ASSESSMENT of Ips Sexdentatus POPULATION Considering THE

UDK 630* 453 (001) Izvorni znanstveni rad – Original scientific papers Šumarski list, 1–2 (2017): 47–56

ASSESSMENT OF Ips sexdentatus POPULATION CONSIDERING THE CAPTURE IN PHEROMONE TRAPS AND THEIR DAMAGES UNDER NON-EPIDEMIC CONDITIONS PROCJENA POPULACIJE Ips sexdentatus S OBZIROM NA ULOV U FEROMONSKIM KLOPKAMA I NJIHOVE ŠTETNOSTI U NE-EPIDEMIJSKIM UVJETIMA

Gonca Ece ÖZCAN*

Summary one of the most important factors of natural balance in the forests are insects, which are a part of ecological diversity. Being in a constant change, forest ecosystems are affected by bark beetles in low level or wide ranged ratios. The pressure of Ips sexdentatus, one of the most important pests of conifer forests and principal species of Turkey, can be at a sensible level from time to time. In this study, it was determined that the beetles carry out two flights in the region, first flight starts around the beginning of May, this period continues until mid-June, second flight starts around mid-June and continues until the beginning of September. The number of beetles captured by the traps in the first and second flight period were statistically different and, also the average number of beetles in first period were more than second period. When the results of pheromone trap capturing were evaluated monthly, it was seen that the averages of June, July and August were not statistically different, meanwhile May average was statistically different from other months. No significant difference were found between the averages of I. sexdentatus captured by the pheromone traps in sunny and shaded aspect. No dying due to beetle damage was found on the trees in the study area after the flight of beetles, however, the damage ratio of the beetle was identified as 16.38% in a hectare. A statistically significant difference was found between the specified diameter classes in terms of beetle damage.

KEY WORDS: bark beetle, Ips sexdentatus, damage, pheromone trap, population density

Introduction UVOD and food cycle are in levels which cannot be denied (Haack and Byler 1993; Black 2005). Some species of bark beetles, Of the important components of forest ecosystem, insects, of the effective elements of ecosystem process (Raffa et al. vertebrates and disease-causing factors may damage trees, 2015), are keystones of forest ecosystem (Byers, 2012). The or even cause them to die. However, the positive contribu- tree deaths caused by these species (Pickett and White, tion of these factors to decomposition, energy flow, carbon 1985) are long term legacies left in the forests (Meddens et

* Assist. Prof. Dr. Gonca Ece ÖZCAN, Ph.D., Kastamonu University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Wildlife Ecology and Management, 37150, Kastamonu, Turkey. Corresponding author: [email protected] 48 Šumarski list, 1–2, CXXXXI (2017), 47–56

al., 2012). Ips species may attack live trees but they usually luated in terms of tree species, stands constituted by black prefer broken, overturned (Birch, 1984), where they don’t pines form about 28% of provincial forest area and about face host resistance, trees that are dead or about to die 67% in the pure coniferous stands (Anonymous, 2013; 2014; (Fettig et al., 2007) and cause woody materials to decom- URL-1). Most of these forests are threatened by I. sexdenta- position, playing a role beneficial to forest ecosystems tus, which causes tree deaths in large areas in case of a large (Allen, 1994). In most species, while causing damage in low outbreak and plays a critical role in forest dynamics. In this degree or below economic damage threshold in forests, study, the capture rates of I. sexdentatus to pheromone traps, large outbreaks of natural species are important in terms of capture times, flight periods and the effects of these to daily development and sustainability of forests (Black et al., 2010). maximum and average temperatures, changes of capture ra- Besides that, huge losses happening in conifer forests due tios according to shaded and sunny aspects in the black pine to bark beetle outbreaks are expected (Franceschi et al., stand were determined (êrcan et al., 2011). Also, the damage 2005) and since their invasions cover large forest areas, it is status evaluated that caused in the stand by the beetle spe- not possible to fully evaluate the development of these in- cies after the end of flight period in the same year. The- fin vasions (Samalens et al., 2007). The relations between fun- dings that will be obtained as a result of this study will make ctional ecosystem and these outbreaks are not yet fully important contributions for creating a projection against this explained (Samman and Logan 2000). However, the deter- beetle which carries risks that may cause disruption of a he- mination of population dynamics of these beetles is very alth ecosystem by causing large damage to wide areas, mo- important to develop control strategies and increase success nitoring, taking measures, ensure success in control mana- (Jactel and Lieutier, 1987). gement and sustainable forestry management. Some beetles in the Coleoptera order are considered as the most destructive forest insects. Especially Dendroctonus, Materials and Methods Ips, Scolytus species can cause large number of tree deaths MATERIJALI I METODE (Drooz 1985; Furniss and Carolin 1977). Wood and Bright Study area – Promatrano područje (1992) reported that there were 5812 species of bark beetles in the world. Bark beetles have a wide host range, including This study, carried out in the pure stands ofPinus nigra Ar- conifer species (Birch, 1984). These species, considered es- nold in 2014, was conducted in Kastamonu, located in the pecially the important pests of conifer forests (Reeve, 1997), western Blacksea region of Turkey (Figure 1). No damage have caused important losses in the forests of the world un- and death trees record caused by I. sexdentatus in the area til today (Bakke, 1989). These pests are the most dangerous within the borders of Gölköy Forest Sub-District Directorate. beetles, especially the forests of northern hemisphere (Allen Average altitude of the area was 1015.6+36.4 m, average slope 1994; Lee et al., 2007). Six-toothed pine bark beetle, Ips sex- was 14.6+8.6%. According to increment items taken from a dentatus (Boerner) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae), total of 61 trees, tree age was 15.6+2.0 year and mean tree one of the bark beetle pests, is one of the most destructive diameter was 16+3.5 cm in terms of total tree in sample plot. beetles of European pine forests and has an extremely high Data Collection – Prikupljanje podataka distribution potential (Jactel and Gaillard, 1991). This beetle, having the potential to create many offsprings from a 30 pheromone traps (Figure 2) placed in black pine stands, female, depending on the number of generations, is also one captured total of Ips sexdentatus and Thanasimus formica- of the most dangerous beetles of the forests of Turkey (Beşceli rius (L.) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) adult in the traps are mate- and Ekici, 1969). I. sexdentatus is a natural species of Turkey rials used to determine the rate of capture, capture times (Öymen, 1992) and is a principal beetle species (Özkaya et and flight periods of adult I. sexdentatus. Jactel (1991) has al., 2010) of pine and spruce trees (Akkuzu and Guzel, 2015). suggested that effect time of pheromone dispenser is short This species was found in the areas ofPinus nigra, Pinus sil- and the attraction radius of these preparations for Ips sex- vestris, Pinus brutia, Picea orientalis, Abies nordmanniana dentatus adults cannot exceed 100 m. Besides that, the traps and Abies bornmülleriana in our nation (Defne, 1954; Beşceli being placed close to each other can affect the capture rates and Ekici, 1969; Yüksel, 1996; Öymen, 1992; Selmi 1998). due to causing competition between the traps (Serez, 1987; One of the natural species of Turkey, Pinus nigra Arnold, Bacca et al., 2006). constitutes 21,6% of nations existence of forest (Anonymous, Thus, the numbered traps were hanged at the heights of 1.3- 2014). It also has large forestation potential (Topacoglu, 1.6 m as to be 100 m apart from each other, representing the 2013). Taking an important place in Turkey in terms of fo- area, on 8th May. Elevation, slopes and aspects of the traps rest areas, forestry activities and forestry economy, 64% of were measured, which were placed by leaving at least 6-10 Kastamonu is covered with forests. This ratio is considerably m distance from trees (Kesinalemdaroğlu, 1995). The first above the ratio of Turkey’s existence of forest to total surface commercial pheromone dispenser was hanged to traps at area of the nation. When the pure coniferous stands are eva- the date of its placement, and these dispensers were renewed ÖZCAN G. E.: ASSESSMENT OF Ips sexdentatus POPULATION CONSIDERING THE CAPTURE IN PHEROMONE TRAPS AND THEIR DAMAGES ... 49

Figure 1. Location of study area Slika 1. Lokacija promatranog područja

once every 6 weeks. Kept in the forest until 8th of September, the traps were checked once every 7 days and a total of 570 counts were applied throughout 19 weeks, the number of I. sexdentatus and T. formicarius adults captured were recorded. Predator insects were taken to special boxes after coun- ting and brought to T. formicarius breeding laboratory. Da- ily maximum and average temperature data of the study area were determined by interpolation from Kastamonu Meteo- rology Station. To determine the damage caused by I. sexdentatus after the end of flights, 458 black pine tree were evaluated in the 30 sample plots as large as 400 m2 in De- cember of same year (Figure 2). Sample plots will be taken are randomly selected in stands where traps are placed. The borders of each sample plot was determined through tape measure and trees falling within the borders are numbered and their diameters are measured. Ages of 3 trees in each sample plot were determined. To identify the damage status and dying, dead trees, the trees were examined carefully.

Statistical analyses – Statistička analiza All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS® 20.0 for ® Windows software. Independent samples t-test was used Figure 2. Locations of pheromone traps and sample plots in study area to determine whether the averages of I. sexdentatus captu- Slika 2. Lokacija feromonskih mamaca i uzorkovanih zemljišta na proma- red by pheromone traps in sunny and shaded aspects in tranom području 50 Šumarski list, 1–2, CXXXXI (2017), 47–56

both flight periods. The differences between the averages of This research, 14556 I. sexdentatus and 608 T. formicarius I. sexdentatus captured to pheromone traps in 4 different were totally captured from using the pheromone traps. In months, which the capturing was carried out, were tested the year the study was carried out, the average number of I. by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Because the gro- sexdentatus captured by the pheromone traps at the end of uped data were used, the relations between trees which were 19 weeks long monitoring process is 485. 56,99% of these damaged by I. sexdentatus and healthy and aspects and di- beetles were captured in 10 traps and the average capture ameter classes were interpreted through Chi-Square test. amount of these traps are about 2,65 times more than the total number of beetles captured in traps. Özcan et al. (2011) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION determined that about 60% of the average number of beetles Rezultati I Rasprava captured by traps are captured in certain number of traps. Pheromone traps are commonly used in monitoring of bark Most common use of pheromones, preferred especially in beetles population (Bentz, 2006). These monitoring help in monitoring aggressive forest pests (Bakke, 1991), are the eva- obtaining data which may be utilized in various ways such luations depending on the number of beetles captured by as determination of flight activities and timing of control traps (Suckling and Karg 2000). Mass trapping practices are programs for target species (Suckling and Karg 2000). In the being used for more than 200 years (Bakke, 1991) and this first controls performed with the traps in th8 of May and last method is actively used in sustained forestry management control performed in 8th of September, considerably low cap- practices in Turkey (Özcan et al., 2014). The reaction time ture ratios were recorded compared to other control periods. given by I. sexdentatus individuals in a population varies. According to this, it is seen that flight activities of beetles The effectiveness of pheromone traps (McNeil, 1991) and start before 8th of May and continue after th8 of September attraction capacity of the beetle to pheromone (Jactel, 1991) and ratios being low and starting and ending dates of flight are affected by many factors (Bentz, 2006) such as stand attri- periods of beetles coincide approximately with these times butes, wind direction, traps being hanged near suitable host (Figure 2). Although the conditions of the beetles at the time trees (Safranyik et al., 2004), biology of the beetles, trap dis- of capturing are unknown (Özcan et al., 2014), average daily tance (Bacca et al., 2006), placement of traps and installation temperature values at the time of first flight starting dates design (McNeil, 1991; Zahradník and Zahradníková, 2015). are approximately 11 °C, however, there are also days when The ratio of capture of I. sexdentatus adults in traps at the the daily maximum temperature values are 20 °C and above edge and outside of the stand is higher than the traps inside subsequently. It is expected that the beetles are captured in the stand (Akkuzu and Güzel, 2015). Also, the population traps when the temperature conditions are suitable for their of beetles and the amount of beetles captured by traps vary flight (Krieger, 1998). In the study explained by Seedre by year and location (Özcan et al, 2011). (2005), it is suggested that the first flight of the beetles is

Figure 3. Capturing ratios of Ips sexdentatus to pheromone traps by control dates Slika 3. Omjer hvatanja kukca Ips sexdentatus u feromonske mamce po kontrolnim datumima ÖZCAN G. E.: ASSESSMENT OF Ips sexdentatus POPULATION CONSIDERING THE CAPTURE IN PHEROMONE TRAPS AND THEIR DAMAGES ... 51

Table 1. Group statistics of Ips sexdentatus captured by traps in first riods with certain borders. With more extensive and long and second periods term studies, the status in the forests of the region may be Tablica 1. Grupna statistika Ips sexdentatus uhvaćenih u mamcima tijekom prvog i drugog perioda detailed. Besides that, in a study covering two separate years Periods Mean Std. Deviation Std. Eror Mean carried out in the spruce forests, two generations of the bee- N Periodi Srednja vrijednost Std. devijacija Std. pogreška tle was reported and the dates given for two flight periods First periyod 180 59,36 125,942 9,387 were approximately similar (Özcan et al., 2011). The findings of other studies on the number of generations of the beetle Second period 390 9,93 19,362 0,980 species and flight starting and ending times in Turkey (Beşceli and Ekici 1969; Serez, 1983, Sekendiz, 1984) and started at the times when the temperature values exceed the findings of this study shows similarities. about 20 °C, referred at Vité et al. (1974). Depending on 68.82% of the captured beetles are recorded in the controls these identifications, it can be said thatI. sexdentatus carried applied in 22-29 May and 6 June and this time period falls out two flights in this period, first flight starts at early may, within the first flight period specified. The average number this period continues until mid-June and lasts about 40-45 of I. sexdentatus captured by traps in the first and second days. Also, it can be said that second flight starts around flight periods specified are 59.36 and 9.93, respectively (Ta- mid-June and continues until early September and lasts ble 1) and the difference in the I. sexdentatus captured about 50-55 days (Figure 3). However, it is not possible to between two periods are statistically significant (p<0,05) differentiate the generation numbers and times of flight -pe (Table 2).

Table 2. Independent samples t-test results comparing the average number of beetles captured by traps in the first and second period Tablica 2. Neovisni uzorci rezultata t-testa kojima se uspoređuje prosječan broj kukaca uhvaćenih mamcima tijekom prvog i drugog perioda Levene’s test for equality of variances t-test for equality of means Levenov test za jednakost t-test za jednakost srednjih vrijednosti varijanci 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Mean Difference Std. Error 95%-tni interval povjerenja razlike Sig. Srednja Difference (2-tailed*) vrijednost Std. greška Lower Upper F Sig. t df 2-smjeran) Razlika Razlika Donja Gornja Equal variances assumed 180.724 0.000 7.567 568 0.000 49.427 6.532 36.597 62.258 Jednake varijance pretpostavljene Equal variances not assumed 5.237 182.917 0.000 49.427 9.438 30.806 68.049 Jednake varijance ne pretpostavljene

*p<0,05

Table 3. Resulting significant difference Turkey (HSD) test for the mean number of Ips sexdentatus by months Tablica 3. Rezultirajuće značajne razlike Tukeyeva (HSD) testa za srednji broj Ips sexdentatus po mjesecima 95% Confidence Interval (I) Months (J) Months Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error 95% interval povjerenja Sig. (I) Mjeseci (J) Mjeseci Srednja razlika (I-J) Std. greška Lower Bound Upper Bound Donja granica Gornja granica Maya Juneb – Lipanjb 65.833* 9.176 0.000 42.19 89.48 Svibanja Julyb – Srpanjb 62.937* 8.705 0.000 40.51 85.37 Agustosb – Kolovozb 70.483* 8.376 0.000 48.90 92.07 June b Maya – Svibanja –65.833* 9.176 0.000 –89.48 –42.19 Lipanj b Julyb – Lipanjb –2.897 8.705 0.987 –25.33 19.53 Agustosb – Kolovozb 4.650 8.376 0.945 –16.93 26.23 Julyb Maya – Svibanja –62.937* 8.705 0.000 –85.37 –40.51 Juneb – Lipanjb 2.897 8.705 0.987 –19.53 25.33 Srpanjb Agustosb – Kolovozb 7.547 7.858 0.772 –12.70 27.79 Augustb Maya – Svibanja –70.483* 8.376 0.000 –92.07 –48.90 Kolovozb Juneb – Lipanjb –4.650 8.376 0.945 –26.23 16.93 Julyb – Srpanjb –7.547 7.858 0.772 –27.79 12.70

* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. a,b refers to different group 52 Šumarski list, 1–2, CXXXXI (2017), 47–56

Table 4. Group statistics of Ips sexdentatus captured by traps in sunny from other regions (Jactel, 1991). Also, it is known that this and shaded aspects species can fly 5-50 km distance and has the potential of Tablica 4. Grupna statistika Ips sexdentatus uhvaćenih u mamce na suncu i u sjeni easily going to farther distances where suitable hosts are Aspects N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean available (Jactel and Gaillard 1991). It is believed that the Aspekti Srednja vrijednost Std. devijacija Std. greška population level of second generation is low due to many Sunny – Sunce 342 27.60 83.346 4.507 factors such as host trees being insufficient and climate con- Shaded – Sjena 228 22.44 63.436 4.201 ditions being unsuitable. 18 of the traps were placed at sunny and 12 at shaded aspects. The difference between the average number of I. sexdentatus captured in traps in sunny When the trap capture results were evaluated as 4 separate and shaded aspects is not statistically significant (p> 0.05). months (which are May, June, July and August), it was seen But, the number of beetles captured by traps in shaded as- that the averages of June, July and August were not statisti- pects are 18.73% less than the sunny aspects (Table 4, Table cally different (p>0,05), mean while, the average for May 5). Özcan et al. (2011) has also found similar results. Also, was statistically different from other months (p<0,05) (Ta- Lobinger and Skatulla (1996) have reported that I. typograp- ble 3). hus was captured in higher rate in traps in south aspects than north aspects (Wermelinger, 2004). The average capture ratios for May is 6.32; 5.12 and 10.11 times higher than other months, respectively and according During the whole flight period of I. sexdentatus, a total of to this result, it is seen that spring captures are considerably 576 T. formicarius adults were recorded in the traps. They higher than summer. In the study by Faccoli and Buffo were seen to be always present in the traps in all control dates. Predator insect was encountered mostly in the controls (2004) for Ips typographus (Linnaeus), it was reported that made during 22-29 May. The average amount of predators spring captures are always higher than summer captures. captured by the traps at this time are 2.3-5.2, respectively. Most bark beetle species’ population intensity tend to in- One of the main predators of I. sexdentatus, Thanasimus crease and decrease according to weather conditions and formicarius L (Coleoptera: Cleridae) (Seedre, 2005), is a pre- existence of the host in their natural living habitat (Raffa et dator of many bark beetle species (Warzee and Grégoire, al. 2015). 2003). Also, this predator is attracted to bark beetle phero- Average temperatures in May, when the flights start, are mones (Schoreder, 1997). between 10.55 and 14.77 ºC, average maximum tempera- Raffa et al. (2015) also suggests that stand structures are ef- tures are between 16.13 and 22.91 ºC. Daily maximum tem- fective on the preferences of bark beetles. Accordingly, bee- peratures are sustainability to be important for the flight to tles that may cause severe tree deaths in one year by their begin and continue (Özcan et al., 2011). Gaylord et al. outbreaks, can only cause deaths of live trees (Christiansen (2008), in the studies carried out various bark beetle spe- et al., 1987) when they cause an epidemic by increasing cies, has determined that maximum and average tempera- breeding potentials in other words, when their population tures are more determinant than minimum temperatures reaches a level that exceed the resistance of the host (Drooz, in first flights. This determination supports the results of 1985). In this study, it was identified that 19.65% of 458 trees this study. Capturing more beetles in first flight period com- evaluated in the sample plot covering 1.2 hectares of area pared to second period may be due to traps capturing not were damaged by the beetle and accordingly, the damage only beetles in the effective region but also beetles coming rate in a hectare was 16.38% (Figure 4a, b), however, no de-

Table 5. Independent samples t-test results comparing the average number of beetles captured by traps in sunny and shaded aspects Tablica 5. Neovisni uzorci rezultata t-testa u usporedbi s prosječnim brojem kukaca uhvaćenih u mamce na suncu i u sjeni Levene’s test for equality of variances t-test for equality of means Levenov test za jednakost t-test za jednakost srednjih vrijednosti varijanci 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Mean Difference Std. Error 95%-tni interval povjerenja razlike Sig. Srednja Difference (2-tailed*) vrijednost Std. greška Lower Upper F Sig. t df (2-smjeran* razlika razlika Donja Gornja Equal variances assumed 2.582 0.109 0.795 568 0.427 5.164 6.499 –7.602 17.929 Jednake varijance pretpostavljene Equal variances not assumed 0.838 558.084 0.402 5.164 6.161 –6.938 17.266 Jednake varijance ne pretpostavljene ÖZCAN G. E.: ASSESSMENT OF Ips sexdentatus POPULATION CONSIDERING THE CAPTURE IN PHEROMONE TRAPS AND THEIR DAMAGES ... 53

Table 6. Relations between trees damaged, undamaged by Ips sexdentatus and aspects Tablica 6. Odnos između oštećenih i neoštećenih stabala od strane Ips sexdentatus i aspekti Undamaged trees Damaged trees Aspects N Neoštećena stabla Oštećena stabla Aspekti N % N % North – Sjever (168) 138 82.14 30 17.86 South – Jug (197) 158 80.20 39 19.80 East – Istok (43) 33 76.74 10 23.26 West – Zapad (50) 39 78.00 11 22.00 Total – Ukupno 458 368 90 ath and dying tree was seen in the area. No death tree or Table 7. Relations between trees damaged, undamaged by Ips sexdentatus and diameter lasses damage caused by I. sexdentatus in the previous years was Tablica 7. Odnos između oštećenih i neoštećenih stabala od strane Ips sex- found out and no outbreak population of the beetle at a le- dentatus i klasa po promjeru vel causing trees to death were created during the year. Undamaged trees Damaged trees Diameter classes (cm) These low level invasions occurring in stands where young N Neoštećena stabla Oštećena stabla Po promjeru (cm) and healthy individuals are present have the possibility of N % N % causing only damage. 8–12 (33) 28 82,85 5 15,15 The results obtained in this study shows parallelism with 12–16 (130) 112 86,15 18 13,85 the results of studies on the damage levels of low level in- 16–20 (173) 146 84,40 27 15,60 vasions. Samman and Logan (2000) emphasizes that the 20–24 (122) 82 67,21 40 32,79 invasion of bark beetle occurring endemic levels causing Total 458 368 90 less than 2% death rates of trees will be beneficial in terms c2 = 18,322, df = 3, p < 0,05 of removing weak and old individuals from stands. There- fore the removal of damaged trees in the area in terms of forest health should be evaluated within the plans. Diameter of the trees in sample plots are; 33 of them (7.21%) at 8-12 cm, 130 of them (28.38) at 12-16 cm, 173 of them Of the tree evaluated in the sample plots are, respectively, (37.77%) at 16-20 cm and 122 of them (26.64%) at 20-24 36.68% for north, 43.01% for south, 9.39% for east and 10,92% for west in aspects. The percentages of trees dama- cm. There is a statistically significant difference between the ged by I. sexdentatus in the study area according to aspects diameters classes specified in terms of beetle damage are 33.33%, 43.34%, 11.11% and 12.22%, respectively. Des- (p<0.05) (Table 7) and it is seen that trees in diameter cla- pite no significant difference was found between the trees sses 20-24 cm are exposed to beetle damage more than ot- damaged and undamaged by beetles according to aspects hers. 44.44% of the damaged trees are in this diameter cla- (p>0.05), (Table 6) it was determined that the trees dama- sses (Figure 5). ged by beetle was found highest in the south aspects Although the management strategies of bark beetles are not (43.34%). planned as to completely remove their populations due to

Figure 5. Distribution of total and damaged trees in the sample plots according to diameter classes Slika 5. Distribucija ukupnih i oštećenih stabala na uzorkovanim zemljištima prema klasama po promjeru 54 Šumarski list, 1–2, CXXXXI (2017), 47–56

their roles in the ecosystem process (Samman and Logan and Payne, T. L., eds.1991. Forest Insect.371-377. Guilds: Pat- 2000), it is a requirement to suppress their outbreak popu- terns of Interactionwith Host Trees. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv. lations. The purpose of control programs planned against Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-153. these species is to effectively reduce their damage levels in • Black, S.H., 2005: Logging to control insects: The science and myths behind managing Forest Insect „Pests”. A synthesis of in- the stands (Faccoli and Stergulc, 2008). Removing weak and dependently reviewed research. pp 45. damaged trees found in the area before the population den- • Black, S. H., Kulakowski, D., Noon, B.R., DellaSala, D., 2010: sity of I. sexdentatus, which is a pest, reaches to a level that Insects and roadless forests: A scientific review of causes. Con- will attack healthy trees, including trees that are slightly sequences and management alternatives. 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Sažetak Jedan od najvažnijih čimbenika prirodne ravnoteže u šumama su insekti, koji čine dio ekološke raznolikosti. Pod utjecajem stalnih promjena, šumski su ekosustavi pod utjecajem kukaca potkornjaka na niskoj razini ili velikom prostoru. Pritisak Ips sexdentatus, jedne od najvažnijih štetočina u crnogoričnim šumama te glavne vrste u Turskoj, može s vremena na vrijeme biti na osjetljivoj razini. Ovom je studijom otkriveno da kukci odrade dva leta u regiji, prvi let započinje početkom svibnja, nastavlja se do sredine lipnja, dok drugi započinje sredinom lipnja i nastavlja se do početka rujna. Broj uhvaćenih kukaca u mamcima tijekom prvog i drugog perioda leta bio je statistički različit, te je prosječan broj kukaca u prvom periodu bio veći od broja kukaca u drugom periodu. Kada su se rezultati uhvaćenih kukaca u feromonske mamce procijenili na mjesečnoj razini, uočilo se da nema statističkih razlika između lipnja, srpnja i kolovoza, dok se prosječan broj za svibanj statistički razlikovao od drugih mjeseci. Nije pronađena značajna razlika između prosjeka broja I. sexdentatus uhvaćenih feromonskim mamcima na suncu i u sjeni. Nije otkriveno odumiranje na stablima promatranog područja zbog štete od kukaca nakon njihova leta, no, identificiran je omjer štete od kukaca od 16,38% po hektaru. Pronađena je statistički značajna razlika između određenih klasa prema promjeru vezano za štetu od kukaca.

KLJUČNE RIJEČI: kukci potkornjaci, Ips sexdentatus, šteta, feromonski mamac, gustoća populacije