Appendix 1 Gazetteer and route maps

The Gazetteer is presented in route order from north-west to otherwise. The red text labels on the Gazetteer maps refer to PX south-east. Principal Sites. Three letter codes were assigned to each Principal site, which are used in labelling digital files in the Fieldwork events archive, etc. (see Chapter 1, Tables 1.1 and 1.2). All evaluations, excavations and watching briefs were assigned ‘fieldwork event names’ and unique ‘fieldwork event codes’ by Building investigations Rail Link Engineering. The black text labels in the Gazetteer The building investigations were managed somewhat separately mapping are fieldwork event names. NB: In many cases evalua- from the archaeological investigations in most cases. For the tion fieldwork events share the same name as the subsequent purpose of this volume the building investigations have been excavations—they are distinguished by the event code in the grouped under the relevant ‘Principal Sites’ (PX route sections). Gazetteer. HS1 event codes have the prefix ‘ARC’. They are labelled on the Gazetteer mapping as individual fieldwork events. Several historic building recording projects Project Areas and watching brief event codes included archaeological investigation of the building footprints The HS1 Section 1 route was divided into four roughly equal as they were being demolished/re-located, the results of which Project Areas (330, 420, 430, 440), major route sections which are incorporated within the relevant historic building report. reflected areas of responsibility for construction, engineering and project management purposes (350/410 was an additional Integrated Site Report reference area covering the Medway Crossing only). Watching brief event These are digital post-excavation reports published on the ADS codes refer to the Project Area—blue text labels in the Gazetteer website. An ISR has been produced for 20 of the Principal Sites maps are watching brief event codes. with the most significant evidence. See Appendix 2 for a full list. The responsibility for Project Area 330, at the NW end of the route, lay with MoLA, whereas Project Areas 350/410, 420, 430 Evaluation, survey and post-excavation report references and 440 lay with Oxford Archaeology. Some differences in These are grey literature reports, also available to download approach are apparent between these two organisations. In the from the ADS website. See Appendix 2 for a full list of available MoLA area, all watching brief work was undertaken under a reports. single fieldwork event code (ARC 330 98), the area being sub- divided into zones, as detailed under Project 330 below. The Map Windows circumstances and predominantly chalk geology of these route The investigation areas are shown in the Gazetteer maps, sections meant that it was possible to map continuous large shaded to distinguish different forms of investigation, on base areas under watching brief conditions, and the results were fully mapping overlaid on BGS geology and a 1:10,000 OS map integrated with PX assessment reports. In OA project areas, base. A map key is included at the start of the route maps watching brief codes were also assigned to the Project Area (eg showing numbered route windows on a topographical base ARC 420 99) and broken down into route sections, but map. The Gazetteer text refers to the ‘Map Windows’ on this individual discoveries were identified by reference to the project figure (numbered 1 to 39). ‘chainage’. The geological conditions and earthworks methods in the Wealden Greensand zones were not conducive to mapping large continuous areas under general watching brief conditions. PROJECT AREA 330 Watching brief major route section from Southfleet to the Chainages Medway Crossing. Chainages are measurements (km+metres) along the HS1 route Project Area 330 (Southfleet to the Medway Crossing) was from north-west to south-east, starting at London St Pancras, mostly undertaken by MoLA in the main excavation and (except the Fawkham Junction section, near Southfleet, which watching brief phases, except for Pepper Hill Roman Cemetery is numbered in a separate sequence). Primarily intended for (OA). The PX Principal Sites in this part of the route for the most engineering purposes these were used extensively during the part correspond with zones assigned by MoLA during the archaeological fieldwork as a convenient means of referring to fieldwork stages (Zones 1–6, which are not to be confused with sites and finds, particularly during the watching brief. Chainage the PX landscape zones referred to elsewhere in this volume), markers were set out along the route at regular intervals. which have been assigned names derived from the most important archaeological sites contained within them, as follows: Principal Sites For archaeological purposes the route was divided in the post- Whitehill Road Barrow - Project Area 330 Zones 1 and 2 excavation updated project design into a series of 28 ‘Principal Northumberland Bottom - Project Area 330 Zone 3 Sites’ which are route sections comprising a variable number of Tollgate - Project Area 330 Zone 4 individual fieldwork events linked under the name of the most Cobham Golf Course - Project Area 330 Zone 5 significant site within them. These are the route sections Cuxton - Project Area 330 Zone 6 referred to in the main text of this report unless stated 452 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 453

Layout:

Principal Site

Historic Building Investigation

!

Fieldwork Events

Watching Brief Project Areas

051:10,000 00m Map Window X All Map Windows are at 1:10,000 with North at the top

Features: Sites Features Detailed excavation Evaluation trenches Strip, map and sample excavation ! Historic building investigation Watching brief discovery Chainage General watching brief extents Surface artefact collection survey Geophysical survey

Geology: Solid Drift Upper Chalk Alluvium

Middle Chalk !!! Clay-with-Flints !!!

Lower Chalk (Glauconitic Marl) !!! Head Gravel !!!

!!! Melbourne Rock !!! Coombe Deposits

!!! Thanet Beds !!! Brickearth

!!! Hythe Beds !!! River Terrace Gravel Folkestone Beds Sandgate Beds Woolwich Beds Blackheath / Oldhaven Beds London Clay Gault Clay Atherfield Clay Weald Clay 454 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent 559000 559500 560000 560500

20 1 +5 00 170000 ARC 330 98 Zone 1

Whitehill Road Barrow

Whitehill Road Barrow

201+00

0

169500

1 9

+0 0 0 2

Map Window 1

560000 560500 561000 203+50 561500

0

203+ ARC 330 98 0 00 Zone 1

Whitehill Road Barrow 171000 Whitehill Road Barrow

2 02+ 500

170500

202+ 000 Map Window 2 Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 455

PRINCIPAL SITE NAME: WHITEHILL ROAD BARROW and New Barn Road, and an enclosure constructed at South of Project Area 330 Zone 1 chainage limits: 200+091 - 203+750 Station Road. The Roman land use and activity was apparently Project Area 330 Zone 2 chainage limits: 203+750 - 205+200 short-lived and passed into disuse AD 100–150. Parishes crossed: Southfleet, Longfield and Newbarn Later medieval and post-medieval activity within the Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006a landscape remained agricultural in character until the construc- Map Windows 1–3 tion of the Gravesend West Railway in the mid 19th Century.

Fieldwork event: Whitehill Road Barrow, Southfleet Fieldwork event: South of Station Road, Southfleet Event code: ARC WHR 99 Event code: ARC SSR 99 (reported with ARC 330 98 Zones 1 and 2) HS1 chainage: 203+700 HS1 chainage: 201+300 NGR: TQ 6120 7180 NGR: TQ 5990 6990 Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Detailed excavation Type of investigation: Detailed excavation Start of fieldwork: 1999 Start of fieldwork: 1999 End of fieldwork: 1999 End of fieldwork: 1999 Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006a Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006a Map Window 3 Map Windows 1 and 2 The excavation revealed part of a Roman field system dating from the 1st century AD. A barrow monument was set up near Whitehill Road: the original ditch around the barrow had partially filled in before Fieldwork event: Waterloo Connection, Southfleet the insertion of an inhumation burial. An amber necklace found Event code: ARC SSR 98 with the body, while unusual in the Kent Early Bronze Age HS1 chainage: 204+000 tradition, dates to latter part of the Early Bronze Age. Human NGR: TQ 6160 7200 bone fragments from the burial gave a radiocarbon result of Contractor: Oxford Archaeology 3273±30BP (NZA-22740). When calibrated (1620–1440 cal Type of investigation: Evaluation BC) this indicates that the burial is post-Beaker. The construc- Start of fieldwork: January 1998 tion of a second, outer concentric ditch around the barrow was End of fieldwork: January 1998 also a secondary event, probably contemporary with the burial. Integrated Site Report reference: Biddulph 2006 Apart from small amounts of late Iron Age material, there Evaluation report reference: OA 1998h was no evidence for further activity until the 1st century AD Map Window 3 when Roman field systems are laid out at Fawkham Junction 561500 562000 562500

HSI

172500 Section

HSI Section 1 2 38+500 Pepper Hill

Whitehill Road Barrow

Pepper Hill

2 0 Temple East of Springhead 4 +00 New Barn Road 0 0 04+500 2 172000 39+00

Northfleet (A2) Pepper Hill Waterloo Connection Cemetery South of Station Road 00

05+0 2 ARC 330 98 0

+50 Zone 2 9 3

20 3+ 500 Map Window 3

456 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent

The evaluation comprised a total of ten trenches. A shallow End of fieldwork: 1999 ditch was attributed to the Middle or Late Bronze Age and a Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006a second ditch may date to the same period. A pit and ditch both Map Window 3 produced pottery of the late 1st- or 2nd-century AD. Colluvial deposits up to 2.5m deep were recorded at the bottom of the Neolithic or Early Bronze Age activity associated with natural valley slope, and produced struck flints of Mesolithic or Early springs. Neolithic date as well as flints of Bronze Age date.

Fieldwork event: Pepper Hill, Southfleet PRINCIPAL SITE: PEPPER HILL ROMAN CEMETERY Event code: ARC THB 95 Chainage limits - 204+300 - 204+500 HS1 chainage: 38+500 Parishes crossed: Southfleet NGR: TQ 6200 7235 Map Window 3 Contractor: Canterbury Archaeological Trust Integrated Site Report reference: Biddulph 2006 Type of investigation: Evaluation Start of fieldwork: 1995 Fieldwork event: Pepper Hill / New Barn Road Roman End of fieldwork: 1995 Cemetery Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006a Event code: ARC PHL 97 and ARC NBR 98 Evaluation report reference: CAT 1996 HS1 Chainage - 204+300 Map Window 3 NGR: TQ 6180 7200 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology The evaluation comprised a total of two trenches. No archaeo- Type of investigation: Detailed excavation logical features were present. Start of fieldwork: August 1998 End of fieldwork: January 1999 Fieldwork event: Temple east of Springhead Integrated Site Report reference: Biddulph 2006 Event code: ARC STP 95 Map Window 3 HS1 chainage: 39+000 NGR: TQ 6230 7190 The site lay south of the Roman town and religious complex at Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of Bradford Springhead (Vagniacis). Excavation revealed almost the entire Type of investigation: Geophysical Survey plan of a Roman-period cemetery which developed alongside a Start of fieldwork: 1995 road that took inhabitants, pilgrims and other traffic into the End of fieldwork: 1995 town. A total of 558 graves or other funerary-related features Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006a were encountered. ARC PHL 97 was the first phase of excava- Survey report reference: GSB 1995m tion, arising from a SEEboard cable diversion. ARC NBR98 Map Window 3 was a subsequent phase of work along the main HS1 route. The cemetery was located at a site previously used for burial Fieldwork event: Temple east of Springhead in the Middle Iron Age. At least one grave belonged to that time. Event code: ARC STP 97 No burials were certainly made during the Late Iron Age, HS1 chainage: 39+000 though quarry pits and a boundary ditch record activity dating NGR: TQ 6230 7190 before the Roman conquest. The site received the greatest Contractor: Wessex Archaeology number of burials during the Early Roman period (AD 43–130). Type of investigation: Evaluation The rate of burial declined during the 2nd century and, by the Start of fieldwork: April 1997 3rd century, few graves were dug. The latest burials comprise a End of fieldwork: May 1997 group of five dating after AD 260; given the fortunes of the Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006a neighbouring town, none is likely to date far into the 4th Evaluation report reference: WA 1997c century. The site was abandoned after the Roman period until Map Window 3 medieval times when quarrying and agricultural activity began. The predominant rite, appearing throughout the life of the The evaluation comprised a total of 41 trenches. The archaeo- cemetery, was inhumation. Some 360 such graves were logical features included ditches, postholes, a relict watercourse excavated. Many were devoid of grave goods—a factor and a probable terrace. Three ditches, one identified as Late resulting in a high proportion of undated burials—but offerings Iron Age or early Roman, may correspond to some of the were by no means uncommon. Pottery was regularly deposited. broadly SE-NW aligned fainter linear geophysical anomalies Drinking vessels were most popular, followed by eating-related previously recorded. There was no evidence to suggest an vessels, then cooking forms, such as jars. Other objects were extension of the Roman temple complex or associated features less frequent, but could include brooches, shoes and, more into the evaluation area. Colluvial deposits were identified rarely, bracelets, beaded necklaces and wooden objects. within the valley floor, including a primary pedogenic horizon Skeletons were poorly preserved. Those that survived revealed of probable Late Bronze Age date. a mainly adult population with an equal male-female ratio. Ages rarely extended beyond 30 years. Few children were Fieldwork event: Temple East of Springhead recorded, although their number is probably lower than Event code: ARC STP 99 expected since their bones would have survived least well. Iron HS1 chainage: 39+000 nails and decayed wood-derived soil stains attested to the NGR: TQ 6240 7200 frequent use of coffins. The proportion of coffined burials was Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology higher in the 2nd century, compared with the 1st century. Type of investigation: Detailed excavation Wooden boxes or caskets filled with grave goods occasionally Start of fieldwork: 1999 accompanied the burial. Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 457

Almost 150 cremation graves were encountered. The rite that contained no human bone but were otherwise typical spanned the mid 1st to early 3rd century AD. The deceased were graves, and pits that yielded pyre debris only. A well or shaft cremated on pyres within the cemetery and outside its boundaries. east of the cemetery was not fully excavated, but is likely to A cobbled surface west of the cemetery may have functioned as a have received ritual deposits. crematorium or place of funerary feasting. The dead, often The cemetery was very crowded and much intercutting was wearing brooches, necklaces and the like, were occasionally evident. It admitted a cross-section of Springhead’s inhabitants, carried to the pyre on a bier. Pyre goods included shoes, pottery, but inevitably the cemetery contained mainly low-status joints of meat, and, rarely, beans and fruits. Overall, urned and burials. The comparison with a walled cemetery only a little unurned graves were equally represented, although urned graves way north of the site, which covered a larger area and were more common in the 2nd century, echoing the use of the contained eight ornate burials, is particularly revealing. coffin. The cremated remains had been carefully deposited in correct anatomical order in at least one urn, while the skull had been deliberately excluded from another. A few boxes and caskets PRINCIPAL SITE: NORTHUMBERLAND BOTTOM were deposited. One casket was particularly ornate, being Project Area 330, Zone 3 decorated with lion-headed studs. Analysis of the cremated Chainage limits: 39+600 - 41+000 human remains again indicated a largely adult population, but Parishes crossed: Northfleet with a slight bias towards males. Surprisingly, few cremated Integrated Site Report reference: Askew 2006 individuals had died under 40 years, suggesting that the rite was Map Window 4 largely reserved for Springhead’s oldest inhabitants. However, children were also represented; some accompanied adults in Fieldwork event: Northfleet (A2) double burials. Unburnt grave goods included pottery—the range Event code: N/A of forms was little different from that recovered from inhumation HS1 chainage: 39+300 - 41+000 graves—brooches and shoes. Grave goods hinted at changing NGR: TQ 6350 7159 beliefs in the afterlife during the 2nd century. Contractor: Oxford Archaeology An unusual aspect of the cemetery was the presence of busta. Type of investigation: Surface artefact collection survey Here, the deceased were cremated on a pyre and buried where Start of fieldwork: 1993 the remains fell into an underlying pit. The features date mainly End of fieldwork: 1993 to the mid or late 1st century AD and the rite was introduced Grey literature report reference: URL 1995 to Pepper Hill by soldiers or other newcomers, probably from Map Window: 3–4 the Rhineland or Danube provinces. Almost all busta were closely spaced, a further sign, perhaps, of a social or ethnic Fieldwork event: Northfleet (south of A2) grouping. Other funerary-related features included cenotaphs Event code: N/A M 563000 563500 564000

ARC 330 98 Zone 2

00 +5 39

Northfleet South of A2 00 0 +

40 171500 Northfleet (A2) Hazells Road ARC 330 98 Diversion Zone 4

00 West of 5

Northumberland Bottom 40+ Tollgate Cropmark Complex Northumberland Bottom ! 0 ARC 330 98 0

+0 Zone 3 1 4

Northumberland Bottom 171000 Army Camp

West of Tollgate Tollgate Tollgate Map Window 4 458 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent

HS1 chainage: 39+700 - 40+400 HS1 chainage: 40+100 NGR: TQ 6330 7140 NGR: TQ 6350 7130 Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of Bradford Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Geophysical survey Type of investigation: Detailed excavation Start of fieldwork: 1995 Integrated Site Report reference: Askew 2006 End of fieldwork: 1995 Map Window 4 Grey literature report reference: GSB 1995n Map Window: 3–4 An Early Bronze Age double inhumation was found, in which each of the burials was accompanied by a Beaker vessel. Later Fieldwork event: Hazells Road Diversion prehistoric activity was represented by a large Middle–Late Event code: ARC HRD 99 Bronze Age boundary ditch, part of a Middle–Late Iron Age HS1 chainage: 39+600 enclosure, and part of a possible field system. Occupation NGR: TQ 6280 7160 continued into the Late Iron Age/Early Roman period, and was Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology represented by pits, gullies, several kilns or ovens, human Type of investigation: Targeted watching brief burials (including two cremations) and a horse burial. Start of fieldwork: April 1999 An Early Roman field system was superseded in the 2nd End of fieldwork: May 2000 century AD by domestic activity represented by two possible Integrated Site Report reference: Askew 2006 sunken-floored buildings, pits, a well, two single-chambered Map Window 4 kilns or ovens and an infant inhumation. Medieval occupation, situated on a shallow terrace near the Early Iron Age evidence comprised a scattered group of five pits, foot of the hill, comprised one or more timber structures with a cooking pit, a waterhole, a metalworking area consisting of associated pits and a boundary ditch to the south and a circular bowl furnace bases, and an area of possible animal pens. One of stock enclosure, which was superseded in the late 12th–early the pits contained a La Tène brooch, dating from the 5th to 4th 14th centuries by a sub-rectangular ditched enclosure that century BC; another contained a large, mixed deposit of partially contained some evidence for occupation, including a sunken- dismembered animal carcasses, perhaps evidence for feasting. A floored building containing was a possible corn-drying or red deer bone from the pit was radiocarbon dated to 370–190 cal malting oven. BC (NZA-22748). Activity continued in the Mid–Late Iron Age. Roman features included the masonry foundations of a twin- Fieldwork event: Northumberland Bottom Army Camp chambered ‘corn-drier’ and elements of a field system, lying Event code: ARC NBAC 98 alongside a metalled track (probably a Roman precursor of HS1 chainage: 40+600 Downs Road). The coin and ceramic assemblages from this site NGR: TQ 6380 7110 comprise the only exclusively Late Roman (late 3rd to 4th Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology century) site assemblages from the HS1 Section 1 project. Type of investigation: Standing building survey Two medieval sites, found on either side of Downs Road, Start of fieldwork: September 1998 were dated by ceramic evidence to the 12th/13th century. They End of fieldwork: October 1998 perhaps form part of a medieval precursor of Hazells Farm. Integrated Site Report reference: Askew 2006 They comprised at least one large rectangular timber post-built Map Window 4 building, located c 200m east of the present farm, and traces of two circular domed clay ovens, lying alongside Hazells Road. The site comprised a Second World War anti-aircraft gun Evidence for more recent land-use includes a brick clamp dating battery and its associated domestic encampment. There were 26 from c 1450–1700, located c 100m north of Hazells Farm. single storey buildings on the site, some of which are of post- war date. As well as the buildings there are a number of Fieldwork event: West of Northumberland Bottom standing structures, partially buried structures, foundations and Event code: ARC WNB 97 (reported with ARC 330 98 zone 3) original roads and tracks surviving on the site. None of the HS1 chainage: 40+100 buildings were Listed. NGR: TQ 6350 7130 The military structures and buildings recorded form only part Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology of the total number of military structures known to have existed. Type of investigation: Evaluation Many structures remain unlocated but levels information suggests Start of fieldwork: April 1997 that some of these may survive in a buried state. Evidence of other End of fieldwork: May 1997 features, like the radar, may have been too slight to survive. Integrated Site Report reference: Askew 2006 Many of the internal layouts of the buildings were recovered Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1997f and in one case a large amount of the original fixtures survived. Map Window 4 However, the function of many of the buildings was not discernible from the surviving structural evidence. The evaluation comprised a total of 44 trenches. The earliest features were three ditches and a pit which may date from the Fieldwork event: West of Tollgate Mid/Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age. The majority of Event code: ARC TLGW 95 features, consisting of pits and structural element such as NGR: TQ 6400 7100 postholes, slots and hearths, were of Late Iron Age to Early HS1 chainage: 40+700 Roman date. They indicate that the site may have been Contractor: A Bartlett and Associates occupied by a small settlement with an adjacent field system. Type of investigation: Geophysical survey Start of fieldwork: 1996 Fieldwork event: West of Northumberland Bottom End of fieldwork: 1996 Event code: ARC WNB 98 Integrated Site Report reference: Askew 2006 Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 459

Survey report reference: ABA 1996b HS1 chainage: 41+300 Map Window 4 Contractor: A. Bartlett and Associates Type of investigation: Geophysical survey Magnetic susceptibility and magnetometer surveys were carried Start of fieldwork: 1996 out. The latter identified a probable E-W ditch and a section of End of fieldwork: 1996 N-S ditch at the northern edge of the survey area, which are Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006b likely to form part of an enclosure corresponding to a Survey report reference: ABA 1996a previously identified cropmark complex. Map Windows 4–5

Fieldwork event: West of Tollgate Fieldwork event: Tollgate Event code: ARC TGW 97 Event code: ARC TLG 98 (reported with ARC 330 98 Zone 4) HS1 chainage: 40+800 HS1 chainage: 41+100 NGR: TQ 6400 7100 NGR: TQ 6410 7100 Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Evaluation Type of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavation Start of fieldwork: April 1997 Start of fieldwork: 1998 End of fieldwork: April 1997 End of fieldwork: 1998 Integrated Site Report reference: Askew 2006 Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006b Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1997i Map Windows 4–5 Map Window 4 Excavations at Tollgate revealed Palaeolithic tools redeposited The evaluation comprised a total of 34 trenches. A number of by colluvial processes at the base of a dry valley. The colluvial field boundary ditches were recorded, forming part of a deposits sealed ancient soils indicative of an arctic environment complex of rectilinear fields dating from the Late Iron (c 14,000–11,000 years before present). Age/Early Roman period through to the early 3rd century AD. Distinct spreads of sarsen stones were present to the east of A medieval field ditch was also recorded in the area of Roman Church Road. These have been considered as potentially the features. A large circular quarry pit, at least 5m in diameter, remains of a demolished Neolithic to Early Bronze Age was found but no datable finds were recovered from it. megalithic structure, but are more likely to be a natural accumulation, disturbed by medieval and later field clearance. A sub-rectangular cropmark enclosure, identified on aerial PRINCIPAL SITE: TOLLGATE photographs to the east of Wrotham Road, is believed to be a Project Area 330, Zone 4 Neolithic mortuary enclosure. It was preserved in situ beneath Chainage limits: 41+000 - 44+300 landscaping earthworks and not investigated in detail. Parishes crossed: Cobham Evidence of a settled and cultivated landscape first appears Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006b at the end of the Bronze Age. A small scale settlement, Map Windows 4–6 established in the Iron Age to the west of Church Road, provides evidence of domesticated and processed crops and Fieldwork event: Tollgate cropmark complex, Gravesham livestock, supplemented by foraged foods and game. Iron Age Event code: ARC TLG 95 activity around Tollgate persists into the early 1st century AD, HS1 chainage: 41+100 when a possible eastward shift in the focus of settlement and NGR: TQ 6440 7100 activity to the Henhurst Road area is recorded. Evidence for Contractor: Oxford Archaeology activity in the Roman period is dispersed along the length of the Type of investigation: Evaluation Tollgate zone, with a particular focus in the Henhurst Road Start of fieldwork: July 1995 area. A trackway junction including metalled surfaces and recut End of fieldwork: July 1995 ditches, was established here c AD 50 to 70, apparently falling Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006b into disuse shortly thereafter. In the 2nd century the area may Evaluation report reference: OA 1995b lie on the periphery of a small settled area to the south and east Map Window 4 of Henhurst Road. The character of Roman activity throughout the zone is agricultural, comprising field boundaries and The evaluation comprised a total of 18 trenches. It confirmed trackways, with evidence for crop production and processing. that a sub-rectangular ditched enclosure, visible as a cropmark Archaeological evidence fades out by the mid 3rd century on aerial photographs, is almost certainly of Neolithic date. It AD and no further features are recorded until the early has been substantially plough damaged and it was impossible to medieval period, when new field systems and local routeways determine whether it was originally a mortuary enclosure or a were established, suggesting renewed intensification in agricul- long barrow. Only one possible internal feature was noted. tural land-use in the 11th–14th centuries. Isolated pits at this Some signs of Late Bronze Age and Middle Iron Age activity time have produced evidence for wheat production and there is were noted in a small dry valley, but no unequivocal features of evidence that naturally occurring sarsen boulders were removed prehistoric date were found. A ditched trackway to the north of and broken up, presumably to improve fields for arable cultiva- the dry valley, also partially visible as a cropmark, was investi- tion. Routeways and divisions of the agricultural landscape gated but yielded no dating evidence. A large chalk quarry of thereafter appear to remain stable, with little evidence for post-medieval date was found at the east end of the site. change to the modern period. Post-medieval chalk quarries are present across the Tollgate area. A brick kiln recorded near Fieldwork event: Tollgate Cobham Service Station dates to the late 17th- to late-18th Event code: ARC TLG 95 centuries and is likely to have provided brick and tile to the NGR: TQ 6430 7100 expanding communities of Gravesend, Singlewell and Cobham. 460 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent

Fieldwork event: South-East of Tollgate Fieldwork event: West of Church Road, Singlewell Event code: ARC TLGS Event code: ARC CRS 95 HS1 chainage: 41+500 HS1 chainage: 42+200 NGR: TQ 6480 7075 NGR: TQ 6550 7040 Contractor: A Bartlett and Associates Contractor: A Bartlett and Associates Type of investigation: Geophysical survey Type of investigation: Geophysical survey Start of fieldwork: 1995 Start of fieldwork: 1995 End of fieldwork: 1995 End of fieldwork: 1995 Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006b Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006b Survey report reference: ABA 1996b Survey report reference: ABA 1996b Map Window 5 Map Window 5

Magnetic susceptibility and magnetometer surveys both Magnetic susceptibility and magnetometer surveys both indicated an area of increased response in the western part of indicated areas of increased response in the western half and at the survey area that is potentially of archaeological origin. the eastern end of the survey area.

Fieldwork event: South-East of Tollgate Fieldwork event: Singlewell (A2) Event code: ARC TGS 97 Event code: N/A HS1 chainage: 41+500 HS1 chainage: 42+000 - 42+600 NGR: TQ 6480 7075 NGR: TQ 6530 7060 Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Type of investigation: Evaluation Type of investigation: Surface artefact collection survey Start of fieldwork: May 1997 Start of fieldwork: 1993 End of fieldwork: May 1997 End of fieldwork: 1993 Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006b Grey literature report reference: URL 1995 Map Window 5 Map Window 5

The evaluation comprised a total of 22 trenches. A Lower Fieldwork event: West of Church Road, Singlewell Palaeolithic pointed biface handaxe was found incorporated Event code: ARC CRS 97 within a later deposit. A large pit was recorded dating from the HS1 chainage: 42+200 Late Iron Age/Roman period. A linear feature containing NGR: TQ 6550 7040 charcoal and struck flint was also recorded. Contractor: Oxford Archaeology 564500 565000 565500 566000

171000 South-East of

500 Tollgate

41+

0

2+00 4 Tollgate Singlewell (A2)

170500 West of Church Road 00

42+5 Tollgate

0 0 0 + 3 4

ARC 330 98 Zone 4

170000 Map Window 5?

Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 461

Type of investigation: Evaluation NGR: TQ 6643 6995 Start of fieldwork: April 1997 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology End of fieldwork: April 1997 Type of investigation: Surface artefact collection survey Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006b Start of fieldwork: 1993 Evaluation report reference: OA 1997e End of fieldwork: 1993 Map Window 5 Grey literature report reference: URL 1995 Map Windows 5–6 The evaluation comprised a total of 21 trenches. Two pits of certain Bronze Age date were identified, and a possible Fieldwork event: West of Scalers Hill, Cobham posthole. A number of shallow gullies, interpreted as field Event code: ARC WSH 98 boundaries, located in the same part of the site as the pits, may HS1 chainage: 44+000 be Bronze Age, although a later possible Saxon date cannot be NGR: TQ 6609 6980 discounted based on the ceramic evidence. Two quarries of Contractor: Oxford Archaeology probable post-medieval date were also identified.. Type of investigation: Evaluation Start of fieldwork: January 1998 Fieldwork event: West of Church Road, Singlewell End of fieldwork: January 1998 Event code: ARC CRS 98 Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006 HS1 chainage: 42+200 Evaluation report reference: OA 1998f NGR: TQ 6550 7040 Map Window 6 Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavation The evaluation comprised a total of eight trenches. The features Start of fieldwork: September 1998 comprised three substantial ditches, one of which produced a End of fieldwork: September 1998 small quantity of Late Iron Age–Early Roman pottery, as well Integrated Site Report reference: Bull 2006b as two gullies, a posthole and a small pit. Map Window 5

Several small pits or postholes, and ditches were recorded, but PRINCIPAL SITE: COBHAM GOLF COURSE specific dating evidence was lacking. Project Area 330, Zone 5 Chainage limits: 44+300 - 49+800 Fieldwork event: Henhurst (A2) Parishes crossed: Cobham Event code: N/A Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006 HS1 chainage: 43+200 - 44+100 Map Windows 7–9 M

170500 566500 567000 567500

West of Scalers Hill 00 5 +

43 Cobham Golf Course 170000

44+000

Henhurst (A2) ARC 330 98 0 0

+5 Zone 4 4 4

Scalers Hill to Cobham Tollgate ARC 330 98 169500 Zone 5

Map Window 6 462 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent

Fieldwork event: Ashenbank Wood Army Camp HS1 chainage: 45+500 Event code: ARC AWC 98 NGR: TQ 6836 6958 HS1 chainage: 44+900 Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology NGR: TQ 6380 7110 Type of investigation: Detailed excavation Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Start of fieldwork: September 1998 Type of investigation: Standing building survey End of fieldwork: September 1998 Start of fieldwork: September 1998 Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006 End of fieldwork: October 1998 Map Window 7 Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006 Building investigation report reference: MoLA 1999a The foundations of a presumed rebuild of the gate lodge of Map Window 7 Cobham Park (documented c 1900) were found. There was no sign of a documented earlier phase of construction. The west Building survey of some of the Second World War structures side of the gateway and a metalled drive were found immedi- located in Ashenbank Wood. ately adjoining the gate lodge to the east.

Fieldwork event: Scalers Hill to Cobham Fieldwork event: Watling Street Event code: ARC SCC 98 Event code: ARC WS 98 HS1 chainage: 45+200 HS1 chainage: 45+900 NGR: TQ 6810 6960 NGR: TQ 6850 6955 Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Evaluation Type of investigation: Detailed excavation Start of fieldwork: August 1998 Start of fieldwork: September 1998 End of fieldwork: September 1998 End of fieldwork: October 1998 Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006 Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006 Evaluation report reference: OA 2000b Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1999o Map Window 7 Map Window 7

The evaluation comprised a total of five trenches. A single pit, The evaluation comprised a total of five trenches. A post- of Bronze Age date, was recorded. medieval park pale or substantial ha-ha was found. Very scant remains of buildings were found, documented as dog kennels Fieldwork event: Brewer’s Gate erected c 1790. No evidence was observed for a road earlier Event code: ARC BG 98 than the current road. 568000 568500 569000

170000

0 Watling Street

+00

5 0

4

00

+

5+500

46 4 Cobham Golf Course !

Ashenbank Wood 169500 Brewer's Gate Army Camp Watling Street Scalers Hill to Cobham ARC 330 98 Cobham Golf Course Cobham Park Zone 5 Golf Course

169000

Map Window 7

Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 463

Fieldwork event: Cobham Golf Course Fieldwork event: Cobham Park Golf Course Event code: ARC CGC 95 Event code: ARC CGC 97 HS1 chainage: 46+200 HS1 chainage: 46+300 NGR: TQ 6915 6940 NGR: TQ 6920 6950 Contractor: A Bartlett and Associates Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Type of investigation: Geophysical survey Type of investigation: Evaluation Start of fieldwork: 1995 Start of fieldwork: September 1997 End of fieldwork: 1995 End of fieldwork: September 1997 Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006 Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006 Survey report reference: ABA 1996a Evaluation report reference: OA 1997f Map Windows 7 Map Windows 7–8

Fieldwork event: Cobham Golf Course The evaluation comprised a total of 17 trenches. A scatter of Event code: ARC CGC 98 shallow archaeological features were identified on the spur of HS1 chainage: 46+200 higher land, some of which contained pottery dated to the NGR: TQ 6915 6940 Middle and Late Bronze Age. Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavation Fieldwork event: Cobham Park Start of fieldwork: August 1998 Event code: ARC CPK 97 End of fieldwork: October 1998 HS1 Chainage: 47+200 Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006 NGR: TQ 7040 6910 Map Window 7 Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Evaluation A ring ditch of Bronze Age date was found. No sign remained Start of fieldwork: September 1997 of an overlying mound. Other features consisted of a linear End of fieldwork: September 1997 ditch and a concentration of small pits, postholes and at least Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006 two possible hearths. These features variously contained struck Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1998c flints and pottery dated to the Middle and Late Bronze Ages. Map Window 8 The site was badly disturbed by the bunkers, teeing-off platforms and irrigation pipes of a modern golf course. The evaluation comprised of a total of five trenches, excavated in order to investigate a group of geophysical anomalies. No M 569500 570000 570500 571000

0

0

5

+

46

169500

0 Knights Place +00 7 Construction Site 4 Cobham Park Golf Course

00

7+5 4 ARC 330 98 Cobham Park Zone 5

169000 0 Cobham Golf Course 0 +0 Knights Place Farm 8 4

ARC 330 98 Zone 6

168500 Map Window 8 464 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent archaeological features were located, but a number of undated, PRINCIPAL SITE: CUXTON infilled stream channels, possibly of Pleistocene date, were Project Area 330, Zone 6 found. Chainage limits: 49+800 - 51+000 Parishes crossed: Cuxton Fieldwork event: Cobham Park Integrated Site Report reference: Mackinder 2006 Event code: ARC COPK 95 Map Window 10 HS1 Chainage: 47+500 NGR: TQ 7030 6930 Fieldwork event: Cuxton Anglo-Saxon cemetery Contractor: A Bartlett and Associates Event code: ARC CXT 97 Type of investigation: Geophysical survey HS1 chainage: 50+000 Start of fieldwork: 1996 NGR: TQ 7200 6735 End of fieldwork: 1996 Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006 Type of investigation: Evaluation Survey report reference: ABA 1996b Start of fieldwork: April 1997 Map Window 8 End of fieldwork: April 1997 Magnetic susceptibility and magnetometer surveys were carried Integrated Site Report reference: Mackinder 2006 out, but in both surveys responses were relatively weak and are Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1997c probably the result of geological variations. Map Window 10

Fieldwork event: Knights Place Construction Site The evaluation comprised a total of 25 trenches. Possible Event code: ARC KCS 98 Iron Age occupation was characterised by three rectangular HS1 Chainage: 47+500 pits containing ashy fills and two large, deep postholes. NGR: TQ 7030 6935 The evaluation identified seven possible Early Saxon burials, Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology of which four were surrounded by ring or penannular Type of investigation: Evaluation ditches. Start of fieldwork: January 1998 End of fieldwork: January 1998 Fieldwork event: Cuxton Anglo-Saxon cemetery Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006 Event code: ARC CXT 98 Evaluation report reference: MoLA 2000a HS1 chainage: 50+000 Map Window 8 NGR: TQ 7200 6735 Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology The evaluation comprised a total of 13 trenches. The archaeolog- Type of investigation: Detailed excavation ical features consisted of a Roman-period field boundary ditch, a Start of fieldwork: July 1998 second undated field ditch, two small undated pits, and six possible End of fieldwork: September 1998 ovens, the latter probably of medieval or post-medieval date. Integrated Site Report reference: Mackinder 2006 Map Window 10 Fieldwork event: Knights Place Farm Event code: ARC KPF 98 Two principal phases of activity were recorded at the site, HS1 Chainage: 47+700 which was found on the north-west bank of the River Medway: NGR: TQ 7030 6930 Traces of an Early–Middle Iron Age settlement comprised Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology evidence for a possible hut within an enclosure and a number of Type of investigation: Evaluation large pits. Start of fieldwork: January 1998 The Iron Age site was overlain by an Anglo-Saxon cemetery, End of fieldwork: January 1998 in use from c AD 580 to 700. The cemetery exhibited a mix of Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006 ‘pagan’ and Christian features. For example, the prominent Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1998d position of the cemetery on a terrace overlooking the River Map Window 8 Medway, perhaps overlooking the settlement, and the inclusion The evaluation comprised a total of seven trenches. Six small, of grave goods with some of the interments, being ‘pagan’ undated, dispersed pits and sunken ovens, possible of medieval characteristics. On the other hand the grave alignments, which or post-medieval date, were recorded. tend towards an east-west orientation, and the inclusion of two workboxes/reliquaries with Christian symbols attest to Fieldwork event: Great Wood Christian influence. Event code: ARC GWE 98 Skeletal remains of 35 individuals were identified, including HS1 Chainage: 49+200 one individual too poorly preserved for analysis purposes. The NGR: TQ 5715 1682 majority of the assemblage (77% or 27 individuals) was poorly Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology preserved. All burials were from stratigraphically distinct Type of investigation: Evaluation graves containing a single individual, with the exception of 303 Start of fieldwork: August 1998 which contained an adult burial and a single intrusive juvenile End of fieldwork: August 1998 tooth crown. The remains comprise 24 adults (70% of those Integrated Site Report reference: Davis 2006 analysed), five juveniles (15%), four infants (12%) and an Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1999c immature individual of unknown age, categorised as ‘infant- Map Window 9 juvenile’ (3%) between 2 and 9 years at death. Of those individ- The evaluation comprised a total of 12 trenches in two areas of uals for which it was possible to determine the sex, 18% (24% the northern side and part of the base of a dry valley. A deep of the adults) were female, or probably female, 18% (25% of colluvial sequence over 3m thick was recorded in the valley the adults) male, and the remainder unsexed 35% (51% of the base but no archaeological features were encountered. adults). Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 465 571000 571500 572000 572500

+500 8 4

168500

ARC 330 98 Zone 5

0

49+00

Great Wood

168000

0 Cobham Golf Course 49+50

Map Window 9 571500 572000 572500 573000 ARC 330 98 Zone 6 Cuxton Anglo-Saxon 00 +0 50 cemetery Cuxton

ARC 350 / 410 99 Medway Crossing

500 167000 50+

00 +0 51

166500 Nashenden Valley South of Medway Map Window 10 466 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent

There were nine weapon burials, all with spears, and four of (generally c 200m). Areas previously subject to detailed or strip, these also had shields. Thirty knives were recovered, but only map and sample excavation were excluded from the works, as one (<82>, cxt 300) was close to the typical length of a seax. were areas of known large-scale modern disturbance (as Five graves had no accompanying artefacts, though one of detailed in the WSI). No significant individual discoveries were these (361) had been disturbed by metal detectorists prior to made in this route section. The results from a targeted watching excavation. brief during the cutting of the Pilgrim’s Way is fully integrated The majority of the finds recovered from the graves are with the White Horse Stone excavation results, so is not listed thought to have originated in Kent, two of the burials separately below. containing Kentish type triangular buckles. The distinctive penannular ditches around 11 of the graves also appear to be a Kentish phenomenon, though they do occur elsewhere in PRINCIPAL SITE: NASHENDEN VALLEY southern England. Project Area 410 Chainage limits: 51+000 - 57+500 Parishes crossed: Rochester PROJECT AREA 350/410 PX assessment report reference (No ISR): URS 2000 This watching brief Project Area includes all permanent and Map Windows 11–12 temporary land-take associated with construction of HS1, from west of the Medway Crossing to the Pilgrim’s Way. This Fieldwork event: South of Medway, Rochester includes the trace (at grade, within cuttings and on embank- Event code: ARC MED 98 ments), bridges and associated works (mitigation earthworks, HS1 chainage: 51+300 construction sites, transformer stations etc.). NGR: TQ 7270 6650 Project Area 350, which consists of the Medway Crossing Contractor: Oxford Archaeology and a 650m stretch of the route on ether side of the river, Type of investigation: Evaluation extends from NGR TQ 7200 6770 to NGR TQ 7265 6660. Start of fieldwork: July 1998 This report considers only the 650m section to the south-east of End of fieldwork: July 1998 the river, which ranges from c 45m to 90m in width. No signif- Evaluation report reference: OA 1998d icant archaeological discoveries were made. Opportunities for Map Window 11 useful observation during construction of the crossing were very limited. The evaluation comprised a total of 10 trenches. The only Project Area 410 extends for a distance of 7.2km from NGR archaeological feature identified was a ditch of recent origin. TQ 7265 6660 to TQ 7540 6000. The total width of the The trenches typically revealed a silty Loessic deposit landtake area in this section ranges from c 45m to c 300m (Swanscombe Loam), although other Pleistocene deposits 572500 573000 573500

South of Medway

0 50 51+

Nashenden Valley 166000

ARC 410 99

Nashenden Farm 000 52+

Nashenden Valley

165500

Nashenden Valley 0 50 52+

Map Window 11

Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 467 were recorded, including Valley gravels and Clay-with- Start of fieldwork: May 1997 Flints. Colluvium of Holocene date was recorded in all End of fieldwork: May 1997 trenches. Evaluation report reference: WA 1997b Map Window 11 Fieldwork event: Nashenden Farm, Rochester Event code: URL 93 The evaluation comprised a total of 24 trenches, and revealed HS1 chainage: 51+500 - 51+900 a very small number of features, predominantly modern or of NGR: TQ 7285 6594 natural origin. Colluvial deposits were identified within the Contractor: Oxford Archaeology valley floor, including a basal horizon containing both Early Type of investigation: Surface artefact collection survey and Late Bronze Age pottery. Burnt flint from the interface Start of fieldwork: 1993 between colluvium and underlying chalk meltwater deposits End of fieldwork: 1993 provided a thermoluminescence date of 790 +/- 350 BC. Survey report reference: URL 1995 A soil horizon, located within chalk meltwater deposits, Map Windows 11–12 remains undated, but studies elsewhere would suggest that it probably originates in the late glacial Allerød chronozone Fieldwork event: Nashenden Valley, Rochester (c 11,000 BP). Event code: URL 93 HS1 chainage: 51+900 - 53-000 Fieldwork event: Nashenden Valley, Rochester NGR: TQ 7285 6594 Event code: ARC NSH 98 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology HS1 chainage: 52+200 Type of investigation: Surface artefact collection survey NGR: TQ 7325 6560 Start of fieldwork: 1993 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology End of fieldwork: 1993 Type of investigation: Detailed excavation Survey report reference: URL 1995 Start of fieldwork: September 1998 Map Windows 11–12 End of fieldwork: September 1998 Map Window 11 Fieldwork event: Nashenden Valley, Rochester Event code: ARC NSH 97 An enlarged trench at the location of the colluvial sequence HS1 chainage: 52+200 referred to above was designed to investigate and sample the NGR: TQ 7325 6560 Allerød soil and any other deposits with palaeoenviron- Contractor: Wessex Archaeology mental potential. The section revealed a Holocene colluvial Type of investigation: Evaluation sequence and Pleistocene Coombe rockM deposits, but the

! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!! 573000 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!573500 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!574000 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Nashenden Valley! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!! Nashenden Valley !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 165000 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 0 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! +00 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 53 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! !!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! !!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! Little Monk!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Wood ! !! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!ARC 410 99 !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !! !!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! 0 ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!164500 !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! 50 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! 53+ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! Upper Nashenden Farm !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Nashenden!!!!!!!!!! Valley !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Upper Nashenden!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Farm !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! ! !!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!000 !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!4+ !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!5 Map Window!!!!!!!! 12 468 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent

Allerød soil horizon recorded in the evaluation was not Type of investigation: Evaluation identified. Start of fieldwork: April 1997 End of fieldwork: May 1997 Fieldwork event: Little Monk Wood, Wouldham Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006a Event code: ARC MON 98 Evaluation report reference: OA 1997k HS1 chainage: 53+200 Map Window 13 NGR: TQ 7350 6460 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology The evaluation comprised a total of 36 trenches and a single Type of investigation: Evaluation machine-excavated test pit and was located in a dry valley at Start of fieldwork: August 1998 the foot of the North Downs escarpment, immediately adjacent End of fieldwork: August 1998 to the reputedly megalithic monuments of the White Horse Evaluation report reference: OA 1998c Stone and Smythes’ Megalith. The four trenches in the upper Map Window 12 part of the valley bottom revealed a thin scatter of archaeolog- ical features. Most were boundary or drainage ditches of Late The evaluation comprised a total of 23 trenches, and recorded Bronze Age/Early Iron Age date. There was little evidence for a sequence of solifucted chalk, a late glacial soil horizon and surviving archaeological deposits on the western valley slope, or Holocene colluvium. No archaeological features were located, in the central part of the valley bottom. although struck flint, burnt flint and a single sherd of Late Thick hillwash deposits were present in the bottom of the Bronze Age pottery was recovered from a deposit near to the valley, becoming deeper towards the southern end, where they base of the colluvial sequence. were banked up against the boundary formed by the Pilgrim’s Way. There was no conclusive evidence that any of the Fieldwork event: Upper Nashenden Farm, Rochester numerous sarsen boulders discovered in the valley bottom had Event code: ARC NSH 95 been utilised, although several occurred in close proximity to HS1 chainage: 53+500 archaeological features, and many may have been visible NGR: TQ 6450 6560 features in the prehistoric landscape. Contractor: Bartlett-Clarke An extensive buried soil horizon, cut by ditches and a large, Type of investigation: Geophysical survey shallow pit, was identified in five trenches in the south-east Start of fieldwork: 1996 corner of the site, sealed beneath as much as 1.2m of hillwash. End of fieldwork: 1996 Although the archaeological features were undated, both the Survey report reference: ABA 1996a buried soil horizon through which they were cut, and the Map Windows 12 overlying hillwash, yielded small quantities of Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age pottery. Fieldwork event: Upper Nashenden Farm, Wouldham The evaluation also investigated the possible line of the Event code: ARC NFM 97 Roman Road between Rochester and Hastings. No evidence HS1 chainage: 53+700 was found to support or disprove the identification. NGR: TQ 7350 6400 Contractor: Wessex Archaeology Fieldwork event: White Horse Stone, Aylesford Type of investigation: Evaluation Event code: ARC WHS 98 Start of fieldwork: 28th May 1997 HS1 chainage: 57+800 End of fieldwork: 30th May 1997 NGR: TQ 7530 6041 Evaluation report reference: WA 1997e Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Map Window 12 Type of investigation: Detailed Excavation Start of fieldwork: August 1998 The evaluation revealed a small number of archaeological End of fieldwork: March 1999 features, including an undated lynchet, a ditch of probable Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006a prehistoric date, two modern building platforms and a number Map Window 13 of natural periglacial features. A sequence of up to three colluvial deposits was identified within the valley floor, the The remains of two Early Neolithic, post-built, rectangular primary horizon producing a single sherd of 13th-century structures were found sealed below an Iron Age ploughsoil. pottery. A Mesolithic or Early Neolithic flint pick was Both were associated with very small assemblages of recovered from the topsoil. fragmented finds, including small Plain Bowl sherds, flint, animal bone, charred plant remains and charcoal. Radiocarbon dates suggest they date from 4110–3530 cal BC. PRINCIPAL SITE: WHITE HORSE STONE Although some of the postholes associated with these Project Area 410 / 420 structures cut tree-throw holes, there is little evidence for any Chainage limits: 57+500 - 60+000 preceding activity. Residual Decorated Bowl sherds suggest Parishes crossed: Aylesford, Boxley activity slightly later in the Early Neolithic. Middle Neolithic Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006a activity is evidenced by finds of Mortlake-style Peterborough Map Windows 13–14 Ware from two small groups of shallow pits near to one of the Early Neolithic structures. Two small, round, post- and stake- Fieldwork event: White Horse Stone, Aylesford built structures probably date from the Late Neolithic. They Event code: ARC WHS 97 were associated with numerous groups of pits distributed HS1 chainage: 57+800 widely across the sites. The pits contained varied assemblages NGR: TQ 7530 6041 consisting of Clacton-style Grooved Ware, worked flint, Contractor: Oxford Archaeology animal bones, charred plant remains, charcoal, fired clay, a Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 469 polished ironstone ball and possibly cremated human contained fragments of broken sarsen, which suggests that the remains. pits may be the result of removing sarsen boulders from the A settlement, characterised by numerous four-post ploughsoil. structures and pits, was occupied in the Early–Middle Iron A buried soil was identified in three of the trenches. Two Age. The pits around this settlement are characterised by small pottery sherds were recovered from the buried soil, and differing kinds of finds, which include a cremation burial while the dating of these sherds is inconclusive, an Iron Age associated with a set of iron tools, iron-working and produc- date is likely. tion debris, human burials and disarticulated remains, as well as large quantities of pottery, animal bone and charred plant Fieldwork event: Pilgrim’s Way, Boxley remains. In the Late Iron Age–Early Roman period a series of Event code: ARC PIL 98 trackways was laid out across the site. A trackway that may HS1 chainage: 58+000 have formed part of the Rochester to Hastings Roman road NGR: TQ 7525 6030 was also identified. Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Type of investigation: Detailed excavation Fieldwork event: Pilgrim’s Way, Boxley Start of fieldwork: October 1998 Event code: ARC PIL 98 End of fieldwork: February 1999 HS1 chainage: 58+000 Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006a NGR: TQ 7525 6030 Map Window 13 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Type of investigation: Evaluation A possible Early Neolithic structure similar to that at White Start of fieldwork: July 1998 Horse Stone was located in the south-eastern corner of End of fieldwork: August 1998 the site. The distribution of Late Neolithic features recorded Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006a at White Horse Stone extended into the western side of Evaluation report reference: OA 1998e the Pilgrim’s Way site, but no definite structures could be Map Window 13 identified. A distinct cluster of 81 postholes and two pits dating from The evaluation comprised a total of 13 trenches. The features in the Middle Bronze Age was found near the centre of the site, this area comprised six pits, a cremation burial, and two and included a roughly rectangular structure. A second cluster ditches. Both ditches produced Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age of postholes near the eastern edge of the Pilgrim’s Way site also pottery. The cremation burial contained a flat-topped bone pin, contained a possible circular structure. which indicates a date in the Iron Age or Roman period. None The trackway that may have formed part of the Rochester to of the other pits produced artefactual evidence. However, two Hastings Roman road also extended through this site. 575000 575500 576000

500 57+

ARC 410 99 White Horse Stone 160500

00 +0 58 White Horse Stone

Pilgrim's Way

160000 West of Boarley Farm

Boarley Farm 500 58+ ARC 420 99

Map Window 13

470 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent

A section cut across the Pilgrim’s Way shows that the tors were fitted with toothless ditching buckets, and dump trackway at this location was probably Anglo-Saxon or trucks were prohibited from running on stripped areas). medieval in origin. A single female late Saxon burial was found lying close to the Pilgrim’s Way. A corn-drier, dating from the Fieldwork event: West of Boarley Farm, Boxley 12th–15th centuries, a holloway marking the parish boundary, Event code: ARC BFW 98 and other features, provides the latest significant evidence for HS1 chainage: 58+400 activity on the sites. NGR: TQ 7560 5990 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Type of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavation PROJECT AREA 420 Start of fieldwork: November 1998 Project Area 420 consists of all permanent and temporary land- End of fieldwork: December 1998 take associated with construction of the HS1, from West of Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006a Boarley Farm, Boxley (TQ 7530 6010) to East of Lenham Map Window 13 Heath (TQ 9180 9200). This includes the railway trace (at grade, within cuttings and on embankments), bridges and Dispersed activity on this site included pits, postholes and associated works (mitigation earthworks, construction sites, animal burials, the latter radiocarbon dated to the Mid-Saxon transformer stations etc.). Areas previously subject to detailed period. or strip, map and sample excavation were excluded from the monitoring. Areas that were known not to contain significant Fieldwork event: Boarley Farm, Boxley deposits (for example tunnels, and areas of known large-scale Event code: URL 93 modern disturbance) were also excluded. All watching brief HS1 chainage: 58+400 - 59+200 fieldwork in this route section was undertaken by Oxford NGR: TQ 7571 5946 Archaeology. Significant individual discoveries are listed as Contractor: Oxford Archaeology fieldwork events below and in an interim report on the ADS Type of investigation: Surface artefact collection survey website (WB 2000a). Significant individual discoveries are Start of fieldwork: 1990 the subject of Integrated Site Reports (cf. East of Hockers Lane; End of fieldwork: 1990 Eyhorne Street) and/or post-excavation assessments (cf West of Survey report reference: URL 1995 Sittingbourne Road). Unlike the areas of chalk geology (Project Map Windows 13–14 Area 330), it was generally not possible to obtain a coherent feature map under watching brief conditions except in ‘targeted Fieldwork event: Boarley Farm watching brief’ areas where soil stripping methods were Event code: ARC BFM 97 modified to an archaeological specification (in which excava- HS1 chainage: 58+400 M 575500 576000 576500 577000

0 0 0 + 9 5 Boarley Lane

East of Boarley Farm

Boarley Farm

0 50 + 9 5 ARC 420 99

Boxley 159000

0 0 0 0+ 6 West of Boxley Road

White Horse Stone

158500 Park Wood West

Map Window 14 Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 471

NGR: TQ 7560 5990 demolished structure. No further traces of this structure were Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology found in the watching brief. Type of investigation: Evaluation Start of fieldwork: April 1997 Fieldwork event: East of Boarley Farm End of fieldwork: May 1997 Event code: ARC BFE 99 Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006a HS1 chainage: 59+200 Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1997l NGR: TQ 7625 5935 Map Windows 13–14 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Type of investigation: Detailed excavation The evaluation comprised a total of 66 trenches, each measuring Start of fieldwork: January 1999 30m x 1.5m. Two areas of Late Iron Age–Early Roman occupa- End of fieldwork: January 1999 tion were identified. The first was situated on high ground in the Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006a western part of the site and comprised two animal burials (a cow Map Window 14 and a sheep), a posthole, pit and a ditch. The second area was situated to the east of the site, on low ground, where a concen- The trench was located within the trace of the rail link cutting, tration of 34 postholes and four pits was recorded. immediately to the south of an area of Late Iron Age/Early A very large medieval/post-medieval quarry pit and a Roman activity, identified to the east of Boarley Farm during boundary ditch were recorded on high ground to the south- the evaluation, that was designated for preservation in situ. A west of Boarley Farm. To the east of Boarley Farm a single ditch, dated to the Late Iron Age/Early Roman period by medieval/post-medieval road appeared to be aligned NE-SW a small pottery assemblage, and three undated postholes were along the edge of the site. This road may have connected Boxley the only definite archaeological features identified. Other Abbey (to the south) with the Pilgrim’s Way (to the north) and features and deposits which produced small quantities of may predate Boarley Lane. residual Late Iron Age/Early pottery and worked flint, are interpreted as resulting from colluvial erosion and deposition. Fieldwork event: Boarley Lane, Maidstone Event code: ARC BOL 98 Fieldwork event: Boxley HS1 chainage: 59+200 Event code: URL 90 NGR: TQ 7610 5930 HS1 chainage: 59+200 - 60+050 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology NGR: TQ 7629 5908 Type of investigation: Evaluation Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Start of fieldwork: December 1998 Type of investigation: Surface artefact collection survey End of fieldwork: December 1998 Start of fieldwork: 1990 Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006a End of fieldwork: 1990 Evaluation report reference: OA 1999d Survey report reference: URL 1995 Map Window 14 Map Window: 14

A total of five trenches were excavated. A ditch, tree-throw hole Fieldwork event: Park Wood West and a possible erosion gully were revealed to the south-west of Event code: URL 90 the site. All of these features contained Late Neolithic and HS1 chainage: 59+200 - 60+050 Bronze Age struck flints. The possible erosion gully also NGR: TQ 7629 5908 contained a single small, abraded sherd of prehistoric pottery, Contractor: Oxford Archaeology possibly Beaker. A very large feature at the south of the site Type of investigation: Surface artefact collection survey could not be positively identified due to persistent flooding but Start of fieldwork: 1990 it is likely to have been caused by erosion, close to the present End of fieldwork: 1990 stream course. A small, undated pit and a large quarry pit, Survey report reference: URL 1995 probably dating to the medieval period, were also recorded. Map Window: 14

Fieldwork event: Boarley Lane, Maidstone Event code: ARC 420 99 PRINCIPAL SITE: SITTINGBOURNE ROAD, BOXLEY HS1 chainage: 59+000 Project Area 420 NGR: TQ 7600 5930 Chainage limits: 60+000 - 62+200 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Parishes crossed: Boxley, Detling Type of investigation: Watching brief discovery PX assessment report reference (no ISR): URS 2000h Start of fieldwork: November 1998 Map Windows 14–15 End of fieldwork: September 2000 Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006a Fieldwork event: West of Boxley Road, Detling Watching brief report reference: WB 2000a Event code: ARC BXRW 95 Map Window 14 HS1 chainage: 60+400 NGR: TQ 7710 5860 An area 22m x 50m was excavated following the discovery of Contractor: A Bartlett and Associates a group of medieval features during construction earthworks Type of investigation: Geophysical survey near Boarley Farm. The most significant aspect of these features Start of fieldwork: 1995 was the large assemblage of mid to late 13th century pottery End of fieldwork: 1995 they contained. Although the precise function of the features is Survey report reference: ABA 1996a unclear it seems that they were associated with a now Map Window 15 472 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent

Fieldwork event: Boxley Road (West of), Maidstone Type of investigation: Evaluation Event code: ARC BXR 97 Start of fieldwork: March 1999 HS1 chainage: 60+400 End of fieldwork: March 1999 NGR: TQ 7710 5860 Evaluation report reference: OA 1999e Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Map Window 15 Type of investigation: Evaluation Start of fieldwork: May 1999 Twenty evaluation trenches were excavated in an area of c 13 End of fieldwork: May 1999 hectares. The only archaeological features discovered Evaluation report reference: URS 2000h comprised a small number of shallow ditches mostly concen- Map Window 15 trated toward the west end of the site and an irregular-linear feature of uncertain function. The only finds recovered The evaluation comprised a total of 22 trenches, and identified consisted of small fragments of post-medieval tile, burnt flint two ditches of Late Iron Age and Roman date, probably and four sherds of redeposited later prehistoric pottery. A large representing two phases of the same boundary, and a medieval majority, if not all, of the ditches appeared to be post-medieval boundary ditch. in date, and their sterile fills suggested that they were most probably associated with drainage and field boundaries. Fieldwork event: Boxley Valley, Detling Event code: ARC BVX 95 Fieldwork event: West of A249, Detling HS1 chainage: 60+900 Event code: ARC DTGW 95 NGR: TQ 7740 5825 HS1 chainage: 61+900 Contractor: A Bartlett and Associates NGR: TQ 7840 5790 Type of investigation: Geophysical survey Contractor: A Bartlett and Associates Start of fieldwork: 1995 Type of investigation: Geophysical survey End of fieldwork: 1995 Start of fieldwork: 1995 Survey report reference: ABA 1996b End of fieldwork: 1995 Map Window 15 Survey report reference: ABA 1996a Map Window 15 Fieldwork event: Boxley Road (East of), Maidstone Event code: ARC EBR 99 Fieldwork event: West of Sittingbourne Road, Maidstone HS1 chainage: 60+900 Event code: ARC WEA 99 NGR: TQ 7740 5825 HS1 chainage: 61+900 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology NGR: TQ 7840 5790 577000 577500 578000 578500

West of Boxley Road

0 50

60+ 158500 ARC 420 99

0

+00 1 6 Boxley Valley

East of Boxley Road 500

61+ West of Sittingbourne Road

158000

West of A249 000

62+

Sittingbourne Road

Map Window 15

Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 473

Contractor: Oxford Archaeology HS1 chainage: 62+800 Type of investigation: Evaluation NGR: TQ 7920 5750 Start of fieldwork: March 1999 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology End of fieldwork: March 1999 Type of investigation: Targeted watching brief PX assessment report reference (no ISR): URS 2000h Start of fieldwork: June 1999 Map Window 15 End of fieldwork: January 2000 Integrated Site Report reference: Lawrence 2006 The evaluation comprised a total of 19 trenches, and located a Map Window 16 sub-circular ditched enclosure dating from the 11th to early 12th century. Other features on the site were post-medieval in A series of curvilinear settlement enclosures probably dating date and included two ditches and a large quarry pit. A single from the 1st century BC to the mid-1st century AD was discov- undated ditch was situated on the line of the boundary between ered by evaluation trenching and investigated during the the parishes of Detling and Boxley. construction programme as a targeted watching brief. The results are included in the Thurnham Roman Villa report (see Fieldwork event: West of Sittingbourne Road, Maidstone below). Event code: ARC WEA 99 HS1 chainage: 61+900 Fieldwork event: Honeyhills Wood, Thurnham NGR: TQ 7840 5790 Event code: ARC HHW 97 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology HS1 chainage: 63+400 Type of investigation: Targeted watching brief NGR: TQ 7970 5720 Start of fieldwork: March 1999 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology End of fieldwork: March 1999 Type of investigation: Earthwork survey PX assessment report reference (no ISR): URS 2000h Start of fieldwork: March 1997 Map Window 15 End of fieldwork: March 1997 Integrated Site Report reference: Lawrence 2006 A watching brief on earth-moving operations between Pilgrim’s Map Window 16 Way and Lenham exposed a medieval sub-circular ditched enclosure at West of Sittingbourne Road. Although the features A walkover survey identified a series of low ditch and bank were heavily truncated by archaeologically unsupervised earthworks in Honeyhills Wood. These were surveyed by OA in machine stripping in the south-west quadrant of the enclosure, 1997 and appeared to be part of a layout of rectilinear the investigation revealed the remnants of an entrance and three enclosures. The western ditch and bank alignment corresponds pits, two within the enclosure and one without. All contained to the historical and existing parish boundary between 11th–13th century pottery and small assemblages of animal Thurnham and Detling. The other earthworks do not appear on bones and oyster shells. Subsoil stripping was rapidly halted any maps, possibly indicating that they were of some antiquity and the remainder of the enclosure fenced to prevent further by the time the earliest maps of the area were drawn. damage. The undamaged part of the site will be preserved outside the permanent railway fenceline. Fieldwork event: Honeyhills Wood, Thurnham Event code: ARC HHW 98 HS1 chainage: 63+400 PRINCIPAL SITE: THURNHAM ROMAN VILLA NGR: TQ 7970 5720 Project Area 420 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Chainage limits: 62+200 - 66+350 Type of investigation: Detailed excavation Parishes crossed: Detling, Thurnham Start of fieldwork: November 1998 Integrated Site Report reference: Lawrence 2006 End of fieldwork: May 1999 Map Window 16 Integrated Site Report reference: Lawrence 2006 Map Window 16 Fieldwork event: East of Hockers Lane, Detling Event code: ARC EHL 99 Trenches excavated in Honeyhills wood, immediately adjacent HS1 chainage: 62+800 to the Thurnham villa complex, demonstrated that Roman NGR: TQ 7920 5750 occupation did not extend into the wood, and strongly suggest Contractor: Oxford Archaeology that the wood was in existence when the Iron Age settlement Type of investigation: Evaluation and later villa complex were established. The earthworks in the Start of fieldwork: March 1999 wood, which do not form a clear pattern, were very shallow and End of fieldwork: April 1999 were not associated with subsoil features. Insufficient artefactual Integrated Site Report reference: Lawrence 2006 material was recovered to indicate their date of origin. Evaluation report reference: OA 1999h Map Window 16 Fieldwork event: Thurnham Roman Villa Event code: ARC THM 95 The evaluation comprised a total of seven trenches. A cluster of HS1 chainage: 63+500 ditches, gullies, pits and postholes was identified, some of NGR: TQ 7980 5720 which were of Late Iron Age/Early Roman date and the Contractor: Stratascan remainder undated. Type of investigation: Geophysical survey Start of fieldwork: January 1995 Fieldwork event: East of Hockers Lane, Detling End of fieldwork: January 1995 Event code: ARC EHL 99 Integrated Site Report reference: Lawrence 2006 474 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent

Survey report reference: Stratascan 1995 extending for 200m NW-SE. Stratified deposits were found Map Window 16 under the villa and aisled building, and in other areas on the slope of the knoll, but were generally absent elsewhere. The Resistivity and magnetometry surveys carried out at the site of pottery was nearly all dateable to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD, Thurnham Roman villa revealed the main villa building and with a pre-conquest component almost certainly present. The parts of the associated complex including a hitherto unknown ‘moat’ of Corbier Hall was revealed. aisled building, a number of small anomalies that may represent subsidiary structures or enclosures, and linear features that may Fieldwork event: Thurnham Roman villa be the outer wall or palisade of the villa precinct. Event code: ARC THM 98 HS1 chainage: 63+500 Fieldwork event: Thurnham Roman villa and land south of NGR: TQ 7980 5720 Corbier Hall, Thurnham Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Event code: ARC THM 96 Type of investigation: Detailed excavation and strip, map and HS1 chainage: 63+500 sample excavation NGR: TQ 7980 5720 Start of fieldwork: November 1998 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology End of fieldwork: June 1999 Type of investigation: Evaluation Integrated Site Report reference: Lawrence 2006 Start of fieldwork: November 1996 Map Window 16 End of fieldwork: November 1996 Integrated Site Report reference: Lawrence 2006 The earliest evidence of human activity was represented by Evaluation report reference: OA 1997j individual flint artefacts distributed across the site. No signifi- Map Window 16 cant in situ scatters were present although a single microlith points to an early presence on the site. The first substantive The evaluation comprised a total of 23 trenches. The site of the remains were represented by an isolated large ramped Scheduled Ancient Monument of Thurnham Roman Villa was waterhole. This appears to be of Middle Bronze Age date (c examined together with a corridor to the south-east which 1600–1100 BC) and contained a pin and a dagger of that included land close to the Scheduled Ancient Monument of period, possibly deposited as part of a closing ritual when the medieval Corbier Hall. The wall footings of the villa were feature was back-filled. revealed, together with the footings of an aisled building 50m Evidence for permanent settlement first appears in the Late to the east and evidence of other structures in adjacent trenches. Iron Age, first at Hockers Lane, followed by the establishment Archaeological deposits, including ditches, pits, cobbled of a large enclosed settlement at Thurnham. Activity at Hockers spreads and building debris, were widespread in an area Lane consisted of a sequence of curvingM gully enclosures. Little 579500 580000 580500 ARC 420 99

0 157500 0 0 +

63 Honeyhills Wood East of Hockers Lane

0 50 + 3 6 South of Corbier Hall

Thurnham Roman Villa

157000

Thurnham Roman Villa and 00 0 Land South of Corbier Hall + 64

Thurnham East of Corbier Hall

156500 Map Window 16 Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 475 physical remains of structures survived within the enclosed There is no evidence for occupation or land-use after the area, although a fairly large material culture assemblage points start of the 5th century, until the establishment of Corbier Hall to probable domestic occupation from the second half of the moated manor (SAM KE 309) on the low lying ground to the 2nd century BC at the earliest, extending up to the conquest east of the former villa. Evidence from this area includes periph- period but probably not much beyond. eral features of the manor, containing artefacts of 12th to 13th Occupation at Hockers Lane may have been succeeded by, or century date. The moat ditch was maintained into the post- slightly overlapped with, the earliest settlement at Thurnham. medieval period and incorporated into a system of post- This consisted of a large rectilinear enclosure of two phases, medieval land drainage ditches. Post-medieval land use was containing traces of two roundhouses and two four-post characterised by pasture and woodland, until the intensification structures, occupying an area of raised ground. The rectilinear of arable farming after the Second World War, when all enclosure was modified and extended c AD 60. At the same upstanding features of Corbier Hall and the surrounding time a Romanised proto-villa building, with a tiled roof and woodland were removed and levelled. painted plaster walls, was constructed as the settlement focus, complemented by a similar-sized possible temple building to the south. The pottery and other finds from this period hint at Fieldwork event: South of Corbier Hall continuity of site ownership or tenure on either side of AD 43. Event code: ARC CHS 95 Outside the enclosure, another possible religious or ritual focus HS1 chainage: 63+800 was present, in the form of a massive free-standing post, raised NGR: TQ 8015 5700 on the approach to the entrance. The structural changes at this Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of Bradford time were accompanied by a large increase in the quantities of Type of investigation: Geophysical survey charred cereal remains deposited in features, indicating an Start of fieldwork: 1995 intensification of agricultural production at the site. End of fieldwork: 1995 A larger stone-built villa replaced the proto-villa structure in Survey report reference: GSB 1995b the early 2nd century, and the enclosure was extended and Map Window 16 modified at the same time. The stone villa was built over the top of the Iron Age enclosure ditch, which was deliberately in-filled. Detailed gradiometer and resistance surveys were undertaken. The replacement enclosure boundary was defined by substan- The resistance survey successfully located anomalies indicating tial fences that enclosed the rear and side of the villa building. the remains of the medieval moated manor site of Corbier Hall, Slightly after the completion of the villa, an aisled building of a Scheduled Ancient Monument. Although a low resistance similar dimensions was constructed to the north-east. The anomaly suggestive of a moat have been recorded, interpreta- enclosure was also extended to the north, beyond the limit of tion is confused by the known presence of an open drain visible excavation, and an evaluation trench in this area suggests that on OS maps. The gradiometry data was affected by modern a further building may exist here. ferrous disturbance and identified no archaeological features. The possible temple was demolished in the later 2nd century, and a large gated entrance was added, roughly central to the Fieldwork event: East of Corbier Hall, Thurnham axis of the villa. Possibly as part of these changes, or shortly Event code: ARC CHE 95 after, a small bath house was added to the southern end of the HS1 chainage: 64+200 villa and a large square extension, with a forward projecting NGR: TQ 8030 5680 apse, was added to the northern end. Relatively good dating Contractor: A Bartlett and Associates evidence places this work in the last quarter of the second Type of investigation: Geophysical survey century. Further development included the construction of a Start of fieldwork: 1995 14-post timber agricultural building outside the core enclosure. End of fieldwork: 1995 No further structural additions were made after the early 3rd Integrated Site Report reference: Lawrence 2006 century, and later activity at the site is characterised by a distinct Survey report reference: ABA 1996a change in the character of occupation. None of the boundaries Map Window 16 were maintained and the bath house was either demolished or allowed to collapse by the late 3rd century. At this point the central room of the villa was converted into a small smithy that PRINCIPAL SITE: SNARKHURST WOOD was probably engaged in the recycling of collected scrap iron. Project Area 420 The aisled building was no longer standing by the turn of the 3rd Chainage limits: 66+300 - 68+100 century and appears to have been deliberately demolished. Parishes crossed: Hollingbourne However, the estate apparently continued to act as a focus of Integrated Site Report reference: Diez 2006c agricultural production, as a corn-drier was built on the site of Map Window 17 the 14-post building in the later Roman period. This feature appears to have been the main focus of activity on the site, Fieldwork event: Crismill Lane, Maidstone particularly in the later part of the 4th century and produced Event code: ARC CSM 98 large assemblages of associated charred cereals. Combined with HS 1 chainage: 64+500 the general paucity of clear domestic occupation and associated NGR: TQ 8175 5580 finds assemblages, these developments suggest that the villa Contractor: Oxford Archaeology ceased to function as a high status occupation site, possibly Type of investigation: Evaluation being subsumed into a larger estate by this time. A large oven Start of fieldwork: January 1999 within the main villa building is the only clear evidence for late End of fieldwork: January 1999 Roman domestic occupation. The area of the corn-drier seems to Integrated Site Report reference: Diez 2006c have provided the focus for continued ritual activity, as wild Evaluation report reference: OA 1999g animals were deliberately buried in the shaft of a well. Map Window 17 476 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent

The evaluation comprised a total of nine trenches. A single Fieldwork event: Land south of Snarkhurst Wood, undated possible pit or ditch was uncovered. Hollingbourne Event code: ARC SNK 99 Fieldwork event: Woodcut Farm HS 1 chainage: 65+100 Event code: URL 90 NGR: TQ 8230 5520 HS1 chainage: 64+400 - 65+700 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology NGR: TQ 8200 5540 Type of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavation Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Start of fieldwork: January 1999 Type of investigation: Surface artefact collection survey End of fieldwork: February 1999 Start of fieldwork: 1990 Integrated Site Report reference: Diez 2006c End of fieldwork: 1990 Map Window 17 Survey report reference: URL 1995 Map Window 17 The excavation produced evidence for a settlement of Late Iron Age and Early Roman date. Features included rectangular and Fieldwork event: Land south of Snarkhurst Wood, sub-rectangular enclosure ditches and several posthole Hollingbourne structures, including one small, circular building with a central Event code: ARC SNK 95 post and five four-post structures. Other evidence for occupa- HS 1 chainage: 65+100 tion included a small kiln or furnace associated with metal - NGR: TQ 823 552 working slag, and several storage or rubbish pits. Burial Contractor: Oxford Archaeology evidence was restricted to a single cremation. The features were Type of investigation: Evaluation overlain by elements of the post-medieval field system and a Start of fieldwork: November 1995 possible trackway. End of fieldwork: November 1995 Integrated Site Report reference: Diez 2006c Evaluation report reference: OA 1996 PRINCIPAL SITE: EYHORNE STREET Map Window 17 Project Area 420 Chainage limits: 68+100 - 68+500 The evaluation comprised a total of 19 trenches. A single pit Parishes crossed: Hollingbourne containing Mesolithic or early Neolithic worked flint was Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006b identified, and Iron Age and early Roman features of possibly Map Window 18 domestic character.

4+0 581500 582000 582500 6

0 0 +5 4 6 Crismill Lane

ARC 420 99 155500 Woodcut Farm

00 0 5+ 6

South of Snarkhurst Wood 0

65+50 West of Eyhorne Snarkhurst Wood Street 155000

Map Window 17

Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 477

Fieldwork event: West of Eyhorne Street present. The eastern half was much quieter magnetically and Event code: ARC ESTW 95 scanning located several responses of possible interest. HS1 chainage: 68+000 NGR: TQ 8350 5430 Fieldwork event: South-East of Eyhorne Street Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of Bradford Event code: ARC SEE 99 Type of investigation: Geophysical survey HS1 chainage: 68+000 Start of fieldwork: 1995 NGR: TQ 8350 5430 End of fieldwork: 1995 Contractor: Wessex Archaeology Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006b Type of investigation: Evaluation Survey report reference: GSB 1995c Start of fieldwork: May 1999 Map Window 18 End of fieldwork: May 1999 Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006b Although some areas of enhanced response were noted, they Evaluation report reference: WA 1999b were most likely to be due to modern disturbance or localised Map Window 18 contamination. The evaluation revealed a total of fourteen features and Fieldwork event: East of Eyhorne Street deposits of archaeological interest, including six ditches, Event code: ARC ESTE 95 three pits, one posthole, one tree-throw and an extant HS1 chainage: 68+400 lynchet earthwork. Of the datable features, one ditch appears NGR: TQ 8350 5430 to be post-medieval in date, whilst the remainder have been Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of Bradford identified as Late Bronze Age, with the exception of a tree- Type of investigation: Geophysical survey throw producing a small quantity of Late Iron Age/Roman Start of fieldwork: 1995 pottery. End of fieldwork: 1995 Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006b Fieldwork event: SE of Eyhorne Street Survey report reference: GSB 1995c Event code: ARC 420 99 Map Window 18 HS1 chainage: 68+200 NGR: TQ 8350 5430 Survey of the western half of the site was hindered by modern Contractor: Oxford Archaeology ferrous debris on the surface and in the topsoil. Given the levels Type of investigation: Watching brief discovery of magnetic noise, it is unlikely that scanning would have Start of fieldwork: November 1998 located weaker responses of possible archaeological interest, if End of fieldwork: September 2000 M 583000 583500 584000

0

7+50 6 West of Eyhorne Street

0 0 154500 +0 68

South-East of Eyhorne Street East of Eyhorne Street 0 0 5 + 8 6 ARC 420 99

Eyhorne Street

154000

000 + 9 6

Map Window 18 478 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent

Integrated Site Report Reference: Hayden 2006b flint associated with the features in the general area of trench Map Window 18 3603TT may be considered as more representative of settlement evidence for this period, whilst Roman settlement evidence may This watching brief revealed artefacts and features dating from be centred on trench 3528TT. The features in the latter trench at least five phases of activity, the most significant of which date may be associated with a cropmark complex previously noted from the Neolithic and the Iron Age. The earliest activities on in this area. the site are represented by two residual Mesolithic microliths Other features and finds of note include a possible ditch or and by a small number of residual Early–Middle Neolithic palaeochannel that has produced a small assemblage of early sherds. Probable Neolithic worked flint was found in a group prehistoric (ie Mesolithic/earlier Neolithic) worked flint; a large of pits and a tree-throw hole. A quite dense scatter of tree- spread of burnt colluvium that may be associated with a former throw holes was excavated along the western side of the site. brick industry in the area (suggested by place-name evidence); This worked flint provides the only dating evidence for these and stray finds such as a Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age features. They need not, however, all be of the same date. A bullhead flint knife recovered from a topsoil context. distinct group of smaller, circular tree holes, perhaps deriving from deliberate clearance of small trees or shrubs, may post- Fieldwork event: A20 Diversion Holm Hill date this phase. Two pits provide evidence for Late Neolithic Event code: ARC HOL 99 activity (c 2900–2500 cal BC) associated with Grooved Ware. HS1 chainage: 70+000 One of these pits was distinguished by an unusual deposit NGR: TQ 8480 5330 containing decorated Grooved Ware, a decorated clay object, Contractor: Wessex Archaeology and a charred crab apple. A pair of small pits containing very Type of investigation: Detailed excavation small quantities of possibly residual cremated human remains, Start of fieldwork: March 1999 charred hazelnuts, and Beaker sherds, and another, more End of fieldwork: April 1999 distant pit provide evidence for activity between c 2300 and PX assessment report reference (no ISR): URS 2001e 1900 cal BC. Following this, activity on the site resumed only Map Window 19 in the Early and Middle Iron Age (c 600–200 cal BC). The evidence from this phase consists of some very shallow ditches, Although relatively few datable artefacts were recovered, a sequence of hollows, and eight pits which may have lain at the sufficient evidence does exist to indicate Early Bronze Age, Late edge of a more extensive settlement. As well as rich deposits of Bronze Age/Early Iron Age, Iron Age, Roman, medieval and charred grain and pottery, and a little animal bone, the pits also post-medieval activity at the site. However, the paucity of contained more exceptional material: a bent iron dagger, a datable remains from excavated features restricts opportunities small ceramic cup either imported from or imitating pottery to confidently characterise the nature of such activity from the Champagne region, and a bowl which was neatly cut in half. Later activity is represented by a post-medieval ditch. Fieldwork event: Harrietsham Event code: ARC HRT 95 HS1 chainage: 71+500 PRINCIPAL SITE: HOLM HILL, HARRIETSHAM NGR: TQ 8635 5250 Project Area 420 Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of Bradford Chainage limits: 68+500 - 73+000 Type of investigation: Geophysical survey Parishes crossed: Hollingbourne/ Harrietsham Start of fieldwork: 1994 Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006b End of fieldwork: 1994 Map Windows 19–20 Survey report reference (no ISR): GSB 1995d Map Window 20 Fieldwork event: A20 Diversion Holm Hill Event code: ARC HOL 98 Although the magnetic susceptibility varied across this transect, it HS1 chainage: 70+000 appeared to be attributable primarily to recent land use and NGR: TQ 8480 5330 topsoil contamination. One cluster of enhanced readings Contractor: Wessex Archaeology corresponded to an anomaly located during scanning that may be Type of investigation: Evaluation archaeologically significant but the lack of associated responses Start of fieldwork: January 1999 makes an archaeological interpretation tentative. End of fieldwork: January 1999 Integrated Site Report reference: Hayden 2006b Fieldwork event: Harrietsham Mesolithic Evaluation report reference: WA 2004a Event code: ARC HRT 97 Map Window 19 HS1 chainage: 71+000 and 71+600 NGR: TQ 8590 5270 and TQ 8640 5250 The evaluation comprised a total of 39 trenches measuring 30m Contractor: Oxford Archaeology x 1.8m and two measuring 15m x 1.8m. The evaluation Type of investigation: Evaluation revealed evidence of Late Bronze Age and Roman activity at the Start of fieldwork: September 1997 site, generally focussed on the main sand ridge crossing the site End of fieldwork: September 1997 and the lower ground to the south-east respectively. Insufficient Evaluation report reference (no ISR): OA 1997g evidence was recorded to characterise the nature of the possible Map Window 20 settlement remains. The absence of significant quantities of finds may suggest Sixteen one-metre square test-pits were hand excavated to deter - that occupation during the Late Bronze Age or Roman periods mine the location, extent and composition of any Meso lithic was not particularly intensive in the immediate area. However, lithic concentrations. The test-pits did not produce the quantity the small concentration of Late Bronze Age pottery and worked of Mesolithic flints consistent with the earlier recorded flint Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 479 584500 585000 585500

000 + 9 6

0 0 5 + 9 6

153500

0

70+00

A20 Diversion Holm Hill A20 Diversion Holm Hill

0 0 +5 0 7

Holm Hill 153000

Map Window 19

153000 586000 586500 587000

0

1+00 7

ARC 420 99 500 1+ 7

152500 Harrietsham Mesolithic

Harrietsham

0

72+00

Harrietsham East Street

0

Holm Hill 72+50 152000

Map Window 20 480 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent scatters in Harrietsham, the bulk of the 194 pieces of worked HS1 chainage: 74+000 flint recovered appearing to be Neolithic in date and much of NGR: TQ 8830 5100 this probably later Neolithic. Colluvial deposits containing Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of Bradford medieval pottery were identified on the slopes down to the river. Type of investigation: Geophysical survey Start of fieldwork: 1994 Fieldwork event: Harrietsham East Street End of fieldwork: 1994 Event code: ARC HES 98 Integrated Site Report reference: Trevarthen 2006 HS1 chainage: 72+200 Survey report reference (no ISR): GSB 1995i NGR: TQ 8690 5220 Map Window 21 Contractor: Wessex Archaeology Type of investigation: Evaluation Although scanning identified a few anomalies of possible Start of fieldwork: January 1999 archaeological interest, their association with obviously ferrous End of fieldwork: January 1999 responses casts some doubt on such an interpretation. The Evaluation report reference (no ISR): WA 1999d results of the magnetic susceptibility survey showed a great deal Map Window 20 of variation. While some of this may be attributable to archae- ological factors, recent land use seems to be a more probable The evaluation comprised a total of seven trenches. Eight cause. archaeological features were recorded, predominantly concen- trated within the trenches in the south-east half of the site. These Fieldwork event: West of Sandway include four ditches and a gully, all undated, a post-medieval Event code: ARC SNDW 95 palaeochannel and a further two undated palaeochannels. HS1 chainage: 73+600 NGR: TQ 8800 5120 Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of Bradford PRINCIPAL SITE: SANDWAY ROAD, LENHAM Type of investigation: Geophysical survey Project Area 420 Start of fieldwork: 1994 Chainage limits: 73+000 - 74+700 End of fieldwork: 1994 Parishes crossed: Lenham Integrated Site Report reference: Trevarthen 2006 Integrated Site Report reference: Trevarthen 2006 Survey report reference (no ISR): GSB 1995i Map Window 21 Map Window 21

Fieldwork event: Sandway No indication of archaeologically significant responses was Event code: ARC SND 95 identified. 587500 588000 588500

0 00

73+

500

3+ 7 ARC 420 99

151500 Sandway Road West of Sandway 000

74+

Sandway

0

50 + Sandway 74

151000 Sandway Road

Map Window 21

Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 481

Fieldwork event: Sandway Road, nr Sandway worked flint as well as a number of possible features within a Event code: ARC SWR 98 concentrated area located on a slight terrace in the west-facing HS1 chainage: 73+500 slope of the area. The remains have produced over 7500 pieces of NGR: TQ 8800 5150 worked flint, the majority of which would not be out of place in a Contractor: Wessex Archaeology Late Mesolithic assemblage. Earlier Neolithic evidence included Type of investigation: Evaluation dated features and pottery in considerable quantities as residual Start of fieldwork: January 1999 finds from a number of later features. Elements of the Mesolithic End of fieldwork: January 1999 assemblage appear to be diagnostically Earlier Neolithic in origin, Integrated Site Report reference: Trevarthen 2006 and the possibility exists that there may be a transition between the Evaluation report reference: WA 1999h two periods at the site. Neolithic occupation appears to have Map Window 21 continued into the Later Neolithic, and continuing into the Early Bronze Age, at which point activity at the site appears to diminish, The evaluation comprised a total of nine trenches. Four archaeo- with the exception of at least one large Late Iron Age/Roman ditch. logical features were recorded, comprising a probable tree-throw that may be dated to the Middle Neolithic, a ditch and pit of prob - Fieldwork event: Sandway able Middle/Late Bronze Age date and an undated possible hearth. Event code: URL 90 Pieces of worked flint and very occasional sherds of Bronze and HS1 chainage: 73+500 - 74+650 Iron Age pottery were recovered from colluvial deposits. NGR: TQ 8830 5100 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Type of investigation: Surface artefact collection survey Fieldwork event: Sandway Road, nr Sandway Start of fieldwork: 1990 Event code: ARC SWR 99 End of fieldwork: 1990 HS1 chainage: 73+500 Survey report reference: URL 1995 NGR: TQ 8800 5150 Map Window: 21 Contractor: Wessex Archaeology Type of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavation Start of fieldwork: April 1999 PRINCIPAL SITE: CHAPEL MILL, LENHAM End of fieldwork: May 1999 Project Area 420 Integrated Site Report reference: Trevarthen 2006 Chainage limits: 74+700 - 78+000 Map Window 21 Parishes crossed: Lenham PX assessment report reference (no ISR): URS, 2000d Mesolithic remains were recorded, comprising two scatters of Map Windows 22–23 M

5 589000 589500 590000 74+ Sandway

Chilston Park

151000 ARC 420 99

5+000 7

Sandway

0 0 +5 5 7

West of 150500 Chapel Mill

Chapel Mill

+000 6 7

Chapel Mill

150000 Map Window 22 482 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent

Fieldwork event: Chilston Park, Lenham End of fieldwork: January 1999 Event code: ARC CHPK 95 Evaluation report reference: OA 1999f HS1 chainage: 74+700 Map Window 22 NGR: TQ 8910 5100 Contractor: A Bartlett and Associates The evaluation comprised a total of 12 trenches. An area of Type of investigation: Geophysical survey modern disturbance overlying a post-medieval ditch and two Start of fieldwork: 1995 undated pits were identified to the north-east of the Lenham End of fieldwork: 1995 Heath Road. Five undated, shallow linear features and an Survey report reference: ABA 1996a undated curving ditch were identified to the south-west of Map Window 16 Lenham Heath Road.

Fieldwork event: Chilston Park, Lenham Fieldwork event: Chapel Mill Event code: ARC CHPK 97 Event code: ARC CML 95 HS1 chainage: 74+700 HS1 chainage: 76+500 NGR: TQ 8910 5100 NGR: TQ 9040 5000 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Contractor: A Bartlett and Associates Type of investigation: Evaluation Type of investigation: Geophysical survey Start of fieldwork: October 1999 Start of fieldwork: 1995 End of fieldwork: October 1999 End of fieldwork: 1995 Evaluation report reference: OA 1997d Survey report reference: ABA 1996b Map Window 22 Map Window 23

The evaluation comprised a total of 12 trenches. Two ditches Magnetic susceptibility and magnetometer surveys were carried were identified, one post-medieval and the other undated. out, but in both surveys responses were relatively weak and are probably the result of geological variations. Fieldwork event: West of Chapel Mill, Lenham Heath Event code: ARC WCM 97 Fieldwork event: Chapel Mill, Lenham HS1 chainage: 76+000 Event code: ARC CML 97 NGR: TQ 8990 5040 HS1 chainage: 76+500 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology NGR: TQ 9040 5000 Type of investigation: Evaluation Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Start of fieldwork: January 1999 Type of investigation: Evaluation 590500 591000 591500

00 0

76+

West of Chapel Mill

0 0 5 150000 76+ Chapel Mill ARC 420 99

Old and Water Street ! Cottages

0

+00 Old and Water 77 Street Cottages

149500

500 + 77 Chapel Mill Lenham Heath

Map Window 23

Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 483

Start of fieldwork: October 1997 Fieldwork event: Lenham Heath End of fieldwork: November 1997 Event code: ARC LHT 97 Evaluation report reference: OA 1997c HS1 chainage: 77+700 Map Window 23 NGR: TQ 9150 4830 Contractor: Wessex Archaeology The evaluation comprised a total of 13 trenches. A single Late Type of investigation: Evaluation Bronze Age pit containing a substantial amount of pottery and Start of fieldwork: December 1997 two Mid–Late Iron Age ditches were identified. End of fieldwork: December 1997 Evaluation report reference: WA 1998 Fieldwork event: Chapel Mill, Lenham Map Window 23 Event code: ARC CML 99 HS1 chainage: 76+500 The evaluation comprised a total of 12 trenches, and revealed a NGR: TQ 9040 5000 small number of features, all of post-medieval or modern date. Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Type of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavation Start of fieldwork: March 1999 PROJECT AREA 430 End of fieldwork: March 1999 The Project Area 430 watching brief included all permanent PX Assessment report reference (no ISR): OA 1999p and temporary land-take associated with construction of the Map Window 23 HS1 from East of Lenham Heath to Ashford (NGR TQ 9190 4920 to TR 0345 4050). This includes the railway trace (at Two cremation burials, dated on the basis of a small amount of grade, within cuttings and on embankments), bridges and pottery to the Iron Age, were discovered, as well as two linear associated works (mitigation earthworks, construction sites, boundary ditches. transformer stations etc.). Areas previously subject to detailed or strip, map and sample excavation were excluded from the Fieldwork event: Old and Water Street Cottages, Lenham monitoring. Areas that were known not to contain significant Event code: ARC WSC 99 deposits (for example tunnels, and areas of known large-scale HS1 chainage: 74+700 modern disturbance) were also excluded. All watching brief NGR: TQ 9060 4980 fieldwork in this route section was undertaken by Oxford Contractor: Canterbury Archaeological Trust Archaeology. Significant individual discoveries are listed as Type of investigation: Evaluation fieldwork events below and in an interim report on the ADS Start of fieldwork: April 1999 website (URS 2000h). Significant individual discoveries are the End of fieldwork: May 1999 subject of Integrated Site Reports (cf Leda Cottages, Tutt Hill, Evaluation report reference: CAT 1997d Beechbrook Wood) and/or post-excavation assessments (cf Map Window 23 Lodge Wood). Unlike the areas of chalk geology (Project Area 330), it was generally not possible to obtain a coherent feature The evaluation comprised a total of five trenches. Four trenches map under watching brief conditions except in ‘targeted were devoid of any archaeological features and one trench watching brief’ areas where soil stripping methods were contained the remnants of a collapsed stone wall and a modified to an archaeological specification (in which excava- fragment of chalk floor, on the location of a ‘non domestic tors were fitted with toothless ditching buckets, and dump building’ depicted on the Ordnance Survey map of 1867. trucks were prohibited from running on stripped areas).

Fieldwork event: Old and Water Street Cottages, Lenham Event code: ARC WSC 99 PRINCIPAL SITE: BROCKTON FARM HS1 chainage: 74+700 Project Area 430 NGR: TQ 9060 4980 Chainage limits: 78+150 - 78+600 Contractor: Canterbury Archaeological Trust Parishes crossed: Charing Type of investigation: Building survey Building investigation report reference (no ISR): OA 2001a Start of fieldwork: 2001 Map Window 24 End of fieldwork: 2001 Building survey report reference: Austin 2001 Fieldwork event: Brockton Farm, Charing Map Window 23 Event code: ARC BRO 98 HS1 chainage: 78+400 Fieldwork event: Lenham Heath NGR: TQ 9205 4890 Event code: ARC LHT 95 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology HS1 chainage: 77+700 Type of investigation: Evaluation NGR: TQ 9150 4830 Start of fieldwork: August 1997 Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of Bradford End of fieldwork: August 1997 Type of investigation: Geophysical survey Building survey report reference: OA 1998b Start of fieldwork: 1995 Map Window 24 End of fieldwork: 1995 Survey report reference: GSB 1995e The evaluation comprised a total of 19 trenches. Two gullies Map Window 23 that were sealed by colluvium may have been prehistoric, although neither produced dating evidence. The remaining Magnetometry and magnetic susceptibility surveys were features, predominantly pits, ditches and gullies, were probably undertaken. No archaeological features were identified. associated with post-medieval agricultural activities. 484 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent

Fieldwork event: Brockton Farm and Barn, Charing ointing in adding to our understanding of the building, any trace Event code: ARC BRO 00 of early arrangements having been effectively destroyed by HS1 chainage: 78+400 previous phases of extension and alteration of the house. NGR: TQ 9205 4890 A majority of the 17th-century elements of the building were Contractor: Oxford Archaeology salvaged during the demolition process and have been deposited Type of investigation: Building investigation (including archae- with the Weald and Downland Museum, Singleton. ology) Start of fieldwork: 2000 End of fieldwork: 2000 PRINCIPAL SITE: HURST WOOD, CHARING Building survey report reference: OA 2001a Project Area 430 Map Window 24 Chainage limits: 78+600 - 82+200 Parishes crossed: Charing Archaeological recording in advance of, and during the disman- PX assessment report reference (no ISR): URS 2000f tling of the Grade II Listed farmhouse at Brockton Farm Map Windows 24–25 (Charing Heath) revealed evidence for a fairly detailed reconstruction of a substantial 17th-century timber framed Fieldwork event: Charing Heath house built around a surviving brick stack. Within the eastern Event code: ARC CHT 95 section of the 17th-century roof structure, elements of a pre- HS1 chainage: 79+000 17th-century gabled wing were identified. The structural NGR: TQ 9260 4860 evidence for a building of relatively high status has been Contractor: A Bartlett and Associates supported by documentary sources which would appear to Type of investigation: Geophysical survey indicate that Brockton Farm may in fact represent the original Start of fieldwork: 1995 medieval manor house. In the late 18th century the plan of the End of fieldwork: 1995 house was enlarged to produce an approximately square plan Survey report reference: ABA 1996a with an attached pent-roofed extension to the south. The later Map Window 24 structural development of the farmhouse has been traced through an analysis of the fabric and a total of seven distinct Fieldwork event: Hurst Wood, Charing Heath phases of work have been identified. Of particular interest was Event code: ARC HWD 97 a ‘spiritual midden’ deposit retrieved from behind a studwork HS1 chainage: 79+400 partition wall at first floor level; the deposit comprised a NGR: TQ 9300 4850 selection of leather shoes, garments, personal objects and three Contractor: Wessex Archaeology ‘mummified’ cats. Archaeological excavation proved disapp - Type of investigation: Evaluation M 592000 592500 593000

Brockton Farm 000 8+ 7

149000 ARC 430 99 Brockton Farm Brockton Farm 00 +5 8 7

Charing Heath

00 +0 9 7

Hurst Wood

148500

0 0 +5 Hurst Wood 9 7

Map Window 24 Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 485

Start of fieldwork: October 1997 Survey report reference: URL 1995 End of fieldwork: October 1997 Map Window: 25 Evaluation report reference: WA 1997a Map Window 24 Fieldwork event: East of Newlands, Charing Heath Event code: ARC NEW 97 The evaluation comprised a total of 14 trenches, and revealed HS1 chainage: 80+700 two shallow pits, a small gully, a shallow stake-hole and an NGR: TQ 9400 4780 irregular feature that may represent the truncated remains of a Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology third pit. A concentration of worked flint, including a Late Type of investigation: Evaluation Neolithic/Early Bronze Age plano-convex flint knife, was Start of fieldwork: April 1997 recovered from topsoil contexts within the same area. End of fieldwork: May 1997 Evaluation report reference (no ISR): MoLA 1997e Fieldwork event: Hurst Wood, Charing Heath Map Window 25 Event code: ARC HWD 98 HS1 chainage: 79+400 The evaluation comprised a total of 22 trenches. A possible NGR: TQ 9300 4850 trackway and two field boundary ditches dating from the Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Roman period were recorded, as was medieval occupation Type of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavation comprising features filled with domestic pottery and an Start of fieldwork: September 1998 oven/firepit. Post-medieval activity was represented by a rubble End of fieldwork: October 1998 spread over the western field, presumably from refurbishments PX assessment report reference (no ISR): OA 1999r to the 17th century buildings which now form the existing Map Window 24 Newlands Stud.

Postholes and furrows were recorded that may have been Fieldwork event: East of Newlands, Charing Heath associated with post-medieval hop cultivation. A number of pits Event code: ARC NEW 98 of uncertain date were excavated, many of which contained HS1 chainage: 80+700 evidence of burning and may have been associated with NGR: TQ 9370 4820 charcoal production, woodland clearance or some other form Contractor: Oxford Archaeology of woodland management. Type of investigation: Detailed excavation Start of fieldwork: September 1998 Fieldwork event: Hurst Wood End of fieldwork: September 1998 Event code: URL 90 Evaluation report reference (no ISR): OA 1999t HS1 chainage: 79+200 - 79+500 Map Window 25 NGR: TQ 9300 4840 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology A possible Roman trackway, first identified by evaluation Type of investigation: Surface artefact collection survey trenching, was re-exposed and sectioned. Limited artefactual Start of fieldwork: 1990 dating evidence was recovered, confirming the results of the End of fieldwork: 1990 evaluation. Survey report reference: URL 1995 Map Window: 24 Fieldwork event: East of Newlands Event code: ARC 430 99 Fieldwork event: Hurst Wood WBG HS1 chainage: 80+100 Event code: ARC 430 99 NGR: TQ 9360 4810 HS1 chainage: 79+500 to 79+950 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology NGR: TQ 9330 4820 Type of investigation: Watching brief discovery Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Start of fieldwork: July 2001 Type of investigation: Watching brief discovery End of fieldwork: September 2001 Start of fieldwork: July 2001 Watching brief interim report reference (no ISR): WB 2000b End of fieldwork: September 2001 Map Window 25 Watching brief interim report reference (no ISR): WB 2000b Map Window 24 (not illustrated) A holloway that was first discovered during evaluation, and which may form part of the Roman road from Rochester to Thirty-six 2nd World War concrete tank traps were discovered Dover, was further investigated, and an abraded fragment of beneath a farm track. They were not in situ, and may have been samian ware dating to the mid 2nd century was recovered from moved from their original position during the construction of the stripped surface (80+100). the M20. Two badly disturbed Middle Iron Age cremation burials with the remains of cremation urns were uncovered (79+950), Fieldwork event: Newlands and a shallow Middle Iron Age pit was discovered that Event code: URL 93 contained a charcoal rich fill and pottery and may have been a HS1 chainage: 80+100 - 81+800 third cremation pit that had been truncated by ploughing NGR: TQ 9400 4880 (79+950). Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Type of investigation: Surface artefact collection survey Fieldwork event: Newlands Stud to East of Pluckley Road Start of fieldwork: 1993 Event code: ARC 430 99 End of fieldwork: 1993 HS1 chainage: 81+200 486 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent

NGR: TQ 9460 4760 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Type of investigation: Watching brief discovery Type of investigation: Watching brief discovery Start of fieldwork: July 2001 Start of fieldwork: July 2001 End of fieldwork: September 2001 End of fieldwork: September 2001 Watching brief interim report reference (no ISR): WB 2000b Watching brief interim report reference (no ISR): WB 2000b Map Window 26 Map Window 25 (not illustrated) A concentration of 160 Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age Two Late Iron Age pits were investigated that contained slag, worked flint was recovered in the area of Leacon Lane. An area charcoal and possible kiln debris. These features were severely 30m x 20m was stripped under archaeological control to reveal plough truncated and consequently poorly defined. seven undated pits and a ditch that contained Early Roman pottery. Situated on higher ground to the north-east was a small Fieldwork event: East of Pluckley Road cluster of ten Late Iron Age or Early Roman pits. Event code: ARC PRD 97 HS1 chainage: 81+500 Fieldwork event: Leacon Lane NGR: TQ 9490 4750 Event code: ARC LLA 98 Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology HS1 chainage: 82+200 Type of investigation: Evaluation NGR: TQ 9550 4750 Start of fieldwork: 9th May 1997 Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology End of fieldwork: 21 May 1997 Type of investigation: Evaluation Evaluation report reference (no ISR): MoLA 1997k Start of fieldwork: July 1998 Map Windows 25–26 End of fieldwork: August 1998 Evaluation report reference (no ISR): MoLA 1999d The evaluation comprised a total of 37 trenches. It revealed Map Window 26 dispersed prehistoric quarrying, a Roman ditch, possibly associ- ated with a road, and three phases of medieval to post-medieval The evaluation comprised a total of 17 trenches. A single field boundary ditches. undated pit was identified.

Fieldwork event: Leacon Lane Fieldwork event: Westwell Leacon Event code: ARC 430 99 Event code: ARC WWL 98 HS1 chainage: 81+870 HS1 chainage: 82+600 NGR: TQ 9525 4750 NGR: TQ 9620 4750 593500 594000 594500 595000

0 0 East of Newlands 0+0 8

148000 ARC 430 99

0

50 + 0 8

Newlands

0 +000 1 0 East of Newlands 5 8

+

1

8

147500 East of Pluckley Road

Hurst Wood

Map Window 25

A

Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 487

Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology NGR: TQ 9650 4740 Type of investigation: Evaluation Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Start of fieldwork: August 1998 Type of investigation: Watching brief discovery End of fieldwork: August 1998 Start of fieldwork: July 2001 Evaluation report reference (no ISR): MoLA 1998j End of fieldwork: September 2001 Map Window 26 Integrated Site Report Reference: Diez 2006a Watching brief interim report reference: WB 2000b The evaluation comprised a total of 23 trenches. Three undated Map Window 27 (within same watching brief strip as Leda ditches were recorded. Cottages)

Fieldwork event: Westwell Leacon Four Late Iron Age pits were excavated, concentrated within an Event code: URL 90 area of 10m x 10m (83+300). HS1 chainage: 83+000 - 83+900 NGR: TQ 9670 4740 Fieldwork event: Leda Cottages, Charing Heath Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Event code: ARC 430 99 Type of investigation: Surface artefact collection survey HS1 chainage: 83+200 Start of fieldwork: 1993 NGR: TQ 9650 4740 End of fieldwork: 1993 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Survey report reference: URL 1995 Type of investigation: Watching brief discovery Map Window: 26 Start of fieldwork: July 2001 End of fieldwork: September 2001 Integrated Site Report Reference: Diez 2006a PRINCIPAL SITE: LEDA COTTAGES Map Window 27 (within same watching brief strip as Westwell Project Area 430 Leacon) Chainage limits: 82+200 - 83+800 Parishes crossed: Westwell The features recorded were principally of Roman date. Integrated Site Report Reference: Diez 2006a However, a small assemblage of redeposited worked flint, Map Windows 26–27 ranging in date from the Mesolithic to the Bronze Age, was also recovered, suggesting some prehistoric activity in the area. Late Fieldwork event: Westwell Leacon pre-Roman Iron Age occupation was identified in the form of a Event code: ARC 430 99 rectilinear enclosure, with two apparent entrances. Two four- HS1 chainage: 83+300 post structures, yielding evidence of cropM processing, and a few

148000 595000 595500 596000 596500

0 Newlands ARC 430 99 50 Leacon Lane Westwell Leacon &

81+ Leda Cottages

0

0

0

0

2+

0

8

+5

2 147500 8

0 Leacon Lane

83+00 East of Pluckley Road Westwell Leacon Leda Cottages

Leda Cottages

147000

Map Window 26 488 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent pits were identified within the enclosure. Evidence for iron Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1999e smelting activity was also tentatively attributed to this period, Map Window 26–27 based on very limited evidence. One furnace was located within The evaluation comprised a total of 18 trenches. The only the main enclosure but the main cluster of features associated archaeological feature identified was a pit of post-medieval with this activity was situated 100m to the north, in close date proximity to the present-day stream. It was composed of four furnaces and three pits. Dating evidence associated with iron- working was very tenuous but quantities of slag found in fills of PRINCIPAL SITE: TUTT HILL features of all phases indicate that this activity carried on Project Area 430 throughout the three phases of occupation. A second rectangular Chainage limits: 83+800 - 84+900 enclosure was dug, possibly in the second half of the 1st century Parishes crossed: Westwell AD, respecting the alignment of the earlier one, which was Integrated Site Report Reference: Brady 2006a therefore probably still in use. There were also a few pits and Map Window 27 postholes, a waterhole and a flint lined structure. A series of re- cuts, dated to the 2nd century AD, obliterated most of the Fieldwork event: Tutt Hill, Westwell original ditches of this second enclosure. The last phase of Event code: ARC THL 95 occupation, from the second half of the 2nd century to AD 270, HS1 chainage: 84+000 produced the largest assemblages of pottery. It was mostly NGR: TQ 9720 4695 represented by a series of discrete features including a rectan- Contractor: A Bartlett and Associates gular clay structure, several possible rubbish pits and postholes Type of investigation: Geophysical survey and two waterholes. The site appears to have been abandoned Start of fieldwork: 1995 around AD 250–270. End of fieldwork: 1995 Survey report reference: ABA 1996a Fieldwork event: Leda Cottages, Charing Heath Map Window 27 Event code: ARC LED 98 HS1 chainage: 83+600 Fieldwork event: Tutt Hill pill boxes, Westwell NGR: TQ 9670 4720 Event code: ARC TUT 98 Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology HS1 chainage: 84+100 Type of investigation: Evaluation NGR: TQ 9760 4670 Start of fieldwork: August 1998 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology End of fieldwork: August 1998 Type of investigation: Building investigation Integrated Site Report Reference: Diez 2006a Start of fieldwork: 2000 596500 597000 597500

Westwell Leacon & Leda Cottages 147500

00 0

83+

Leda Cottages ARC 430 99 Leda Cottages

0 0

83+5 Leda Cottages

147000

00 +0 4 Tutt Hill 8

! Tutt Hill Tut Hill pill boxes, Westwell

Tutt Hill

500 84+

146500 ARC 430 99 Map Window 27

Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 489

End of fieldwork: 2000 Building survey report reference: OA 2000b PRINCIPAL SITE: PARSONAGE FARM Map Window 27 Project Area 430 Chainage limits: 84+900 - 85+250 Fieldwork event: Tutt Hill, Westwell Parishes crossed: Westwell Event code: ARC TUT 98 Integrated Site Report Reference: Hill 2006 HS1 chainage: 84+100 Map Window 28 NGR: TQ 9720 4680 Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Fieldwork event: Parsonage Farm Type of investigation: Evaluation Event code: URL 90 Start of fieldwork: August 1998 HS1 chainage: 85+000 - 85+200 End of fieldwork: August 1998 NGR: TQ 9800 4610 Integrated Site Report reference: Brady 2006a Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1998h Type of investigation: Surface artefact collection survey Map Window 27 Start of fieldwork: 1990 End of fieldwork: 1990 The evaluation comprised a total of nine trenches. An undated Survey report reference: URL 1995 stone wall foundation and ditch were recorded. Map Window: 28

Fieldwork event: Tutt Hill, Westwell Fieldwork event: West of Station Road, Parsonage Farm, Event code: ARC 430 99 Westwell HS1 chainage: 84+500 Event code: ARC PFM 97 NGR: TQ 9760 4660 HS1 chainage: 85+000 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology NGR: TQ 9800 4610 Type of investigation: Watching brief discovery Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Start of fieldwork: March 1999 Type of investigation: Evaluation End of fieldwork: August 1999 Start of fieldwork: September 1997 Integrated Site Report reference: Brady 2006a End of fieldwork: September 1997 Map Window 27 Integrated Site Report reference: Hill 2006 Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1997g In the course of the watching brief, a concentration of archaeo- Map Window 28 logical features was exposed at Tutt Hill. The small number of features recorded ranged in date from Middle Neolithic The evaluation comprised a total of 19 trenches. It revealed the through to the Saxo-Norman period. These demonstrate a stone foundations of a rectangular building of medieval date, sequence of activity of great length, with a possible hiatus of associated with a substantial artificial channel, possibly a moat. activity in the Early Iron Age and for most of the Late Roman A number of pits of similar date were also recorded. and Saxon period. The earliest activity identified was in the form of pits that Fieldwork event: Parsonage Farm, Westwell belong to ephemeral and temporary occupation in the Early and Event code: ARC PFM 98 Middle Neolithic, followed by a probable period of woodland HS1 chainage: 85+150 clearance resulting in the deposition of a layer of colluvium. NGR: TQ 9805 4605 Four ring-ditches, that almost certainly belonged to round Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology barrows, were constructed in the Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Type of investigation: Detailed excavation Age (Beaker) period. During the Middle and Late Bronze Age Start of fieldwork: September 1998 the barrows became a focus for secondary burial (cremated End of fieldwork: March 1999 remains) and other ritual offerings – some of which can be Integrated Site Report reference: Hill 2006 interpreted as ‘closing’ deposits, and part of the landscape was Map Window 28 divided and reorganised with the laying out of a field system. After a hiatus in occupation of about 200 years, the site was a Possibly the first human activity on the site was evidenced by focus for industrial activity during the Middle to Late Iron Age. worked timbers and brushwood forming a possible platform in A furnace and pits containing metalworking debris and crucible the bed of the stream, with pottery dated to the Late Iron fragments were clustered in the far north-west of the site and a Age–Early Roman period. A possible mill leet or mill race dated single pit deposit indicates either small-scale occupation or by pottery to the period AD 1050–1150 was found, parallel to hints at associated settlement nearby. and possibly associated with the revetted edge of a natural stream. In the Late Iron Age to Early Roman period a single The main object of the excavation was the site of a moated cremation burial, again in the vicinity of the ring-ditches, farmstead or manor-house, containing a hall and outbuildings suggests a reuse of the site for funerary activity and is an occupied between c 1150–1350. indicator that the barrow mounds were still extant. The last activity on a substantial scale took place during the Late Iron Fieldwork event: Station Road, Westwell Age, probably between 50 BC and AD 1, but the site was Event code: ARC SRD 95 revisited at least once for the deposition of a cremation burial HS1 chainage: 85+300 during the Early Roman period. NGR: TQ 9790 4600 A pit dated to the early medieval period, represents ancillary Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of Bradford activity almost certainly related to the early phases of the Type of investigation: Geophysical Survey manorial complex at Parsonage Farm, to the south-east. Start of fieldwork: 1995 490 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent

End of fieldwork: 1995 firepits were also identified. Several late prehistoric sherds and Survey report reference (no ISR): GSB 1995l medieval building material was found residually. Map Window: 28 Fieldwork event: Beechbrook Wood, Westwell Magnetometry and magnetic susceptibility surveys were carried Event code: ARC BBW 00 out. No archaeological features were identified. HS1 chainage: 86+000 NGR: TQ 9850 4560 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology PRINCIPAL SITE: BEECHBROOK WOOD Type of investigation: Targeted watching brief and strip, map Project Area 430 and sample Chainage limits: 85+250 - 86+200 Start of fieldwork: October 2000 Parishes crossed: Westwell End of fieldwork: August 2001 Integrated Site Report Reference: Brady 2006b Integrated Site Report reference: Brady 2006b Map Windows 28–29 Map Window 28–29

Fieldwork event: Beechbrook Wood, Westwell The features recorded range in date from the Late Mesolithic Event code: ARC BBW 98 through to the Middle Roman. A brief period of occupation HS1 chainage: 86+000 during the Late Mesolithic period is demonstrated by a utilised NGR: TQ 9850 4560 tree-throw hole, which contained a large lithic assemblage and Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology yielded a single radiocarbon date. Type of investigation: Evaluation Early Neolithic activity includes an isolated flint rich pit Start of fieldwork: August 1998 deposit, which also contained a complete quern and the remains End of fieldwork: August 1998 of at least two plain bowls. Other Early Neolithic material was Integrated Site Report reference: Brady 2006b recovered as redeposited material from the ring-ditches of two Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1997a round barrows. Map Windows 28–29 The ring-ditches of four barrows were excavated, although no direct evidence for human burial or extant earthworks The evaluation comprised a total of 39 trenches, each survived. A complete Beaker was found in a pit within one of measuring 30m x 1.5m. Fourteen trenches revealed archaeolog- these ring-ditches and is interpreted as a possible votive ical features. The majority of features were linear field drains offering. A radiocarbon date on a deposit of charred hazelnuts and ditches dating predominantly to the Late Iron Age to Early indicates that at least one of the remaining ring-ditches is of Roman period. Several tree-throw holes and two possible similar Beaker period date. M 597500 598000 598500 599000

+000 85 ARC 430 99 Parsonage Farm

Parsonage Farm Beechbrook Wood 146000 Beechbrook Wood

Station Road

500 85+

145500

South of Beechbrook Wood 86+000 Map Window 28 Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 491

During the Middle Bronze Age, two spatially separate construction of a new enclosure in the Roman period. Small activity areas developed. One was a group of cremation burials scale land division, cremation burial and pit digging was and pits and a possible building, possibly enclosed on two sides also undertaken. Use of the site probably ceased at around by ditches. Activity in this area included metalworking. The AD 250. second comprised a group of pits contained large amounts of Sherds of medieval pottery, recovered from the subsoil, fired clay, mainly from ovens or hearths, indicating cooking or suggest peripheral activity related to the nearby Parsonage cereal drying. Farm and Yonsea Farm manorial complexes. The Late Bronze Age saw the development of an E-W and N- S aligned field system. Several pits were also sited along these Fieldwork event: South of Beechbrook Wood, Westwell boundaries. A cremation burial dating to this phase was cut Event code: ARC BWD 95 into the fill of the Mesolithic pit. HS1 chainage: 86+000 Middle Iron Age activity was concentrated in the far south NGR: TQ 9835 4540 east of the site. A double-ditched concentric settlement Contractor: A Bartlett and Associates enclosure was constructed, the fills of which contained a very Type of investigation: Geophysical survey important Middle Iron Age pottery assemblage. A group of pits Start of fieldwork: 1995 was situated c 100m to the east of the entrance. This type of End of fieldwork: 1995 settlement evidence is very rare for Kent at this date. Activity in Integrated Site Report reference: Brady 2006b the west of the site is demonstrated by a fragmentary rectilinear Survey report reference: ABA 1996a enclosure, the function of which is not clear, but which may Map Window 29 have been an animal corral. Two contemporaneous industrial enclosures containing Fieldwork event: South of Beechbrook Wood, Westwell features such as furnaces and pits related to metalworking Event code: ARC BWD 97 activity are assigned to the Late Iron Age to Early Roman HS1 chainage: 86+000 phase. This activity may possibly be associated with a natural NGR: TQ 9835 4540 spring. A small cremation burial cemetery was established Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology just outside the entrance of the Middle Iron Age enclosure, Type of investigation: Evaluation marking a change in function or the end of its use. Start of fieldwork: September 1997 Subsequently, the expansion and extended use of the area to End of fieldwork: September 1997 the south-west of the Middle Iron Age enclosure during this Integrated Site Report reference: Brady 2006b phase included possible droveways and was probably now Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1997a functioning as a pastoral enclosure. Activity continued to the Map Window 29 south-west of the Middle Iron Age enclosure and included the 598000 598500 599000 0 85+50

ARC 430 99

145500 Beechbrook Wood

0 86+00

South of Beechbrook Wood

Yonsea Farm, Beechbrook Wood Hothfield ! 145000

Yonsea Farm 500 86+

Yonsea Farm

Map Window 29

492 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent

The evaluation comprised a total of eight trenches, excavated Parishes crossed: Hothfield across the crop mark of a square enclosure or building identi- Integrated Site Report Reference: Brady 2006b fied from aerial photographs. Archaeological features were Map Window 29 found within six of the eight trenches evaluated. These were all interpreted as ditches and were dated to between the early 1st Fieldwork event: Yonsea Farm, Hothfield and mid 3rd centuries AD. Roman deposits were also found in Event code: ARC YFM97 two rather ephemeral pits. No evidence of a structural nature HS1 chainage: 78+400 was recorded and building material finds were limited to one NGR: TQ 9850 4500 small piece of faced ragstone. Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Evaluation Fieldwork event: South of Beechbrook Wood, Westwell Start of fieldwork: 1997 Event code: ARC BWD 98 End of fieldwork1997 HS1 chainage: 86+000 Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1997j NGR: TQ 9835 4540 Map Window 29 Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Type of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavation The evaluation comprised a total of six trenches. The southern Start of fieldwork: September 1998 arm of a possible moat was located, but on the western side End of fieldwork: September 1998 only a shallow drainage ditch containing 19th century material Integrated Site Report reference: Brady 2006b was found. No buildings associated with the moat were identi- Map Window 29 fied.

Most of the site was covered by a series of enclosure ditches, Fieldwork event: Yonsea Farm, Hothfield postholes, firepits, storage and other pits, which appear to Event code: ASYON00 belong to the Late Iron Age/Early Roman period. A single vessel HS1 chainage: 78+400 possibly containing cremated remains was recorded set into a NGR: TQ 9850 4500 cut. It is possible that this vessel may be a Middle Bronze Age Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Deverel-Rimbury urn. Type of investigation: Building investigation (including archae- ology) Start of fieldwork: 2000 PRINCIPAL SITE: YONSEA FARM End of fieldwork: 2000 Project Area 430 Building survey report reference: OA 2000a Chainage limits: 86+200 - 86+500 Map Window 29 M 598500 599000 599500

144500

00 +0 87

ARC 430 99

Lodge Wood 0 144000 +50 87 Godinton Park

Lodge Wood

0 0 +0 88

143500

Map Window 30 Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 493

Fieldwork event: Yonsea Farm PROJECT AREA 440 Event code: URL 91 Project Area 440 comprised all permanent and temporary land- HS1 chainage: 86+300 - 86+600 take associated with construction of HS1, extending for a NGR: TQ 9870 4480 distance of 15.5km, from North of Sevington Railhead to Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Frogholt (NGR TR 0350 4045 to TR 1810 3715). This includes Type of investigation: Surface artefact collection survey the trace (at grade, within cuttings and on embankments), bridges Start of fieldwork: 1991 and associated works (mitigation earthworks, construction sites, End of fieldwork: 1991 trans former stations etc.). Areas previously subject to detailed or Survey report reference: URL 1995 strip, map and sample excavation were excluded from the works. Map Window: 29 Areas that were known not to contain significant deposits (for example tunnels, and areas of known large-scale modern distur- bance) were also excluded. All watching brief fieldwork in this PRINCIPAL SITE: LODGE WOOD, ASHFORD route section was undertaken by Oxford Archaeology. Significant Project Area 430 individual discoveries are listed as fieldwork events below and in Chainage limits: 86+500 - 87+800 an interim report on the ADS website (URS 2003). Significant Parishes crossed: Ashford individual discoveries are the subject of Integrated Site Reports (cf PX Assessment reference (no ISR): URS 2000i Bower Road, North of Westenhanger Castle). Unlike the areas of Map Window 30 chalk geology on the HS1 route (Project Area 330), it was generally not possible to obtain a coherent feature map under Fieldwork event: Godinton Park, Ashford watching brief conditions in this zone, except in ‘targeted Event code: ARC GPK95 watching brief’ areas where soil stripping methods were modified HS1 chainage: 87+500 to an archaeological specification (in which excavators were NGR: TQ 9900 4400 fitted with toothless ditching buckets, and dump trucks were Contractor: A Bartlett and Associates prohibited from running on stripped areas). Type of investigation: Geophysical Survey Start of fieldwork: 1995 PRINCIPAL SITE: BOYS HALL BALANCING POND End of fieldwork: 1995 Project Area 440 Evaluation report reference: ABA 1996a Chainage limits: 92+000 - 93+250 Map Window 30 Parishes crossed: Ashford and Sevington PX Assessment reference (no ISR): URS 2000a Fieldwork event: Lodge Wood, Ashford Map Window 31 Event code: ARC LWD 98 HS1 chainage: 87+500 Fieldwork event: 2 Boys Hall Road NGR: TQ 9900 4400 Event code: ARC BOY299 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology HS1 chainage: 92+000 Type of investigation: Evaluation NGR: TR 0258/4112 Start of fieldwork: September 1998 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology End of fieldwork: October 1998 Type of investigation: Building investigation (including archae- Evaluation report reference: OA 1999i ology) Map Window 30 Start of fieldwork: January 1999 End of fieldwork: January 1999 The evaluation comprised a total of five trenches. A pit and a Building survey report reference (no ISR): OA 1999b ditch were recorded that produced a small assemblage of Iron Map Window 31 Age and Roman pottery. Structurally, No. 2 Boys Hall Road was not fully investigated Fieldwork event: Lodge Wood, Ashford prior to its dismantling, since much of the historic fabric was Event code: ARC 430 99 visible within the building, and its interest was clearly apparent. HS1 chainage: 87+500 The building is thought to have been constructed around 1600 NGR: TQ 9900 4400 and reused some medieval timbers. The plan is of two bays, of Contractor: Oxford Archaeology interest as an unusual small version of the new post-medieval Type of investigation: Watching brief discovery plan type of lobby-entrance house. It has rubble-stone walling Start of fieldwork: July 1999 in the ground floor and gable ends with clay tile hanging over End of fieldwork: September 2000 timber framing in the first floor. There is a modern rendered PX assessment report reference: URS 2000i brick outshot on the north side which conceals an earlier timber Map Window 30 framed jetty with original wattle and daub panels. The roof is pitched, clad in clay peg tiles with two hipped dormers. A small group of archaeological features was recorded in the The excavations of the building footprint revealed five area of Lodge Wood. The features comprised a ditch and two development phases of 2 Boys Road. Evidence of early activity pits of Late Iron Age date, a medieval gully, two undated (Phase I) is very slight, and the length of time between the ditches and a posthole (the undated features are most likely to demolition or abandonment of the medieval structures and the be Iron Age). Although the number of features identified is construction of the cottage (Phase II) is uncertain. The cottage small, the presence of significant finds concentrations from is thought to have been built consecutively in the early to mid- some features suggests the presence of a Late Iron Age settle- 16th century, and at a later phase possibly in the mid-late 16th ment focus in the near vicinity. Poor visibility during the century (Phase III), encountered further modfications. To the watching brief prevented recovery of a coherent site plan. rear of the house an extension or ancillary structure was added 494 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent in the early modern period (Phase IV), and a fireplace inserted Fieldwork event: Boys Hall Road, Sevington Railhead in the late-18th or beginning of the 19th century. In the modern Event code: ARC BHR 97 period (Phase V) the house was extended to the north-east and HS1 chainage: 92+200 the area around the cottage landscaped. NGR: TR 0290 4100 Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Service Fieldwork event: 4 Boys Hall Road Type of investigation: Evaluation Event code: ARC BOY499 Start of fieldwork: August 1997 HS1 chainage: 92+000 End of fieldwork: August 1997 NGR: TR 0258/4112 Evaluation report reference (no ISR): MoLA 1997b Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Map Window 31 Type of investigation: Building investigation Start of fieldwork: May 1999 The evaluation comprised a total of 16 trenches. The evaluation End of fieldwork: May 1999 revealed concentrations of Late Iron Age ditches, medieval Building survey report reference (no ISR): OA 1999c ditches and a small pit. A large ditch or pond was probably Map Window 31 associated with the post-medieval Boys Hall Moat site.

The building would appear to originate, in the early 19th Fieldwork event: Boys Hall Balancing Pond century, as a three-cell, in-line single-storey brick-built Event code: ARC BHB 99 structure. The nature of the primary building remains uncertain HS1 chainage: 92+700 though the identification of a primary fireplace within the NGR: TR 0310 4070 central room would appear to indicate a domestic function. Contractor: Oxford Archaeology This is perhaps supported by the evidence of a property survey Type of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavation undertaken in advance of the construction of the railway which Start of fieldwork: April 1999 describes the building as a ‘lodge’, related to No. 2 Boys Hall End of fieldwork: May 1999 Road. In c 1890, the building was extended by the addition of PX assessment report reference (no ISR): URS 2000a a first floor of timber stud construction clad externally with Map Window 31 decorative banded tiles and providing three additional rooms. Additional heating was provided in the central, first floor room An excavation immediately to the west of Boys Hall Moat and by the construction of a second stack to the southern part revealed a group of four Late Iron Age/Roman cremations and of the building with fireplaces at ground and first floor levels. four linear features of similar date. Previous investigations have During the 20th century, a single-storey, pent-roofed bathroom provided ample evidence for settlement of this date in the vicinity. extension was appended to the north elevation. Two large ditches, and a contemporary cobbled surface, are 603000 603500 604000

000 + 2 !9 2 and 4 Boys Hall Road Boys Hall Road, Sevington Railhead

141000

00

92+5

ARC 440 99

00 0 + 3 9

Boys Hall Balancing Pond

140500 Boys Hall Balancing Pond North of Sevington Railhead

Sevington 93+500

West of Blind Lane West of 0 Blind Lane 0

4+0 Map Window9 31

Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 495 almost certainly associated with the adjacent former medieval Fieldwork event: West of Blind Lane manor house or the attached post-medieval garden (Boys Hall Event code: ARC BLN 95 Moat Scheduled Ancient Monument, Kent SAM 146). HS1 chainage: 93+800 NGR: TR 0405 4010 Fieldwork event: Sevington Railhead Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of Bradford Event code: ARC SRH 95 Type of investigation: Geophysical survey NGR: TR 0400 4050 Start of fieldwork: 1995 Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of Bradford End of fieldwork: 1995 Type of investigation: Geophysical survey Survey report reference (no ISR): GSB 1995p Start of fieldwork: 1995 Map Window 31 End of fieldwork: 1995 Survey report reference (no ISR): GSB 1995o Fieldwork event: West of Blind Lane Map Window 31 Event code: ARC BLN 97 HS1 chainage: 93+800 Fieldwork event: North of Sevington Railhead NGR: TR 0405 4010 Event code: ARC SRH 97 Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Service HS1 chainage: 93+200 Type of investigation: Evaluation NGR: TR 0370 4040 Start of fieldwork: October 1997 Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Service End of fieldwork: October 1997 Type of investigation: Evaluation Evaluation report reference (no ISR): MoLA 1998b Start of fieldwork: November 1997 Map Window 31 End of fieldwork: November 1997 Evaluation report reference (no ISR): MoLA 1998g The evaluation comprised a total of 13 trenches, eight of which Map Window 31 exposed archaeological features. Curvilinear ditches and slots were concentrated towards the eastern end of the evaluation The evaluation comprised a total of 11 trenches. Two centres of area and may represent two prehistoric enclosures. Linear medieval activity were identified, including possible buildings, ditches were spread more evenly across the site and may and a post-medieval ragstone and mortar trackway. indicate the survival of one or more field systems. Occupation appears to cover the Middle and Late Bronze Age. Fieldwork event: Sevington Event code: URL 90 Fieldwork event: West of Blind Lane HS1 chainage: 93+200 - 94+000 Event code: ARC BLN 98 NGR: TR 0400 4050 HS1 chainage: 93+800 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology NGR: TR 0405 4010 Type of investigation: Surface artefact collection survey Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Start of fieldwork: 1990 Type of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavation End of fieldwork: 1990 Start of fieldwork: January 1999 Survey report reference: URL 1995 End of fieldwork: March 1999 Map Window 31 PX assessment report reference (no ISR): URS 2000b Map Windows 31–32 Fieldwork event: Sevington Event code: ARC 440 99 The excavation area exposed at least 16 ditches, five gullies, HS1 chainage: 93+250 to 94+500 three postholes and two undated charcoal-filled pits. A Deverel- NGR: TR 0350 4040 Rimbury bucket urn recovered during the evaluation from one Category: Watching brief discovery of a pair of parallel ditches, indicates that this possible Start of fieldwork: July 1999 trackway is Middle–Late Bronze Age in date. Pottery from the End of fieldwork: September 2000 remaining ditches was sparse. A Late Iron Age or Early Roman Interim report reference (no ISR): WB 2003 date (c 100 BC–AD 200) is indicated for eight of the ditches and Map Window 31 (not illustrated) two smashed vessels were found in adjacent cuts forming part of a single Roman boundary. Some intercutting and recutting of Two boundary ditches and a possible pathway, all dated late the ditches suggests there are three phases to the Late Iron 12th to 14th century, were excavated, and further ditches and Age/Early Roman activity, but it probably represents a undetermined features observed, as well as a post-medieval relatively short-lived period of activity. ditch (93+300), a shallow ditch of probable Late Roman date and a small pit dating from the late 12 to 13th century, and a pottery spread of the same date. A number of worked flints of PRINCIPAL SITE: MERSHAM Mesolithic type were also recovered (94+100). Project Area 440 Chainage limits: 94+500 - 95+900 Parishes crossed: Mersham PRINCIPAL SITE: WEST OF BLIND LANE Integrated Site Report reference: Helm 2006 Project Area 440 Map Window 32 Chainage limits: 93+250 - 94+500 Parishes crossed: Sevington Fieldwork event: West of Mersham PX Assessment reference (no ISR): URS 2000b Event code: ARC MSW 97 Map Windows 31–32 HS1 chainage: 94+600 496 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent

NGR: TR 0465 3965 Fieldwork event: Bridge House, Mersham Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Service Event code: ARC BRH 00 Type of investigation: Evaluation NGR: TR 0506 3932 Start of fieldwork: November 1997 HS1 chainage: 95+100 End of fieldwork: November 1997 NGR: TR 0510 3935 Integrated Site Report reference: Helm 2006 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1998b Type of investigation: Building investigation (including archae- Map Window 32 ology) Start of fieldwork: January 1999 The evaluation comprised a total of five trenches, located to End of fieldwork: January 1999 examine a group of geophysical anomalies. Elements of a series Building survey report reference (no ISR): OA 1999b of field boundary ditches, probably of post-medieval date, were Map Window 32 recorded, as well as a ditch of Late Iron Age date. The Iron Age ditch contained several large unabraded pot sherds which Fieldwork event: Mersham suggested that there was an unlocated contemporary settlement Event code: ARC MSH 97 nearby. HS1 chainage: 95+200 NGR: TR 0520 3930 Fieldwork event: Mersham Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Service Event code: ARC MSH 95 Type of investigation: Evaluation HS1 chainage: 95+000 Start of fieldwork: October 1997 NGR: TR 0500 3940 End of fieldwork: November 1997 Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of Bradford Integrated Site Report reference: Helm 2006 Type of investigation: Geophysical survey Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1998f Start of fieldwork: 1995 Map Window 32 End of fieldwork: 1995 Survey report reference: GSB 1995h The evaluation comprised a total of nine trenches. Industrial Map Window 32 activity dating from the medieval period was concentrated in the central southern area of the site with iron slag found in A magnetometry survey recorded a concentration of ditch and most excavated features, including two large pits almost pit type responses, but the high level of ferrous disturbance and completely filled with lumps of iron slag, ironstone and cinder. the limited survey area cast some doubt on their interpretation Postholes and beamslots may also suggest the presence of as archaeological features. associated timber buildings. Two parallelM ditches were aligned

0 604500 605000 605500 0 +0 4 9 West of 140000 Blind Lane

ARC 440 99 94+500

West of Mersham

139500 0 0 +0 95 Bridge House

! Mersham

0 0 5 Mersham 95+

East of 139000 Mersham

0

+00 6 Map Window 932 Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 497 with the southern perimeter of the field. The ditches may have PRINCIPAL SITE: BOWER ROAD formed part of a land boundary, perhaps associated with Court Project Area 440 Lodge Farm. Chainage limits: 95+900 - 96+400 Parishes crossed: Smeeth Fieldwork event: Mersham Integrated Site Report reference: Diez 2006b Event code: ARC MSH 98 Map Window 33 HS1 chainage: 95+200 NGR: TR 0520 3930 Fieldwork event: Bower Road, Smeeth Contractor: Canterbury Archaeological Trust Event code: ARC 440 99 Type of investigation: Detailed excavation HS1 chainage: 96+200 Start of fieldwork: December 1998 NGR: TR 0594 3881 End of fieldwork: January 1999 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Integrated Site Report reference: Helm 2006 Type of investigation: Watching brief discovery Map Window 32 Start of fieldwork: July 1999 End of fieldwork: September 1999 The principal discovery made during the excavation was an Integrated Site Report Reference: Diez 2006b early medieval metalworking site comprising pits backfilled Map Window 33 with iron slag, ditches cut to bring water to the site, and an enclosure ditch. A significant proportion of the features The features recorded were principally of Roman date. contained Late Anglo-Saxon artefacts. This suggests that the However, a small assemblage of redeposited worked flint, origin of the industry may have lain in the period AD ranging in date from the Mesolithic to Early Bronze Age, was 850–1050. Small quantities of Mid Anglo-Saxon and earlier also recovered. Late pre-Roman Iron Age activity was indicated material were also found, but these are thought to be entirely by a small quantity of pottery recovered from a pond and a residual. Following the abandonment of the site the southern series of drainage ditches. Evidence for Early Roman activity boundary ditch was retained, while a smaller, parallel, ditch was limited, comprising part of a field system. By the first half was added in the north. A low-level renewal of activity appears of the 2nd century AD, a rural agricultural settlement seems to to have taken place during the period 1475–1500, but this have been established, represented by the severely truncated ended by c AD 1775. remains of a timber structure, with large postholes and associ- ated slight, ragstone wall footings. There were also ditched Fieldwork event: East of Mersham enclosures, fence lines, a waterhole and several pits. It is possible Event code: ARC MSHE 95 that the establishment of this settlement represents a shift from HS1 chainage: 95+500 the nearby later prehistoric settlement at Little Stock Farm, NGR: TR 0540 3910 which lies only 400m away, to the south-east, and appears to Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of Bradford have been continuously occupied from the later Bronze Age until Type of investigation: Geophysical survey the late Iron Age. Ample evidence of crop processing activity and Start of fieldwork: 1995 animal husbandry was found in the 2nd-century features. The End of fieldwork: 1995 ditched enclosure boundaries seem to have fallen into disuse in Survey report reference: GSB 1995g the late 2nd century AD, to be replaced by a large rectangular Map Window 32 enclosure and a substantial 20-post timber building. A cremation burial was identified just outside the enclosure. This Magnetometry and magnetic susceptibility surveys were carried agricultural complex seems to have been in use until the late 3rd out. The transect was generally quiet magnetically, although century, and may have continued into the 4th century, although disturbance was encountered in areas close to the fence, south at a much reduced level. Evidence of occupation continuing into of the centreline. Two pit type responses were identified, but the the 4th century AD comprised three pits, including one pit with magnetic susceptibility data did not indicate any significant evidence of ritual deposition, and a small amount of pottery and areas of enhancement. coins deposited in the upper fills of earlier features. There was limited evidence of post-Roman agricultural Fieldwork event: East of Mersham activity, including two field boundary ditches running across Event code: ARC EMM 98 the main site, a group of slight, ragstone wall footings inter - HS1 chainage: 95+250 preted as animal pens and a field boundary of medieval or post- NGR: TR 0535 3915 medieval date. The latter were discovered during stripping to Contractor: Canterbury Archaeological Trust the south-east of the main excavation area. Type of investigation: Evaluation Start of fieldwork: January 1998 PRINCIPAL SITE: LITTLE STOCK FARM End of fieldwork: January 1998 Project Area 440 Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1999c Chainage limits: 95+500 - 97+100 Map Window 32 Parishes crossed: Smeeth Integrated Site Report reference: Ritchie 2006 The evaluation comprised a total of 10 trenches. Archaeological Map Window 33 features being identified in two trenches and consisted of a series of pits and a large ditch. The ditch is believed to be the Fieldwork event: Littlestock Farm continuation of a ditch observed in the detailed excavation Event code: URL 90 (ARC MSH 98), and thought to represent the southern HS1 chainage: 96+600 - 97+000 boundary to the site. NGR: TR 0650 3870 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology 498 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent

Type of investigation: Surface artefact collection survey The evaluation comprised a total of 17 trenches, revealing 27 Start of fieldwork: 1990 archaeological features, including ditches, pits, post- and stake- End of fieldwork: 1990 holes and other structural remains representing both Late Survey report reference: URL 1995 Bronze Age and Late Iron Age settlement activity on the south- Map Window 33 east brow of a slight promontory overlooking the East Stour River Valley. Medieval and/or post-medieval activity, possibly Fieldwork event: Littlestock Farm including substantial structural remains, appeared to be Event code: ARC LFM 95 concentrated to the west of this prehistoric activity. HS1 chainage: 96+700 NGR: TR 0650 3865 Fieldwork event: Little Stock Farm Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of Bradford Event code: ARC LSF 99 Type of investigation: Geophysical survey HS1 chainage: 96+700 Start of fieldwork: 1995 NGR: TR 0653 3853 End of fieldwork: 1995 Contractor: Wessex Archaeology Survey report reference: GSB 1995f Type of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavation Map Window 33 Start of fieldwork: April 1999 End of fieldwork: May 1999 Two bands of increased noise were identified, and while these may Integrated Site Report reference: Ritchie 2006 be significant, a natural or modern origin seems more plausible. Evaluation report reference: WA 1999f Map Window 33 Fieldwork event: Little Stock Farm Event code: ARC LSF 98 The earliest activity was represented by isolated pits of Middle HS1 chainage: 96+700 Neolithic date and two pits of Late Bronze Age–Early Iron Age NGR: TR 0640 3862 date were also found, one containing several pots in a placed Contractor: Wessex Archaeology deposit. Most of the evidence was of Iron Age date; enclosures, Type of investigation: Evaluation droveways and a small enclosure containing a possible roundhouse Start of fieldwork: January 1999 were found, as well as two burials. With the exception of a later End of fieldwork: January 1999 Iron Age four-post structure, other post-built buildings were Integrated Site Report reference: Ritchie 2006 difficult to identify from the array of postholes. The enclosures Evaluation report reference: WA 1999f were re-worked several times and it seems likely that ditches found Map Window 33 in the evaluation of Park Wood Cottage immediately to the east represent further enclosures. Activity seems to have continued at 606000 606500 607000

139000

0 0 0 East of Mersham

6+ 9 Bower Road ARC 440 99

Little Stock Farm

00 5 +

96

7+000 9 Sellindge Converter

138500 Bower Road

00

5

+

97 Park Wood Little Stock Farm Cottage Station Road to Chruch Lane

138000 Map Window 33

Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 499

Park Wood Cottage into the early Roman period but an apparently Survey report reference: URL 1995 isolated cremation burial of Roman date may be associated with Map Windows 33–4 the settlement at Bower Road 400m to the west. A single probable sunken-featured building of Anglo-Saxon date was found, as was PRINCIPAL SITE: EAST OF STATION ROAD/ CHURCH a medieval quarry and ditches. LANE Project Area 440 Fieldwork event: Park Wood Cottage, Mersham Chainage limits: 97+150 - 99+000 Event code: ARC PWC 99 Parishes crossed: Sellindge and Smeeth HS1 chainage: 97+100 PX Assessment reference (no ISR): URS 2000c NGR: TR 0682 3847 Map Windows 33–34 Contractor: Wessex Archaeology Type of investigation: Evaluation Fieldwork event: Station Road to Church Lane Start of fieldwork: April 1999 Event code: ARC SRCL 95 End of fieldwork: April 1999 HS1 chainage: 97+800 Integrated Site Report reference: Ritchie 2006 NGR: TR 0750 3840 Evaluation report reference: WA 1999g Contractor: Geophysical Surveys of Bradford Map Window 33 Type of investigation: Geophysical survey Start of fieldwork: 1995 The evaluation comprised a total of eight trenches. The evalua- End of fieldwork: 1995 tion revealed a total of 17 archaeological features, comprising Survey report reference: GSB 1995k ditches and pits dating from the Late Iron Age/Early Roman Map Window 34 period and medieval period, which were considered to be indicative of field systems as opposed to settlement remains. Magnetometry and magnetic susceptibility surveys were carried out. Linear and pit type responses have been noted together Fieldwork event: Sellindge Converter with a large diffuse pit type response towards the southern Event code: URL 90 limit. Whilst these responses could be archaeologically signifi- HS1 chainage: 97+200 - 98+500 cant, their close proximity to the river could suggest a natural NGR: TR 0400 4050 origin such as pockets of magnetic gravels. Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Type of investigation: Surface artefact collection survey Fieldwork event: Station Road to Church Lane, Sellindge Start of fieldwork: 1990 Event code: ARC SCL 97 End of fieldwork: 1990 HS1 chainage: 97+800 M 607500 608000 608500 609000

Station Road to Church Lane East of Station Road, Station Road to Smeeth ARC 440 99 Church Lane 138500

0 Church Lane, Smeeth

98+00

98+500

00

+0

99 Sellindge Converter

138000 East of Station Road/ Harringe Court Church Lane

Map Window 34 500 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent

NGR: TR 0750 3840 Watching brief interim report reference (no ISR): URS 2003 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Map Window 34 (not illustrated) Type of investigation: Evaluation Start of fieldwork: October 1997 Two concentrations of worked flint, comprising 40 and 33 End of fieldwork: October 1997 pieces, were recovered during stripping (at 99+300 and Evaluation report reference (no ISR): OA 1998g 99+500). The majority of the flint is Neolithic, but occasional Map Window 34 Mesolithic blades were also noted. A shallow pit, of possible medieval date, was discovered, containing a charcoal and fired The evaluation comprised a total of 58 trenches. Worked flint clay rich fill (99+290). A short segment of medieval ditch was of probable Mesolithic date was recovered from alluvial investigated (99+780). deposits adjacent to a small tributary of the East Stour river. A buried soil horizon, of later prehistoric date, was recorded within colluvial deposits in the eastern part of the area. A PRINCIPAL SITE: TALBOT HOUSE number of archaeological features of similar date were also Project Area 440 recorded, both within the colluvium and on a bedrock knoll Chainage limits: 99+000 - 102+000 overlooking the East Stour river. Archaeological features of Parishes crossed: Sellindge Late Iron Age date were identified on a low ridge overlooking PX Assessment reference (no ISR): OA 2002 the alluvial floodplain. A number of undated, though probably Map Windows 35–36 post-Roman, drainage ditches were found. Fieldwork event: Harringe Court Fieldwork event: East of Station Road, Smeeth Event code: URL 90 Event code: ARC STR 99 HS1 chainage: 99+400 - 100+100 HS1 chainage: 98+000 NGR: TR 0950 3790 NGR: TR 0780 3850 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Type of investigation: Surface artefact collection survey Type of investigation: Detailed excavation Start of fieldwork: 1990 Start of fieldwork: April 1999 End of fieldwork: 1990 End of fieldwork: June 1999 Survey report reference: URL 1995 PX assessment report reference (no ISR): URS 2000c Map Window 35 Map Window 34 Fieldwork event: Harringe Court A number of ditches and gullies were revealed. Finds were Event code: ARC HNG 95 sparse and the pottery was mainly Late Iron Age/Early Roman. HS1 chainage: 99+700 A small concentration of pottery from the central part of the NGR: TR 0950 3790 site, in association with some minor gullies and possible Contractor: Oxford Archaeology postholes, suggests limited occupation, although no structures Type of investigation: Surface artefact collection survey could be identified. Limited palaeoenvironmental assessment Start of fieldwork: 1995 was undertaken in a minor stream valley. End of fieldwork: 1995 Survey report reference: ABA 1996a Fieldwork event: Church Lane, Smeeth Map Window 35 Event code: ARC CHL 98 HS1 chainage: 98+200 Fieldwork event: Harringe Lane NGR: TR 0800 3840 Event code: ARC HNG 97 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology HS1 chainage: 99+400 - 100+100 Type of investigation: Detailed excavation NGR: TR 0950 3790 Start of fieldwork: November 1998 Contractor: Wessex Archaeology End of fieldwork: January 1999 Type of investigation: Evaluation PX assessment report reference (no ISR): URS 2000c Start of fieldwork: June 1998 Map Window 34 End of fieldwork: July 1998 Evaluation report reference: WA 1999d Two concentrations of mixed Mesolithic and later prehistoric Map Window 35 worked flint were recorded. Two ditches were identifies that produced pottery of Middle or Late Bronze Age date. A thin The evaluation comprised a total of 20 trenches. A possible scatter of unstratified Roman, medieval and post-medieval settlement of Late Iron Age/Early Roman date was identified, pottery, all showing signs of considerable abrasion, was comprising six shallow ditches and two possible hearths. recovered during the excavation. Fieldwork event: Talbot House, Sellindge Fieldwork event: Sellindge and Barrowhill Event code: ARC TBH 00 Event code: ARC 440 99 NGR: TR 0506 3932 HS1 chainage: 98+600 to 102+000 HS1 chainage: 101+100 NGR: TR 0900 3800 NGR: TR 1070 3770 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Type of investigation: Watching brief discovery Type of investigation: Building investigation (including archae- Start of fieldwork: July 1999 ology) End of fieldwork: September 2000 Start of fieldwork: January 1999 Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 501 609000 609500 610000

Talbot House

0 Harringe Lane

0 00 0 + ARC 440 99 +5 99

9

9

138000 00

+0

0

0

1

100+500

Harringe Court

137500

Map Window 35 610500 611000 611500

138000 Talbot House

ARC 440 99

+000

01

1 East Stour Diversion 500 N

01+ W ! 1

Talbot House 0

+00

2

10

137500

North of Westenhanger Castle

137000 Map Window 36 502 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent

End of fieldwork: January 1999 PRINCIPAL SITE: NORTH OF WESTENHANGER CASTLE Building survey report reference (no ISR): OA 1999b Project Area 440 Map Window 36 Chainage limits: 102+000 - 105+500 Parishes crossed: Stanford Talbot House originated in the middle years of the 15th Integrated Site Report reference: Gollop 2006 century as a traditional, timber-framed ‘Wealden’ house, Map Windows 37–38 combining a centrally located 2-bay open hall with storeyed, jettied end bays beneath a single, unitary roof. The building Fieldwork event: Westenhanger, Stanford as recorded retains a high proportion of primary structural Event code: URL 90 fabric, including such details as primary wattle and daub infill HS1 chainage: 102+300 - 103+100 panels, allowing for a fairly detailed reconstruction of its NGR: TR 1200 1375 original appearance. Unfortunately the central ‘open’ truss Contractor: Oxford Archaeology with moulded tie beam and crown-post were removed during Type of investigation: Surface artefact collection survey modifications undertaken in the mid-16th century. The house Start of fieldwork: 1990 displays a standard range of structural and decorative End of fieldwork: 1990 features, though it also includes a number of less common Survey report reference: URL 1995 structural details. A series of five ‘combed’ daub panels Map Window 37 revealed below the dais beam of the hall during the disman- tling of the house represents a discovery of particular, intrinsic Fieldwork event: North of Westenhanger Castle, Stanford interest and the inclusion of a representational human figure Event code: ARC WGC 95 would appear to be a unique and unparalleled discovery. HS1 chainage: 102+500 These panels were removed prior to conservation and have NGR: TR 1210 3750 been deposited with the Weald and Downland Open Air Contractor: A.Bartlett and Associates Museum, Singleton, West Sussex. Type of investigation: Geophysical survey In the mid-16th century, an upper floor was inserted into the Start of fieldwork: 1995 open hall and the former open fire was enclosed within a timber End of fieldwork: 1995 framed, single-flue stack. Such improvements represent a Survey report reference: ABA 1996a standard development in the evolution from traditional, Map Window 37 medieval open hall to post-medieval storeyed house and reflect a contemporary shift in attitudes towards comfort and privacy. Fieldwork event: North of Westenhanger Castle, Stanford The inserted floor at Talbot House includes a number of Event code: ARC WGC 97 features of interest and is remarkable for its almost complete HS1 chainage: 102+500 survival. A programme of dendrochronological sampling and NGR: TR 1210 3750 analysis has allowed for the insertion of the floor to be firmly Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Service dated to between 1546–66AD. Type of investigation: Evaluation The replacement of the simple, single-flue timber stack by Start of fieldwork: October 1997 the double-flue brick stack in the late 17th century represents End of fieldwork: October 1997 the conclusion of the process of conversion begun c 150 years Integrated Site Report reference: Gollop 2006 earlier, again increasing the comfort of the house to reflect Map Window 37 contemporary tastes. The later phases of modification effectively masked the The evaluation comprised a total of 17 trenches. Archaeological medieval arrangements of the building externally. Following features were found in six of the 17 trenches, consisting of a the construction of the London to Ashford mainline railway in possible medieval corn-drying oven and a series of probable the early 1840s, the property was divided into three ‘cottages’ field ditches of medieval date. and converted for use as labourer’s accommodation, in which form it remained up until a programme of conversion Fieldwork event: North of Westenhanger Castle, Stanford undertaken in 1985 restored the house to a single dwelling. Event code: ARC WGC 98 HS1 chainage: 102+500 NGR: TR 1210 3750 Fieldwork event: East Stour Diversion, Barrowhill, Sellindge Contractor: Canterbury Archaeological Trust Event code: ARC ESD 98 Type of investigation: Detailed excavation HS1 chainage: 101+400 - 101+800 Start of fieldwork: March 1999 NGR: TR 1120 3770 End of fieldwork: April 1999 Contractor: Canterbury Archaeological Trust Integrated Site Report reference: Gollop 2006 Type of investigation: Evaluation Map Window: 37 Start of fieldwork: February 1999 End of fieldwork: February 1999 See ARC WSG 99 below. Evaluation report reference (no ISR): CAT 1999b Map Window 36 Fieldwork event: North of Westenhanger Castle, Stanford Event code: ARC WSG 99 The evaluation comprised a total of six trenches. No archaeo- HS1 chainage: 102+500 logical features were present, but a former channel of the River NGR: TR 1210 3750 West Stour was identified. Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Type of investigation: Targeted watching brief Start of fieldwork: May 1999 Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 503

End of fieldwork: July 2000 Start of fieldwork: February 1999 Integrated Site Report reference: Gollop 2006 End of fieldwork: March 1999 Map Window: 37 Evaluation report reference: CAT 1999e Map Window 37 Evidence for Bronze Age activity was limited to four features. In the Iron Age, a farming landscape started to emerge The evaluation comprised a total of 12 trenches. A buried soil including a trackway, a penannular gully and a well defined layer of Late Bronze Age or Roman date was identified, sealed enclosure. This activity may have extended into the Early beneath alluvial deposits, and a number of post-medieval Roman period. features were recorded. The early medieval period represented the main phase of development of the site (c AD 1050–1175) with the establish- Fieldwork event: West of Stone Street ment of a possible small farmstead with associated enclosure Event code: ARC SST 98 system. Although the nature, morphology, and chronological HS1 chainage: 103+040 development of the farmstead is difficult to define, as no clear NGR: TR 1275 3735 building plans survived, four potential structures have been Contractor: Wessex Archaeology identified along with associated refuse pits, possible latrines and Type of investigation: Evaluation possible livestock enclosures. This occupation appears to have Start of fieldwork: February 1999 been short-lived and was abandoned by the late 12th century. End of fieldwork: February 1999 No direct evidence for settlement activity was apparent from Evaluation report reference: WA 1999a that date onwards and the site seemed to have been Map Window 37 subsequently occupied by successive field systems, showing an eastward shift in activity across the site in the 13th century. Late A sequence of alluvial deposits was recorded, including a buried medieval and post-medieval evidence are represented by a soil layer that is likely to be of Late Bronze Age or Roman date. limited number of features, generally in the eastern part of the site, and related to agricultural activities. Fieldwork event: Stone Street (West of), Westenhanger Event code: ARC SST 99 Fieldwork event: East and West of Stone Street, Westenhanger HS1 chainage: 103+040 Event code: ARC SST 98 NGR: TR 1275 3735 HS1 chainage: 102+900 - 103+500 Contractor: Wessex Archaeology NGR: TR 1275 3745 and TR 1290 3705 Type of investigation: Detailed excavation Contractor: Canterbury Archaeological Trust Start of fieldwork: February 2001 Type of investigation: Evaluation End of fieldwork: February 2001 612000 612500 613000

ARC 440 99 North of North of Westenhanger Castle Westenhanger Castle

Fairmead Farm

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504 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent

Interim report reference (no ISR): WA 2002 End of fieldwork: September 1998 Map Window 37 Evaluation report reference: MoLA 1999f Map Window 38 The investigation revealed a 1.3m thick sequence of deposits that was identified in terms of formation process and The evaluation comprised a total of 15 trenches. No archaeo- therefore potential chronological sequence, although no logical remains were encountered. archaeological features or artefacts were recorded during the excavation. Fieldwork event: Stanford and Sandling Gravel and sand, identified at the base of the sequence, may Event code: ARC 440 99 be indicative of high-energy water action, and therefore HS1 chainage: 102+800 to 105+500 possibly correlate either with seasonal discharge during the NGR: TR 1400 3700 Devensian glaciation, or be associated with glacial retreat Contractor: Oxford Archaeology immediately following this glaciation (c 110000–11000 BP). Category: Watching brief discovery However, the following Late Boreal/Early Atlantic period (c Start of fieldwork: July 1999 11000–9000 BP) is also associated with a series of high-energy End of fieldwork: September 2000 cut and fill phases within alluvial zones. The presence of Interim report reference (no ISR): WB 2003 waterlogged plant macrofossils within later fluvial gravel Map Window 38 (not illustrated) probably precludes the possibility that this deposit is pre- Holocene, and is more likely to be Neolithic or Bronze Age in A robbed and backfilled stone well was discovered. It did not date (c 4000–700 BC). Parallels with similar sequences produce any dating evidence (104+400). A further 100m to the recorded elsewhere in Kent suggest the distinct marker-event, east, a quarry cut of uncertain date, mainly filled with stone probably indicative of a statis/stabilisation horizon, which may debris, was found. A pit of possible Roman date was found in either be Late Bronze Age (c 1100–700 BC) or Roman (AD close proximity (104+500). 43–410) in date. An area 38m x 13.5m was stripped under archaeological control, revealing four pits and several ditches. Most of the Fieldwork event: Sandling Construction Site ditches produced Late Iron Age–Early Roman pottery, although Event code: ARC SCS 98 one was medieval (103+500). HS1 chainage: 104+300 NGR: TR 1410 3730 Contractor: Museum of London Archaeology Service PRINCIPAL SITE: SALTWOOD TUNNEL Type of investigation: Evaluation Project Area 440 Start of fieldwork: September 1998 Chainage limits: 104+500 - 108+750 M 613500 614000 614500

137500

ARC 440 99 North of Westenhanger Castle Sandling Construction Site

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Map Window 38 Appendix 1: Gazetteer and route maps 505

Parishes crossed: Saltwood a small pit-like feature may date to the 7th millennium BC, and Integrated Site Report reference: Riddler and Trevarthen 2006 three Early Neolithic pits attest to activity, perhaps domestic, in Map Window 39 the mid–late 4th millennium BC. In the Early Bronze Age a barrow cemetery developed. Five barrows and a flat grave While most of the sites in this gazetteer are summarised at the dated to the late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC. fieldwork event level, Saltwood Tunnel is summarised at the Limited Middle Bronze Age evidence, comprising a Principal Site level, as the complex sequence of field investiga- cremation burial, a small pit and other occasional finds of tions would otherwise obscure the archaeological results. Deverel-Rimbury pottery, suggest the cemetery was respected Oxford Archaeology undertook initial phases of fieldwalking until the late 2nd millennium BC but, in the Late Bronze Age, a and evaluation trenching (ARC SLT 97). The first phase of settlement and field-system were established. Early to Middle detailed excavation was carried out by the Canterbury Iron Age agriculture is also attested by ditches and at least one Archaeological Trust (CAT) under the event code ARC SLT98. track or droveway. No contemporary settlement remains were A second phase of evaluation trenching revealed early Anglo- discovered, but an Early–Middle Iron Age inhumation cemetery Saxon inhumation burials immediately west of the Stone Farm and a square enclosure, perhaps a mortuary enclosure, were bridleway, and an area around these was also fully excavated established at some time between the 8th and 4th centuries BC. (ARC SLT98C). In 1999 Wessex Archaeology (WA) was A Middle Iron Age inhumation grave of 2nd to 4th century BC commissioned to maintain a rolling ‘strip-map-sample’ excava- date also lay near the western end of the site. tion programme on land east of the bridleway (ARC SFB99), Early Roman domestic finds abounded at the western end of whilst CAT concurrently excavated the remaining ground the excavation, mainly near a sunken trackway and in pits and between their previous sites, and beneath the western portion of field-enclosures to either side of it. The quantity and range of the Saltwood tunnel bund (ARC SLT99). In the final phase of finds, and the presence of two small cremation cemeteries, fieldwork WA recorded remains preserved in three separate strongly suggest a small rural settlement lay close-by. That this areas: under the eastern tunnel-bund, within the footprint of a settlement waned after the mid–late 3rd century is inferred from temporary soil storage area, and beneath the former Stone Farm a greatly reduced suite of remains, and from progressive bridleway (ARC SFB01). This group of sites was combined infilling of the sunken trackway. Limited occupation, or at least within the Saltwood Tunnel Principal Site for post-excavation occasional use of the site, is likely to have continued into the analysis purposes (Riddler and Trevarthen 2006). later 4th century. A complex multi-period site was revealed, with evidence for Early Anglo–Saxon evidence from Saltwood Tunnel is ceremonial and funerary land use as well as for settlement and dominated by three separate inhumation cemeteries, each agriculture. Activity earlier than the Bronze Age was mainly located in the vicinity of a Bronze Age barrow. Seventeen graves restricted to unstratified or residual flint and pottery, but a were excavated within the eastern cemetery, 59 in the western group of eight Mesolithic Horsham-type retouched points from cemetery and 141 in the central cemetery. Both the eastern and

137500 615000 615500 616000 616500

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Map Window 39 506 On Track:The Archaeology of High Speed 1 Section 1 in Kent western cemeteries appear to have begun in the early 6th The evaluation comprised a total of 16 trenches. A concentra- century. The eastern cemetery lasted only for one or two tion of Roman features was located within a well defined area generations, whilst the western cemetery continued well into towards the centre of the evaluation area. The features the 7th century. The central cemetery was established during comprised mainly ditches with several pits and a linear hollow. the late 6th century and continued throughout the 7th century. A cremation burial was located at the eastern limits of the site. From the early 6th century onwards there were always two cemeteries in use at the same time. The central cemetery may Fieldwork event: North of Saltwood Tunnel have begun as a replacement for the eastern cemetery, but its Event code: ARC SLT 98 plan subsequently changed with the deposition of four HS1 chainage: 105+900 auspicious graves, each set in a north-south line at roughly 40m NGR: TR 1545 3695 spacings. Three graves were large weapon burials and the Contractor: Canterbury Archaeological Trust fourth was an inhumation of female gender buried with gold Type of investigation: Detailed excavation and silver jewellery. The earliest of these graves, at the north of Start of fieldwork: January 1999 the cemetery, was probably deposited in the early years of the End of fieldwork: March 1999 7th century whilst the latest, at the south, may have been placed Integrated Site Report reference: Riddler and Trevarthen 2006 there around AD 625. Each burial attracted a range of satellite Map Window 39 graves, arranged around it but not encroaching into its burial mound. Later graves spread to the south and the east, with a See summary above. number of graves placed on the opposite side of the trackway 226. The latest graves within the central and western cemeteries Fieldwork event: North of Saltwood Tunnel were arranged in neat rows. Three Early Anglo–Saxon sunken- Event code: ARC SLT 98C featured buildings were also identified, all of which lay in the HS1 chainage: 106+100 vicinity of the cemeteries and a little to the north of them. NGR: TR 1575 3695 Several early medieval ditches and pits towards the eastern Contractor: Canterbury Archaeological Trust end of the excavation mark the location of a small rural site, Type of investigation: Detailed excavation probably 10th or 11th century in date. Other medieval and Start of fieldwork: May 1999 post-medieval pottery was recovered from features and topsoil End of fieldwork: August 1999 in the north-western corner of the excavation, where elements Integrated Site Report reference: Riddler and Trevarthen 2006 of the ancient Roman landscape may have been exploited as Map Window 39 rectilinear fields, or possibly stock-pens. Remains associated with construction of the Saltwood railway tunnel in the early See summary above. 1840s and relating to the presence of a military barracks in the earlier 20th century were recorded. Fieldwork event: North of Saltwood Tunnel Event code: ARC SLT 99 Fieldwork event: Saltwood Tunnel HS1 chainage: 106+100 Event code: URL 90 NGR: TR 1575 3690 HS1 chainage: 105+600 - 106+200 Contractor: Canterbury Archaeological Trust NGR: TR 1550 3695 Type of investigation: Detailed excavation Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Start of fieldwork: August 1999 Type of investigation: Surface artefact collection survey End of fieldwork: April 2000 Start of fieldwork: 1990 Integrated Site Report reference: Riddler and Trevarthen 2006 End of fieldwork: 1990 Map Window 39 Survey report reference: URL 1995 Map Window 39 See summary above.

Fieldwork event: North of Saltwood Tunnel Fieldwork event: Stone Farm Bridleway, Saltwood Event code: ARC SLT 97 Event code: ARC SFB 99 HS1 chainage: 105+700 HS1 chainage: 106+400 NGR: TR 1410 3730 NGR: TR 1595 3695 Contractor: Oxford Archaeology Contractor: Wessex Archaeology Type of investigation: Evaluation Type of investigation: Strip, map and sample excavation Start of fieldwork: October 1997 Start of fieldwork: August 1999 End of fieldwork: October 1997 End of fieldwork: April 2000 Integrated Site Report reference: Riddler and Trevarthen 2006 Integrated Site Report reference: Riddler and Trevarthen 2006 Evaluation report reference: OA 1997i Map Window 39 Map Window 39 See summary above.