Velkommen til CERN ! CERN
European Organization for Nuclear Research
> 50 years of research in physics CERN in figures
• CERN was founded in 1954 by 12 countries, today there are 20 member states ➡ Norway was member from the start • Slightly above 2000 staff at CERN ➡ ~ 20 staff from Norway + fellows and technical student • More than 7000 users from all over the wold, which represent some 500 universities and over 80 ➡ Around 100 users from Norway nationalities ➡ Norway pay around 2 % • Budget of ~1200 MCHF/Year
Today 20 member states > 7000 CERN users from around the world
CERN - 23.05.2007 3 snapshots of CERN’s history
Date: May 1952 At the first Session of the provisional CERN Council, Odd Dahl, a Norwegian specialist in accelerators, was appointed Head of the Study Group Among the other members of the preliminary group were H. Halfen, W. Gentner, F. K. Goward (Deputy Director), F. Regenstreif, and R. Wideroe.
Date: October 1953 Geneva was selected as the site for the CERN Laboratory at the Third Council Session in Amsterdam in October 1952.
CERN - 23.05.2007 4 snapshots of CERN’s history
Date: January 1971 Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) was the worlds proton collider. In the control room: Kjell Johnsen announces that the first ever interactions from a proton collision has been registered.
Date: 1984 CERN's 1984 Nobel prizewinners Carlo Rubbia (left) and Simon van der Meer, who were awarded the prize for their roles in discovering the W and Z particles (weak force carriers) at the CERN’s Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS).
CERN - 23.05.2007 5 snapshots of CERN’s history
Date: June 1987 Installation of the first LEP magnet, 4 June 1987. French Prime Minister Jacques Chirac and Swiss President Pierre Aubert in the electron-positron collider tunnel (LEP).
Date: April 2006 Norway's King Harald V and Queen Sonja take a tour of the ATLAS detector with CERN Director-General Robert Aymar to check the LHC progress.
CERN - 23.05.2007 6 CERN’s Accelerator complex
CERN - 23.05.2007 7 CERN’s Accelerator complex
CERN 2nd site
SPS accelerator CERN main site
Geneva Airport LHC accelerator
CERN - 23.05.2007 8 Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
LHC - the worlds largest supraconducting installation: - Magnets keep bending the particles so the stay in the ring - Electric field accelerates the particles
• March 2005 - First magnet are descended into the tunnel • 10th April 2007 - First time LHC reaches temperatures colder than outer space • 26th April 2007 - Last magnet to go down into the LHC ➡ Collisions next year - 2008 !
CERN - 23.05.2007 9 Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
27 km circumference 4 collision points: 100 m underground ! ATLAS ALICE CMS LHCb
ATLAS LHCb ALICE
CMS
CERN - 23.05.2007 10 Detector Technology
CERN - 23.05.2007 11 Gigantic microscope
Accelerators Microscopes Binoculars Optical and radio telescopes
10-18 = 0.000000000000000001
... ?
-10 -14 -15 -18 meters 10 10 10 10
Year 1910 1960 CERN - 23.05.2007 12 Time-Machine
Extrapolation LHC via precision probe
CERN - 23.05.2007 13 Digital Camera
> 100 Million Electronics Channels, 40 MHz ---> TRIGGER
CERN - 23.05.2007 14 Collision fingerprint
CERN - 23.05.2007 15 Physics Research
What we know !
CERN - 23.05.2007 16 Physics Research
CERN - 23.05.2007 17 Physics Research
What we don’t know !
CERN - 23.05.2007 18 Particle mysteries
Higgs boson? Masses
How does particles get mass?
Why three generations? And why no Antimatter ?
Why was not equal amounts of matter and antimatter created at the big bang?
Supersymmetry? Only 5 % of the total Dark matter, Unify forces mass in the Universe is matter, what is the rest?
The LHC will help solving these open questions!
CERN - 23.05.2007 19 Rare processes !
25 ns
Event rate in ATLAS :
9 N = L x σ (pp) ≈ 10 interactions/s
Mostly soft ( low pT ) events
Interesting hard (high-pT ) events are rare
very powerful detectors needed
CERN - 23.05.2007 20 CERN computing
Estimated CPU Capacity at CERN • Computing and analysis has always been central at CERN and an important part of 5,000 4,500 the research 4,000 • For this reason CERN is in the forefront 3,500 when it comes to computer development 3,000 2,500 K SI95 • WWW developed by Tim Berners-Lee as an 2,000 essential tool for High Energy Physics at 1,500 Other LHC experiments experiments CERN from 1989 to 1994 1,000
500
0 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
year Moore’s law Jan 2000: 3.5K SI95
A first program ENQUIRE was developed by Tim Berners-Lee running on a Norsk Data machine using SINTRAN-III, which formed the basis for the future development of the World Wide Web.
CERN - 23.05.2007 21 Grid
The LHC computing GRID is a project funded by the European Union. The objective is to build the next generation computing infrastructure providing intensive computation and analysis
Norway very active in this project - NORDUGRID
CERN - 23.05.2007 22 Technology transfer
Information technologies Magnet technology and super (WEB, GRID) conductive systems
CERN
Surface science and materials
Medical imaging and radiation treatment
Computer tomography Sound reconstruction
CERN - 23.05.2007 23 Conclusion
CERN
• is doing fundamental research in the field of Particle Physics
• is an international laboratory, one of the largest world wide
• works in close relation with industry to promote technology transfer
• employees are coming from a various number of fields, e.g. physicists, engineers, technicians, computer specialists, civil engineering
CERN - 23.05.2007 24