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Technology Solutions for Advancing

Human in Global Supply Chains

A Landscape Assessment

v | Technology Solutions for Advancing Rights in Global Supply Chains

v | Technology Solutions for Advancing in Global Supply Chains

Technology Solutions for Advancing Human Rights in Global Supply Chains

A Landscape Assessment

June 2019

Jesse Nishinaga Faris Natour

Human Rights and Business Initiative of California, Berkeley

v | Technology Solutions for Advancing Human Rights in Global Supply Chains

HUMAN RIGHTS CENTER

The Human Rights Center at the University of California (UC), Berkeley, School of Law conducts on war crimes and other serious violations of international humanitarian law and human rights. Using evidence-based methods and innovative technologies, we support efforts to hold perpetrators accountable and protect vulnerable populations. We also and advocates to document human rights violations and turn this information into effective action.

The Human Rights and Business Initiative, a joint initiative of the Human Rights Center and the Center for Responsible Business at the Haas School of Business, envisions a world where all companies respect human rights. Launched in 2015, the Human Rights and Business Initiative works to advance the concept of rights-aware, decision making in business. Its mission is to equip current and business leaders with the attitude and aptitude to advance business respect for human rights everywhere.

Human Rights Center, UC Berkeley School of Law, 2224 Piedmont Avenue, Berkeley, CA 94720 : 510.642.0965 | : [email protected] | www.humanrights.berkeley.edu medium.com/humanrightscenter | @HRCBerkeley

HUMANITY UNITED AND UK AID

This report was made possible with the support of Humanity United and UK Aid. Humanity United is a dedicated to bringing new approaches to global problems that have long been considered intractable. It builds, , and supports efforts to change the that contribute to problems like , mass atrocities, and violent conflict. Humanity United is part of the Omidyar Group, which represents the philanthropic, personal, and professional interests of the Omidyar . www.humanityunited.org

Funded by the United Kingdom (UK)’s Department for International Development, UK Aid was established in 2014 to fund small- and medium-sized national and international civil organizations (CSOs) to reduce poverty and toward achieving the Global Goals. www.ukaiddirect.org

Rights and Permissions: We suggest the following citation when referencing this report: Jesse Nishinaga and Faris Natour, “Technology Solutions for Advancing Human Rights in Global Supply Chains,” Human Rights and Business Initiative, UC Berkeley, June 2019.

Cover photograph: Pexels.com. Report version: v1.0

v | Technology Solutions for Advancing Human Rights in Global Supply Chains

CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS / v

FORWARD / 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY / 3

BACKGROUND / 7

LANDSCAPE REVIEW / 12

KEY FINDINGS / 13 MAIN TAKEAWAYS / 15

BARRIERS TO SCALE AND IMPACT / 17

WORKER BARRIERS / 17 SUPPLIER BARRIERS / 18 COMPANY BARRIERS / 18

OPPORTUNITIES TO OVERCOME BARRIERS / 20

OPPORTUNITIES TO OVERCOME WORKER BARRIERS / 20 OPPORTUNITIES TO OVERCOME SUPPLIER BARRIERS / 21 OPPORTUNITIES TO OVERCOME COMPANY BARRIERS / 23

CONCLUSIONS / 25

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / 27

APPENDICES / 28

APPENDIX A: TECHNOLOGY PROFILES / 28 APPENDIX B: TABLES / 36 APPENDIX C: REFERENCES / 41 APPENDIX D: ENGAGEMENT DOCUMENTS FOR COMPANIES / 43

v | Technology Solutions for Advancing Human Rights in Global Supply Chains

ABBREVIATIONS

AI ISO International Organization for Standardization API Application Programming Interface IT Information Technology CSR Corporate Social Responsibility KPI Key Performance Indicator DLT Distributed Ledger Technology ML Learning DOL United States Department of Labor ROI Return-on-Investment ESG Environment, Social, and Governance SaaS -as-a-

EUTR Timber Regulation SLA Service-level Agreement

FBA Food, Beverage, and SMS Short Message Service

ICT Information and UNGPs Guiding Principles Technology on Business and Human Rights

ILO International Labour Organization WEST Worker Engagement Supported by Technology Principles

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FORWARD

More than twenty years after the advent of the modern anti- movement, far too many people who work in global supply chains continue to experience systemic barriers to a life of , independence, and opportunity.

Since our launch in 2008, we at Humanity United have supported a variety of approaches and partners dedicated to addressing various forms of human exploitation. We believe addressing human rights challenges in global supply chains is an area where businesses can generate positive human rights impact. We also believe that technology can play a critical role in scaling this impact.

This report provides a comprehensive and practical view into the landscape of technology solutions that seek to advance human rights in global supply chains. This report captures early warnings, guidance, and suggestions on how to overcome many of the barriers that prevent technology solutions from achieving greater adoption, scale, and impact.

Our intent for this report is to help technology solutions providers and corporate and supply chain practitioners from all industries enhance their existing efforts or inspire new opportunities for technology-driven, positive human rights impact. Meanwhile, we will continue to assert that respecting human rights is a responsibility carried by those with power and influence in supply chains—from companies to suppliers to technology solutions providers—and this responsibility must be carried out whether or not technology fulfills its promise.

On behalf of Humanity United, we thank all those involved with putting together this report, and we look forward to bringing about change with you.

Dan Viederman Managing Director, Humanity United

1 | Technology Solutions for Advancing Human Rights in Global Supply Chains

2 | Technology Solutions for Advancing Human Rights in Global Supply Chains

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Despite growing efforts by business, investors, 2. An understanding of existing barriers that civil society, and policymakers over the past two prevent these technology solutions from decades, workers in global supply chains achieving greater scale and impact; and continue to experience human rights abuses. 3. An identification of potential opportunities The International Labour Organization (ILO) to overcome these barriers. estimates that of the 24.9 million victims of forced labor in the world, about 16 million This landscape assessment provides substantial people are exploited in the private sector.1 evidence of a significant market and global

demand for technology solutions aimed at While conditions have improved in some addressing human rights risks and challenges in industries, the absence of robust regulatory global supply chains. Today, hundreds of intervention and enforcement have opened the millions of dollars are being spent on these door for private sector interventions, including technology solutions or are being invested in the use of technology solutions, to empower that may someday bring and safeguard the rights of workers and enable -changing opportunities for millions of suppliers and companies to respect human workers around the world. Key takeaways from rights and provide access to effective remedies. this assessment include: The challenge, however, is that many, if not most, of these technology solutions have yet to • The majority of technology solutions for achieve the needed scale and impact. companies and suppliers focus on

supporting human rights due diligence, While a significant number of articles, blogs, social compliance audits, self-assessments, opinion pieces, events, and forums shed light on and other traditional responsible sourcing technology, human rights, and global supply activities. Several of these solutions are chains, the public domain lacks more in-depth providing companies and suppliers with the assessments and comparative studies on this ability to retrieve and analyze worker- subject. This study aims to close this information generated data—some in real time. These gap by providing companies, suppliers, and solutions are presenting new opportunities technology solutions providers with: for companies and suppliers to engage

more directly with workers. 1. An assessment of current technology solutions on the market today that seek to • Mobile solutions continue to be a useful address human rights challenges in global technology for workers to raise grievances supply chains; or access important information about their

1 Source: ILO, “Global Estimates of Modern : and Forced Marriage,” 2017.

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Technology solutions assist workers with:

• Facilitating access to effective remedies • Reporting grievances and actual or potential human rights violations • Accessing critical information about their rights A “worker” is the primary • Communicating and sharing experiences with peers rights holder and is employed • Tracking working hours or pay on a full-time, part-time, or temporary or contractual • Reviewing or rating employers basis by a supplier • Searching for jobs and accessing worker-generated job or employer reviews

Technology solutions assist suppliers with:

• Data collection and exchange (with companies/buyers or other suppliers) • Self-assessments on human rights policies and practices

• Measuring performance (e.g., outcomes and impact) on human rights A “supplier” produces, manufacturers, assembles, or • Worker and engagement provides or services • Worker surveys and feedback that are sold and delivered to • Worker recruitment and retention a company

Technology solutions assist companies with:

• Human rights risk assessment and due diligence • Mapping and visualization of human rights risks • Supplier audit and compliance A “company” is a • Product traceability multinational or • Predictive analytics and forecasting brand that purchases direct or indirect goods or services • Consumer engagement (e.g., providing human rights–related information from a supplier to customers or consumers)

rights. However, many workers mistrust or opportunity. These solutions collect and are intimidated by these technology synthesize vast quantities of data to bring solutions due to concerns about retaliation, real-time, predictive intelligence and , and potential adverse human forecasting capabilities to companies and rights impacts related to their use. Ensuring suppliers. However, while these emerging workers’ data and security and technologies are gaining support from protecting against data misuse are critical investors, most of these technologies are not challenges that need to be addressed with focused specifically on addressing human these solutions. rights challenges in global supply chains. More direct and targeted application on • Emerging technology solutions, such as human rights is a market gap and blockchain, artificial intelligence, and opportunity for these emerging technology machine learning, are a growing area of solutions.

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Barriers for workers include: Opportunities to overcome worker barriers include:

• Intimidation by or mistrust • Engage workers more frequently and close the feedback loop of technology solutions by sharing the outcomes of worker engagement with workers • Limited access to themselves

technology and technology • Clarify the proposition for workers by focusing on their skills interests and goals • Limited voice in the • Include workers in the design of technology solutions and in of technology solutions the design of policies and practices that protect their data

Barriers for suppliers include: Opportunities to overcome supplier barriers include:

• Transparency and change- • Invest in technology-based human rights solutions that focus management challenges on long-run improvements in and operating margins • Limited ownership to improve human rights • Prioritize technology solutions that integrate with existing policies and practices resource management systems • Limited incentives to • Share (positive and negative) human rights data and compete beyond compliance on outcomes, not just on compliance

Barriers for companies include: Opportunities to overcome company barriers include:

• Difficulty quantifying the • Support the business case by breaking through internal business case for technology- information silos and sharing the outputs of technology based human rights solutions solutions more widely

• Limited decision-making • Promote open-source human rights data to drive competition power and implementation and improve trust and with workers and consumers capabilities • Develop common definitions for human rights data to • Data quality and advance impact efforts and improve data comparability challenges interoperability

• The majority of technology solutions do not • The majority of technology solutions describe their use of responsible design providers are headquartered in North principles, such as the Worker Engagement America and Europe rather than in the Supported by Technology (WEST) Principles sourcing or destination countries where or the Principles for Digital Development. workers live and work. While the reasons for this separation may differ from one • The majority of technology solutions also do technology solution to the next, this may not quantify the overall scale and impact of point to the need for greater engagement their efforts. Technology solutions providers between those who are developing have an opportunity to provide more technology solutions and the workers these quantitative data describing the business solutions are ultimately trying to impact. case and their positive impact on workers’

human rights.

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LOOKING AHEAD: PLACING WORKERS AT case—have a responsibility to respect THE CENTER OF THE TECHNOLOGY AGENDA human rights at all times. Companies and suppliers should draw from the United To maximize the scale and impact of technology Nations Guiding Principles on Business and solutions, companies, suppliers, and technology Human Rights and other standards and solutions providers have opportunities to: frameworks to develop sound human rights policies and practices, irrespective of the use • Align with responsible design principles. of technology. Despite its potential and promise, technology cannot and should not replace Looking ahead five to ten years, practitioners responsible and ethical decision making, but would like to see more representatives and should focus on and leaders from other corporate functions (e.g., enhancing users’ ability to positively impact strategy, finance, human resources, IT, human rights. Furthermore, providers and operations, government affairs, , users of technology solutions, while sales and marketing) driving the human rights attempting to address one human right (e.g., and technology solutions agenda. Practitioners free expression), should be attentive about also would like to see more companies and unintentionally impacting or exacerbating suppliers from different industries engage on another human right (e.g., privacy). Aligning this subject and be willing to use their influence with responsible design principles can help to drive impact and collaboration. Breaking mitigate some of these risks. down these internal and external silos will help elevate the technology and human rights • Shift toward a more proactive, outcome- agenda into the mainstream business agenda. based model. Many in the field believe a

broader, behavioral and systemic shift needs Finally, practitioners hope that over the next five to take place for technology to have greater to ten years—as more technology solutions scale and impact on human rights. Many of emerge, common definitions and datasets are today’s company-to-supplier-to-worker created, and integrations occur—workers relationships—and many of the technology will be placed at the center of the technology solutions included in this study—are based solutions agenda. The dozens of companies, on the traditional social compliance and technology solutions providers, human rights audit model. Practitioners urge a shift advocates, supply chain specialists, and other toward a more proactive, outcome-based leaders and experts who contributed to this model that emphasizes continuous study believe there is a strong need to create improvement, supplier capability building, more opportunities to partner directly with collaborative assessment, and worker workers to drive the technology solutions engagement, empowerment, and - agenda. being.

• Use technology to facilitate business Companies, suppliers, and technology solutions respect for human rights. Fundamentally, providers are encouraged to use this study to technology should facilitate business respect inform their own approach to identifying and for human rights. Human rights, by prioritizing technology-driven opportunities that definition, are inalienable rights and will help them achieve greater scale and impact companies and suppliers especially— on human rights in global supply chains. whether or not there’s a clear business

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BACKGROUND

Despite growing efforts by business, investors, many governments in sourcing and destination civil society, and policymakers over the past two countries to set and enforce standards for decades, workers in global supply chains workplace practices that align with international continue to experience human rights abuses, human rights norms.3 including human trafficking, forced and child labor, hazardous working conditions, physical In the absence of robust regulatory intervention abuse and sexual violence, excessive working and enforcement, supply chain workers in many hours, and insufficient wages. countries and sectors—including migrant workers, which today account for more than 150 For instance, the International Labour million workers globally—find themselves with:4 Organization (ILO) estimates that there are approximately 24.9 million victims of forced • Limited access to information about their labor in the world—and of this figure, about 16 rights; million people are exploited in the private sector, • Limited opportunity to voice needs and in industries such as domestic work, concerns; and , and agriculture. The ILO also estimates that more women than men are • Limited ability to file grievances and gain affected by privately imposed forced labor: access to remedies for human rights abuses. about 9.2 million (58 percent) female and 6.8 million (42 percent) male. Furthermore, most As human rights advocates continue to call for victims of forced labor suffer from not just one, more robust regulatory intervention and but multiple forms of coercion from employers enforcement of human rights standards, private or recruiters as a way of preventing them from sector interventions— including the use of being able to leave the situation.2 technology —provide new opportunities to empower and safeguard the While conditions have improved in some rights of workers and enable suppliers and industries, existing private sector approaches to companies to respect human rights and provide addressing human rights abuses in global supply access to effective remedies. The challenge, chains, primarily centered on social compliance however, is that many, if not most, of these audits, have not been able to consistently and technology solutions have yet to achieve the broadly address the challenge, due in part to needed scale and impact. limited capacity and a lack of political will by

2 Source: ILO, “Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: 4 Source: ILO, “ILO global estimates on migrant Forced Labour and Forced Marriage,” 2017. workers,” 2015. 3 Source: Council on Foreign Relations, “Unfinished Business: Improving Labor Standards in Global Supply Chains,” 2016.

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CURRENT LITERATURE published in 2018 by the Global e- Initiative (GeSI), recommends While a significant number of articles, blogs, that the information and communications opinion pieces, events, and forums shed light on technology (ICT) , in collaboration technology, human rights, and global supply with all interested stakeholders, should take chains, the public domain lacks more in-depth action to develop and apply what could be assessments and comparative studies on this called “technology for human rights.” The subject. However, as this subject has gained report highlights examples of how ICT more and more attention over the last several solutions are being applied constructively to years, leading institutions and organizations help address and arrest human rights have increased their funding to support research abuses. The report also defines a business to explore this subject in greater depth. These case to help develop and apply technology studies have focused on specific human rights solutions for human rights.6 issues (e.g., human trafficking), specific industries • “Blockchain technology and its relationships (e.g., ICT), or specific technology solutions (e.g., to sustainable supply chain management,” blockchain) and have provided significant value published in September 2018 in the to the field, including informing subsequent International Journal of Production Research, research. examines how blockchain, a potentially

disruptive technology that is early in its Some of the more recent studies and efforts evolution, can address and aid supply chain include: sustainability. Four blockchain technology

adoption barriers categories—inter- • “Transformative Technology for Migrant organizational, intra-organizational, Workers Opportunities, Challenges, and technical, and external barriers—are Risks,” published in November 2018 by the introduced.7 Open Society Foundations, examines five areas in which digital platforms are being • “Supply Chain Human Rights Risk developed to protect and empower migrant Management: Blockchain and Emerging workers and considers practical, legal, Technology,” published in November 2018 ethical, and technological implications and by DLA Piper, outlines some of the potential the risks associated with them. The report opportunities and challenges presented by concludes that digital technology cannot fix Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), or structural inequalities, missing institutional blockchain, to manage human rights and capacity, or a lack of political will to address responsible business conduct risks in supply labor exploitation. But when used chains and increase transparency. The responsibly and with worker protection and is framed around investors' views on human outcomes as a priority, it offers new and rights risk management and supply chain amplified opportunities for migrant worker transparency and focuses on examples from empowerment and justice.5 the minerals and metals supply chains.8 • “EnablingRights - The Transformative Potential of Digital to Enable People's Rights,”

5 Source: Open Society Foundations, “Transformative 7 Source: International Journal of Production Research, Technology for Migrant Workers: Opportunities, “Blockchain technology and its relationships to Challenges, and Risks,” 2018. sustainable supply chain management,” 2018. 6 Source: GeSI, “EnablingRights - The Transformative 8 Source: DLA Piper, “Supply chain human rights risk Potential of Digital to Enable People's Rights,” 2018. management: Blockchain and emerging technology,” 2018.

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Table 1. Current Literature on Technology, Human Rights, and Supply Chain

Study Scope

• Scope: Supply chain Transformative Technology for • Rights holders: Migrant workers Migrant Workers Opportunities, • Industry focus: All industries Challenges, and Risks • Technology focus: Digital platforms for migrant worker engagement

• Scope: Value chain EnablingRights - The Transformative • Rights holders: Workers, contractors, and customers Potential of Digital to Enable • Industry focus: ICT industry People's Rights • Technology focus: All types

• Scope: Supply chain Blockchain technology and its • Rights holders: Workers in global supply chains relationships to sustainable supply • Industry focus: All industries chain management • Technology focus: Blockchain

• Scope: Supply chain Supply Chain Human Rights Risk • Rights holders: Workers in global supply chains Management: Blockchain and • Industry focus: and extractives industries Emerging Technology • Technology focus: Blockchain

• Scope: Value chain • Rights holders: All people vulnerable to forced labor, The role of digital technology in human trafficking, and modern slavery tackling modern slavery • Industry focus: All industries • Technology focus: All types

• “The role of digital technology in tackling technology companies collaborating with modern slavery,” published in June 2017, global experts to help eradicate human summarizes a dialogue formally exploring trafficking through the use of technology. how digital information and communication Launched in June 2018 and led by the technologies can provide opportunities for a RESPECT Initiative and Business for Social step change in tackling modern slavery. Responsibility (BSR), the coalition’s goal is to Hosted by Wilton Park and in association work with civil society, law enforcement, with BT and Nokia, this dialogue has sparked academia, and survivors to identify and new industry collaborations, such as Tech create technology solutions that disrupt and Against Trafficking, a joint coalition of reduce human trafficking, prevent and

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identify crimes, provide remedy mechanisms • A “supplier” produces, manufacturers, for victims, and support survivors through assembles, or provides goods or services innovation, collaboration, guidance, and that are sold and delivered to a company. shared resources.9,10 For this study, a supplier is a first-tier supplier of a multinational corporation. PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF STUDY • A “company” is a multinational corporation

that purchases direct or indirect goods or The purpose of this study is to provide: services from a supplier, as defined above.

For this study, a company is a brand or 1. An assessment of current technology consumer-facing entity. solutions on the market today that seek to address human rights challenges in global • A “technology solutions provider” is an supply chains; organization that and brings to market technology-driven solutions, , or 2. An understanding of existing barriers that resources that seek to identify, prevent, or prevent these technology solutions from remediate human rights abuses in global achieving greater scale and impact; and supply chains. 3. An identification of potential opportunities to overcome these barriers. This study recognizes that a company, such as a consumer goods retailer, employs low-wage This study is intended for companies, suppliers, workers who can benefit from many of the and technology solutions providers seeking to technology solutions reviewed in this study. address human rights challenges in global However, this study focuses on supply chain supply chains. Human rights–focused teams and workers versus workers who are directly practitioners within CSR, ethical sourcing, or employed by a company. supplier responsibility, are especially encouraged to use this study to inform their own approach METHODOLOGY to identifying and prioritizing technology-driven opportunities that will help them achieve greater The methodology for this study included three scale and impact on human rights in global major components: supply chains. 1. Literature review: The authors of this study KEY DEFINITIONS reviewed publicly available literature to understand the current state of evidence on The following definitions have been developed challenges and potential opportunities for for this study: using technology to address human rights challenges in global supply chains. The • A “worker” is an individual employed on a authors reviewed the five main studies full-time, part-time, or temporary or referenced earlier in this section, as well as contractual basis by a supplier, the primary articles, blogs, and opinion pieces on this employer of supply chain workers. This subject (see Appendix C for a full list of individual is the primary rights holder that references). this study seeks to improve outcomes for 2. Landscape review: To support the literature with technology solutions. review, the authors of this study conducted semi-structured interviews with 20

9 Source: Wilton Park, “The role of digital technology 10 Source: BSR, “Announcing a New Collaboration in tackling modern slavery,” 2017. Using Tech to Combat Human Trafficking,” 2018.

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companies, technology solutions providers, identified for this study and not the entire human rights advocates, and supply chain universe of technology solutions that exist on specialists to understand the landscape of the market today. technology solutions seeking to address human rights challenges in global supply Additionally, while a good faith effort was taken chains. In total, the authors identified 44 to develop insights that all types of companies, technology solutions, which were then suppliers, and technology solutions providers examined further to determine broad trends, may find relevant and useful, the findings and gaps, and opportunities. The landscape conclusions in this study are based on a limited review also helped inform the development sample size of perspectives and, ultimately, do of a set of hypotheses on key barriers and not represent the entire breadth and depth of challenges preventing these technology perspectives on barriers, challenges, and solutions from achieving greater adoption, opportunities. This study recognizes that more scale, and impact. direct input from workers and suppliers could have bolstered the study’s findings and 3. Stakeholder engagement: Insights from the conclusions. Future researchers should consider landscape review and interviews set the addressing this research gap. foundation for two stakeholder workshops

held at the University of California, Berkeley, Furthermore, the inclusion of technology in January and April 2019. Workshop solutions in this study, including those participants—which included 32 highlighted as example solutions (on pages 14 practitioners, leaders, and experts from through 16), does not mean an endorsement of business, human rights, and technology— these solutions by any of the organizations that met to review existing barriers and funded, supported, or contributed to this study. challenges, discuss potential opportunities Information sources, including primary and to overcome these barriers, and validate the secondary sources, are referenced throughout study’s conclusions. this report. Statistical evidence and results

provided throughout this report have not been LIMITATIONS tested for their statistical significance.

This study is based primarily on publicly The content of this report reflects the views of available information and qualitative insights the authors, who worked independently and are provided by practitioners, leaders, and experts in not representative or reflective of the positions the technology, human rights, and supply chain of the supporting organizations. Any errors, field. Findings and conclusions are based on the omissions, or misinterpretations are those of the authors’ review of 44 technology solutions authors of this report.

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LANDSCAPE REVIEW

The landscape of technology solutions is varied Chart 1. Technology Solutions by Type11 and multi-dimensional, serving a wide range of purposes and users. For this study, four general 9% Desktop categories of technology solutions have been 9% Desktop and mobile identified: 43% 14% Mobile only Desktop solutions: These technology Blockchain solutions are typically Software-as-a- 25% Service (SaaS)-, hosted-, or cloud-based AI / ML solutions that companies and suppliers use to n =44 collect, exchange, manage, and analyze relevant human rights data. For example, a supplier Chart 2. Median Market Size of Solutions might use a cloud-based, collaborative platform (based on annual revenue, in millions, M)12 to track human rights data and share this data with buyers, auditors, or other suppliers. 50 High = $41.1M 40 Low = $0.31M Mobile solutions (e.g., voice, messenger Average = $9.0M 30 tools, SMS, smartphone apps): These 20 technology solutions are typically either: a) an Median = extension of or supplement to desktop solutions 10 $3.5M that companies and suppliers use to access 0 n =18 similar data, analysis, and functionalities as their 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 desktop counterpart; or b) a worker engagement that enables workers to raise grievances, access critical information about their rights, solutions developers believe there is significant share information with peers, provide feedback potential for blockchain to improve supply chain to employers, or take surveys. Companies and transparency and verify “chain of custody” to suppliers also use mobile solutions to gather ensure products can be traced back to an ethical information about working conditions. source.1112

Blockchain: Blockchain is a digital ledger Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine that is inherently secure, open and learning (ML): AI and ML (a subset of AI) transparent, and unchangeable. An emerging use massive amounts of data and complex technology for human rights, technology algorithms to constantly learn and improve on their ability to create models or ,

11 Chart is based on authors’ analysis of technology 12 Chart is based on authors’ analysis of data retrieved solutions identified for this study. from Crunchbase.com.

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Chart 3. Primary Objectives of Technology Solutions by User Group

Worker solutions assist workers with: • Facilitating access to effective remedies • Reporting grievances and actual or potential human rights violations • Accessing critical information about their rights • Communicating and sharing experiences with peers • Tracking working hours or pay • Reviewing or rating employers • Searching for jobs and accessing worker-generated job or employer reviews

Supplier solutions assist suppliers with: • Data collection and exchange (with companies/buyers or other suppliers) • Self-assessments on human rights policies and practices • Measuring performance (e.g., outcomes and impact) on human rights • Worker communication and engagement • Worker surveys and feedback • Worker recruitment and retention

Company solutions assist companies with: • Human rights risk assessment and due diligence • Mapping and visualization of human rights risks • Supplier audit and compliance management • Product traceability • Predictive analytics and forecasting • Consumer engagement (e.g., providing human rights–related information to customers or consumers)

make forecasts or predictions, or replace or estimates that the overall market for socially augment human decisions. An emerging responsible supply chain tools (excluding technology for human rights, these solutions audit tools) ranged from $807 million to $2.1 may be able to forecast human rights risks and billion in 2018. The Monitor Institute further help users address these risks before they occur. estimates that this figure could reach to as high as $2.7 billion over the next five years. KEY FINDINGS • Many of these solutions seek venture capital,

in addition to generating revenue. Based on A landscape review of technology solutions publicly available venture funding data of 10 revealed the following trends, gaps, and solutions, more than $143.3 million have opportunities: been invested in these 10 solutions to date.

Among these examples, about 91 percent of • The estimated median market size of venture capital is going to AI- or ML-based technology solutions—based on the annual technologies. revenues of 18 solutions with publicly available market data—is $3.5 million (see • The majority of solutions are relatively new Chart 2). A comprehensive market study to the market—about 70 percent of conducted by the Monitor Institute also technology solutions launched between

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Example Solution: Example Solution: Laborlink Ulula

Laborlink by ELEVATE is a mobile platform Ulula is a multi- supply chain that establishes a two-way communication management, stakeholder engagement, and channel for workers to share their viewpoints monitoring and evaluation software. Ulula in real time and for organizations to have provides workers with a safe and effective clear visibility of worker well-being in their for reporting incidents and abuse supply chains. Since 2010, Laborlink in the workplace. Companies and suppliers technology has been deployed in 22 countries also use Ulula to communicate with workers and has reached more than 2.5 million in real time and get direct and reliable data workers worldwide. on worker and community voice.

Type: Used by: Type: Used by:

Website: elevatelimited.com Website: ulula.com

2010 and 2019 and the remaining 30 themselves as aimed at addressing human percent launched between 2000 and 2010. rights challenges in global supply chains. However, many of these emerging • The vast majority of technology solutions technology solutions may have significant are developed in the United States, followed potential for doing so in the future. by the United Kingdom (UK). No technology solutions provider reviewed in this study • About 40 percent of technology solutions do maintains its headquarters in countries in not describe any specific human rights issue Central and South America or in the Middle being targeted for remedy. These solutions, East (see Appendix A, Chart 4). therefore, can be referred to as issue- agnostic tools helping companies and • About two-thirds of technology solutions on suppliers with general management the market today are desktop solutions used activities, such as gathering and sharing by companies or suppliers. Of these supply chain data, conducting due diligence solutions, more than one-third of them and impact assessments, or managing social provide an accompanying mobile version. compliance and audit protocols. • About 1 in 7 technology solutions are • For the other 60 percent of solutions that do exclusively mobile-based platforms. These describe specific issues they are targeting, solutions are used by workers to access the top 6 most frequently cited issues are: effective remedies or critical information wages and hours; working conditions; child about their rights. Workers also use these and forced labor; migrant labor rights; labor mobile or smartphone solutions to track recruitment and retention; and human their working hours and pay to safeguard trafficking. their right to fair and accurate remuneration. • More than half of technology solutions • About 1 in 6 technology solutions are describe having customers or users in blockchain- or AI/ML-based solutions. The specific industries. The food, beverage, and majority of these emerging technology agriculture (FBA) industry is the most solutions do not explicitly describe

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Example Solution: Example Solution: MicroBenefits EcoVadis

MicroBenefits's CompanyIQ is a mobile EcoVadis is a SaaS platform that brings application that provides companies with companies and suppliers together to efficiently greater transparency into many aspects of their drive CSR and sustainability performance supply chains, including , audits, and through reliable CSR ratings and scorecards supplier capability. The tool enables companies covering 21 CSR Indicators, 190 commodities, to interact directly with workers to gain more and 150 countries. The methodology is built on insights, monitor zero-tolerance issues more international CSR standards, including the effectively, and automate certain audit Global Reporting Initiative, the United Nations processes to mitigate risk. Global Compact, and the ISO 26000.

Type: Used by: Type: Used by:

Website: microbenefits.com Website: ecovadis.com

frequently cited industry, followed by the generated data—some in real time. These apparel, and extractives, consumer technology solutions are presenting new goods, and industries. opportunities for companies and suppliers to engage more directly with workers. • About one-third of technology solutions describe specific countries or locations with 2. Mobile solutions continue to be a useful customers or users in. Of these solutions, the technology for workers to raise grievances majority of them target customers or users or access important information about their in Asia, which is home to many of the major rights. However, while many workers in sourcing countries of multinational global supply chains possess mobile phones . and, therefore, can access mobile-based technology solutions, some practitioners • Several labor “corridors” also surfaced—such believe other related challenges—such as as the United States-Mexico corridor and the accessing the or (to Japan-Philippines corridor—where some charge one’s phone), ensuring data privacy technology solutions are being used to and security, or protecting against data support labor migration or help address misuse—are not always adequately human trafficking between these locations. addressed.

3. Emerging technology solutions, such as MAIN TAKEAWAYS blockchain, AI, and ML, are a growing area

of opportunity. These solutions collect and 1. The majority of technology solutions for synthesize vast quantities of data to bring companies and suppliers focus on real-time, predictive intelligence and supporting human rights due diligence, forecasting capabilities to companies and social compliance audits, self-assessments, suppliers. However, most of these emerging and other traditional responsible sourcing technology solutions are not focused activities. Several of these solutions are specifically on addressing human rights providing companies and suppliers with the ability to retrieve and analyze worker-

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Example Solution: Example Solution: Worker Connect BanQu

Worker Connect is a mobile-based app and BanQu is a blockchain-for-service software dashboard for migrant construction workers company that builds economic identities and to learn about their rights, share information connects people in extreme poverty to the about their experiences, and provide global supply chains they participate in and anonymous feedback to supervisors and the brands, organizations, and governments employers. Employers can organize and that power them. BanQu’s platform works visualize key information securely and universally on any device, from the oldest to pinpoint and solve problems before they the newest cell phones, and users decide what become larger issues. information to share and with whom.

Type: Used by: Type: Used by:

Website: workerconnect.org Website: banqu.co

challenges in global supply chains. More opportunity to provide more quantitative direct and targeted application on human data describing the business case and their rights is a market gap and opportunity for positive impact on workers’ human rights. these emerging technology solutions. 6. There is early evidence suggesting a 4. The majority of technology solutions do not potential trend toward greater investment in describe the use of responsible design AI- and ML-based technology solutions. principles, such as the Worker Engagement Some investors are gaining confidence in Supported by Technology (WEST) Principles the potential of these emerging or the Principles for Digital Development. technologies to tackle complex, global Public disclosure of this information is a challenges. In terms of advancing human noticeable gap. rights in global supply chains, these emerging technology solutions have the The majority of technology solutions also do 5. potential to forecast or predict human rights not quantify the overall scale and impact of risks and help users address these risks their efforts. While many technology before they occur. solutions providers share examples of use cases, few provide quantitative data, such as 7. The majority of technology solutions the number of users, workers, customers, providers are headquartered in North suppliers, countries reached, or datapoints America and Europe rather than in the collected. Furthermore, virtually no sourcing or destination countries where technology solutions provide data on its workers live and work. While the reasons for positive impact on workers or on key this separation may differ from one business drivers, such as speed-to-market, technology solution to the next, this may service-level agreement (SLA) performance, point to the need for greater engagement absenteeism, turnover, or cost savings. between those who are developing Technology solutions providers have an technology solutions and the workers these solutions are ultimately trying to impact.

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BARRIERS TO SCALE AND IMPACT

Workers, suppliers, and companies face a wide to mobile phones, other related challenges, range of barriers and challenges that are such as accessing Internet service or preventing technology solutions from achieving electricity (to charge one’s phone), often greater adoption, scale, and impact. Through a limit their ability to benefit from the use of series of interviews and workshops with these technology solutions. Improving companies, technology solutions providers, workers’ awareness, , and skills human rights advocates, and supply chain related to technology also is a challenge and specialists, the most common and systemic opportunity for many companies and barriers and challenges have been identified suppliers. For instance, even if tools to across key user groups. access grievance mechanisms are available, many workers are simply not made aware of WORKER BARRIERS them. Without addressing these access-, communication-, and training-related • Intimidation by or mistrust of technology barriers to technology, many workers will solutions. Many workers are intimidated by miss out on the intended benefits of these technology solutions due to concerns about technology solutions. retaliation and adverse human rights • Limited voice in the design of technology impacts related to their use. Workers are not solutions. Workers often have limited say in always clear about the extent to which these how technology solutions are designed, technology solutions will protect their particularly solutions that are used directly personal information or whether or not their by them. Technology solutions should be data will be shared with other parties designed with workers’ input so that they without their consent. Worker voice are culturally appropriate and take into platforms, for instance, can leave workers account their specific needs and even more vulnerable to abuse if the proper circumstances. For example, technology encryption, controls, and privacy systems are solutions need to recognize that many not in place. Digital identification tools can workers may not be able to read, may have make workers visible and provide them with numeracy challenges, or may be access to critical services, such as banking, experiencing other socioeconomic or education, healthcare, and other public and environmental barriers. Cultural and private benefits. However, these tools also community norms and local context need to can put workers in a compromising position be accounted for when designing these and make them vulnerable to discrimination technology solutions. if their personal data is lost or misused.

• Limited access to technology and technology skills. While many workers, especially many young workers, have access

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SUPPLIER BARRIERS “How do we improve the

• Transparency and change-management power dynamics that exist challenges. While technology solutions may between buyers and suppliers? bring new human rights data and insights to suppliers, these solutions also may uncover How can we get suppliers issues that they may not be prepared to more incentivized to change address even when there is a strong willingness and fundamental interest to and improve behaviors? We respect human rights. Some practitioners need breakthrough ideas for believe that many suppliers do not have the capabilities or resources to adequately 1st tier suppliers that are address the changes that would be required pragmatic for them to of them as new technology solutions would demand greater transparency of their implement.” policies and practices to respect workers’ human rights. With thin operating margins – Supply Chain Specialist and limited access to capital, many suppliers may already be under significant pressure to meet business objectives and have limited time and resources to pursue new technologies and change-management technology solutions. Current methods for opportunities. improvement are still based on the traditional social compliance and audit • Limited ownership to improve human model, where suppliers have incentive to do rights policies and practices. Some “just enough” to “pass” the periodic third- practitioners also believe that because party inspection or audit. Leading companies generally determine or influence companies are increasingly adopting a supplier’s workload, ownership over the outcome-based methods, focusing on negative ramifications of that workload tackling root-cause issues, building supplier should remain primarily with companies. capabilities, deploying supplier recognition Consequently, some suppliers do not feel schemes, and providing trainings and full ownership to change or improve their resources to factory managers and workers. human rights policies and practices despite However, practitioners believe that these their responsibility to do so. This ownership efforts have yet to reach industry scale and “imbalance” may be a byproduct of the the majority of suppliers still operate under complex power dynamics at play in many the traditional social compliance and audit buyer-supplier relationships. These power model—a model that prioritizes meeting asymmetries can vary across supply chains, buyers’ audit protocols, standards, and industries, companies, teams, and individuals codes of conduct. with different agendas, priorities, and even personalities. COMPANY BARRIERS • Limited incentives to move beyond compliance. Beyond ownership and • Difficulty quantifying the business case accountability challenges, some suppliers for technology-based human rights simply do not feel compelled enough to solutions. If quantifying the ROI or cost- change or improve their human rights benefit of any new technology solution is policies and practices, let alone invest in new difficult enough, overlaying the business

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“We’re actually pretty aware of rights–focused teams often do not have the decision-making power or budget to the landscape of technologies purchase new technology solutions without that are out there and do not obtaining executive sponsorship and buy-in from other key departments, such as IT, have too much difficulty procurement, or operations. Technology finding solutions that could solutions are inherently costly and need to be integrated into existing systems, which work for us. The bigger can be a massive undertaking that many challenge for us is whether or enterprises are not willing to make without a proven business case. Even if buy-in can be not the solution has a clear achieved, implementation is a time-intensive business case, a positive return process and may require significant in- technical expertise, which may not be readily on investment, and can be available and may require additional hiring integrated into our existing or training. Many human rights–focused teams do not have the budget, time, or system.” required experience and skillset to implement technology solutions effectively – Corporate Practitioner and passing on some of these challenges and costs to suppliers is usually not a good option either. • Data quality and comparability impact of human rights into the calculation challenges. Some companies perceive an can be even more challenging. While underlying challenge with data quality and significant external research has been done comparability. How robust are the data to substantiate some of the broader gathering, management, and governance economic arguments for business to respect systems? How are these systems creating human rights—such as mitigating financial reliable data that is not easily damaged or cost, cost for out-of-court settlements, corrupted when new or old data is information-disclosure cost, reputational introduced? How are these systems ensuring damage, and potential decline in stock data completeness and accuracy so that the price13—there are no commonly used data represents what it is supposed to templates or methodologies for quantifying represent? Without some standardization for the business impact of technology-based how data is gathered, attributed, and human rights solutions. Making a more analyzed, companies will have limited ability effective business case for integrating these to measure or compare their performance technology solutions will likely improve with others and create a marketplace where internal buy-in. good performance on business and human rights are mutually reinforcing objectives. • Limited decision-making power and implementation capabilities. Human

13 Source: ICAR et al., “Good Business: The Economic Case for Protecting Human Rights,” 2018.

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OPPORTUNITIES TO OVERCOME BARRIERS

Many of the barriers preventing technology technology solutions and the companies solutions from achieving greater adoption, scale, and suppliers that are behind them. To and impact are systemic barriers that may address this rift, companies and suppliers require industry-wide or cross-sector should engage more frequently with workers collaboration, while other barriers may require a and leverage technology solutions to more targeted approach by individual measure and share the outcomes of these companies, suppliers, and technology solutions engagements. Simpler and more frequent providers. This study divides these opportunities feedback loops with workers—versus larger, to overcome barriers by user group. but less frequent checkpoints, which can be overwhelming for many workers—will help OPPORTUNITIES TO OVERCOME WORKER build a “longitudinal” relationship with BARRIERS workers and create a where workers feel more empowered to provide regular • Engage workers more frequently and feedback and feel less overwhelmed by the close the feedback loop by sharing the one-time “big” engagement. outcomes of worker engagement with • Clarify the value proposition for workers workers themselves. Many workers do not by focusing on their interests and goals. A directly see the positive results of worker critical element of worker engagement is engagement efforts and continue to feel improving the way in which companies and that their feedback is not being heard and suppliers understand and act upon not only acted upon, leading to further mistrust of workers’ immediate needs and expectations, but also their broader interests, goals, and even aspirations. How can this job improve the workers’ overall situation and well- “We need to close the being? How can technology help the worker and supplier achieve these outcomes? By ‘feedback loop’ with workers putting the workers’ interests at the center more quickly and in ways that of their relationship, workers and suppliers will begin to form a mental and physical provide meaningful results for model of work that is based on partnership workers who use technology.” rather than “command-and-control,” leading to improved outcomes for workers and – Business and Human suppliers. Rights Advocate • Include workers in the design of technology solutions and in the design of

20 | Technology Solutions for Advancing Human Rights in Global Supply Chains

policies and practices that protect their “There is a growing business data. Some of the most important principles of responsible design (see page 24 for case, not to mention a moral examples) are: a) including workers in the call, for using technology to design of technology solutions, and b) making sure data management policies and make a positive impact in our practices prioritize workers’ safety. supply chains. We need to see Technology solutions providers should adopt these principles to extend the impact each other as allies in the of technology-driven efforts on workers, movement to advocate for the companies, and suppliers. Companies and suppliers also should communicate and promise of technology to be promote these principles with current and realized. It won’t happen just prospective technology solutions providers and consider asking these technology because it makes sense to us.” solutions providers to acknowledge and adhere to these principles as a condition of – Corporate Practitioner purchase and adoption.

OPPORTUNITIES TO OVERCOME SUPPLIER BARRIERS responsibility to respect workers’ human

rights. • Invest in technology-based human rights solutions that focus on long-run • Prioritize technology solutions that improvements in productivity and integrate with existing resource operating margins. To address change- management systems. To minimize management challenges, suppliers should implementation costs and avoid “technology view technology-based human rights fatigue,” suppliers can prioritize technology solutions as a long-run investment strategy solutions that complement or enhance to improve productivity and operating existing resource management systems. Like margins. By extending the time horizon, the previous opportunity, this will enable suppliers can more easily make the internal suppliers to frame technology-based human business case for these solutions and rights solutions as “business management calculate their direct, positive impact on tools” that improve operational efficiency productivity metrics—such as worker and productivity, not only worker well-being attendance, turnover, quality, output, yield, and working conditions. This opportunity on-time rate, and so on—which can all be also supports the broader trend toward translated into a monetary value and benefit addressing the root causes of poor the bottom-line. Suppliers will need to management decisions that often to include training time and the cost of any disastrous consequences for workers’ human training incentives they may offer to workers rights. into the cost-benefit analysis. But in general, • Share (positive and negative) human by framing these technology solutions as rights data and compete on outcomes, long-term investments, suppliers can not just on compliance. To address alleviate some of the shorter-term change- transparency challenges and create new management constraints and send a strong incentives for respecting workers’ human signal to their corporate buyers that they are rights, suppliers should share their human equally committed to upholding their rights data with other suppliers and

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Table 2. Opportunities to Overcome Barriers and Next Steps for Practitioners

Barriers Opportunities

Worker barriers: Opportunities to overcome worker barriers include:

• Intimidation by or mistrust • Engage workers more frequently and close the feedback of technology solutions loop by sharing the outcomes of worker engagement • Limited access to with workers themselves

technology and technology • Clarify the value proposition for workers by focusing on skills their interests and goals • Limited voice in the design • Include workers in the design of technology solutions and of technology solutions in the design of policies and practices that protect their data

Supplier barriers: Opportunities to overcome supplier barriers include:

• Transparency and change- • Invest in technology-based human rights solutions that management challenges focus on long-run improvements in productivity and • Limited ownership to operating margins

improve human rights • Prioritize technology solutions that integrate with existing policies and practices resource management systems • Limited incentives to move • Share (positive and negative) human rights data and beyond compliance compete on outcomes, not just on compliance

Company barriers: Opportunities to overcome company barriers include:

• Difficulty quantifying the • Support the business case by breaking through internal business case for information silos and sharing the outputs of technology technology-based human solutions more widely rights solutions • Promote open-source human rights data to drive • Limited decision-making competition and improve trust and reputation with power and implementation workers and consumers capabilities • Develop common definitions for human rights data to • Data quality and advance impact measurement efforts and improve data comparability challenges interoperability

companies in their immediate industry to Technology solutions providers can provide generate a “race to the top,” where suppliers the right metrics, data safeguards, and compete with other suppliers on improving mechanisms to ensure a level playing field their human rights performance versus and facilitate the collection and exchange of competing just on compliance results. both positive and negative human rights

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OPPORTUNITIES TO OVERCOME COMPANY BARRIERS

Next Steps for Practitioners • Support the business case by breaking

through internal information silos and Companies and suppliers should: sharing the outputs of technology solutions more widely. To address the 1. Conduct interviews and/or focus groups ongoing challenge of quantifying the with workers to understand their technology business case for technology-based human challenges, opportunities, and goals rights solutions, human rights–focused

2. Assess whether or not current technology teams have the opportunity to share the solution(s) can support workers’ goals data insights and outputs of technology 3. Adopt new technology solution(s) and solutions more widely across their training curriculum if current solutions organization. Doing so will help human cannot support workers’ goals rights–focused teams break down some of the internal information silos between

Suppliers should: themselves and other corporate functions. Over time, these teams may see an overall 1. Identify the root causes of actual and improvement in the perceived or actual potential human rights abuses and what value of these technology-based human current management and operational rights solutions. If more corporate functions constraints are directly or indirectly leading across an organization learn about and to these abuses benefit from the data and insights gathered through these technology solutions, the 2. Use existing technology solutions or adopt easier it will become for human rights– new ones that reduce management and focused teams to make the business case for operational pressures these solutions. Over time, human rights– focused teams also may see their internal Companies should: decision-making power improve.

1. Use existing technology solution(s) to • Promote open-source human rights data gather and synthesize all available data on to drive competition and improve trust human rights impact and reputation with workers and 2. Share data and results on human rights consumers. Like suppliers, companies also impact with other corporate functions and have the opportunity to leverage technology hold a discussion on how this information solutions to collect and share more may be relevant and useful to them information about their human rights performance. External initiatives, such as the 3. Share data and results with external Corporate Human Rights Benchmark and stakeholders (e.g., via annual CSR report) to KnowTheChain, are providing useful industry improve trust and reputation with them benchmarks that help drive competition on human rights policies, practices, and performance. A further step can be made by data. Companies can provide suppliers with making human rights data open-source. By commercial incentives, such as price, promoting greater transparency and making volume, duration, and supplier preference. supply chain human rights performance data more freely available, competition among companies will increase and, over time, may help improve their overall trust and

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reputation with workers, consumers, and “remedy” could be substantively different other key stakeholders who are concerned than how another company might define the about corporate human rights abuses. same terms or concepts. This is an opportunity for a third-party institution, • Develop common definitions for human standard setter, or consortium of rights data to advance impact stakeholders to develop a “data dictionary” measurement efforts and improve data that provides: a) common definitions for interoperability. Without a common commonly used concepts, terms, metrics, standard, method, or framework to define and indicators; and b) common taxonomies data, assign value to data, and attribute data that help categorize data in ways that would with certain qualities, characteristics, or support more accurate and comparable categorizations, technology solutions impact measurement efforts. Creating a data providers, companies, and suppliers will dictionary also will help address the continue to find it difficult to measure their challenge of data interoperability so that human rights impact accurately and make different technology solutions and meaningful comparisons. For example, how information systems can work more one company defines “access to seamlessly together. technology,” “worker well-being” or

Examples of Responsible Design Principles

The WEST Principles aim to maximize the impact of technology-driven efforts to identify and address the risk of abuse and exploitation of workers in global supply chains. By encouraging the adoption of a common set of guidelines, the Principles seek to ensure the use of technology will meaningfully affect workers’ lives. Initiated by a group of technology providers, the Principles seek to engage stakeholders at all levels of global supply chains to collectively develop a roadmap to operationalize their use.

Website: westprinciples.org

The Principles for Digital Development are nine guidelines that are designed to help integrate best practices into technology-enabled programs and are intended to be updated and refined over time. They include guidance for every phase of the project life cycle and they are part of an ongoing effort among development practitioners to share knowledge and support continuous learning.

Website: digitalprinciples.org

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CONCLUSIONS

This landscape assessment provides substantial stem from human decisions, perceptions, evidence of a significant market and global interactions, and complex power structures and demand for technology solutions aimed at dynamics—all of which technology alone cannot addressing actual and potential human rights fix. This study warns about the risk of risks and challenges in global supply chains. “dehumanizing” human rights by focusing too Today, hundreds of millions of dollars are being much on the promise and potential of spent on these technology solutions or are technology. Technology cannot and should not being invested in emerging technologies that replace responsible and ethical decision making, may someday bring game-changing but should focus on building knowledge and opportunities for millions of workers around the enhancing users’ ability to positively impact world. human rights.

While this study focused on identifying current Furthermore, many practitioners are concerned trends, gaps, and opportunities among that, while attempting to address one human technology solutions on the market today, this right (e.g., free expression), some technology study also helped substantiate a deeper insight: solutions may unintentionally impact or The human rights challenges we face ultimately exacerbate another human right (e.g., privacy). This potential scenario must be top-of-mind for technology solutions providers, but also for the companies and suppliers that seek to use these technology solutions. Aligning with responsible “We have to make sure design principles can help mitigate some of technology does not replace these risks.

real management solutions. This study also recognizes that a broader, Technology solutions can build behavioral and systemic shift needs to take place for technology to have greater scale and impact credibility by helping us on human rights. Many of today’s company-to- identify and remediate the supplier-to-worker relationships—and many of the technology solutions included in this study— root causes of human rights are based on the traditional social compliance abuses.” and audit model. To reach the next stage of scale and impact, practitioners urge a shift – Business and Human toward a more proactive, outcome-based model that emphasizes continuous improvement, Rights Advocate supplier capability building, collaborative

25 | Technology Solutions for Advancing Human Rights in Global Supply Chains

assessment, and worker engagement, Finally, practitioners hope that over the next five empowerment, and well-being. to ten years—as more technology solutions emerge, common definitions and datasets are Looking ahead five to ten years, practitioners created, and system integrations occur—workers would like to see more representatives and will be placed at the center of the technology leaders from other corporate functions (e.g., solutions agenda. The dozens of companies, strategy, finance, human resources, IT, technology solutions providers, human rights operations, government affairs, engineering, advocates, supply chain specialists, and other sales and marketing) driving the human rights leaders and experts who contributed to this and technology solutions agenda. study believe there is a strong need to create more opportunities to partner directly with Practitioners also would like to see more workers to drive the technology solutions companies and suppliers from different agenda. industries engage on this topic and be willing to use their influence to drive impact and Ultimately, without greater engagement with collaboration. Practitioners observe that the and direct input from workers themselves, same companies are generally at the table practitioners believe technology-driven exploring ways to solve these issues. Global scale opportunities to drive scale and impact on and impact will never be achieved if only a human rights in global supply chains will not be handful of organizations are regularly engaged. fully realized.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We acknowledge the following individuals for We also acknowledge the following individuals contributing their perspectives to this study and at Humanity United for making this study providing leadership in driving the technology, possible and providing direction and human rights, and supply chain agenda: implementation support throughout the study:

• Chloe Poynton, Article One • Ed Marcum • Daniel Perry, EcoVadis • Roxanne O’Connell • Michael Smith, EcoVadis • Sandy Tesch Wilkins • Earl W. Shank, • Dan Viederman

• Bennet Wetch, Certified Additionally, we thank the following individuals • Sanchita Banerjee Saxena, Institute for South at UC Berkeley who provided research, editing, Asia Studies and Subir and Malini and operational support throughout the study: Chowdhury Center for Bangladesh Studies, UC Berkeley • Rachel Green, Haas School of Business • Melissa Caraher, Laborlink by ELEVATE • Elaine Hsu, Haas School of Business • Kohl Gill, PhD, LaborVoices, Inc. • Amberlyn Saw, Haas School of Business • Richard Roque, MicroBenefits • Alexey Berlind, Human Rights Center • Lindsey Yeung, Nike Inc. • Diana Chavez-Varela, Human Rights Center • Twisha Mehta, Samasource • Alexa Koenig, Human Rights Center • Darryl Knudsen, Social Accountability • Andrea Lampros, Human Rights Center International and TenVenn, LLC • Sandra Navarro, Human Rights Center • Piya Baptista, SocialSide Insight • Laura Chapman Rubbo, The Walt Disney Finally, we recognize the dozens of other Company individuals and organizations not listed here for contributing their time and insights to this study. • Antoine Heuty, Ulula • Wesley Wilson, +Valorum

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APPENDIX A: TECHNOLOGY PROFILES

Brief profiles are provided for each of the 44 market today. Furthermore, inclusion in this technology solutions identified and included in study, including those that are highlighted as this study. The authors of this study identified examples in this report, does not mean an these technology solutions through literature endorsement of these technology solutions by review and interviews with practitioners, leaders, any of the organizations that funded or and experts in the technology, human rights, supported this study. and supply chain field. While significant time and effort was put into identifying as many To learn more about the technology solutions technology solutions as possible for this study, included in this study, please visit their website these technology solutions do not represent the or contact them directly. entire universe of solutions that exist on the

Chart 4. Headquarters (HQ) of Technology Solutions, Total Count by Region

Europe 10 UK: 4 27 : 2 Netherlands: 1 0 4 Asia Pacific Norway: 1 Philippines: 2 France: 1 Australia: 2 Sweden: 1 China: 1 Thailand: 1 North America United States: 24 Mexico: 2 Africa 1 Canada: 1 0 South Africa: 1

2

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WORKER SOLUTIONS14

Name Profile Description

Contrados.org • Other Users: None Contratados.org is a workers’ rights initiative • HQ: Mexico City, Mexico and peer-to-peer communication platform • Year Launched: 2004 that enables workers along the Mexico-US Website: • Market Size: 430K users migrant stream to share their experiences contratados.org since 2004 and review their recruiters and employers to prevent recruitment workplace abuses. Coworker.org • Other Users: None Coworker.org is an online platform that • HQ: Washington, D.C. allows workers to start or join employee • Year Launched: 2012 petitions, campaigns, or networks around Website: • Market Size: $2.7M in workplace issues large and small, from coworker.org annual revenue improving an office breakroom to providing paid sick leave to employees.

Golden Dreams • Other Users: None Golden Dreams is a Burmese-language • HQ: Bangkok, Thailand mobile app for Burmese migrant workers in • Year Launched: 2014 Thailand to learn and exchange information, Website: • Market Size: Issara’s core reviews, ratings, comments, and advice about issarainstitute.org program reaches 100K+ employers, recruiters, and service providers migrant workers in both home and destination countries.

HourVoice • Other Users: None HourVoice is a free, online tool for hourly • HQ: Chicago, IL workers to rate their employers, find better • Year Launched: 2015 ones, track their hours, and learn about their Website: • Market Size: N/A rights. The anonymous information workers hourvoice.com share helps other workers find good employers.

JORNALER@ App • Other Users: None JORNALER@ App is an easy-to-use data • HQ: Cornell, NY collection and organizing tool to actively • Year Launched: N/A engage workers in wage theft prevention by Website: • Market Size: N/A simplifying record keeping. The app helps ilr.cornell.edu users track hours and wages across multiple jobs, sites, and employers.

My Labor Matters • Other Users: None My Labor Matters is a multi-channel • HQ: Manilla, Philippines communication platform primarily for • Year Launched: N/A workers and jobseekers in the Philippine- Website: • Market Size: N/A Japan migration corridor. Workers and mylabormatters.com jobseekers use the tool to access and share information and report grievances.

14 Corresponding fiscal years for annual revenue data retrieved from Crunchbase.com are not specified. Total venture funding data, also retrieved from Crunchbase.com, are cumulative amounts as of the data retrieval date of May 2019. All amounts, unless otherwise indicated, are estimated values. LinkedIn Groups also was used to retrieve or further substantiate profile information.

29 | Technology Solutions for Advancing Human Rights in Global Supply Chains

OFWwatch • Other Users: None OFWwatch is a mobile app and website that • HQ: Davao City, alerts overseas Filipino workers (OFW), in Philippines complete privacy, if an OFW nearby is in Website: • Year Launched: 2006 trouble, missing, or has been abused. The ofwwatch.com • Market Size: N/A app recommends a course of action for users to take, such as contacting local authorities.

Outflank Pay Tracker • Other Users: None Outflank Pay Tracker is a web-based personal • HQ: New South Wales, payroll application that allows workers to Australia accurately track their worked hours and Website: • Year Launched: 2013 expected pay. This provides a backup to the outflank.com.au • Market Size: N/A employer's error-prone payroll system to ensure that no underpayments occur.

Record My Hours App • Other Users: None Record My Hours App is a smartphone app • HQ: Australia that allows workers to record and store the Website: • Year Launched: N/A hours they work, plus other information fairwork.gov.au • Market Size: N/A about their . Workers can retrieve this information instantly if an issue about their pay arises with their employer.

Worker Connect • Other Users: Suppliers Worker Connect is a mobile-based app and • HQ: San Francisco, CA dashboard for migrant construction workers • Year Launched: 2012 to learn about their rights, share information Website: • Market Size: $13.1M in about their experiences, and provide workerconnect.org annual revenue anonymous feedback to supervisors and employers.

WorkIt • Other Users: None WorkIt is an AI-powered mobile app that • HQ: Oakland, CA helps hourly workers (primarily Walmart • Year Launched: 2016 workers) access information about workplace Website: • Market Size: N/A policies and rights from trusted and trained workitapp.org peer advisors. WorkIt also connects workers to one another to share experiences.

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SUPPLIER SOLUTIONS

Name Profile Description

Better Buying • Other Users: Companies Better Buying provides suppliers with a rating • HQ: Newark, DE system and platform to communicate with • Year Launched: 2015 companies about purchasing practices that Website: • Market Size: N/A honor safe working conditions and those betterbuying.org that need improvement, without risking their business relationship. Farmforce • Other Users: Companies; Farmforce is a solution that simplifies the Workers management of small-holder farmers, • HQ: Oslo, Norway increases traceability, and enables access to Website: • Year Launched: N/A formal markets. This SaaS-based solution farmforce.com • Market Size: N/A enables users to manage outgrower schemes and contract farming programs.

Ganaz • Other Users: Workers Ganaz is a desktop- and mobile-based • HQ: Seattle, WA management platform for the • Year Launched: 2017 agriculture sector that addresses shared pain Website: • Market Size: $2.4M in points between employers and workers. ganaz.com total venture funding Ganaz is a communication tool that helps and $1M in annual farmers recruit, retain, and engage their revenue multilingual workforce.

Higg Facility Social & • Other Users: Companies The Sustainable Apparel Coalition’s Higg Labor Module (FSLM) • HQ: San Francisco, CA FSLM is a tool that enables manufacturing • Year Launched: 2016 facilities to measure their social impacts Website: • Market Size: N/A across the value chain and assess the efficacy apparelcoalition.org of social management programs. The Higg FSLM can be used for all manufacturing tiers.

QuizRR • Other Users: Workers; QuizRR digital training solutions are based Companies on customized dramas, followed by quiz • HQ: Stockholm, Sweden questions. Workers use QuizRR to learn Website: • Year Launched: 2013 about employment rights and responsibilities quizrr.se • Market Size: SEK11M in and companies and suppliers use it to total venture funding measure on worker training.

Responsible • Other Users: Companies R3 is an IT-based, knowledge-management Remediation Resource • HQ: San Francisco, CA service that seeks to increase the level of (R3) • Year Launched: 2019 remediation of labor issues in global supply • Market Size: N/A chains. R3 provides country-specific and legally informed remediation guidance, Website: elevates local knowledge and priorities, and ther3.org reduces transaction costs and inefficiencies in collaboration.

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COMPANY SOLUTIONS

Name Profile Description

&Wider • Other Users: Suppliers; &Wider provides cost effective diagnostic Workers tools that provides companies with real-time • HQ: South Africa data and user-friendly analytics to support Website: • Year Launched: 2014 workers and suppliers. Workers’ mobile andwider.com • Market Size: N/A phones are used to track and improve labor practices along the supply chain.

BanQu • Other Users: Workers BanQu is a blockchain-for-service software • HQ: Minneapolis, MN company that builds economic identities and • Year Launched: 2015 connects people in extreme poverty to the Website: • Market Size: $2.6M in global supply chains they participate in and banqu.co total venture funding the brands, organizations, and governments that power them.

BSI Supplier • Other Users: None SCM is a web-based risk assessment and Compliance Manager • HQ: London, UK audit management solution that analyzes (SCM) • Year Launched: N/A supplier risk and compliance using BSI’s • Market Size: £473.0M in proprietary, global supply chain intelligence. Website: annual revenue15 SCM is used to quantify risk and compliance bsigroup.com for programs, including Social Responsibility.

ChainPoint Supply • Other Users: None ChainPoint is a customizable software Chain Solutions • HQ: Arnhem, platform for monitoring and securing supply Netherlands chains. Companies use ChainPoint to Website: • Year Launched: 2003 manage and share product, process, and chainpoint.com • Market Size: $310K in supplier information and improve quality and annual revenue sustainability, while reducing cost and risk.

CUMULUS Forced • Other Users: Suppliers CUMULUS, by Verité, is an online platform Labor Screen • HQ: Amherst, MA for companies to cost effectively , • Year Launched: N/A analyze, and prioritize forced labor risks Website: • Market Size: $3.5M in introduced by the recruitment practices of verite.org annual revenue their suppliers and their recruitment agents in both receiving and sending countries.

Descartes Labs • Other Users: None Descartes Labs Platform is a machine Platform • HQ: Santa Fe, NM learning-based API that collects, cleans, • Year Launched: 2014 calibrates, stores, and catalogs data from Website: • Market Size: $38.3M in public and commercial sources. The platform descarteslabs.com total venture funding provides companies with computational and $1.5M in annual power and tools to build near real-time revenue predictive supply chain models and insights.

15 This figure represents BSI’s total annual revenue in fiscal year 2017, not the revenue generated specifically by BSI’s SCM. This figure, therefore, was not included in determining the estimates on Chart 2 of this report.

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DOL Mobile • Other Users: Workers DOL Mobile Applications consist of 8 mobile- Applications • HQ: Washington, D.C. based applications that companies use to • Year Launched: N/A access guidance on supply chain social Website: • Market Size: N/A compliance. Workers also use these apps to dol.gov find jobs, gather safety and labor rights information, and track hours and pay.

EcoVadis Solutions • Other Users: Suppliers EcoVadis is a SaaS platform that brings • HQ: Paris, France companies and suppliers together to • Year Launched: 2007 efficiently drive CSR and sustainability Website: • Market Size: 45K+ users performance through reliable CSR ratings ecovadis.com and $35M in annual and scorecards covering 21 CSR Indicators, revenue 190 commodities, and 150 countries.

Enablon Supply Chain • Other Users: None The Enablon Supply Chain software solution Software • HQ: Chicago, IL provides companies in 160 countries across • Year Launched: 2000 all industries with a real-time view on their Website: • Market Size: 1M+ users supply chains’ performance and allows them enablon.com and $41.1M in annual to manage compliance and drive suppliers revenue toward continuous improvement.

Laborlink • Other Users: Suppliers; Laborlink uses mobile technology to enable Workers companies and suppliers to connect directly • HQ: Oakland, CA with workers in real time. Laborlink delivers Website: • Year Launched: 2010 survey data through EiQ, an interactive elevatelimited.com • Market Size: 2.5M platform to drive improvements in workplace workers reached safety, communication, and engagement.

LaborVoices • Other Users: Suppliers; LaborVoices is crowdsourced, supply chain Workers intelligence created by workers via mobile • HQ: Millbrae, CA technology and used by companies and Website: • Year Launched: 2010 factories to improve performance. laborvoices.com • Market Size: $7.7M in LaborVoices also help workers make better annual revenue decisions and avoid abusive situations.

MicroBenefits • Other Users: Suppliers; MicroBenefit’s CompanyIQ is a mobile- Workers based, game-style app that provides workers, • HQ: Shanghai, China suppliers, and companies with a suite of Website: • Year Launched: 2010 solutions, from worker voice tools to digital microbenefits.com • Market Size: $3.7M in learning platforms. The app has reached annual revenue 1M+ workers since its launch.

Orbital Insight • Other Users: None Orbital Insight’s cloud-based software • HQ: Mountain View, CA combines and interprets data from the • Year Launched: 2013 commercial and relevant Website: • Market Size: $78.7M in terrestrial sources to deliver new insights to orbitalinsight.com total venture funding companies. Through AI and ML, petabytes of and $1.5M in annual data are distilled to increase decision-making revenue confidence and reduce time-to-action.

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Phylagen • Other Users: Suppliers Phylagen combines the most advanced DNA • HQ: San Francisco, CA sequencing technology with artificial • Year Launched: 2014 intelligence to compare naturally-occurring, Website: • Market Size: $14M in invisible microbes (“”) and verify phylagen.com total venture funding the origin of products across global supply and $3M in annual chains—bringing a new level of insight and revenue transparency to companies and suppliers.

Provenance • Other Users: None Powered by blockchain and open data, • HQ: London, UK Provenance’s digital platform gathers and • Year Launched: 2014 shares key product information and journeys Website: • Market Size: $1.1M in that is secure, trustworthy, and accessible. provenance.org total venture funding Companies use Provenance to build trust and transparency with their customers.

RADAR • Other Users: Workers The database platform focuses on • HQ: Mexico City, Mexico the rights of migrant workers in the United • Year Launched: 2005 States, primarily from Mexico. Workers and Website: • Market Size: N/A key actors report labor and human rights prodesc.org.mx violations and companies are provided viable alternatives for ethical recruitment.

RADIX Tree • Other Users: Suppliers RADIX Tree is an online platform for • HQ: Mannheim, Germany connecting and sharing supply chain data. • Year Launched: 2010 RADIX Tree provides companies and Website: • Market Size: 80K+ suppliers with greater visibility over raw global-traceability.com companies represented materials and enable efficient due diligence on platform to comply with regulation, such as the EUTR.

Responsible Sourcing • Other Users: None Hosted by Verité, the Responsible Sourcing Tool • HQ: Boston, MA Tool is an online platform that provides • Year Launched: N/A companies with resources and best practices Website: • Market Size: N/A on policy development, screening, and responsiblesourcingtool compliance. It also includes a risk mapping .org tool by industry and commodity.

Sedex Advance • Other Users: Suppliers Sedex Advance is a collaborative platform for • HQ: London, UK companies, suppliers, and auditors to store, • Year Launched: 2004 share, and report on supply chain Website: • Market Size: 50K+ information. Ethical data can be tracked sedexglobal.com members and $10M in through a reporting platform to manage and annual revenue demonstrate progress.

Sourcemap • Other Users: None Sourcemap is a desktop and mobile software • HQ: New York, NY solution that provides supply chain data • Year Launched: 2008 collection, visualization, verification, and Website: • Market Size: $3.5M in reporting functionalities. Companies use sourcemap.com annual revenue Sourcemap to map their supply chains and improve transparency and traceability.

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SupplyShift • Other Users: Suppliers SupplyShift is a secure, cloud-based • HQ: Santa Cruz, CA enterprise supply chain management • Year Launched: 2012 platform to reduce risk and enhance supply Website: • Market Size: $3.8M in chain responsibility. Companies analyze supplyshift.net total venture funding supplier information and suppliers receive and $2M in annual insights on how they compare with industry revenue peers and how to improve performance.

Sustainabill • Other Users: None Sustainabill is a cloud-based solution that • HQ: Cologne, Germany helps companies focus on supply chain • Year Launched: 2017 analytics and mapping and achieve multi-tier Website: • Market Size: N/A visibility for their products. Sustainabill sustainabill.io provides comprehensive sustainability KPIs for products and materials.

TIMBY • Other Users: Suppliers; TIMBY helps users connect on-the-ground Workers data to impact for everything from reducing • HQ: Montreal, Canada corruption to cleaning up supply chains. It Website: • Year Launched: 2014 includes a mobile app for collecting geo- timby.org • Market Size: N/A referenced reports and a dashboard to aggregate, store, and analyze reports.

Trace Register • Other Users: Suppliers Trace Register is a secure, web-based • HQ: Seattle, WA database offering electronic traceability for • Year Launched: 2005 food supply chains. It provides secure Website: • Market Size: $250K in product registration, unique product level traceregister.com total venture funding identification, confidential on-line data and $9.4M in annual management, and immediate compliance revenue with food traceability standards.

Transparency-One • Other Users: Suppliers Transparency-One enables companies to • HQ: Boston, MA analyze all suppliers, components, and • Year Launched: 2015 facilities from source to store. It helps map Website: • Market Size: N/A entire supply chains, track compliance, and transparency-one.com manage business risks. Blockchain heightens the security of data stored in the platform.

Ulula • Other Users: Suppliers; Ulula is a multi-language, customizable Workers supply chain management software that • HQ: New York, NY helps companies and suppliers connect with Website: • Year Launched: 2013 workers, gather worker feedback, engage ulula.com • Market Size: $1M in total stakeholders in real time (via SMS, voice, venture funding and , or messenger apps), and obtain $3.5M in annual revenue actionable insights and early warnings.

Verisk Due Diligence • Other Users: None Verisk Maplecroft Human Rights Due Solutions • HQ: Bath, UK Diligence solutions provide companies with • Year Launched: 2001 risk indices and datasets across 31 human Website: • Market Size: $20M in rights indices that can be integrated via APIs maplecroft.com annual revenue with internal risk systems, third-party platforms, and ESG models.

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APPENDIX B: TABLES

The tables on the following pages provide Any errors, omissions, or misinterpretations are information based on the authors’ assessment of those of the authors of this report. self-declared information and reported use cases. While this information has not been All feedback and data validations are welcome validated directly with the technology solutions and should be sent to the Human Rights and providers, it should provide a reasonable Business Initiative at [email protected] approximation of what is publicly reported by under the subject of “Technology, Human these technology solutions providers. Rights, and Supply Chain Report Feedback.”

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Table 3. Technology Solutions by User and Type

User Type Worker Supplier Company Desktop Mobile Blockchain AI / ML

Technology Solution

&Wider √ √ √ √ √ BanQu √ √ √ √ √ Better Buying √ √ √ BSI Supplier Compliance Manager √ √ ChainPoint Supply Chain Solutions √ √ Contratados.org √ √ Coworker.org √ √ CUMULUS (Verité) √ √ √ Descartes Labs Platform √ √ DOL Mobile Applications √ √ √ EcoVadis Solutions √ √ √ Enablon Supply Chain Software √ √ Farmforce √ √ √ √ √ Ganaz √ √ √ Golden Dreams √ √ Higg Facility Social & Labor Module √ √ √ HourVoice √ √ JORNALER@ App √ √ Laborlink √ √ √ √ √ LaborVoices √ √ √ √ √ MicroBenefits √ √ √ √ √ My Labor Matters √ √ √ OFWwatch √ √ √ Orbital Insight √ √ Outflank Pay Tracker √ √ √ Phylagen √ √ √ Provenance √ √ √ √ QuizRR √ √ √ √ RADAR Database √ √ √ RADIX Tree √ √ √ Record My Hours App √ √ Responsible Remediation Resource √ √ √ Responsible Sourcing Tool √ √ Sedex Advance √ √ √ Sourcemap √ √ √ SupplyShift √ √ √ Sustainabill √ √ TIMBY √ √ √ √ √ Trace Register √ √ √ Transparency-One √ √ √ √ √ Ulula √ √ √ √ √ Verisk Due Diligence Solutions √ √ Worker Connect √ √ √ √ WorkIt √ √ √

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Table 4. Technology Solutions by Worker Objective

Job Access to Peer-to- Hours Access to Worker Search & Inform- Peer or Pay Remedy Voice Employer ation Feedback Tracking Review &Wider √ BanQu √ Better Buying BSI Supplier Compliance Manager ChainPoint Supply Chain Solutions Contratados.org √ √ √ Coworker.org √ √ CUMULUS (Verité) Descartes Labs Platform DOL Mobile Applications √ EcoVadis Solutions Enablon Supply Chain Software Farmforce √ √ Ganaz √ √ Golden Dreams √ √ √ √ Higg Facility Social & Labor Module HourVoice √ √ JORNALER@ App √ √ √ Laborlink √ LaborVoices √ MicroBenefits √ √ √ √ √ My Labor Matters √ √ √ √ OFWwatch √ √ √ √ Orbital Insight Outflank Pay Tracker √ √ Phylagen Provenance QuizRR √ √ RADAR Database √ √ RADIX Tree Record My Hours App √ √ Responsible Remediation Resource Responsible Sourcing Tool Sedex Advance Sourcemap SupplyShift Sustainabill TIMBY √ √ √ √ Trace Register Transparency-One Ulula √ √ √ Verisk Due Diligence Solutions Worker Connect √ √ √ WorkIt √ √ √

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Table 5. Technology Solutions by Supplier Objective

Self- Supplier- Worker Worker Worker Asessment & Buyer Data Commun- Survey & Recruitment Performance Exchange ication Feedback & Retention Measurement &Wider √ √ BanQu Better Buying √ BSI Supplier Compliance Manager ChainPoint Supply Chain Solutions Contratados.org Coworker.org CUMULUS (Verité) √ √ Descartes Labs Platform DOL Mobile Applications EcoVadis Solutions √ √ Enablon Supply Chain Software Farmforce √ √ √ √ Ganaz √ √ Golden Dreams Higg Facility Social & Labor Module √ HourVoice JORNALER@ App Laborlink √ √ LaborVoices √ √ MicroBenefits √ √ √ √ √ My Labor Matters OFWwatch Orbital Insight Outflank Pay Tracker Phylagen √ Provenance QuizRR √ √ √ √ RADAR Database RADIX Tree √ Record My Hours App Responsible Remediation Resource √ √ √ √ Responsible Sourcing Tool √ Sedex Advance √ √ Sourcemap SupplyShift √ √ Sustainabill TIMBY √ Trace Register √ Transparency-One √ Ulula √ √ Verisk Due Diligence Solutions Worker Connect √ WorkIt

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Table 6. Technology Solutions by Company Objective

Risk Supplier Predictive Mapping Product Consumer Analysis Audit & Analytics & Visual- Trace- Engage- & Due Compli- & Fore- ization ability ment Diligence ance casting &Wider √ √ √ BanQu √ √ Better Buying √ BSI Supplier Compliance Manager √ √ √ ChainPoint Supply Chain Solutions √ √ √ √ Contratados.org Coworker.org CUMULUS (Verité) √ √ √ Descartes Labs Platform √ DOL Mobile Applications √ EcoVadis Solutions √ √ Enablon Supply Chain Software √ √ √ Farmforce √ √ Ganaz Golden Dreams Higg Facility Social & Labor Module √ HourVoice JORNALER@ App Laborlink √ √ √ LaborVoices √ √ MicroBenefits √ √ My Labor Matters OFWwatch Orbital Insight √ Outflank Pay Tracker Phylagen √ Provenance √ √ QuizRR √ RADAR Database √ RADIX Tree √ √ √ √ Record My Hours App Responsible Remediation Resource √ √ Responsible Sourcing Tool √ √ √ Sedex Advance √ Sourcemap √ √ √ SupplyShift √ √ √ Sustainabill √ √ √ √ TIMBY √ √ √ Trace Register √ √ √ Transparency-One √ √ √ √ √ Ulula √ √ Verisk Due Diligence Solutions √ √ Worker Connect WorkIt

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APPENDIX C: REFERENCES

1. Anita Househam, Elisabeth Anna Resch, Pia Haslauer, and Angie Hyo Jung Kim, “ in Global Supply Chains: A Baseline Report,” UN Global Compact, September 2018. 2. Antoine Heuty, “How ‘Responsible Supply Tech’ is Helping Tackle Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking,” Freedom Fund, February 2018. 3. Dr. Başak Bağlayan, Ingrid Landau, Marisa McVey, and Kebene Wodajo, “Good Business: The Economic Case for Protecting Human Rights,” International Corporate Accountability Roundtable (ICAR), Frank Bold, and the Business and Human Rights (BHR) Young Researchers Summit, December 2018. 4. Davide Fiedler, “Is technology a game-changer for human rights in corporate value chains,” World Business Council for Sustainable Development, November 2018. 5. Dean Pinkert, James Ton-that, and Ravi Soopramanien, “Blockchain technologies offer transparency that could improve human rights practices,” OpenGlobalRights, January 2019. 6. DLA Piper, Everledger, Hermes EOS, and RCS Global, “Discussion Paper: Supply Chain Human Rights Risk Management,” November 2018. 7. Dunstan Allison-Hope, Hannah Darnton, and Peter Nestor, “Announcing a New Collaboration Using Tech to Combat Human Trafficking,” BSR, June 2018. 8. Ed Marcum and Ryan Heman, “Opportunities and Tradeoffs: Our Commitment to Empower Workers through Responsible Supply Chain Tech,” Humanity United, November 2018. 9. Farbenblum, Berg, and Kintominas, “Transformative Technology for Migrant Workers: Opportunities, Challenges, and Risks,” Open Society Foundations, November 2018. 10. Global e-Sustainability Initiative, “EnablingRights - The Transformative Potential of Digital to Enable People's Rights,” 2018. 11. ILO, “Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage,” September 2017. 12. ILO, “ILO global estimates on migrant workers,” December 2015. 13. KnowTheChain, “Three Sectors, Three Years Later: Progress and Gaps in the Fight Against Forced Labor,” April 2019. 14. Lisa Newman-Wise, Caitlin Ryan, and Tony Siesfeld, “Responsible Supply Chain Tools: Understanding the Market Opportunity,” The Monitor Institute by Deloitte, April 2019. 15. Luis González Morales and Tom Orrell, “Data Interoperability: A Practitioner’s Guide to Joining Up Data in the Development Sector,” October 2018. 16. Nithin Coca, “Technology is failing to create transparent supply chains,” Engadget, July 2017.

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17. Sara Saberi, Mahtab Kouhizadeh, Joseph Sarkis, and Lejia Shen, “Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management,” International Journal of Production Research, October 2018. 18. Sean Morris, Jonathan R. Copulsky, David Linich, and Nes Parker, “Supply unchained: Fighting labor abuse in your supply chain,” Deloitte Insights, July 2014. 19. Shannon K. O’Neil, “Unfinished Business: Improving Labor Standards in Global Supply Chains,” Council on Foreign Relations, November 2016. 20. Shift, “From Audit to Innovation: Advancing Human Rights in Global Supply Chains,” New York, August 2013. 21. Tara Norton, “The Supply Chain Leadership Ladder: A Maturity Model for Supply Chain Sustainability,” BSR, January 2017. 22. The Walt Disney Company, Humanity United, and the C&A Foundation, “Are emerging technology driving better access to remedy in global supply chains,” United Nations Forum on Business and Human Rights, November 2017. 23. Toby Webb, Sean Ansett, Kilian Moote, and Jessi Baker, “Can supply chain technology deliver improved human rights,” Innovation Forum Podcast, September 2016. 24. Wilton Park, “The role of digital technology in tackling modern slavery,” June 2017.

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APPENDIX D: ENGAGEMENT DOCUMENTS

Companies and suppliers have a significant role benefit them and, ultimately, create positive to play in respecting human rights in global human rights impacts for supply chain workers. supply chains. The following pages contain pull- out documents for companies, suppliers, and These documents are meant to be illustrative technology solutions providers to use to explore and should be further tailored based on the and identify technology solutions that will user’s specific circumstances and needs.

43 | Technology Solutions for Advancing Human Rights in Global Supply Chains

COMPANY ENGAGEMENT DOCUMENT

Companies are expected to address human rights abuses in their supply chains, from human trafficking Benefits to business: and forced and child labor to hazardous working conditions, physical abuse and sexual violence, and • Meet existing and emerging legal insufficient wages. and reporting requirements • Minimize business and supply Technology has emerged as a useful tool to address chain disruptions human rights challenges in global supply chains. • Protect company’s reputation and Companies have an opportunity to incorporate brand value technology solutions that will help them with: • Meet investors’ and stakeholders’ • Human rights risk assessment and due diligence expectations • Mapping and visualization of human rights risks • Create efficiency across supply chains • Supplier audit and compliance management • Meet evolving customer and • Product traceability business partner requirements • Predictive analytics and forecasting • Innovate for changing market • Consumer engagement (e.g., providing human rights–related information to customers or Source: UN Global Compact consumers)

QUESTIONS TO EXPLORE WITH COMPANIES

1. Why is a focus on human rights important to your company and your supply chain? 2. What specific human rights challenges are most significant in your supply chain? 3. How can different functions across your company help address these human rights challenges? 4. How can technology help address these human rights challenges? 5. What specific barriers might prevent your company from implementing new technologies? 6. What information do you need to provide different functions across your company to obtain their buy-in on any efforts to implement new technologies?

NEXT STEPS FOR COMPANIES

 Define your company’s most material supply chain human rights issues.  Identify corporate functions or units that influence supply chain decisions and outcomes.  Engage with these corporate functions using the questions provided in this document.  Using this report, research technology solutions that could address key barriers and pain points.  Identify 2 to 3 technology solutions and explore whether and how they will bring economic and social value to your company, suppliers, and, most importantly, workers in your supply chain.  If potentially beneficial solutions are identified, pitch these potential solutions to key decision- makers and agree on which solution(s) to adopt.

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SUPPLIER ENGAGEMENT DOCUMENT

Suppliers are expected to address human rights abuses in their operations, from human trafficking, physical abuse, and sexual violence to hazardous working conditions and insufficient wages.

Technology has emerged as a useful tool to address human rights challenges in global supply chains. Suppliers have opportunities to incorporate technology solutions to address these challenges, but also to provide the right incentives or conditions that will enable their workers to meet their needs.

Technology assists suppliers with: Technology assists workers with:

• Data collection and exchange • Facilitating access to effective remedies • Self-assessments on human rights • Reporting grievances and actual or potential policies and practices human rights violations • Measuring performance (e.g., • Accessing critical information about their rights outcomes and impact) on human • Communicating and sharing experiences with rights peers • Worker communication and • Tracking working hours or pay engagement • Reviewing or rating employers • Worker surveys and feedback • Searching for jobs and accessing worker- • Worker recruitment and retention generated job or employer reviews

QUESTIONS TO EXPLORE WITH SUPPLIERS•

1. What human rights challenges are most significant in your operations and with your employees, temporary workers, or contractors? Why? 2. What measures have you taken to address these challenges? 3. How have these measures improved your workers’ human rights? How have these measures fallen short of their intended impact? 4. How can technology help address these human rights challenges? 5. What specific barriers might prevent your organization from implementing new technologies? 6. How can workers be properly trained to ensure new technologies will help meet their needs?

NEXT STEPS FOR SUPPLIERS

 Identify key groups and individuals within your organization who have direct influence on decisions or actions that could impact the human rights of workers.  Engage with these groups and individuals using the questions provided in this document.  Using this report, research technology solutions that could address key barriers and pain points.  Identify 2 to 3 technology solutions and explore whether and how they will bring economic and social value to your organization and your workers.  If potentially beneficial solutions are identified, pitch these potential solutions to key decision- makers and agree on which solution(s) to adopt.

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WWW.HUMANRIGHTS.BERKELEY.EDU [email protected] MEDIUM.COM/HUMANRIGHTSCENTER @HRCBERKELEY 46 | Technology Solutions for Advancing Human Rights in Global Supply Chains