission to the Visiting Mission.

4. Whereas invitations have been sent to the Natural Rulers of Togoland under U,K. Trusteeship by the All-Ewe Conference to meet the Visiting Mission at Loma in the French Territory of Togoland contrary to the Resolution of the Natural Rulers, dated at Borada on the 14th August 1949, and whereas reference decision on Togoland Cocoa Fanners Resolution to U.N.O,, all Togoland Resolutions and Petitions, sponsored or written or signed by a person or persons from the Gold Const are considered invilid, and unwarrantable,

We the undersigned accredited Leaders of the Togoland Union, the only recogaiaed political body of Togoland under United Kingdom Trusteeship have resolved and it is hereby resolved:

(a) That the Visiting Mission of the United Nations Organisation is expected to arrive at Kpandu on the 15th December, 1949, and that a reception on their honour is planned to be accorded then there on that day. T/PET .6/32 T/PET.7/31 page 55.

(b) That ant Natural Rulez,11 and peoples rran Togoland under United Kingdom Trusteeship acc'epting the invitation o! All-Ewe Conference to Lome should not aa considered aecredited repreeentatiTel o! the Togoland under United Kingdom Trusteeship and that any petitions, atatemerit1, written or oral, presented by any of them at Lame ehould not be considered and accepted ae the wishes of the Natural Rulers and peoples of Togoland under United Kingdom Trusteeship • .. (eigned) ~A~,K;;.:,L..;;;;SEN=oo---_____ President.

c " ) . .:.G.a.::,s::;.ii•...;M:.:;:o:;:,;RNY:.;;.:;.. _____ Vice President General

( t1 ) I,K, PRINCE ' Dated at the Headquarters or Togoland Union Hohoe, this 22nd day of November, 1949.

Copies to:-

Coloni~l Secretary, Accra. 'nle·chiet Canmissioner c/o Senior D.C.Ho .3. 'Ihe French Governor Cidile Lome 4. The Secretary of the Vi1iting Mission, c/o Governor Lome s. Natural Ruiera of Togoland under U.K. Trusteeship 6. All Bra.nehee Togoland,, Union 7. The Presa T/?zr .6/32 T /PEI'. 7 /31 page 56

C OP Y

ADDENDUM II

MEMORANDUM prrr.:si.:wraD BY THE A.SOGLI STATE 3EC'rION

OF THF UL EWE CONFEHENCE1 TO THE VISITING HISSICN OF THE TRUSTEESHIP com1CIL OF' THE UNI7ED NATIONS

TO THE E;~'EL\.ND .\'l' HO (j[J DECf.MBER 16th, 194 9,

The Pu:·por :., of this br::..ef hcr:10rnndum w::.s to supplement the for,ner elnborate one, a copy of which wns subrnitted by the General Secr?.tary of the All Ewe Conference to the Visiting Hission in Lome on the 1st December, 1949, and in which were embodied a great deal of our desires and aspirations for the Unification of all Ewe land from the Volta to the Viono, and it has our unstinted support,

Ewes springing from one Kinship stock, we speak the same language, we hc.ve the sa~e identical com~on customs: Our trade intercourse nmong ourselves had been unrestricted, and there were free interchanges of corrJnodi ties from one tribe to another.

hbout 200 years ago, the European powers beean to make inroads into this land, In 1784 Danes had built Fort Prinzenstein at Keta; it had changed hand to the English in 1850, This Fort, like all others on the Slave Coast, stands todny a vcri table monument of the origin of civilization in Ewe land,

In 1884, Ewcland was pnrtitioned into two by the English and Gernan Colonial Governments nnd christened Protectorate or Schutz-gebiet without consul ting us, We were allowed no choice of government for our land, Poli :..ic:11 frontiers were set up to demarcate the territorial zones, and tr.e~~for~ to restrict trading activities and general movements of the

nC'cr:!_::r. 1.'.S in their peaceful h omelMd,

.'.ft,-r the fi:::-st world war, the worst thing did happen. The League of iJ;,.t:: cn::i h:d cr.:. .nt•.:>d !·1andates to the British 1'.'nd French Governments for the :1.d.-;J n.LJt.::·ring of :.hat part of the Eweland seized by the International agreerr.cnt from the ev,'1.cu?.t,:d Gerrr..an Goverment. 'f/rli.T .6/32 T/PET,7/31 · puge 57.

The Eweland, within the elapse uf 35 years under that agre1::;ment was again partitioned into three administrative zones namely:

The Ewes in the Gold Coast.

The Ewes in Togoland under British Mandate.

The Ewes in Togoland under the French Mandate.

These arrangements were not conclude1 without their attendant anomalies in the retention by the powers of the territorial frontiers eet out by the original J.nglo-Gennan agree111ent, and which indeed fanned the sources of drawback in Eweland on its 0nward march for progress.

Economic, S0cial and Cultural education began to be disseminated in different ways in each Zone to suit the purpose of its administering power. Clanship and fa.oily system which were the pride of African citizenship were very seriously hancil:capped and surpressed on that account.

Tribal lands were split between two administrative zones; a situation which creates difficulty to the natives, the fact that the tribal land was out into foreign zones inacceasible to the bona fide owners whose ancestral home happen to be situated in the other half. The Tribal stools, do equally sufter f~~m the imposition of those artificial barriers, which separate large numbers . , of subjects from their ancestral stools; our finn belief in this country, • nnd which amounts to religion i's that ancestral stools are sacred entities in which reside our souls.

To find the means of solution for our manifold problems in making our land worth saving from the burden of partitions and territorial frontiers set up by the powers to debar us of our rightful privileges of citizenship in our home land, we have in December, 1947, handed our proxy to Mr. S.E. Olympio, for a delegation, to place our case before the United Nations for the syzapathy and serious consideration Ewelnnd deserves at the handa ot its Noble Members.

luld as a happy result of that delegation your Conmission is here among us today to have personal inside views of our land and to gain 'tor themselves that m.o~t needed knowledge of the general aspects o! life ot the people on the spot. '1'/1-'1'1'. 6/32 T/PET.7/31 page 58

Th.:i.t we claim the right therefore to demand the Unifi catbn l)f all Ewelanrt from the Volta to the h)no under ONE ADMINISTRATION.

And that all frontiers be removed to :1llow freed(_)m of trade, move1!'lent of people unrestricted and circulation of capitals a.Irong diverse peJple of the snme .)rigin nr.J. one spoken language.

And we visualising the dawn· of the clays of all E,-re unification under :me single administration of our choice, which will guide us to the ultimate goal of independence, ,1e affinn our unreserved support to the l:ause of the All Ewe Conf~rence to achieve its Grand object in the shortest possible time.

Their ~signed} E. KWADJO GIDI II ANKlUIDTTE x 1. DUFIA OF AEUTii,. lL DUFIA OF ANFOETA

{simed} G,K, KWhKN DU,i II BANSA KWAi\1I FIGA II X 2. DUFIA OF AKROFU 12. DUFIA OF TAVIEPE (his) ..._ADJA OSGI X - APi,TU MENSA X 3, DUFIA OF A.KOVIEPE (mark) 13. DUFIA. OF TSOME

{ siio;ned) BILFVIED TSE OSEI_JtTTU V X 4. DUFIA OF AKOEPE 11;. DUFIA. OF M.ATSE

{ signed) SAKRAFO IX _Ll;gd) NENE q_._t!!dll.JMENSPO NORNOR 5. DUFIA OF GOVIEPE 15 •. DUFIA OF' AGarIME APEGAME (his)

,UHLEFI (mark) 16~ DUFIA OF KLEPE

\ (signed} THOMAS A. KODEFO VI NYAMEKOR GLAKPE X 7. DW.IA OF SHIA ,, 17, DUFIA OF DAKPA

(signed) AKAGCGOE VIII AMWSU DOKLI X 8. DUFIA OF LUME 18. ASCGLI N..\TIVE AUTHORITY MEMBER

i - their __(signed) ELIAS K.A ••••• II HUMPHERY KEKPO (his X !Tl.'.l.rk) · 9. DUFIA OF ZIAVI 19,:-ASCGLI NATIVE AUTHOillTY MEMBER

THOMAS KwASI X TENKOLE_K~~AK=U:;,,______X_ 10. DUFIA OF AVE 200 DUFIA OF'' SOKODE marks marks '1'/P.1:iT.6/32 T/PET.7/31 page 59.

their thuir KWADSO ANKU K ( sign8_tj) GILBERT Y110 KUNA 21. DUFih OF KRALE 25, .t\.SOOLI Ni.SIVE 1dJTHORITY i.'JEl,JBER

KwOO ADSA T1-u'1 V X KWA.SI YEBUAH Lini:;uist X 22. DUFIA OF ETODOI'-':E 26. for DUFIA OF ATIKPUI

ABENA LAWLUIVRE X (sign.~) D. D. Dh.Rl'EY 23, DUFIA OF ZIOPE -27, Headman Strangers C)mmunity HO

{signed} _MARTIN OSAI ( sigri_c_c.) Philip . ·-~· ..•• (illegi1•~..e) 24. ASCGLI NATIVE AUTHORITY I'lEMBER 28, Acting Fia of H0 Bankoe marks marks

W/w TO Mi,RKS & SIGNATURES:

(signed) N. G, KU~gBENU Interim Secretary