Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Archaeological Desk-Based

Assessment

Langthwaite Business Park,

South Kirkby,

City of Wakefield, West Yorkshire

Client: BDP

Technical Report: Ashley Brogan

Report No: 2020/81

Site Location: The site is located within South Kirkby, West Yorkshire, and is bounded by Langthwaite Beck to the north, fields to the west, Broad Lane to the south and woodland adjacent to Oakdale Drive to the east NGR: Centred at NGR SE 45712 09975 Prepared for: BDP Document Title: Langthwaite Business Park, South Kirkby, Huddersfield Document Type: Desk-based Assessment Report No: SA/2020/81 Version: Version 1

Author: Ashley Brogan Position: Archaeologist Date: September 2020

Checked By: Anthony Lee Signed: Position: Senior Project Manager Date: September 2020

Copyright: Copyright for this document remains with the Centre for Applied Archaeology, University of Salford. Contact: Salford Archaeology, Centre for Applied Archaeology, Peel Building, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT Telephone: 0161 295 2144 Email: [email protected]

Disclaimer:

This document has been prepared by Salford Archaeology within the Centre for Applied Archaeology, University of Salford, for the titled project or named part thereof and should not be used or relied upon for any other project without an independent check being undertaken to assess its suitability and the prior written consent and authority obtained from the Centre for Applied Archaeology. The University of Salford accepts no responsibility or liability for the consequences of this document being used for a purpose other than those for which it was commissioned. Other persons/parties using or relying on this document for other such purposes agrees, and will by such use or reliance be taken to confirm their agreement to indemnify the University of Salford for all loss or damage resulting therefrom. The University of Salford accepts no liability or responsibility for this document to any other party/persons than by whom it was commissioned.

Contents

Summary 1

1. Introduction 2

2. Method Statement 4

3. The Setting 5

4. Historical Background 7

5. Gazetteer of Sites 14

6. Significance 17

7. Impact of Development 20

Sources 21

Acknowledgements 23

Appendix 1: Figures 24

Summary

In August 2020, Salford Archaeology was commissioned by BDP to undertake an archaeological desk-based assessment to support a planning application for the development of land at Langthwaite Business Park in South Kirkby, within the City of Wakefield (centred on NGR SE 45712 09975). The construction works will necessitate considerable earth-moving works, with a potential to remove any buried archaeological remains that may exist. The assessment aimed to establish, as far as possible, the nature and significance of the buried archaeological resource within the proposed development area and assess the impact of any future development upon this resource. During the post-medieval period, the proposed development area was used for agricultural purposes, as demonstrated by the presence of ridge and furrow remains. The site remained undeveloped throughout the industrial period, and was likely farmed by the occupants of the Broad Lane Houses (now Broad Lane Farm East and Broad Lane Farm West). Within the wider landscape, there is evidence of late Prehistoric activity, including the Iron Age enclosure known as South Kirkby Camp, located 2.2km from the proposed development site. The identification of a number of cropmarks 400m to the northwest of the proposed development area, is suggestive of Prehistoric or Romano-British activity in the more immediate area. The desk-based assessment demonstrates that the proposed development site has the potential to contain in-situ buried archaeological remains dating to the Prehistoric or Romano-British periods, as well as to the post-medieval period. The most likely remains to be encountered within the proposed development area are the post-medieval ridge and furrow remains identified by aerial photography. Any buried remains that do exist within the proposed development site are likely to be of local significance. The requirement for any further archaeological investigation in advance of, or during, development works will be decided by the West Yorkshire Archaeological Advisory Service, in their capacity as archaeological advisor to Wakefield Council. However, it may be anticipated that the presence or absence of the archaeological remains identified by this assessment will require verification through a programme of archaeological evaluation trenching, secured as a condition of planning consent. Should any significant remains be encountered during the initial evaluation, further archaeological works in the form of an open-area excavation in advance of development may be appropriate, to ensure an archival record is compiled prior to the ultimate loss of the remains.

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1. Introduction

1.1 Planning Background In August 2020, Salford Archaeology was commissioned by BDP to undertake an archaeological desk-based assessment to support a planning application for the development of land at Langthwaite Business Park in South Kirkby, within the City of Wakefield (centred on NGR SE 45712 09975; referred to herein as ‘the Site’). The proposed development allows for the construction of business and industrial units, associated parking and servicing space, and road access into the site from Onward Way. The Site is bounded by Langthwaite Beck to the north, farmland to the west, Broad Lane to the south and land adjacent to Oakdale Drive to the east. The aim of the archaeological assessment was to identify, as far as possible, the nature, extent and significance of the buried archaeological resource within the Site, and the potential impact of the proposed development upon that resource, so as to enable informed recommendations to be made for the future treatment of any surviving remains. 1.2 Government and Local Planning Policies 1.2.1 National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) The significance of the archaeological resource identified within this report has been assessed as recommended in the revised National Planning Policy Framework (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, February 2019). The NPPF sets out the Government’s planning policies and outlines the presumption in favour of sustainable development, which is defined by three principles: economic, social and environmental. Of the core planning principles underpinning decision making, conserving heritage assets ‘in a manner appropriate to their significance, so that they can be enjoyed for their contribution to the quality of life of existing and future generations’ is one. Section 16 deals specifically with this historic environment (paragraphs 184-202), and states that local planning authorities should consider: • the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets and putting them to viable uses consistent with their conservation; • the wider social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits that conservation of the historic environment can bring; • the desirability of new development making a positive contribution to local character and distinctiveness; and • opportunities to draw on the contribution made by the historic environment to the character of a place. Paragraph 189 states that local planning authorities, when determining applications, should require the applicant to describe the significance of any affected heritage assets, including any contribution made by their setting. ‘The level of detail should be proportionate to the assets’ importance and no more than is sufficient to understand the

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potential impact of the proposal on their significance. As a minimum the relevant historic environment record should have been consulted and the heritage assets assessed using appropriate expertise where necessary. Where a site on which development is proposed includes, or has the potential to include, heritage assets with archaeological interest, local planning authorities should require developers to submit an appropriate desk-based assessment and, where necessary, a field evaluation’. Paragraph 197 states that the effect of a proposal on non-designated heritage assets (designated assets are covered in paragraphs 193-96) should be taken into account in determining a planning application. Paragraph 199 states that local planning authorities should require developers to record and advance understanding of any heritage assets to be lost, in a manner proportionate to their importance and impact, and to make this evidence publicly accessible. 1.2.2 Local Development Framework The NPPF outlines the need for local planning policies to create plans and frameworks to implement the NPPF at a local level. The town of South Kirkby forms half of the civil parish of South Kirkby and Moorthorpe, which is within the local government district of The City of Wakefield. Wakefield Metropolitan District Council adopted a Core Strategy in April 2009. The heritage strategy is outlined in point a and c of Policy CS10: Design, safety and environmental quality, which states that new development will: ‘a. incorporate sustainable buildings, spaces and landscaping of high-quality design which: i. are appropriate to their location in terms of scale and density; ii. protects and enhances local character and distinctiveness taking local building traditions into account; iii. takes into account the different landscape character across the district, including the Calder Valley, the Northern Coalfield areas, the Went River basin, the Limestone Escarpment and the south-east and southwest coalfield areas.’ ‘c. protect and enhance the district’s historic assets particularly Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Conservation Areas, historic buildings, archaeological remains and historic landscapes’ Wakefield Council are advised on archaeological matters by the West Yorkshire Archaeological Advisory Service.

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2. Method Statement

The assessment considers the potential impact of the proposed development upon any buried archaeological remains within the Site and comprised a desk-based study. The production of the assessment followed the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA) standard and guidance for undertaking archaeological desk-based assessments (Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment, revised 2017). 2.1 Research Sources The desk-based assessment made use of the following sources: • Published and unpublished cartographic, documentary and photographic sources; • The West Yorkshire Historic Environment Record; • Wakefield Local Studies Library; • West Yorkshire Archives Service • The National Heritage List for England; The aim of the research was to provide the relevant historical and archaeological background relating to the development of the Site. The available sequence of historical mapping was the principal source of information, as this provides evidence for the development of the Site since the mid-nineteenth century. 2.3 The Document The following presents the historical and archaeological evidence for the Site. A gazetteer (Chapter 5) is presented of heritage assets and sites of potential archaeological interest identified within the Site and this information, along with the map regression (Figs 2-6), was used to assess the significance of the remains (Chapter 6) and impact of the proposed development (Chapter 7).

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3. The Setting

3.1 Location The Site (centred on NGR SE 45712 09975) is located at land south of Langthwaite Business Park, South Kirkby, West Yorkshire, and is bounded by Langthwaite Beck to the north, fields to the west, Broad Lane to the south and land adjacent to Oakdale Drive to the east (Fig. 1). The Site consists predominantly of arable farmland, divided into three large fields and is approximately 13 hectares in size(Plate 1).

Plate 1: Recent aerial shot, showing the Site boundary Topographically, South Kirkby is a low-lying region, which falls between the Pennines to the west, and the lowland surrounding the River Humber to the east. The Site is located nearby a minor watercourse known as Langthwaite Beck. 3.2 Geology The solid geology of the area comprises the Pennine Upper Coal Measures Formation of mudstone, siltstone and sandstone. 3.3 Designations The Site does not contain any heritage assets that are afforded statutory protection, such as Scheduled Monuments, listed buildings, or any registered parks and gardens, and it does not fall within a conservation area. There are, however, four statutory listed buildings within a 1km radius of the Site (Table 1). The scheme will not have a physical

5 © Salford Archaeology South Kirkby, City of Wakefield, West Yorkshire: Desk-based Assessment impact on these designated heritage assets, however, and they are thus not considered further in this report.

List Entry No. Description Grade NGR 1235461 Broad Lane Farm East Farmhouse II SE 45647 09786 1235352 Barn approximately 5m west of Broad II SE 45624 09786 Lane Farm East Farmhouse 1227519 Church of All Saints I SE 45297 11071 1265329 Stockingate Farmhouse II SE 45019 10593 Table 1: Summary of listed buildings within a 1km radius of the Site

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4. Historical Background

The following section provides a framework to the present study, working chronologically through the periods listed below (Table 2). Key sites are summarised in the Gazetteer of Sites (Chapter 5, below). Period Date Range Palaeolithic Pre-10,000 BC Mesolithic 10,000 – 3500 BC Prehistoric Neolithic 3500 – 2300 BC Bronze Age 2300 BC – 700 BC Iron Age 700 BC – AD 43 Romano-British AD 43 – AD 410 Early Medieval AD 410 – AD 1066 Late Medieval AD 1066 – AD 1540 Post-medieval AD 1540 – c 1750 Industrial Period c AD1750 – 1914 Modern Post-1914

Table 2: Summary of British archaeological periods and date ranges 4.1 Prehistoric Period 4.1.1 Archaeological Evidence Evidence of Palaeolithic activity across Yorkshire is sparse. Lower and Middle Palaeolithic evidence has likely been removed by the Devensian glaciation (Raskam and Whyman 2005, 48). Evidence of Upper Palaeolithic activity has been found in the form of lithics, which have been identified in the vicinity of Star Carr, Flixton Carr and near Wensleydale (op. cit. 49). The Mesolithic period within Yorkshire is defined by the internationally renowned sites at Star Carr and Flixton Carr, however, evidence of Mesolithic activity has been found elsewhere within Yorkshire. Single or small clusters of findspots have been found along river corridors and river terraces in lowland regions, such as the Wharfe, Aire, Calder, Vale of York and Vale of Mowbray (op. cit. 52). Despite the fertility of the land within the vicinity of the Site, very little evidence of Neolithic evidence has been found. It has been suggested that this lack of evidence may be due to later intensive agricultural activity undertaken within the region (OA North 2003, 7). Cropmarks have been identified across South Kirkby and South Elmsall, which have been attributed to Bronze Age and Iron Age activity. One of the most prominent earthworks within the region is the Iron age settlement known as South Kirkby Camp, which is located approximately 2.2km to the northwest of the Site. The camp is represented by a roughly oval earthwork defined by an earthen bank and ditch. The southwest and east sides of the bank are 10m wide and up to 1m high. The ditch also

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measures at 10m across in places and reaches depths of 1.5m. Iron Age pottery was recovered from the site during excavations undertaken in 1949. Cropmarks have been identified through aerial photography c 400m to the northwest of the Site (HER PRN834) and c 600m southwest of the Site (OA North 2003, site 5), which may represent prehistoric activity (Plate 2). The cropmarks appear as irregular rectangular enclosures and could be prehistoric or Romano-British in origin, however, the nature of these cropmarks, and whether they do indicate the presence of buried archaeological remains has not been confirmed.

Plate 2: The Site shown in relation to the two areas of cropmarks 4.1.2 Archaeological Potential The Site is located on fertile land beside a water source, which would have been suitable for prehistoric settlement, however, no settlement evidence has been identified within the Site. The Site is located 2.2km from the Iron Age South Kirkby Camp and is located 400m and 600m from cropmarks, which may represent prehistoric activity. Therefore, due to the prehistoric activity within the wider landscape, there is potential for prehistoric buried remains to exist within the Site. 4.2 Romano-British Period 4.2.1 Archaeological Evidence Roman forts were constructed at Doncaster, Caer Dun, and Robin’s Hood’s Well, located approximately 6km to the northeast of the Site. Doncaster was an important crossing between the upper valley and the flood plain of the River Don and would have therefore been a strategic location for the fortified settlement (Martin et al 1994; OA North 3002, 7). Robin Hood’s Well is located on the Roman road from Doncaster to Tadcaster (Margary 1973, 415). The cropmarks located c 400m to the northwest of the Site and those located 600m to the southwest of the Site may be Romano-British in date. The cropmarks are sub-rectangular

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and may represent a field system. The cropmarks have not been investigated and therefore their nature, extent, and date, is presently unknown. 4.2.2 Archaeological Potential The Site lies within an area of fertile lane near a water source, which makes it a potential location for Romano-British settlement. There is some potential for Roman remains to be found within the Site, due to the natural geology and the presence of nearby cropmarks of possible Romano-British date. 4.3 Early Medieval and Medieval period 4.3.1 Historical and Archaeological Evidence It is thought that Doncaster was a place of note during the early medieval period, as Edwin, King of Northumbria, had a royal residence there in the AD 620s (Hunter 1974). The major royal estate of Conisbrough had also developed during the pre-Conquest period (Hey 1986). In AD 716, Osred, King of Northumbria, was killed ‘near the southern border’, which may have been within the area surrounding Doncaster. This region was exposed to attacks due to the Humber estuary, which was easily navigated by Scandinavian raiders in the late ninth and tenth centuries. During the reigns of Elfwald and Ethelred, raiders destroyed a religious house on the banks of the Don, Monasterium Doni amnis (Hunter 1974). A complex pattern of manors and parishes developed during the late pre-Conquest period, as major estates were divided into numerous smaller estates (Hey 1986, 16). Prior to the conquest, Hexthorpe and Doncaster were held by Tostig, Earl of Northumbria (op. cit., 52). After the Norman conquest, lands were divided among 12 persons. Doncaster was mentioned in the Domesday Book as part of the soke of Hexthorpe, which was grated to Nigel de Fossard (OA North 2003, 8). Throughout the medieval period, the land surrounding the Site was used for agricultural purposes. Doncaster’s entry in the Domesday Book described the settlement as predominately rural, however, Doncaster soon developed into one of the most prosperous medieval towns in southern Yorkshire (ibid.). The medieval moated hall of Old Frickley Hall was located approximately 2km to the southeast of the Site. Frickley is thought to mean ‘Frica’s glade’ or ‘clearing’ (Smith 1961, 89-90). The manor of Frickley was held by the Anne family in the fourteenth century after the marriage if William Anne with Alice, daughter of Robert Haringel (Hunter 1974, 149-150). The manor house at Frickley was demolished in the eighteenth century by Anthony Wharton. The medieval village of Frickley was already established when the manor was built. In 1379, the population of the village was small, with just six married couples and eleven single persons over the age of 16 (Hey 1979, 76). By the mid-sixteenth century, the houses of the village had all been demolished. Visible traces of the village were removed during eighteenth-century landscaping, however, the church was left standing and remains extant (OA North 2003, 9). The site of the medieval Hallsteads Hall is located approximately 3.5km to the west of the Site. The hall at Hallsteads was demolished prior to 1831 and the moated site is now a scheduled monument (https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list- entry/1012457).

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The western boundary of the South Elmsall medieval deer park is located c 185m to the east of the Site. The outline of the deer park can be seen on historic mapping, particularly the 1893 OS map, which shows that the deer park was bounded by Common Lane to the east, Frickley Lane to the southeast, Langthwaite Lane to the northwest, Barnsley Road to the north, and a tree-line track to the south. The deer park was likely established sometime between the twelfth and fourteenth centuries, which was the ‘heyday’ of the medieval deer park (OA North 2003, 12; Lasdun 1991, 5). The associated manor may have been Frickley, however, there is some distance between the park and the hall and a town boundary divides the deer park from Frickley Hall. It has therefore been suggested that the associated manor may have been at Manor Farm, located to the north of Barnsley Road. No medieval remains or finds have been identified within the Site, however, a medieval coin issued during the reign of Henry III was found approximately 350m to the northwest of the Site. The coin was a hammered silver coin, which had been voided (https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/809368). 4.3.2 Archaeological potential The Site was likely used for agricultural purposes during the medieval period. There is no evidence of medieval settlement within the Site, however, the potential for remains dating to this period should not be ruled out. 4.4 Post-medieval and Industrial Period 4.4.1 Historical and Archaeological Evidence The Historic Environment Record has six entries within the Site, which all represent ridge and furrow earthworks dating to the post-medieval period. The ridge and furrow earthworks indicate that the Site was used for agricultural purposes throughout this period. Two finds, recorded on the Portable Antiquities Scheme, were found within close proximity to the Site and date to the post-medieval period. A coin was found alongside Langthwaite Beck, immediately north of the Site. The coin is a silver three-pence of Elizabeth I (1558- 1603), which has been dated to 1575 (https://finds.org.uk/database /artefacts/record/id/390501). A finger ring dating to the post-medieval period was also found to the west of the Site, which has been dated to c 1650-1800 (https://finds.org.uk/ database/artefacts/record/id/430750). Broad Lane Farm East and Broad Lane Farm West are located on the south side of Broad Lane, which bounds the Site to the south. East Farm is a grade II listed building and comprises a late seventeenth-century farmhouse built in squared sandstone. The farmhouse is L-shaped in plan and built across three storeys. The seventeenth-century barn 5m to the west of the farmhouse also holds statutory protection as a grade II listed building. West Farm is a late eighteenth-century laithe house. The house is stone-built and has two and a half storeys, with a nineteenth-century wing to the rear. The Frickley Colliery (PRN 4626) was sunk by Carlton Main Colliery Company Ltd in 1903 c 400m to the southeast of the Site. The Barnsley seam was reached in May 1905, where two brick-lined shafts were sunk into the seam. The colliery buildings included a wagon shop, blacksmith, fitting shops and a powerhouse. Electricity was established at the colliery in 1906 and in 1918 a brick-making plant was under construction. Mineral railways and an aerial cable were also established at the colliery. 10 © Salford Archaeology South Kirkby, City of Wakefield, West Yorkshire: Desk-based Assessment

4.5 The Development of the Site The development of the Site may be traced reasonably well from the sequence of available historic mapping. The earliest reliable published map that shows the study area at a useful scale is the 1854 OS map, which shows that the Site comprised a series of fields and field boundaries (Plate 3). Field boundaries aligned east-west and a footpath can be seen on the 1854 OS map. Broad Lane Farm East and West are shown as Broad Lane Houses to the south of the Site, the occupants of which likely farmed the land within the Site. By 1893, the field boundaries aligned east-west on the 1854 were removed, which opened up larger fields (Plate 4; Fig. 3). The north-south aligned field boundaries shown on the later OS maps appear to be the same as those seen on the 1854 OS map. The footpath in the western field is not shown on the later OS maps and was instead located alongside the field boundary to the east of the former footpath. The 1893 OS map shows the Broad Lane Houses as Broad Lane Farm East and Broad Lane Farm West. During the early twentieth century, the Site remained undeveloped (Figs 4-5) and the 1918 OS map (Plate 5) appears very similar to the 1893 OS map. By the mid-twentieth century, some allotments had been constructed to the east of the Site and one building, most likely a farm building, was constructed within the Site to the north of Broad Lane (Plate 6; Fig. 6). The 1962 OS map (Fig. 6) and the 1966 OS map (Plate 7) identifies a small group of buildings as ‘Works’ to the east of the Site.

Plate 3: Extract from the 1854 OS map, showing the Site

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Plate 4: Extract from the 1893 OS map, showing the Site

Plate 5: Extract from the 1918 OS map, showing the Site

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Plate 6: Extract from the 1956 OS map, showing the Site

Plate 7: Extract from the 1966 OS map, showing the Site 13 © Salford Archaeology South Kirkby, City of Wakefield, West Yorkshire: Desk-based Assessment

5. Gazetteer of Sites

The following gazetteer entries (GE Numbers) summarise the sites of known or potential archaeological interest within, or close proximity to, the Site. The locations of the gazetteer entries are shown on Figure 7. The identification of these non- designated heritage assets is drawn primarily from the map regression analysis and the HER data. GE Number 01 Site Name Ridge and furrow earthworks Designation No designation HER Number - Site Type Cropmarks Period Post-medieval NGR SE 45712 09975 Source HER Description Cropmarks representing post-medieval ridge and furrow have been identified across the region and within the Site. Many of the cropmarks were identified during twentieth-century survey and can no longer be seen. Assessment Cropmarks have been identified within the Site in the past and so the development will affect any remains of the ridge and furrow earthworks.

GE Number 02 Site Name Field boundaries Designation No designation HER Number - Site Type Field boundaries Period Post-medieval/industrial NGR SE 45712 09975 Source OS mapping Description Field boundaries within the Site appear to be the same as those shown on the 1854 OS map. East-west aligned field boundaries, which were shown on the 1854 OS map, are no longer extant. The field boundaries within the Site comprise hedgerows of dense vegetation. Assessment The field boundaries fall within the Site and may therefore be affected by the proposed development.

GE Number 03 Site Name Building north of Broad Lane Farm East (site of) Designation No designation HER Number - Site Type Farm building Period Twentieth century NGR SE 45605 09813 Source OS mapping Description The farm building to the north of Broad Lane Farm East was constructed during the 1950s and has since been demolished. The building was likely a farm building associated with Broad Lane Farm East. Assessment The farm building was located within the Site and so any remains associated with the building may be affected by the proposed development.

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GE Number 04 Site Name Broad Lane Farm East Designation Grade II listed building HER Number PRN 12195 Site Type Farmhouse Period Late-seventeenth century NGR SE 45647 09786 Source HER; OS mapping; Historic England Description Broad Lane Farm East is a grade II listed building located immediately south of the Site. The farmhouse dates to the late-seventeenth century. Assessment The proposed development will not directly affect the listed building as it is not located within the Site, however, the setting of the listed building may be affected, and as such will require consideration in a separate appraisal.

GE Number 05 Site Name Barn 5m to the west of Broad Lane Farm East Farmhouse Designation Grade II listed building HER Number PRN 12195 Site Type Farm building Period Late-seventeenth century NGR SE 45624 09786 Source HER; OS mapping; Historic England Description The barn located approximately 5m to the west of the farmhouse at Broad Lane East Farm is a grade II listed building and likely dates to the late-seventeenth century. Assessment The proposed development will not directly affect the listed building as it is not located within the Site, however, the setting of the listed building may be affected, and as such will require consideration in a separate appraisal.

GE Number 06 Site Name Broad Lane Farm West Designation Non-designated heritage asset HER Number PRN 12217 Site Type Farmhouse Period Late-eighteenth century NGR SE 45508 09728 Source HER; OS mapping Description Broad Lane Farm West is located to the south of the Site. The farm dates to the late-eighteenth century and is a non-designated heritage asset. Assessment The proposed development will not directly affect the non-designated heritage asset as it is not located within the Site, however, the setting of the farm may be affected, and as such will require consideration in a separate appraisal.

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GE Number 07 Site Name Enclosures south of Burntwood Drive, South Kirkby Designation No designation HER Number PRN 834 Site Type Cropmarks Period Possible prehistoric NGR SE 45072 10300 Source HER Description Cropmarks have been identified through aerial photography c 400m to the northwest of the Site, which represent prehistoric activity (HER PRN834). The cropmarks appear as irregular rectangular enclosures and could be prehistoric or Romano-British in origin, however, the nature of these cropmarks, and whether they do represent archaeological activity, is presently unknown. Other similar cropmarks have been located c 600m to the southwest of the Site (OA North 2003, site 5). Assessment The cropmarks are located beyond the Site boundary and therefore will not be affected. The cropmarks may indicate prehistoric or Romano-British activity within the area.

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6. Significance

6.1 The Policy Context of Heritage Assets The archaeological resource of an area can encompass a range of assets, including below-ground remains, earthworks, and standing buildings and other structures. Some of these remains may have statutory protection, such as Scheduled Monuments or listed buildings. Others do not, but may nevertheless be of archaeological significance. Under both national and local planning policy, as outlined below, both statutory and non-statutory remains are to be considered within the planning process. The NPPF sets out the Government’s planning policy and framework for England, and how these are expected to be implemented. The NPPF places particular emphasis on assessing the development proposals in line with an up-to-date local plan. Consequently, Wakefield Metropolitan District Council Core Strategy (adopted 2009) was consulted as the key Development Plan Document in the Local Development Framework (LDF), with particular reference to Policy TP12: the Historic Environment. In determining applications, local planning authorities must be able to understand the significance of any heritage assets affected by a proposed development in order to assess its impact. This enables the conservation of heritage assets in a manner suitable to their significance so that they can be enjoyed for their contribution to the quality of life of this and future generations, or else they can be recorded and advance understanding of the significance of any heritage assets to be lost in a manner proportionate to their importance and the impact, and to make this evidence publicly accessible.

6.2 Assessment Methodology and Significance Criteria An accepted methodology for assessing archaeological significance is the Secretary of State’s criteria for the scheduling of ancient monuments, outlined in Annex 1 of Scheduled Monuments: identifying, protecting, conserving and investigating nationally important archaeological sites under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 (DCMS March 2010). These criteria have all been utilised in this assessment and are listed below: • Period • Rarity • Documentation • Group Value • Survival/Condition • Fragility/Vulnerability • Diversity • Potential

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6.3 Baseline Significance Conditions Period Available mapping shows the Site has remained undeveloped since the mid-nineteenth century. Cropmarks indicate that the Site was used for agricultural purposes during the post-medieval period. Therefore, the most likely remains to be found within the Site will date from the post-medieval period. There is some potential, however, for remains dating to earlier periods to be found within the Site, particularly late prehistoric or Romano-British remains. Remains of twentieth-century structures, such as the building north of Broad Lane Farm East, would not be considered significant due to period. Rarity The most likely remains to be identified within the Site are the post-medieval ridge and furrow earthworks. Ridge and furrow earthworks have been identified across the region and therefore would not be considered rare. Romano-British or prehistoric remains would be considered significant due to rarity. Documentation The historical development of the study area from the mid-nineteenth century can be traced reasonably well from cartographic and other primary sources. Further documentary research would undoubtedly furnish additional evidence, including information on land ownership and agricultural uses of the land, although this is unlikely to alter the outline and conclusions presented in this assessment. Group Value The ridge and furrow earthworks (GE01) and the field boundaries (GE02) both represent the rural character of the Site. The land within the Site may also have some group association with the grade II listed Broad Lane Farm East and the non-designated heritage asset Broad Lane Farm West. Survival / Condition The survival, extent and condition of any below-ground archaeological remains within the Site is presently unknown. Due to the lack of development within the Site during the industrial period, any buried remains, if present, are likely to survive in situ. Fragility/Vulnerability Any buried archaeological remains within the Site, should they be present and survive in situ, are vulnerable to damage or destruction during any earth-moving works for the proposed development. Diversity None of the known sites within the Site are considered to be significant due to diversity. Potential There are no known prehistoric sites within the Site, however, remains of a prehistoric or Romano-British field system may survive 400m to the northwest and 600m to the

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southwest. There is therefore some potential for remains deriving from the prehistoric and Roman periods to exist within the Site. The study area contains some potential to yield in-situ archaeological remains relating to post-medieval agricultural practices (GE01). 6.4 Significance of Below-Ground Archaeological Remains Using the above criteria, and particularly survival/condition, fragility/vulnerability and period, the Site may contain non-statutory below-ground archaeological remains of local significance. Based on the assessment above, the following table outlines the significance ascribed to the heritage assets identified within the Site which may have archaeological remains surviving in situ. Gazetteer Entry Significance 01: Ridge and furrow Low (Local) 02: Field boundaries Low (Local) 03: Building north of Broad Lane Low (Local)

Table 3: The significance of the gazetteer entries identified within the Site Any remains within the Site dating to the late prehistoric or Romano-British period would be considered of low (local) or medium (borough) significance, depending on state of preservation.

19 © Salford Archaeology South Kirkby, City of Wakefield, West Yorkshire: Desk-based Assessment

7. Impact of Development

7.1 Development Proposals The proposed development comprises the construction of business and industrial units with associated parking and servicing space, with road access into the site from Onward Way. 7.2 Impact of Development Delivery of the development proposals will necessitate ground-breaking, earth-moving and landscaping works across the Site, with potential to impact on buried archaeological remains. This assessment has demonstrated that the Site has some potential to contain buried remains dating to the prehistoric or Romano-British periods. Post-medieval ridge and furrow will also likely be identified within the Site. It is thus possible that any buried remains may be disturbed by any ground-breaking works required for the implementation of the proposed development. These archaeological remains are likely to be of local and/or borough significance and the unmitigated adverse impact of the proposed development on these remains is likely to be substantial. 7.3 Further Investigation Where the loss of the whole or a material part of a heritage asset’s significance is justified by a development, the NPPF stresses that developer should be required to record that asset and advance understanding of its significance, and to make this evidence publicly accessible. This approach applies to designated and non-designated heritage assets. The requirement for any further archaeological investigation in advance of, or during, development works will be decided by the West Yorkshire Archaeological Advisory Service, in their capacity as archaeological advisor to Wakefield Council. However, it may be anticipated that further archaeological investigation via a programme of evaluation trenching will be required to establish the presence or absence of the archaeological remains and, if present, their extent and significance. Should any significant remains be encountered during the initial evaluation, further archaeological works in the form of an open-area excavation may be appropriate to ensure an archival record is compiled prior to the ultimate loss of the remains, in line with guidance provided by the National Planning Policy Framework.

20 © Salford Archaeology South Kirkby, City of Wakefield, West Yorkshire: Desk-based Assessment

Sources

Cartographic Sources Ordnance Survey 1:10560 County Series Map of 1854 Ordnance Survey 1:2500 County Series Map of 1893 Ordnance Survey 1:2500 County Series Map of 1906 Ordnance Survey 1:2500 National Grid Map of 1918 Ordnance Survey 1:2500 National Grid Map of 1932 Ordnance Survey 1:10000 National Grid Map of 1956 Ordnance Survey 1:2500 National Grid Map of 1962 Ordnance Survey 1:10560 National Grid Map of 1966 Secondary Sources Hey, D., 1979. The Making of South Yorkshire. Derby. Hey, D., 1986. Yorkshire from AD1000. London. Hunter, J., 1974. South Yorkshire, 2. Originally published 1828-31, republished Wakefield. Lasdun, S., 1991. The English Park, Royal, Private and Public. London. Margary, I.D., 1973. Roman Roads in Britain. London. Martin, G.H., Danbury, E.A., Goldberg, P.J.P., Barber, B.J., and Beresford, M.W., 1994. Doncaster: A Borough and its Charters. Doncaster. OA North, 2003. Frickley Colliery, South Elmsall, West Yorkshire: Archaeological Assessment Report. Oxford Archaeology North: unpublished report. Roskams, S. and Whyman. M. 2005. Yorkshire Archaeological Research Framework: resource assessment. York: University of York, Department of Archaeology. Smith, A.H., 1961. ‘The Place-Names of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Part 1: Lower & Upper Strafforth and Staincross Wapentakes’, English Place-Name Soc, 30, Cambridge Websites Barn approximately 5m west of Broad Lane Farm East Farmhouse https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1235352 Date accessed: 08/09/2020 Broad Lane Farm East Farmhouse https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1235461 Date accessed: 08/09/2020 Hallsteads Moated Site, Grimethorpe https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1012457 Date accessed: 08/09/2020 21 © Salford Archaeology South Kirkby, City of Wakefield, West Yorkshire: Desk-based Assessment

Frickley Hall https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1151650 Date accessed: 08/09/2020 Medieval silver penny of Henry III found near the Site https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/809368 Date accessed: 08/09/2020 Post-medieval silver three pence of Elizabeth I found near the Site https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/390501 Date accessed: 08/09/2020 Post-medieval period finger ring found near the Site https://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/430750 Date accessed: 08/09/2020

Acknowledgements

Salford Archaeology would like to thank Duncan MacKay of BDP for commissioning the assessment. Thanks are also due to Rhona Finlayson, for supplying the HER data, and David Hunter, Senior Archaeologist within the West Yorkshire Archaeological Advisory Service, for his support and advice. The desk-based research and report was compiled by Ashley Brogan, and the illustrations were produced by Sarah Mottershead.

Appendix 1: Figures

Figure 1: Site Location Map Figure 2: Site Boundary Overlain onto Modern Mapping Figure 3: Site Boundary Overlain onto the 1:2500 County Series Map of 1893 Figure 4: Site Boundary Overlain onto the 1:2500 County Series Map of 1906 Figure 5: Site Boundary Overlain onto the 1:2500 County Series Map of 1932 Figure 6: Site Boundary Overlain onto the 1:2500 National Grid Map of 1962 Figure 7: Gazetteer Entries Overlain onto Modern Mapping

Figure 1:

Site Location

Figure 2: N Key: Site Boundary Overlain onto Modern Mapping Site Boundary

0 200 m

Scale at A4 1:5000 Salford Archaeology, Peel Building,The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT Figure 3: N Key: Site Boundary Overlain onto the 1:2500 County Series Map of 1893 Site Boundary

0 200 m

Scale at A4 1:5000 Salford Archaeology, Peel Building,The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT Figure 4: N Key: Site Boundary Overlain onto the 1:2500 County Series Map of 1906 Site Boundary

0 200 m

Scale at A4 1:5000 Salford Archaeology, Peel Building,The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT Figure 5: N Key: Site Boundary Overlain onto the 1:2500 County Series Map of 1932 Site Boundary

0 200 m

Scale at A4 1:5000 Salford Archaeology, Peel Building,The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT Figure 6: N Key: Site Boundary Overlain onto the 1:2500 County Series Map of 1962 Site Boundary

0 200 m

Scale at A4 1:5000 Salford Archaeology, Peel Building,The Crescent, Salford, M5 4WT GE07

GE01 GE01

GE01

GE02

GE03

GE05 GE04

GE06

Figure 7: Key: N Site Boundary 0 200 m GE03 GE06 Gazetteer Entries Overlain onto Modern Mapping GE01 GE04 GE07