Earthen Techniques in Europe in Techniques Earthen Europe Has an Extraordinary Richness in Traditional Earthen Techniques

Terra Europae 195 Drawings by: Drawings Lidia García Lidia Camilla Mileto Camilla Fernando Vegas Fernando Valentina Cristini Valentina Universitat Politecnica de València de Politecnica Universitat Lidia García, Valentina Cristini, Sabján Tibor Sabján Cristini, Valentina García, Lidia CLASSIFICATION OF THE TECHNIQUES CLASSIFICATION A. WALLS 1. Adobe 1.1. Adobe masonry wall 1.2. Adobe masonry with wattle or reed bedding layers 1.3. Adobe masonry with brick reinforcement 1.4. Adobe masonry with timber boards protection 2. 1.5. Adobe masonry with stone slabs reinforcement Half-timber 2.1. Half-timber with horizontal adobe in fill 2.2. Half-timber with herringbone adobe in fill 2.3. Half-timber with cob in fill 2.4. Half-timber with donut-like in fill 2.5. Half-timber with angle braces and donut-like in fill 2.6. Half-timber with earth in fill between two lath screens 2.7. Half-timber with adobe in fill and tile protection 2.8. Half-timber with earth in fill between two wicker screens 3. 2.9. Half-timber with earth in fill between two wattle screens Cob 3.1. Cob 3.2. Cob built with between forms 3.3. Cob built with wattle formwork fixed by vertical posts 3.4. Cob with auxiliary post-and-beam structure Earthen techniques in Europe in techniques Earthen Europe has an extraordinary richness in traditional earthen techniques. An attempt of classification based upon the use and daubed earth, rammed bonding cob, half-timber, systems (adobe, walls into divided follows roofs pavements, floors, bales), straw coated bags, earth CEB, lumps, walls, (excavated, gardened, coating layers, bedding layers), mortars (beddings, coatings). Just not to forget any related variant, some hybrid techniques like gypsum or lime with masonry in formwork, that retain the formwork but almost belong to the masonry field, have been included in rammed earth where techniques mixed of number big the out point may We earth. bounding other stone, or brick wood, like materials other with combined is products such as lime or gypsum, vegetal fibres like wattle, laths, wicker, straw, etc. The different function that wood assumes definitive techniques, has or allowed auxiliary, to classify them into half- in some mixed timber, when it retains it structural function and earth in several forms becomes just a filling; daubed walls, when the act of coating a vegetal screen between posts prevails; and cob or another techniques, when the wood structure has only an auxiliary function while building the wall, being structurally absorbed by the earthen wall once finished. Much in the same way, this classification include the new earthen constructive techniques and related ones, reinterpretation of the tradition, like the modern adobe or CEB, the new cob earth-straw walls, earthen etc. coated straw bale walls, 5.4. Daubed straw screens between posts 5.5. Daubed straw knotted plaits between posts 6. 5.6. Daubed straw tresses between posts Lump 7. 6.1. Lump wall CEB (Compressed Earth Blocks) 7.1. CEB simple wall 8. 7.2. CEB with corners reinforced Earth bags 9. Straw-bale structure with earthen plaster FLOORS B. 1. Donut-like earthen filling earth pavement 2. Tamped C. ROOFS 1. Underground dwellings 2. Gardened roofs 3. Insulating earth layer for wooden roof 4. Bedding mortar for roof tiles 5. Crest for vegetal roofs D. MORTAR 1. Bedding mortar for log houses 2. Bedding mortar for adobe masonry walls 3. Earthen bedding mortar for masonry wall 4. Earthen plaster for log houses 5. Lath and earthen plaster on wooden houses 6. Earthen plaster for earthen walls 7. Plaster with fibres for earthen walls 8. Lime plaster for earthen walls 9. Earthen plaster with mesh for earthen walls 10. Stone masonry wall with earthen filling and plaster 11. Decorative elements E. AUXILIAR 1. Baking ovens 2. Chimneys vertical posts with lime mortar bonded with lime mortar pillars bricks on outer surface stones on outer surface cob 3.5. Tooled 3.6. Cob with adobe masonry layers cob with auxiliary post-and-beam structure 3.7. Tooled cob with auxiliary structure of post-and-beam 3.8. Tooled close studding cob with auxiliary structure of log post-and-beam 3.9. Tooled 4. Rammed earth wattle 4.1. Rammed earth built with single or double board formwork 4.2. Rammed earth with single or double boards formwork fixed by 4.3. Rammed earth built between forms 4.4. Rammed earth reinforced with layers of lime mortar 4.5. Rammed earth reinforced with layers of brick masonry bonded 4.6. Rammed earth reinforced with layers of adobe masonry 4.7. Rammed earth reinforced with gypsum mortar forming waves 4.8. Rammed earth reinforced with gypsum mortar, 4.9. Rammed earth reinforced with gypsum mortar and Rammed earth reinforced with gypsum mortar waves and 4.10. Rammed earth reinforced with gypsum mortar waves and 4.11. 4.12. Rammed earth reinforced with bricks on outer surface 4.13. Rammed earth reinforced with stones on outer surface 4.14. Rammed earth with an ashlar masonry basement 4.15. Rammed earth with masonry pillars 4.16. Rammed earth with stone and lime mortar in fill 4.17. Rammed earth built between brick masonry pillars 4.18. Formed masonry with gypsum mortar 5. 4.19. Formed masonry with lime mortar Daubed walls structure with wattle-and-daub in fill 5.1. Post-and-beam with angle braces and wattle-and-daub in fill I 5.2. Post-and-beam with angle braces and wattle-and-daub in fill II 5.3. Post-and-beam

Terra Europae 196 Terra Europae 197 WALLS 1.4. Adobe masonry with timber boards protection 2.8. Half-timber with earth in fill between two wicker screens 1.3. Adobe masonry with brick reinforcement 2.3. Half-timber with cob in fill 2.4. Half-timber with donut-like in fill 2.7. Half-timber with adobe in fill and tile protection 1.2. Adobe masonry with wattle or reed bedding layers 2.2. Half-timber with herringbone adobe in fill 2.6. Half-timber with earth in fill between two lath screens 1. Adobe 1. wall masonry Adobe 1.1. timber Half 2. with Half-timber 2.1. fill in adobe horizontal 2.5. Half-timber with angle braces and donut-like in fill 1.5. Adobe masonry with stone slabs reinforcement WALLS 3.4. Cob with auxiliary post-and-beam structure 3.8. Tooled cob with auxiliary structure 3.8. Tooled of post-and-beam with close studding by vertical posts beam structure le screens screens le 3.1. Cob 3.2. Cob built with between forms 3.3. Cob built with wattle formwork fixed

2.9. Half-timber with earth in ﬁll between two watt two between ﬁll in earth with Half-timber 2.9. Cob 3. cob3.5. Tooled 3.6. Cob with adobe masonry layers cob with auxiliary structure of 3.9. Tooled log post-and-beam with wattle cob with auxiliary post-and- 3.7. Tooled

Terra Europae 198 Terra Europae 199 4.16. Rammed earth with stone and lime mortar in fill 4.12. Rammed earth reinforced with bricks on outer surface of lime mortar 4.8. Rammed earth reinforced with gypsum forming waves mortar, 4.15. Rammed earth with masonry pillars 4.11. Rammed earth reinforced with gypsum 4.11. mortar waves and stones on outer surface 4.3. Rammed earth built between forms 4.4. Rammed earth reinforced with layers 4.7. Rammed earth reinforced with gypsum mortar 4.10. Rammed earth reinforced with gypsum 4.10. mortar waves and bricks on outer surface 4.14. Rammed earth with an ashlar masonry basement 4.2. Rammed earth with single or double boards formwork fixed by vertical posts 4.6. Rammed earth reinforced with layers of adobe masonry bonded with lime mortar WALLS earth Rammed 4. 4.1. Rammed earth built with single or double board formwork 4.5. Rammed earth reinforced with layers of brick masonry bonded with lime mortar 4.9. Rammed earth reinforced with gypsum mortar and gypsum pillars 4.13. Rammed earth reinforced with stones on outer surface WALLS 5.4. Daubed straw screens between posts 4.19. Formed masonry with lime mortar 5.3. Post-and-beam with angle braces and 5.3. Post-and-beam wattle-and-daub in fill II 7.1. CEB simple wall simple CEB 7.1. 7.2. CEB with corners reinforced 7. CEB (Compressed Earth Blocks) Earth (Compressed CEB 7. 4.18. Formed masonry with gypsum mortar 5.2. Post-and-beam with angle braces and 5.2. Post-and-beam wattle-and-daub in fill I 5.6. Daubed straw tresses between posts 4.17. Rammed earth built between brick masonry pillars 5. Daubed walls Daubed 5. structure with 5.1. Post-and-beam wattle-and-daub in fill 5.5. Daubed straw knotted plaits between posts 6. Lump 6. wall Lump 6.1.

Terra Europae 200 Terra Europae 201 9. Straw-bale structure with earthen plaster earthen with structure Straw-bale 9. 2. Gardened roofs 3. Insulating earth layer for wooden roof 4. Bedding mortar for roof tiles WALLS bags Earth 8. FLOORS 1. Donut-like earthen filling earth pavement 2. Tamped ROOFS dwellings Underground 1. 5. Crest for vegetal roofs MORTAR AUXILIAR 4. Earthen plaster for log houses 11. Decorative elements 11. 3. Earthen bedding mortar for masonry wall 10. Stone masonry wall with earthen 10. filling and earthen plaster walls 6. Earthen plaster for earthen walls 7. Plaster with fibres for earthen walls 8. Lime plaster for earthen walls 1. Bedding mortar for log houses 2. Bedding mortar for adobe masonry 5. Lath and earthen plaster on wooden houses 9. Earthen plaster with mesh for earthen walls 1. Baking ovens 2. Chimneys

Terra Europae 202 2011 Terra Europae map of earthen heritage in the European Union 203