Notes on Witchcraft. by George Lyman Kittredge
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Accused: Fairfield’S Witchcraft Trials September 25, 2014 – January 5, 2015 Educator Guide
Accused: Fairfield’s Witchcraft Trials September 25, 2014 – January 5, 2015 Educator Guide Accused: Fairfield’s Witchcraft Trials September 25, 2014 – January 5, 2015 Teacher Guide Index Introduction: The Legacy of Witchcraft Page 3 Essential Questions & Big Ideas Page 5 Accused Suggested Mini-Activity Page 6 Online Teacher Resources: Lesson Plans & Student Activities Page 7 Student & Teacher Resources: Salem Pages 9 - 10 New England Witchcraft Trials: Overview & Statistics Page 10 New England Witchcraft Timeline Pages 12 - 13 Vocabulary Page 14 Young Adult Books Page 15 Bibliography Page 15 Excerpts from Accused Graphic Novel Page 17 - 19 Educator Guide Introduction This Educator Guide features background information, essential questions, student activities, vocabulary, a timeline and a booklist. Created in conjunction with the exhibition Accused: Fairfield’s Witchcraft Trials, the guide also features reproductions of Jakob Crane’s original illustrations and storylines from the exhibition. The guide is also available for download on the Fairfield Museum’s website at www.fairfieldhistory.org/education This Educator Guide was developed in partnership with regional educators at a Summer Teacher Institute in July, 2014 and co-sponsored by the Fairfield Public Library. Participants included: Renita Crawford, Bridgeport, CT Careen Derise, Discovery Magnet School, Bridgeport, CT Leslie Greene, Side By Side, Norwalk, CT Lauren Marchello, Fairfield Ludlowe High School, Fairfield, CT Debra Sands-Holden, King Low Heywood Thomas School, Stamford, CT Katelyn Tucker, Shelton Public Schools, CT About the Exhibition: In 17th century New England religious beliefs and folk tradition instilled deep fears of magic, evil, and supernatural powers. How else to explain unnatural events, misfortune and the sudden convulsions and fits of local townspeople? In this exhibition, the fascinating history of Connecticut’s witchcraft trials is illuminated by author and illustrator Jakob Crane. -
The 400Th Anniversary of the Lancashire Witch-Trials: Commemoration and Its Meaning in 2012
The 400th Anniversary of the Lancashire Witch-Trials: Commemoration and its Meaning in 2012. Todd Andrew Bridges A thesis submitted for the degree of M.A.D. History 2016. Department of History The University of Essex 27 June 2016 1 Contents Abbreviations p. 3 Acknowledgements p. 4 Introduction: p. 5 Commemorating witch-trials: Lancashire 2012 Chapter One: p. 16 The 1612 Witch trials and the Potts Pamphlet Chapter Two: p. 31 Commemoration of the Lancashire witch-trials before 2012 Chapter Three: p. 56 Planning the events of 2012: key organisations and people Chapter Four: p. 81 Analysing the events of 2012 Conclusion: p. 140 Was 2012 a success? The Lancashire Witches: p. 150 Maps: p. 153 Primary Sources: p. 155 Bibliography: p. 159 2 Abbreviations GC Green Close Studios LCC Lancashire County Council LW 400 Lancashire Witches 400 Programme LW Walk Lancashire Witches Walk to Lancaster PBC Pendle Borough Council PST Pendle Sculpture Trail RPC Roughlee Parish Council 3 Acknowledgement Dr Alison Rowlands was my supervisor while completing my Masters by Dissertation for History and I am honoured to have such a dedicated person supervising me throughout my course of study. I gratefully acknowledge Dr Rowlands for her assistance, advice, and support in all matters of research and interpretation. Dr Rowland’s enthusiasm for her subject is extremely motivating and I am thankful to have such an encouraging person for a supervisor. I should also like to thank Lisa Willis for her kind support and guidance throughout my degree, and I appreciate her providing me with the materials that were needed in order to progress with my research and for realising how important this research project was for me. -
The Celtic Revival in English Literature, 1760-1800
ZOh. jU\j THE CELTIC REVIVAL IN ENGLISH LITERATURE LONDON : HUMPHREY MILFORD OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS The "Bard The Celtic Revival in English Literature 1760 — 1800 BY EDWARD D. SNYDER B.A. (Yale), Ph.D. (Harvard) CAMBRIDGE HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1923 COPYRIGHT, 1923 BY HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINTED AT THE HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A. PREFACE The wholesome tendency of modern scholarship to stop attempting a definition of romanticism and to turn instead to an intimate study of the pre-roman- tic poets, has led me to publish this volume, on which I have been intermittently engaged for several years. In selecting the approximate dates 1760 and 1800 for the limits, I have been more arbitrary in the later than in the earlier. The year 1760 has been selected because it marks, roughly speaking, the beginning of the Celtic Revival; whereas 1800, the end of the century, is little more than a con- venient place for breaking off a history that might have been continued, and may yet be continued, down to the present day. Even as the volume has been going through the press, I have found many new items from various obscure sources, and I am more than ever impressed with the fact that a collection of this sort can never be complete. I have made an effort, nevertheless, to show in detail what has been hastily sketched in countless histories of literature — the nature and extent of the Celtic Revival in the late eighteenth century. Most of the material here presented is now pub- lished for the first time. -
The Physician and Witchcraft in Restoration England
THE PHYSICIAN AND WITCHCRAFT IN RESTORATION ENGLAND by GARFIELD TOURNEY THE YEAR of 1660 witnessed important political and scientific developments in England. The restoration of the monarchy and the Church of England occurred with the return of Charles II after the dissolution of the Commonwealth and the Puritan influence. The Royal Society, after informal meetings for nearly fifteen years, was established as a scientific organization in 1660 and received its Royal Charter in 1662. During the English revolution, and for a short time during the Commonwealth, interest in witchcraft mounted. Between 1645 and 1646 Matthew Hopkins acquired the reputation as the most notorious witch-finder in the history of England.I His activities in Essex and the other eastern counties led to the execution of as many as 200 witches. In Suffolk it is estimated that he was responsible for arresting at least 124 persons for witchcraft, of whom 68 were hanged. The excesses soon led to a reaction and Hopkins lost his influence, and died shortly thereafter in 1646. There then was a continuing decline in witchcraft persecutions, and an increasing scepticism toward the phenomena of witchcraft was expressed. Scepticism was best exemplified in Thomas Hobbes' (1588-1679) Leviathan, published in 1651.2 Hobbes presented a materialistic philosophy, emphasizing change occurring in motion, the material nature of mental activity, the elimination of final causes, and the rejection of the reality of spirit. He decried the belief in witchcraft and the supematural, emphasizing -
A Hoosicr at Harvard
A Hoosicr at Harvard William E. Wilson” It was 1923, late August,- in Evansville, Indiana, where I was born. I was seventeen. On the telephone Mr. John 0. Chewning, principal of Central High School, from which I had graduated in June, was asking me if I would like to go to Har- vard. At that time, for reasons that I can no longer remember, I thought I wanted to go to Yale. But Yale was still a year or two away. My father had just been elected to Congress from the old First District of Indiana, and the family would be moving to Washington, D.C.’ I planned to enroll in one of the colleges in Washington and later transfer to Yale if my grades were good enough. Thus I would avoid the entrance examinations that only a few colleges required in those days. It was true that I had so far neglected to advise Yale Uni- versity of my intentions or any of the institutions of higher learning in Washington on my list, for that matter. But in 1923 going to college was a more casual business than it is today; in most instances one simply packed one’s bag at the last minute and went, * William E. Wilson is James A. Work professor of English emeritus, Indi- ana University, Rloomington. At times a reporter for the Evansville, Indiana, Press and New Bedford, Massachusetts, Standard and associate editor of the Baltimore Evening Sun, Wilson has also authored numerous historical works and novels. Included are The Wabash (Riurrs of America series; New York, 1940); The Angel and the Serpent: The Story of New Harmony (Bloomington, 1964); Crescent City (New York, 1947); and Every Man Is My Father (New York, 1973). -
The Threat of Witchcraft Destroyed
Clarke said she’d lie with the Devil, The threat of Witchcraft destroyed In the shape of a gentleman, Or, the trial and condemnation of Elizabeth Clarke in the county of Essex, hung at Three times a week for six years, Chelmsford the 29. of July last. He’d say ‘Besse, I must lie with you’ and she volunteered. To the Tune of, Doctor Faustus: or, Fortune my Foe. Clarke flew to witchcraft gatherings at night, In the forest, it was out of sight, They’d feast and dance till the Devil came, Learn his magical arts and swear their allegiance. Twenty-six women Clarke accused of witchcraft, Her housekeeper Helen carried out evil tasks, With the help of Elimanzer, her familiar, She cursed Grace Glascock’s daughter. Clarke blamed Anne West for the death of John Edwards, Said she quarrelled with his mother Susan, Anne was found to have suspicious marks, Richard Edwards owned a shop in In Manningtree,aw a place in Essex, She claimed they were merely birthmarks. Lived an evil, malicious witch, Manningtree, Her name was Elizabeth Clarke, Refused to sell Clarke bread and brie, Clarke was found guilty when she was tried, She worked for Satan; she had three She killed his cattle, muttering charms, Hung whilst the crowd roared and cried, Devil’s marks. Conspired with the Devil to bring about ‘Kill the witch, end our suffering and fear’, these harms. Clarke trembled and wept, shocked by the cheer. Essex had been wrecked by the Civil War, Matthew Hopkins, the witchfinder-general, Now that we know Clarke’s fate, Struck by famine and disease, yet it Arrived in March to interrogate Clarke, I must give you a Hopkins update, swore, With his assistant Stearne and searcher After Clarke, his first suspect, Loyalty to the Roundheads, Philips, Two hundred witches he did inspect. -
The Discovery of Witches, by Matthew Hopkins
The Discovery of Witches, by Matthew Hopkins THE DISCOVERY OF WITCHES IN Answer to severall QUERIES, LATELY Delivered to the Judges of Assize for the County of NORFOLK And now published by MATTHEW HOPKINS, Witch-finder FOR the Benefit of the whole KINGDOME M. DC. XLVII. EXOD. 22.18. Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live. Certaine Queries answered, which have been and are likely to be objected against MATTHEW HOPKINS, in his way of finding out Witches. Querie 1. That he must needs be the greatest Witch, Sorcerer, and Wizzard himselfe, else he could not doe it. Answ. If Satan's kingdome be divided against it selfe, how shall it stand? Querie 2. If he never went so farre as is before mentioned, yet for certaine he met with the Devill, and cheated him of his Booke, wherein were written all the Witches names in England, and if he looks on any Witch, he can tell by her countenance what she is; so by this, his helpe is from the Devill. Answ. If he had been too hard for the devill and got his book, it had been to his great commendation, and no disgrace at all: and for judgement in Phisiognomie, he hath no more then any man else whatsoever. Querie 3. From whence then proceeded this his skill? was it from his profound learning, or from much reading of learned Authors concerning that subject? Answ. From neither of both, but from experience, which though it be meanly esteemed of, yet the surest and safest way to judge by. -
Witches and Witchcraft in Ely
Witches and Witchcraft in Ely A HISTORY Francis Young Printed for the author by Cambridge Print Solutions Cambridge, 2013 Published by Francis Young © Francis Young 2013 Francis Young has asserted his moral right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work. francisyoung.wordpress.com ISBN 978-0-9926404-0-8 Table of Contents Introduction 1 1. Hereward and the Witch 3 2. A Necromancer in the Lady Chapel 5 3. Witchcraft and the Reformation 9 4. Witchfinders in Ely 11 5. Witchcraft in Ely in Modern Times 15 Notes 20 Introduction The Cambridgeshire Fens are one of the last places in England where traditional belief in witchcraft was widespread. Until as late as the mid-twentieth century, Fenland communities were isolated, and their inhabitants were more vulnerable to environmental illnesses, such as malaria, than the rest of the population. A hard life, geographical isolation, close-knit communities and mistrust of outsiders may all have contributed to the Fenlanders’ abiding belief in the power of witchcraft. Ely’s place in the history of English witchcraft is a special one. As the cathedral city at the heart of the Fens, under the independent jurisdiction of the Bishop, Ely was the place where anyone locally accused of witchcraft would be brought to trial. The city was the hub from which John Stearne completed the last stage of Matthew Hopkins’s infamous witch-hunt in the 1640s, and Ely was the scene for the (quite literal) downfall of the first ‘witch’ to appear in English history. -
Henry More, Richard Baxter, and Francis Glisson's Trea Tise on the Energetic Na Ture of Substance
Medical History, 1987, 31: 15-40. MEDICINE AND PNEUMATOLOGY: HENRY MORE, RICHARD BAXTER, AND FRANCIS GLISSON'S TREA TISE ON THE ENERGETIC NA TURE OF SUBSTANCE by JOHN HENRY* The nature of the soul and its relationship to the body has always proved problematical for Christian philosophy. The source ofthe difficulty can be traced back to the efforts of the early Fathers to reconcile the essentially pagan concept of an immaterial and immortal soul with apostolic teachings about the after-life in which all the emphasis is placed upon the resurrection of the body. The tensions between these two traditions inevitably became strained during the sixteenth century when Protestant reformers insisted on a closer adherence to Scripture. Furthermore, even when leaving the problems of Scriptural hermeneutics aside, the dualistic approach to the question, in which soul (or spirit) and body are held to be categorically different in essence, had to overcome a number of intractable philosophical problems. So, it was not simply coincidence that when the new mechanical philosophy began to be formulated in a systematic way in the seventeenth century, it was couched in vigorously dualistic terms. In fact, three of the earliest fully elaborated systems of mechanical philosophy, those of Descartes, Digby, and Charleton, were explicitly intended to provide a philosophical prop for dualist theology.' Moreover, it was because of its usefulness in promoting dualism that Cartesianism was first popularized in England not by a natural philosopher but by the Cambridge Platonist and theologian, Henry More.2 *John Henry, MPhil, PhD, Wellcome Institute for the History ofMedicine, 183 Euston Road, London NWI 2BP. -
Empowering Popularity: the Fuel Behind a Witch-Hunt
EMPOWERING POPULARITY: THE FUEL BEHIND A WITCH-HUNT ________________________________ A Thesis Presented to The Honors Tutorial College Ohio University ________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for Graduation From the Honors Tutorial College With the degree of Bachelor of Arts in History ________________________________ Written by Grace Konyar April 2017 Table of Contents List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………….2 Introduction………………………………………………………………………….3 Chapter One………………………………………………………………………..10 Who Lives, Who Dies, Who Tells Your Story: The Development of Witchcraft as a Gendered Crime Chapter Two………………………………………………………………………………...31 The World Turned Upside Down: The Fragility of the Suffolk and Essex Witch-Hunts Chapter Three ……………………………………………………………………………...52 That Would Be Enough: The Tipping Point of Spectral Evidence Chapter Four………………………………………………………………………74 Satisfied: The Balance of Ethics and Fame Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….93 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………..97 1 List of Figures Image 1: Frontispiece, Matthew Hopkins, The Discovery of Witches, London, 1647…...........................................................................................................................40 Image 2: Indictment document 614 of the Essex Summer Sessions for Maria Sterling. Courtesy of The National Archives- Kew, ASSI 35/86/1/72. Photograph by the author………………………………………………………………………………....41 Image 3: Frontispiece, A True Relation of the Araignment of eighteen Witches, London, 1945……………………………………...……….…………………………48 -
Scepticism and Belief in English Witchcraft Drama, 1538–1681
SCEPTICISM AND BELIEF IN ENGLISH WITCHCRAFT DRAMA, 1538–1681 Scepticism and belief in English witchcraft drama, 1538–1681 ERIC PUDNEY Lund University Press Copyright © Eric Pudney 2019 The right of Eric Pudney to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Lund University Press The Joint Faculties of Humanities and Theology P.O. Box 117 SE-221 00 LUND Sweden http://lunduniversitypress.lu.se Lund University Press books are published in collaboration with Manchester University Press. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 9 1983 7686 9 hardback ISBN 978 9 1983 7687 6 open access First published 2019 This electronic version has been made freely available under a Creative Commons (CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, thanks to the support of Lund University, which permits non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction provided the author(s) and Lund University Press are fully cited and no modifications or adaptations are made. Details of the licence can be viewed at https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The publisher has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for any external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Lund University Press gratefully acknowledges publication assistance from the Thora Ohlsson Foundation (Thora Ohlssons -
Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases, 1648-1706
Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases, 1648−1706 George Lincoln Burr Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases, 1648−1706 Table of Contents Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases, 1648−1706...............................................................................................1 George Lincoln Burr................................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................3 Notes........................................................................................................................................................5 A BRIEF AND TRUE NARRATIVE: titlepage.....................................................................................7 “The Bookseller to the Reader.”..............................................................................................................7 Narrative..................................................................................................................................................7 Notes......................................................................................................................................................11 Remarks of things more than ordinary about the Afflicted Persons......................................................14 Notes......................................................................................................................................................15