CEDAR GLADE SPECIES LIST PRODUCERS LIST PLANTS Prickly-Pear Cactus, Opuntia humifusa - Yellow Stargrass, Hypoxis hirsute – perennial; Glade Stonecrop, Sedum pulchellum – annual; perennial; only native cactus to Tennessee; monocot; 3-6” tall grass-like leaves; star-shaped 3” tall with succulent leaves; ¼” wide white to flattened green stems; 2–3’ wide, 8” tall; large yellow flowers April – May; Zone 3 pink, cylindrical flowers May – June; Zone 2 yellow flowers May – June; Zone 2 & 3 Blue-Eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium albidum – Nashville Breadroot, Pediomelum subacaule – Sunnybell Lily, Schoenolirion croceum - bluish perennial; monocot; 6-8” tall; flat, narrow, long perennial; endemic; large starchy tuber with green leaves 15–24” long; yellow petals April to leaf blades; small, blue flowers March – May; thin root; 6” tall, palmately compound leaves; May; Zones 2 & 3 Zones 2 & 3 dense cluster of purplish-blue flowers April - Hoary Puccoon, Lithospermum canescens - Three-awn grass, Aristida oligantha – annual; May; Zone 3 perennial; five unbranched stems 4–16” long; monocot Pyne’s Ground Plum, Astragalus bibullatus – golden yellow flowers April – May; Zones 2 & 3 Poverty Grass, Sporobolus vaginiflorus – endemic; protected; fruit is a red, fleshy pod; 3- Nashville Mustard, Leavenworthia stylosa - annual; monocot 6” smooth stems with compound leaves; annual; endemic to glade; solitary stalk 2-3” Little Bluestem, Schizachyrium scoparium – purple-blue pea-like flowers April – May; Zones tall; white and yellow petals February – May; perennial; monocot 3 & 4 Zone 2 Glade Savory, Satureja glabella – perennial; Shooting Star, Dodecatheon meadia – Price’s Wood Sorrel, Oxalis priceae - clover endemic; 3-4” tall; smooth leaves; small, purple perennial; 15-25” tall stalks; oval leaves for shaped leaves; ½” wide yellow flowers with red flowers with calyx (tube) June – August; Zone 3 rosette at base; 5 white, reflexed petals flower spots; Zone 2 Gattinger’s Lobelia, Lobelia gattingeri – annual April – June; 2 ecotypes: Zone 3 and Zone 4 & 5 St. John’s Wort, Hypericum sp – perennial; or biennial; endemic; 6-12” tall unbranched Glade Larkspur, Delphinium carolinianum – shrub, 3-4’ tall; distinctive yellow flowers with 5 stems; ½” long, blue-purple flowers May – perennial; 3-4’ stem with dissected leaves; petals and many stamen July – August; Zone 4 June; Zone 2 white, ¾” flowers with pink spurs May – July; Prairie Coneflower, Ratibida pinnata – Prairie Purple Coneflower, Echinacea simulate – Zones 2 & 3 perennial; 3-4’ tall; flower has cone shaped perennial; rare plant; 24-36” tall, rough, hairy Glade Sandwort, Arenaria patula – annual; 3-6” center disc with 2” long yellow ray petals May – stems; reflexed, narrow, pink – purple blooms tall with thin, linear leaves; ½” white/purple August; Zone 3 May – July; Zone 3 petals April – June; Zone 2 Missouri Evening Primrose, Oenothera Tennessee Coneflower, Echinacea Fame Flower, Talinum calcaricum – perennial; macrocarpa – perennial; low-sprawling, tennesseensis – perennial; previously thought new endemic; ¾” long cyrved, cylindrical narrow, silvery 6” long leaves; 5” wide yellow to be extinct; listed as federally endangered; leaves; ½” wide, bright purplish flowers May – flowers May – June; 3” long, winged seed pods; endemic; 18” tall; disc flower with dark brown August; Zone 2 Zone 2 center and purple-pink ray petals May – Eastern Redcedar, Juniperus virginiana – Tennessee Milk Vetch, Astraalus tennesseensis October; Zone 3 coniferous evergreen; 50” tall; forms ring – perennial; 4–6” tall; compound leaves & Gattinger’s Prairie Clover, Dalea gattingeri – around glades; females have small, bluish, flowers; yellowish-white, pea-like flowers April perennial; endemic; low-growing with 5-7 berry-like cones – May; Zone 3 leaflets; elongated rose-purple flowers on wiry, Leafy Prairie Clover, Dalea foliosa – perennial; Wild Petunia, Ruellia humilis – perennial; 6-12” reddish stems May - June; Zones 2 & 3 endemic; federally endangered; 12-30” tall; tall; blue violet trumpet-like flowers May – Lyreleaf Sage, Salvia lyrata – perennial; 12-18” pinnately compound and smooth leaves; dense, October; Zone 2 & 3 tall; lobed leaves growing from base; pale-blue cylindrical head of 1-2” purple to white flowers Large Houstonia, Houstonia purpurea – 6-12” to lavender flowers April – June; Zones 3 & 4 June – August; Zone 3 tall; ¼” pinkish flowers April – July; Zones 2 & 3 CEDAR GLADE SPECIES LIST PRODUCER LIST cont… CYANOBACTERIA Possible MOSSES in glades & neighboring woods: by underground rhizomes; single leaf-like frond Nostoc, Nostoc commune – also known as  Open Glades: and spore-bearing stalk April – May; Zone 3 Witches butter; gelatin-like when wet, hard, Pleurochaete squarrosa (very common on soil) dark and crusty when dry; Zones 1 & 2 Grimmia apocarpa, Orthotrichum strangulatum  Ferns in more protected or shaded areas: (black clumps on rock) Ebony Spleenwort Possible LICHENS found in Cedar Glades: Grape Fern Reindeer Moss Cladonia furcata and C. turgid - Possible FERNS in glades & neighboring woods: Hairy Lip Fern actually a lichen; grayish-green mounds 6-12” Adderstongue Fern, Ophioglossum engelmannii Purple Cliffbrake across; Zone 4 – open Glade; perennial; primarily reproduces Common Woodsia

DECOMPOSER LIST

DECOMPOSERS: Many of these may be sparse except around small tree areas, if existent Devil’s Urn, Urnula vaterium - fallen deciduous Turkey Tail, Trametes varsicolor - dead Puffballs, Lycopedales order; open woods wood (winged elm, perhaps in glade) deciduous wood Elm Oyster, Hypizygous tessulatus, deciduous, Earthstar False Turkey Tail, Stercum ostrea, stumps of especially elm deciduous wood, especially oak

PREDATOR-PREY FAUNA LIST REPTILES Eastern Box Turtle, Terrapene carolina carolina Five-lined Skink, Eumeces fasciatus - on stumps, Black Rat Snake, Elaphe obsolete obsolete - – omnivorous; eats fruit, berries, and worms woodlots, sawdust piles, etc.; insectivorous excellent climber; eat mice, young , young Northern Fence Lizard, Sceloporous u. Eastern Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis rats, lizards, frogs undulates – often on rotting stumps & logs; sirtalis - eats frogs, toads, salamanders, fish, Northern Black Racer, Coluber constrictor insectivorous but will eat & other earthworms, leeches, small mammals, etc constrictor - eats rodents, small birds, lizards, Black King Snake, Lampropeltis getula nigra - snakes, frogs, & open woods, dry areas; eat snakes, lizards, rodents, & their eggs, & turtle eggs

ARACHNIDS ( & Relatives) Tick, Loxididae family - cling to plants, Jumping Spider, Salticidae family - these have Nursery-web Spider, Pisaurina mira - feeds on especially larvae; both larvae & adults seek good vision and pounce on prey (small insects) small insects blood of mammals Micrathena sp - small insects

CEDAR GLADE SPECIES LIST PREDATOR-PREY FAUNA LIST cont. INSECTS  Butterflies & Moths  Crickets & Grasshoppers Falcate Orangetip, Falcapsia Claudia -  : Grasshoppers caterpillar feeds on Smooth Rock Cress, Ladybug , Coccinella sp. - eats aphids Spotted Camel Crickets/ Cave Crickets, Leavenworthia, & other Mustards Spotted Cucumber Beetle, Diabrotica Ceuthophilus maculates - feed on fungi, roots, Eastern Variegated Fritillary, Euptoieta claudia - undecimpunctata - damages flowers and foliage foliage, fruits caterpillar frequents violets of many plants Field Cricket, Gryllus pennsylvannicus - plant Sachem, Atalopedeo campestris - caterpillar Bombardier Beetle - toxic liquid will stain materials; dying & dead insects feeds on grasses human skin; metallic in appearance; live near Northern Katydid, Pterophylla camellifolia - Cloudless Sulfur - partridge pea & sennas temporary pools feed on foliage of deciduous trees; both sexes Wax Moth, Melitara prodenialis - caterpillar Eyed Click Beetle, Alaus osculates make sounds bores into fleshy pads Eastern Hercules Beetle, Dynastes titys Walkingstick, Phasmidae Family - foliage of White-lined Sphinx Moth, Hyles lineate - Green June Beetle, nitida deciduous trees & shrubs caterpillar feeds on chickweed & evening Stag Beetle, Lucanus elaphus primrose; will fly during daylight & night hours Fireflies - larvae are carnivorous, feed on slugs,  Flies & Similar Insects Common Clearwing/ Hummingbird Moth, worms, snails Mosquito, Culcidae family - male feeds on plant Hemaris thysbe - caterpillar feeds on foliage of juices and female’s diet is the blood of birds honeysuckle family; often flies in daylight hours  Other Insects: and mammals Silver Spotted Skipper - caterpillar eats foliage Green Stinkbug, Acroternum hilare - feed on Robber Fly, Tolmerus sp - body juices from of legumes and sticktights juice of foliage, plants, & flowers flying insects Aphid – wingless sucking, tiny, soft-bodied Crane Fly, Tipula sp - adult doesn’t eat; this  Wasps, Ants, & Relatives insects; also known as plant lice often resembles a huge mosquito and meets Paper Wasp, Polistes sp. - More tolerant of Cicada – males make a loud clicking sound, untimely deaths because of this appearance! people than relatives such as hornets and nymphs live underground and feed on root Deer Fly, Chrysops sp - male feeds on plant yellow jackets; adults feed on nectar & juices juices, preyed upon by birds juices and female’s diet is the blood of from fresh & rotting fruits. Milkweed bug – black and orange insects that mammals Giant Ichneumon Wasp, Megarhyssa sp - adults feed on milkweed sap; distasteful to predators, Black Horse Fly, Tabanus atratus - male feeds do not eat; feed young a certain type of larvae their bright colors signal bad taste on nectar and female feeds on blood of large Black & Yellow Mud Dauber, Sceliphron Leaf Hoppers – feed on plant sap and have mammals caementarium - adults feed on nectar and bazaar shapes American Horse Fly - male feeds on pollen & larvae are fed spider larvae Assassin Bug – predatory, feed on other insects nectar; female on blood of large American Hover Fly, Metasyrphus americanus - adult feeds on nectar  Dragonfly Honey Bee, Apis mellifera - adults nectar & Common Whitetail, Libellula Lydia - exposed honey (*Note- wing veination helps to identify mud and disturbed sites are included in the bee family members) habitat; Feeds on deerflies, horseflies, midges, Cowkiller, Dasymutilla occidentalis - adults and mosquitoes drink nectar; larvae feed on bumblebee larvae

CEDAR GLADE SPECIES LIST PREDATOR-PREY FAUNA LIST cont. and MILIPEDES Centipedes

AMPHIBIANS Gray Tree Frog, Hyla versicolor - small trees & Eastern Narrow-mouthed toad, Gastrophyrna Spotted Salamander, Ambystoma maculatum - shrubs; water’s edge in breeding season; gray carolinesnsis - secretive; often runs rather than round yellow to orange irregular patterned to green; eats insects & other invertebrates leap; short hops; feeds on insects (beetles, spots on dark back; earthworms & other Green frog, Ranus clamitans melanota - male termites, & ants) invertebrate tympanum is larger than eye; female is dame size as eye; long-legged

BIRDS Great Horned Owls - largest owl in Tennessee; Eastern - often found scratching on the Prairie Warbler - perches in the open glade ear tufts; eats , skunks, rodents ground; says name, too; eats seeds, fruits, often and has a distinctive wheezy song - very vocal and social; has barring acorns, berries, some invertebrates ascending. Eats primarily insects, feeding young on its chest; “Who cooks for you- who cooks for Indigo Bunting - beautiful deep blue bird often caterpillars you all” is the call of this bird; eats mice, appearing black until sun hits color right; seeds, Chuck-will’s Widow - nocturnal & says its name; squirrels, shrews, amphibians, reptiles, insects fruit, berries eats insects & occasionally small birds - smallest owl here in the Field Sparrow - descending whistle-like call (as (hummingbirds, swallows, etc.) area and has ear tufts; eats small rodents, if ping-pong ball were dropping…speeds up at Brown Thrasher - a mimic like our Mockingbird; arthropods, & fish end); eats few spiders; seeds of grasses, etc rusty brown in color; eats insects, Whip-por-will - says its name; nocturnal; eats Common Nighthawk - called Bullbat by locals; invertebrates, berries, fruit, & nuts insects, especially moths white stripes in wing; eats insects

MAMMALS , Marsupialis didelphis - eat almost , Procyon lotor - omnivore; insects, Coyote, Canis latrans anything; ranges include leaves, corn, crayfish, berries, nuts, crickets, grasshoppers, White-footed Mouse, Poromyseus leucopus - amphibians, insects, rabbits, millipedes, acorns, baby rabbits, voles, eggs, turtles seeds, nuts, and insects grasses, eggshells, etc. White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virgianus - twigs, Eastern Gray Squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis - nut Rabbit, Sylvilagus floridanus - feed on green shrubs, fungi, acorns, grass, herbs trees vegetation, bark, and strips Red Fox, Vulpes fulva - insects, rabbits, mice, Eastern , Tamias striatus - solitary; Skunk, Mephitis mephitis - omnivore; skunks seeds, bulbs, fruits, nuts, insects, meat, & eggs grasshoppers, crickets, beetles, bees, wasp, Gray Fox, Urocyon cineroargenteus - will climb Bobcat, Lynx rufus - Small mammals, including spiders, earthworms, mice, larvae, bugs, trees; eats small mammals- including skunks, raccoon berries; they are nearsighted. rabbits, eggs