Index

A Application program interface (API), 344 ACC, see Active Congestion Control (ACC) ART, see Transport protocols Access point (AP), 130 A2S, see Environmental applications Accuracy, 96 Asymmetric and reliable transport Acknowledgement, 42, 128, 240, 250, 252, (ART), 250–253 261, 292 distributed congestion control, 253 ACK, 42, 59, 240, 242, 248, 250–253, reliable event transfer, 252–253 259, 261 reliable query transfer, 250–252 IACK, 240 Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), NACK, 240, 241, 244, 245, 248, 250, 381, 495 252, 261 ATEMU, see Simulators and emulators ACME Fox Board, see Multimedia mote Automatic repeat request (ARQ), 260, 261 platforms Autonomous component architecture (ACA), Active congestion control (ACC), 59, 306 511, 512 Adaptive load-balanced algorithm Avrora, see Simulators and emulators (ALBA), 282 Address event representation (AER), 184 Ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing B (AODV), 377, 486 Balanced energy effcient routing Ad hoc positioning system (APS), 518 (BEER), 283 AER, see Multimedia mote platforms Base Station, 6, 7, 12, 14, 56 Aggregate manager API (AM API), 441 Berkeley habitat modeling at Great Duck Air Force offce of scientifc research Island, see Environmental applications (AFOSR), 511 Berkeley software distribution Ambient intelligence (AmI), 154 (BSD), 499 Analog to digital conversion/converter Biobotic distributed sensor network for (ADC), 11, 93 under-rubble search and rescue, see Angle of arrival (AoA), 80 Environmental applications Anisotropic magneto-resistive (AMR), 425 Bit error rate (BER), 209 ANT, see WSNs standards Bluetooth low energy (BLE), 35 ANT+, see ANT; WSNs standards Body area network (BAN), 141 Application layer, 21, 54, 60, 62, 64, 151, 156, Border gateway protocol (BGP), 495 163, 247, 269, 304, 318, 320, 321, 368, Bul-guk-sa Temple, see Environmental 521, 536, 539, 546, 705 applications

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 707 H. M. A. Fahmy, Concepts, Applications, Experimentation and Analysis of Wireless Sensor Networks, Signals and Communication Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58015-5 708 Index

C Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), 326 Carrier sense multiple access/ Collision Countersniper systems, see Military avoidance (CSMA/CA), 98 applications Castalia, see Simulators Cross-layer design approaches, 269–315 CCF, see Transport protocols heuristic approach, 269 Central processing unit (CPU), 174 layers Interactions, 269–297 Central supervisory station (CSS), 93 single layer integrated module, 297–315 Channel Simulator (ChSim), 553 Cross-layer energy-effcient protocol Channel state information (CSI), 131 (CLEEP), 283 Charge-coupled device (CCD), 198 Cross-layering MAC and network layers CINEMa, see Biobotic distributed sensor CLB, 281–288 network for under-rubble search PANEL, 270–281 and rescue Cross-layering physical and MAC and CITRIC, see Multimedia mote platforms network layers Clear channel assessment (CCA), 100 TPGFPlus, 288–297 Clock synchronization, 60, 64, 248 Cross-layer protocol (XLP), 62, 267–328 CODA, see Transport protocols Cross-layer simulator (XLS), 312 Commercial off-the-shelves (COTS), 80 Cyborg insect networks for exploration and Common intermediate format (CIF), 202 mapping (CINEMa), 117 Common object request broker architecture Cyclops, see Multimedia mote platforms (CORBA), 513 Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS), 172 D Complex programmable logic device Daily life applications (CPLD), 127 everyday objects in a smart home Component Object Model (COM), 513 environment, 165–171 COmponent-oriented Simulation Toolkit an intelligent car park management (COST), 534, 577 system, 160–164 Computer operating properly (COP), 402 Data Congestion, 59, 62, 63, 148, 177, 234–240, aggregation, 14, 54, 60, 61, 63, 64, 71, 242–250, 253–258, 260, 263, 264, 281, 148, 151, 203, 274, 375, 376, 493–494 282, 298–300, 303–306, 314, 321, 323, fusion, 60, 61, 64, 70, 72, 73, 76–80, 342, 416, 486 82–85, 89, 90, 151 Congestion control, 59, 62, 63, 234, 235, 239, Data link layer, 24, 54 242–250, 253–257, 260, 263, 298–300, DaXElink layer, 64 303, 304, 306, 314 Defense advanced research projects agency congestion detection, 59, 255, 256 (DARPA), 393, 488 congestion notifcation, 238 Denial-of-service (DoS), 69 end-to-end, 19, 20, 63, 150, 234–236, Differentiated services (DiffServ), 495 239–243, 246–248, 250, 257, 261, 263, Digital signal processor(DSP), 75 264, 304, 383, 437 Digital video recorder (DVR), 168 hop-by-hop, 59, 212, 234, 239–242, 244, Direction of arrival (DOA), 87 246, 248, 249, 253, 255, 257, 258, 263, Distance vector-hop (DV-hop), 518 264, 303, 305, 518 Distributed coordination function rate adjustment, 238 (DCF), 496 Congestion control and fairness Distributed TCP cache (DTC), 242 (CCF), 253–254 Distributed transport for sensor networks Congestion detection and avoidance (DTSN), 261 (CODA ), 242 Double Data Rate Type Three (DDR3), 354 Congestion detection and avoidance in sensor Downstream, 59, 233–235, 244, 245, 248, networks, 234, 235, 238 249, 252, 253, 413 Connected k- neighborhood (CKN), 293 DTSN, see Transport protocols Constant bit rate (CBR), 279, 381 Dual in-line memory module (DIMM), 354 COntiki Os JAva (COOJA), 551 Dynamic source routing (DSR), 486 Index 709

E Environmental monitoring, see Environmental eCAM, see Multimedia mote platforms applications EIGRP, 495 Environmental sensor network (ESN), 110 Electrically erasable programmable read-only Environment monitoring in coalmines, see memory (EEPROM), 128 Environmental applications Electro-Cardiogram (ECG/EKG), ), 141, 143 ERTP, see Transport protocols Electro-Encephalogram (EEG), 144 ESRT, see Transport protocols Electromagnetic interference (EMI), 347 Ethernet PRogramming Board (EPRB), 360 EmStar, see Testbeds Event-to-sink reliable transport (ESRT), 243 Emulators Experience sampling method (ESM), 168 MSPsim, 551 ExScal, see Testbeds End-to-end, 63, 150, 234–236, 239–243, Extended C (XTC), 193 246–248, 250, 257, 261, 263, 264, 383, Extensible markup language (XML), 536 437, see Congestion control eXtreme scale stargate (XSS), 429 Energy aware routing (EAR), 283 Energy consumed uniformly-connected k-neighborhood (EC-CKN), 288 F Energy consumption, 16, 18, 19, 26, 30, 39, Fair energy aware routing (FEAR), 283 44, 45, 54, 55, 60, 62, 63, 98, 99, 102, Fault-tolerance, see Performance 103, 147, 171, 173, 181, 182, 198, 204, metrics of WSNs 205, 234, 261, 264, 269–271, 273, 276, Federating testbeds, 340, 347–351 279–289, 293, 296–298, 300, 307, 309, Field of View (FOV), 87, 369 311–313, 317, 321, 322, 367–369, 527, Field programmable gate array 537, 541, 545, 563 (FPGA), 82, 181 Energy depletion, see Packet loss Field programmable system level integrated Energy effciency, 147, 313 circuit (FPSLIC), 193 Energy effcient and reliable transport protocol FireFly Mosaic, see Multimedia mote (ERTP), 261 platforms Enhanced cross-layer protocol (ECLP), 283 First-In First-Out (FIFO), 189 Enhanced interior gateway routing protocol Flooding, 17, 44, 57, 58, 69, 111, 518, (EIGRP), 495 532, 538 EnOcean, see WSNs standards Foxhouse, see Environmental applications Environmental applications Frames Per Sec (fps), 187 a biobotic distributed sensor network for Frequency shift keying (FSK), 552 under-rubble search and Full function device (FFD), 115 rescue, 117–126 Full-scale and miniaturized testbeds, 340 active volcano monitoring, 113 Fusion, 77–79, 83–84, 89, 90, 249–250, 253, A2S- automated agriculture see Transport protocols system, 126–129 cultural property protection, 114–115 environmental monitoring, 111–112, 116 G environment monitoring in coalmines, 115 Gallium arsenide (GaAs), 134 foxhouse project, 115–116 GARUDA, 245–246, see Transport protocols large scale habitat monitoring, 111 Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK), 186 living IoT-a fying wireless platform on GDI, see Testbeds live insects, 129–136 General packet radio service (GPRS), 139 Lofar-Agro project, 112 General-purpose input/output (GPIO), 82 macroscope in the Redwoods, 112–113 GENI project offce (GPO), 442 precision agriculture, 112 Geographic and energy aware routing sensor and actuator networks on the (GEAR), 546 farm, 113–114 Geographic priority index (GPI), 282 SensorScope for environmental Global control processor (GCP), 193 monitoring, 116 Global environment for network innovation underground structure monitoring, 115 (GENI), 430 710 Index

Global mobile information system simulator Industrial, scientifc and medical, 21 (GloMoSim), 492 Ingress Protection/Internet Protocol (IP), 137 Global positioning system (GPS), 80 INSTEON, see WSNs standards Global sensor network (GSN), 565 Institutional animal care and use committee GloMoSim, see Simulators (IACUC), 136 Gossiping, 44, 58 Integrated development environment Graphical user interface (GUI), 150, 374 (IDE), 502 Greedy perimeter stateless routing (GPSR), Interface defnition language (IDL), 157 518, 562 Interior gateway routing protocol (IGRP), 495 Guaranteed time slots (GTS), 105 International telecommunications union, 21 Internet engineering task force (IETF), 373 Internetworking framework (INET), 511 H ISA100.11a, see WSNs standards Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL), 503 Head-Of-Line (HOL), 561 Healthcare applications J body area network subsystem, 143–146 JavaServer Pages (JSP), 448 categorization and design Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG), 198 features, 152–154 JProwler, see Simulators end-user healthcare monitoring, 150–152 J-Sim, see Simulators SYLPH platform, 156 using heterogeneous WSNs in a telemonitoring system, 154–160 L WANs for healthcare, 148–149 Latency, 106, see Performance Heuristic approach, see Cross-layer design metrics of WSNs approaches Layers Interactions Hop-by-hop, 59, 212, 234, 239–242, 244, 246, cross-layering MAC and network 248, 249, 253, 255, 257, 258, 263, layers, 272 264, 518 cross-layering physical and MAC and Hypertext preprocessor (PHP), 360 network layers, 288–297 Line of Sight (LOS), 129 Link quality indication (LQI), 114 I Liquid crystal display (LCD), 184 Identifcation (ID), 54 Living IoT: A fying wireless platform on live IEEE 802., 21–26, 28, 32, 34–35, 38, 43, 46, insects, see Environmental applications 57, 82, 92, 100, 103–109, 116, 121, Local area network (LAN), 37 127, 145, 155, 159, 179, 180, 187, 191, Lofar-Agro project, see Environmental 195, 197, 198, 256, 257, 270–281, 341, applications 360, 370, 371, 385, 386, 395, 396, 446, Loss recovery, 239 493, 496, 523, 536, 538, 546 loss detection and notifcation, 240–241 IEEE 802.15.3, see WSNs standards retransmission based loss recovery, 239 IEEE 802.15.4, see WSNs standards Low dropout regulator (LDO), 547 Implosion, 58 Low-power wireless area networks Independent and identically distributed (IID), (LoWPANs), 32 480, 484 Low rate wireless personal area networks Industrial applications (LR-WPAN), 92 breath, an adaptive protocol for industrial control, 97–103 condition monitoring and energy usage M evaluation for electric machines, 90–97 Macroscope, see Environmental applications requirements, drivers and analysis for the Managing farms, see Environmental oil and gas industry, 103–109 applications Industrial control, see Industrial applications Man-In-The-Middle (MITM), 148 Index 711

MeshEye, see Multimedia mote platforms Panoptes, 183–184, 198 Metric, 18, 20, 243, 257, 261, 421 Vision Mesh, 198–199 MicrelEye, see Multimedia mote platforms WiCa, 193–194 Micro-controller unit (MCU), 128 WiSN, 187–188 Micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS), 67 Multimedia WSNs, 16–17 Military applications Multi-target Tracking (MTT), 403 countersniper system for urban Muzzle Blast Detection (MBD), 76 warfare, 72–79 MyriaNed, see WSNs standards sensors, 80–85 shooter localization and weapon classifcation with soldier-wearable N networked shooter localization using National institute of standards and technology soldier-worn gunfre detection (NIST), 84 systems, 85–90 National science foundation (NSF), 511 Miniaturized network testbed for mobile Natural user interface (NUI), 119 wireless research (MiNT), 370 Near feld communication (NFC), 145 Miniaturized testbeds, 340, 345–347 Negative acknowledgement (NACK), 240 Mint-m cOntrol and Visualization InterfacE NesCT, see Simulators (MOVIE), 383 NetTopo, see Simulators Mirage, see Testbeds Network animator (NAM), 387 MiXed siMulator (MiXiM), 553 NEtwork Description (NED), 501 MiXiM, see Simulators Network fle system (NFS), 430 Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), 7–8 Network layer, 24, 25, 41, 54, 57, 62, 64, 70, Mobile WSNs, 17–18 156, 235, 244, 268–271, 281–284, Mobility Framework (MF), 553, 557 288–290, 298, 318, 320, 323, 351, 376, Modeling 438, 489, 535, 546, 548, 551 modeling and simulation, 471–473, 511 Network lifetime, 19, see Performance validation and verifcation, 480, 481 metrics of WSNs Mote Processor Radio board (MPR), 162 Network processor engine (NPE), 413 Motor control center (MCC), 92 Network research testbed (NRT), 351 Motor current spectral analysis (MCSA), 92 Network time protocol (NTP), 416 MSPsim, see Emulators NRL SensorSim, see Simulators Multidisciplinary research program of the ns-2, see Simulators university research initiative ns-3, see Simulators (MURI), 511 Multihop, 80, 97–99, 102, 112, 113, 128, 146, 154, 176, 189, 233, 248, 258, 367, 371, O 374, 382, 419, 421, 492, 509, 517 Objective modular network testbed in C++ Multimedia applications, 171–203 (OMNeT++), 498 design issues of WMSNs, 174–177 Oil and gas industry, see Industrial distributed smart cameras, 199–203 applications hardware platforms of WMSNs, 178–203 OMNeT++, see Simulators Multimedia card/secure digital (MMC/ Open shortest path frst (OSPF), 495 SD), 190 OPNET, see Simulators Multimedia mote platforms Optimized link state routing (OLSR), 491 ACME Fox board, 197–198 Optimized network engineering tool address-event imagers, 184 (OPNET), 495 CITRIC, 180, 194–197 ORBIT management framework (OMF), 352 Cyclops, 173, 181–183, 364 ORBIT measurement framework and library eCAM, 186–187 (OML), 358 FireFly Mosaic, 188–190 Original equipment manufacturer MeshEye, 190–191 (OEM), 598 MicrelEye, 191–193 Over-The-Air Programming (OTAP), 424 712 Index

P Phase locked loop (PLL), 550 Packet loss, 59, 99, 106, 107, 137, 234–236, Phase-shift keying (PSK), 552 238–242, 244–247, 254–256, 258, 260, Physical layer (PHY), 23, 24, 34, 38, 54–56, 263, 264, 305, 375, 539, 558 62, 64, 98, 100, 102, 156, 267, 268, bit error, 69, 207, 209, 235, 236, 239, 298, 276, 282, 283, 288, 289, 298, 316, 382, 475, 555, 556 318–320, 322, 345, 371, 377, 379, 381, energy depletion, 17, 239, 250, 280, 321, 413, 479, 521, 536, 539, 543, 546, 548, 342, 456 554, 556, 563, 705 interference, 239, 475 PicoNet coordinators (PNC), 34 node failure, 57, 70, 100, 210, 239, 241, Positif framework (PF), 553 263, 316, 342, 410, 495 Positioning, 46, 60, 61, 64, 86, 101, 197, 210, outdated routing information, 239 270, 275, 382, 383, 385, 386, 518 PAN Coordinator Election, 270 Power aware wireless sensors (PAWiS), 546 Panoptes, see Multimedia mote platforms Printed circuit board (PCB), 127 PARallel Simulation Environment for Priority-based congestion control protocol Complex systems (PARSEC), 492 (PCCP), 254–256 PAWiS, see Simulators and emulators Private network-to-network interface PCCP, see Transport protocols (PNNI), 495 Peak cell rate (PCR), 381 Probabilistic context free grammar Performance metrics, 206, 209, 235, 264, 296, (PCFG), 185 313, 342, 344, 457, 527, 559 Probabilistic wireless network simulator energy effciency, 147 (Prowler), 523 fairness, 59, 234–236, 249, 253–255, 377 Proof of Concept (POC), 479 Quality of Service (QoS), 54, 57, 62, ProtoGENI, see Testbeds 68–71, 173, 176, 177, 211, 233–239, Prowler, see Simulators 255, 263 Pseudomorphic high electron mobility reliability, 59, 70, 92, 93, 97–99, 102–104, transistor (PHEMT), 134 106, 108, 115, 145, 151, 212, 213, Pseudo random number generator 233–239, 241–250, 252, 254, 256, 258, (PRNG), 480 260, 261, 263, 264 Pseudostatic Random-Access Memory Performance metrics of WSNs, 18–20 (PSRAM), 81 accuracy, 96 PSFQ, see Transport protocols energy consumption, 368–369 PSK, 552 fairness, 59, 234–236, 249, 253–255, 377 Public health emergency of international fault-tolerance, 7, 9, 20, 33 concern, 326 latency, 7, 19, 20, 26, 42, 57, 58, 68, 70, Pump Slowly Fetch Quick (PSFQ), 244–245 79, 93, 106–108, 141, 173, 236, 237, Pyroelectric Infrared (PIR), 144 242, 248, 255, 283, 293, 294, 303, 309, 313, 314, 350, 503 network lifetime, 19 Q quality of service, 16, 41, 54, 57, 62, 63, Quality of Service (QoS), 233–239, 68–71, 173, 176, 177, 211, 233–239, 255, 263 255, 263, 319 reliability, 9, 17, 20, 30, 41, 59, 70, 92, 93, 97–99, 102–104, 106, 108, 115, 145, R 151, 208, 210, 213, 233–239, 241–250, Radio frequency (RF), 547 252, 254, 256, 258, 260, 261, 263, 264, Radio harsh environment (RHE), 341 304, 306, 313, 314, 317, 479, 484, 552 RBC, see Transport protocols scalability, 20, 352, 406, 504 Really simple syndication (RSS), 159 success rate, 20 Real-time clock (RTC), 189 Personal area network (PAN), 141 Received signal strength indicator (RSSI), 101 Personal computer memory card international Reduced function device (RFD), 115 association (PCMCIA), 180 Reduced instruction set computing Personal digital assistant (PDA), 82 (RISC), 180 Index 713

Reliability, 59, 70, 92, 93, 97–99, 102–104, Service-oriented architecture (SOA), 154 106, 108, 115, 145, 151, 212, 213, Shawn, see Simulators 233–239, 241–250, 252, 254, 256, 258, Shockwave detection (SWD), 76 260, 261, 263, 264, see Performance Signal strength (SS), 531 metrics of WSNs Signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), Reliable bursty convergecast (RBC), 258–260 209, 524, 552 Reliable multi-segment transport (RMST), 244 Signal to noise ratio (SNR), 55, 147 Remote method invocation (RMI), 448 Simple network management protocol Request for comment (RFC), 373 (SNMP), 373, 406 Request to send (RTS), 496 Simulation Reservation system (RS), 423 modeling and simulation, 471–473, 511 Resilient overlay networks (RON), 444 price of simulation, 487 RMST, see Transport protocols shortcomings, 479–486 Robotic wireless sensor network (RWSN), 207 validation and verifcation, 480, 481 Robotic wireless sensors (RWS), 207 Simulation principles, 474–487 Robotic WSNs, 203–210 simulating the advance of time, 476–479 RON, see Testbeds Simulators Round trip time (RTT), 241 Castalia, 552–553 Routing information protocol (RIP), 495 GloMoSim, 492–494, 496, 534, 538, 563 Routing modeling application simulation JProwler, 523–527 environment (RMASE), 527 J-Sim, 510–523, 534, 538, 563 MiXiM, 553–556 NesCT, 557 S NetTopo, 296, 561–566 Safety and Automation System (SAS), 104 NRL SensorSim, 510–511 Scalability, 20, 352, 406, 504 ns-2, 257, 275, 276, 283, 312, 346, 371, SDRT, see Transport protocols 374, 377, 379–382, 386–388, 391–393, SECOAS project, see Environmental 470, 480–483, 485, 488–491, 493, 494, applications 496, 499, 501, 508, 510, 511, 521, 522, Security Service DoS (SSDoS), 318 534, 536, 538, 539, 541, 543, 546, Segmented Data Reliable Transport 563, 577 (SDRT), 260 OPNET, 493, 495–499, 501 SENS, see Simulators Prowler, 523–527 SENSE, see Simulators SENS, 528–533 SENSEI, see Testbeds SENSE, 533–538, 577 SenSim, see Simulators SenSim, 288, 543–546 SensiNet, 105, 106 SensorSim, 508, 510–511, 516, 563 Sensor, Environment and Network Simulator Shawn, 423, 538–543, 563 (SENS), 528 SUNSHINE, 504, 557–561 Sensor management protocol (SMP), 61 Simulators and emulators, 487–566 Sensor network authentication and ATEMU, 505, 506, 547, 558, 561, 563 authorization (SNAA), 423 Avrora, 505–506, 553, 558, 561, 563 Sensor network server (SNS), 110 EmStar, 401, 507–510 SEnsor network simulator and emulator ns-3, 490–491, 577 (SENSE), 533 OMNeT++, 498–503, 543, 546, 548, 550, Sensor protocols for information (SPIN), 58 552–555, 557, 577 SensorSim, see Simulators PAWiS, 546–551 Sensor TCP, 248 TOSSIM, 400, 504–506, 508, 529, Sensor unifed analyzer for software and 557–561, 563 hardware in networked environments Single in-line memory module (SUNSHINE), 557 (SIMM), 354 SenTCP, 248–249, see Transport protocols Single instruction multiple data Serial forwarder (SF), 361 (SIMD), 193 Serial peripheral interface (SPI), 93 Single pole double throw (SPDT), 134 714 Index

Sink, 12, 14, 17, 18, 41, 53, 54, 59, 68, 70, Mobile Emulab, 417, 445–447 97–99, 101, 102, 111, 115, 126, 128, MoteLab, 346, 359–364, 401, 417, 428 129, 139, 142, 173, 233, 234, 237, 238, ORBIT, 346, 347, 351–358 242, 245, 246, 250–257, 261, 263, 271, PlanetLab, 442, 444–446 274, 281–285, 289, 291, 293, 296, RON, 444 299–304, 306, 309–314, 321, 327, 365, SENSEI, 347 367, 368, 447, 513, 515–518, 521, 564 SenseNet, 446–448 Siphon, 256–258 SignetLab, 346, 417–421 Virtual sink (VS), 256, 258, see Transport Trio, 346, 395, 401–410 protocols TWIST, 346, 410–417, 426–430 6LoWPAN, see WSNs standards Ubiquitous robotics, 448–456 Slice-based federation architecture (SFA), 445 VigilNet, 401 Small combat unit (SCU), 85 WISEBED, 347, 421–425 Small outline dual in-line memory module ZebraNet, 401 (SO-DIMM), 354 Testbed server (TS), 423 SmartMesh, 105–109, 212 Testbeds, simulators, and emulators, 469–471 SMP, see Sensor Management Protocol (SMP) Time difference of arrival (TDOA), 89 Soldier wearable gunfre detection system Time division multiple access (TDMA), (SW-GDS), 86 188, 240 SPIN, see Sensor Protocols for Time of Arrival (TOA), 73 Information (SPIN) Time synchronized mesh protocol State transition diagram (STD), 497 (TSMP), 105 State vector machine (SVM), 192 TinyOS Scalable Simulation Framework Static random access memory (SRAM), 182 (TOSSF), 529 STCP, see Transport protocols Tiny TCP/IP, 246–248, see Transport protocols Studying active volcanoes, see Environmental TKN Wireless Indoor Sensor network Testbed applications (TWIST), 410 Sub-Miniature version A (SMA), 418 Topology, 6, 7, 13, 14, 20, 24–26, 33, 37, 39, Success rate, 20 57, 58, 68, 99, 100, 105, 106, 108, 109, SUNSHINE, see Simulators 115, 126, 128, 155, 167, 211, 233, 235, Super eXtended Graphics Array (SXGA), 195 270–276, 280, 313, 316, 318, 346, Surface-mount device (SMD), 134 348–351, 355, 374, 377, 378, 381, 383, SYLPH, see Healthcare applications 387, 398, 420, 438, 444, 458, 470, 489, Synchronous dynamic random access memory 496, 497, 500–502, 504, 517, 523, 538, (SDRAM), 181 543, 547, 549, 559, 562, 563 System under examination (SUE), 340 star-tree, 233 TOSSIM, see Simulators and emulators TPGFPlus T Two-Phase Geographic Greedy Forwarding Temporally ordered routing algorithm (TPGFPlus), 288 (TORA), 495 Traffc, 233 Terrestrial WSNs, 13–14 bursty, 176, 235, 258–260 Testbeds, 343–345, 355, 412, 422–424, continuous, 75, 102, 105, 107, 137, 145, 498, 562 146, 158, 178, 233, 235, 237, 248, 258, EmStar, 401, 507–510 260, 343, 363, 390, 409, 420, 421, 476, Emulab, 351, 417, 442–447 478, 487 ExScal, 397, 401 dense, 13, 14, 17, 18, 63, 112, 235, GDI, 111, 401 352, 538 GENI, 352, 430–445 downstream, 59, 233–235, 244, 245, 248, Indriya, 426–430 249, 252, 253, 413 Kansei, 346, 393–401, 426, 429 Transport control protocol (TCP), 32, 59, 234 Meerkats, 180, 364–369 ART, 250, 252, 253 MiNT, 346, 370–384 CCF, 253 MiNT-m, 346, 382–393 CODA, 242 Mirage, 401 ESRT, 239, 241, 243 Index 715

Fusion, 249, 250, 253 Unit disk graph (UDG), 479 GARUDA, 245, 246 Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter PCCP, 254–256 (UART), 197 PSFQ, 244, 245 Universal serial bus (USB), 82 RBC, 258–260 Universal software radio peripheral RMST, 244 (USRP), 353 SDRT, 260 Universal synchronous/asynchronous receiver/ Siphon, 256, 257 transmitter (USART), 167 STCP, 248 Upstream, 233–235, 237, 238, 241–246, 248, Tiny TCP/IP, 246, 247 249, 256 TRCCIT, 260, 261 User datagram protocol (UDP), 32, 234, 373 Trickle, 249 UWB Transport control protocol/internet protocol Ultra wide band (UWB), 38 (see WSNs (TCP/IP), 246 standards) Transport layer, 21, 54, 62, 64, 235, 239, 253, 258, 263, 268, 269, 298, 378, 489, 517, 519, 535, 705 V Transport protocols Vector signal generator (VSG), 347 ART, 250–253 Verilog hardware description language CCF, 253–254 (VHDL), 83 CODA, 242 Vertical take-off and landing (VTOL), 599 DTSN, 261 Video graphics array (VGA), 191 ERTP, 261 VigilNet, see Testbeds ESRT, 239, 241, 243 Virtual circuit (VC), 381 Fusion, 249–250, 253 Virtualization, 349–351, 437 GARUDA, 245–246 Virtualizing and federating testbeds, PCCP, 254–256 340, 347–351 PSFQ, 244–245 Virtual links, 348–349 RBC, 258–260 Virtual sink (VS), 256, 258 RMST, 244 Vision Mesh, see Multimedia mote platforms SDRT, 260 SenTCP, 248–249 Siphon, 256–258 W STCP, 248 Wafer level chip scale package (WLCSP), 134 Tiny TCP/IP, 246–248 Watchdog timer (WT), 402 TRCCIT, 260 Wavenis, see WSNs standards Trickle, 249 Web service defnition language (WSDL), 157 TRCCIT, see Transport protocols Wibree, see WSNs standards Trickle, 249, 410, see Transport protocols WiCa, see Multimedia mote platforms Tunable reliability with congestion control for WirelessHART, see WSNs standards information transport (TRCCIT), 260 Wireless information network laboratory Types of wireless sensor networks (WINLAB), 351 mobile WSNs, 17–18 Wireless LAN (WLAN), 9 multimedia WSNs, 16–17 Wireless local area networks (WLANs), 45 terrestrial WSNs, 13–14 Wireless mesh networks, 8–11, 26, 28, 29, 31, underground WSNs, 14–15 32, 37, 39, 42, 43, 46, 105–107, 115, underwater ASNs, 15–16 147, 155, 162, 198–199, 399 Wireless multimedia sensor network (WMSN), 172 U Wireless open access research platform Ultra-wide-band (UWB), 176 (WARP), 353 Underground WSNs, 14–15 Wireless personal area networks Underwater acoustic sensor network (WPANs), 21, 32 (UASN), 15 Wireless sensor network (WSN), 10, 233 Underwater ASNs, 15–16 Wireless sensor nodes, 11–12 716 Index

WiSN, see Multimedia mote platforms ISA100.11a, 30–32 World Health Organization MyriaNed, 44, 45 (WHO), 326 6LoWPAN, 32–34, 46 WSN applications Wavenis, 41 learning from researching and Wibree, 35, 36 trialing, 136–140 WirelessHART, 28–31, 109 WSNs standards, 21, 46, 48 ZigBee, 21, 25–28, 35, 38, 39, 109, 114, ANT, 41–43 121, 145, 155, 156, 158, 159, 166, 194, ANT+, 43 270–281, 353 EnOcean, 44–45 Z-Wave, 35–37, 40 IEEE 802.15.3, 34–35 IEEE 802.15.4, 23–26, 28, 32, 38, 43, 46, 82, 92, 100, 103, 105–106, 109, 116, Z 121, 127, 145, 155, 159, 179, 180, 187, ZebraNet, see Testbeds 191, 195, 197, 270–281, 341, 360, Zero-Crossing (ZC), 76 395, 396 ZigBee, see WSNs standards INSTEON, 39–41 Z-Wave, see WSNs standards