THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES OF THE DAY: A COMPENDIUM*

JEWISH COMMUNITY of Jewish academics in search of new methods of meeting needs of Jewish community (March Institutional Concerns 30). American Jewish Congress and Joint Advisory National Jewish Welfare Board convention Committee of National Jewish Community held leadership workshops for Jewish com- Relations Advisory Council and Synagogue munity center and YM-YWHA presidents and Council of America stated laws permitting executives to discuss pressing national and Jewish ritual slaughter of livestock are consti- local issues of Jewish community (April tutional (January 6). 12-16). Agudath of America protested proposed National Jewish Welfare Board received U.S. Department of Agriculture regulation $100,000 grant earmarked for helping local outlawing use of ritually slaughtered poultry, Jewish community centers to deal with social as infringement on "freedom of religious change (April 14). practice" (January 19). Central Conference of American Rabbis American Jewish Congress published Direct- launched program of special six-week semi- ory of Aids, Facilities, and Services Available nars for members to devote themselves to to the Jewish Aged in the City of New York to intensive study in Jewish sources, away from be distributed free as public service (January regular duties (May 10). 20). Central Conference of American Rabbis re- National Jewish Welfare Board conducted commended, on basis of its comprehensive National Orientation Institute for new profes- research studies of Reform rabbinate and sionals on community center staffs throughout intermarriage, that Reform movement accept country, dealing with social problems, profes- disciplined set of Jewish laws for daily living sional skills, and programming (February and Jewish practice (June 12-15). 1-5). Union of American Hebrew Congregations Leadership Conference of National Jewish instituted program of direct consultation ser- Women's Organizations formed committee to vices to 200 Reform congregations in small spearhead efforts in 28 cities to aid Jewish cities with declining Jewish population to poor (February 29). provide "renewed vitality" and "future via- bility" (June 12). National Jewish Welfare Board announced arrangement for Passover Seders to be held National Orthodox Jewish organizations con- around world for U.S. Jewish military person- ducted emergency drive to help Wilkes Barre, nel (March 15). Pa., Orthodox institutions and individuals rebuild after severe flood. Synagogue Council National Jewish Welfare Board held consulta- of America delegation met with city's com- tion on services for Jewish aged at which munity leaders to discuss aid to damaged specialists considered how various Jewish Jewish synagogues and other institutions agencies would jointly develop programs to (August 17). meet essential needs of senior citizens (March 19-21). American Jewish Congress announced spon- sorship of ten scholarships for Jewish students Synagogue Council of America announced enrolling in business management course at formation of Institute for Jewish Policy New York Community College (August 28). Planning and Research, drawing on resource American Zionist Federation convention was scene of revival of American Sephardic •Compiled mainly from press releases supplied by organizations. Federation to serve as American arm for Reference to items may be found in Index under World Sephardic Federation's activities (Octo- the various agencies. ber 24). 226 AMERICAN JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 227

American Jewish Committee published report lems as threat of "Jesus revolution," security of Task Force on the Future of the Jewish of Israel, Soviet Jewry, Jews in Arab Community in America, in which 34 scholars countries, urban crisis and social justice, and and communal leaders predicted a reordering Jewish civil rights (June 24-26). of priorities for Jewish communal organiza- Yavneh, college-based Orthodox student or- tions, a consolidation of organizational re- ganization, addressed its annual convention to sources in regional centers, and greater problems of man's relationship to his fellow- representation in decision-making by wider men, calling upon members to work with other segments of Jewish community (October 27). Jewish groups on campus (September 20). National Jewish Welfare Board established American Jewish Congress Commission on camping department to provide and coordinate Youth made available flyers on coffee houses consultation services to Jewish communal for teenage youth as part of concerted effort to camps in order to raise standards and enhance increase numbers of attractive meeting places Jewish educational and cultural aspects of for unaffiliated Jewish youths (October 3). programs (December 1). American Jewish Congress announced new programs to provide students on campuses Youth with continual supply of publications on Jewish religious, cultural, social, and political American Jewish Committee issued fifth issues (November 30). annual edition of Study and Travel Programs for the Teenager and Young Adult, listing Lubavitch Youth Organization invited all programs of study, work, or leadership Jewish college students to attend weekend training designed to strengthen Jewish identity seminars on Jewish affairs and to participate in (January 18). hasidic life (December 21-24, 28-31). Central Conference of American Rabbis Youth Committee met with Yale University academi- Women and Family cians and students to explore youth life styles Lubavitch Women's Organization (Nshei Ub- and religious experience (January 26). 18). nos Chabad) convened to consider challenges American Zionist Youth Foundation's 1972 to Jewish survival and Jewish identity (Febru- summer plans indicated participation of 5,800 ary 11-13) and the responsibilities of Jewish American high-school and college youths in women in today's society (May 12-14). educational programs, kibbutz experiences, Rabbinical Council of America declared and leadership seminars in Israel (March 22). equal-rights amendment for women passed by American Zionist Youth Foundation inaugu- Congress "poses no threat to practice of rated national college campus programs on the Judaism in the United States" (April 10). Holocaust, with weekend seminar for 80 American Jewish Committee convened schol- selected New York and New Jersey college ars, sociologists, rabbis, and researchers to students (April 7-9). discuss status and future of Jewish family in American Jewish Congress invited 32 Jewish America (April 23, 24). youth leaders from ten states to participate in American Jewish Committee announced joint policy-setting meeting at convention (May sponsorship with B'nai B'rith Commission on 10-14). Adult Jewish Education of consultation of American Jewish Committee sponsored na- Jewish women leaders on role of Jewish tional consultation on problems of Jewish women in strengthening Jewish family (De- students in community colleges and heard cember 1). recommendations for bringing such students closer to Jewish community life (May 31). Jewish Education National Conference of Synagogue Youth National Commission on Torah Education (Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of convened to consider effectiveness of Ortho- America) convention considered such prob- dox educational institutions (January 30). 228 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1973

American Association for Jewish Education for month-long event celebrating music of and American Jewish Committee issued New Oriental and Sephardi Jews (February 27). Directives, results of the second annual American Jewish Congress marked 20th cosponsored Jewish education workshop that anniversary of scholarly journal Judaism with explored new techniques of teaching in and publication of cumulative index covering all outside the classroom (March 28). issues through 1971 (April 14). Torah Umesorah affiliates, National Associa- Theodor Herzl Institute paid tribute to contem- tion of Day School Administrators and porary Jewish poetry with readings and National Society for Hebrew Day Schools, lectures by well-known poets at two-day met to discuss crisis in recruitment of teaching conference (April 29-30). staff, prospect for governmental aid to non- public schools, relevancy of day-school cur- Workmen's Circle called on American Jewish riculum, and classrooms "without walls" community to support Yiddish press and (May 3-7). educational agencies to secure future of folk-culture (May 14). Torah Umesorah sponsored retreat for senior rabbinical students to encourage careers in National Jewish Welfare Board awarded cash Jewish day-school education (August 1). prizes to five authors of outstanding 1971 books in the fields of Jewish thought, Torah Umesorah announced granting in Holocaust, poetry, fiction, and juvenile writ- preceding ten-month period $100,000 in loans ing (May 21). to day schools throughout the country, a sign of continuing financial crisis (August 18). American Jewish Committee published The World of the 1970's: A Jewish Perspective, American Jewish Committee inaugurated se- Task Force report dealing with prospects in cond year of adult-education project with world affairs and implications for Jews (June lectures by noted Israeli scholars who also led 12). seminars on development of Jewish people and Jewish philosophical thought (September 25). National Jewish Welfare Board announced State of Israel 25th anniversary as theme of Torah Umesorah reported that Hebrew day Jewish Book Month, October 27-November schools in North America numbered 448 26 (July 28). Board established annual prize located in 140 communities throughout United for most distinguished book on Jewish History States and Canada (November 5). (December 29). Agudath Israel of America warned of "im- pending explosion on Jewish scene unless priorities of Jewish federations are reordered" Jewish Defense League to give top place to education and day schools American Jewish Congress barred JDL leader (November 28). Meir Kahane from its convention, stating it Rabbinical Council of America held first major rejected both his accusation that Congress does education conference at which 200 rabbis, nothing for Soviet Jewry and his "hysterical educators, and yeshivah principals discussed opinion" that Jews in the United States face alienation and identity of Jewish youth holocaust (May 11). (December 19, 20). ORT initiated study to determine possibility of INTERFAITH establishing vocational-training schools in cities where poor and unskilled American Jewish Committee jointly with live (December 24). Greek Orthodox Diocese of North and South America sponsored colloquium for theologians and scholars on problems common to Judaism Culture and the Greek Orthodox Church (January 25, National Jewish Welfare Board and 26). University cosponsored festival devoted to Union of American Hebrew Congregations Sephardi liturgical and folk music as opener produced "The Jewish Audio Theatre," a AMERICAN JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 229 cassette library of religious dramas, original CHURCH-STATE RELATIONS plays based on mysticism and hasidic legend, American Jewish Congress and Committee for a Holocaust commemoration, and discussions Public Education and Religious Liberty of modern problems, to give non-Jews insights (PEARL) hailed a Federal court ruling barring into Jewish life (March 28). $33 million in New York State funds for American Jewish Committee established Ser- "secular educational services" in parochial vice Center for Christian Visitors in Jerusalem schools (January 11). Torah Umesorah called in effort to help Christian leaders deepen their decision "a serious but not unexpected blow to understanding of Israel (May 6). the schools of New York State" (Jan. 12). American Jewish Committee New York, Long American Jewish Committee analysis of Island, and Westchester chapters expressed Christian statements and actions showed opposition to New York State legislature increasing concern for improved Jewish-Chris- efforts to bypass the court decision and provide tian relations by major Christian church groups funds for nonpublic schools (January 14). (May 7). Its survey of Christian reaction to Lod Airport massacre indicated many Chris- American Jewish Congress stated its survey of tian leaders condemned brutal killings without parochial measures passed since 1968 showed reservation (July 24). a total of 12 states had enacted measures providing some form of aid to nonpublic Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith schools (January 16). It further revealed that lauded resolution condemning 32 lawsuits challenging or seeking public adopted by Baptist Convention in Israel funds for parochial schools are pending in state (September 1). and federal courts throughout the United States American Jewish Committee, in cooperation (February 12). with National Conference of Christians and Torah Umesorah criticized New York State Jews, conducted study of Prostestant church Fleischmann Commission education report for textbooks which pointed to need for "reform recommending halt to further aid to nonpublic of Christian teaching about Jewish religion and schools without acknowledging "quality edu- life" (October 3). cation" of Hebrew day schools and other nonpublic schools (February 10). American Jewish Committee and Council on Theological Education and Commission on Agudath Israel of America announced forma- Ecumenical Mission and Relations of the tion of national coalition on nonpublic-school United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. leaders of all faiths to seek enactment of conducted conference for religious leaders on federal tax credit legislation to benefit parents role of Jewish and Christian traditions in of nonpublic-school children (March 23). developing concept of human rights (October American Jewish Committee urged President 16-18). Committee and Southeastern Baptist Nixon to convene education and religious Theological Seminary sponsored colloquium leaders to map plans for implementation of on "Civil Religion in America" for scholars "dual enrollment programs" to help meet of various religious identifications (October financial needs of parochial schools (April 7). 30-November 1). National Council of Jewish Women ex- Union of American Hebrew Congregations pressed distress at Nixon statement promising called on Christian church bodies to curb "strengthened commitment" to extend federal fundamentalistic missionary efforts directed help to nonpublic schools (April 10). toward college and high-school youth, which Committee for Public Education and Religious harass Jewish young people (December 3). Liberty (PEARL) argued in Federal court that American Jewish Committee sponsored panel 1970 New York State Mandated Services discussion on implications for American Jews Act—allocating $28 million annually to non- and Judaism of increasing momentum of public schools for examination and record- evangelistic activity as expressed in Key '73 keeping purposes—was "unconstitutional on (December 3). its face and in its application" (April 11). 230 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1973

Torah Umesorah expressed disappointment American Jewish Congress issued pamphlet when Federal court ruled unconstitutional New Religious Holiday Observances in Public York State's Mandated Services Act (May 1). Schools: A Guide for Community Action, Committee for Public Education and Religious advising communities on how to help eradicate Liberty (PEARL) filed suit in Federal court sectarian activities in public schools (Novem- challenging constitutionality of May 22, 1972, ber 17). New York State law providing aid to parochial American Jewish Congress called Supreme schools (May 25). Court ruling upholding lower court decision against compulsory chapel attendance at U.S. Agudath Israel of America lauded President military academies a "significant victory" for Nixon for supporting federal income tax credit religious freedom and church-state separation for parents of nonpublic-school children (June (December 19). 28). Its Commission on Legislation and Civic Action announced program to represent "To- rah interests" before legislative parties and NATIONAL SOCIAL AND government agencies (July 27). POLITICAL ISSUES Torah Umesorah urged Republican party Social Welfare national convention to adopt resolution in National Council of Jewish Women called on favor of aid to nonpublic schools (August 11). U.S. Congress to adopt "genuine welfare system which will allow this nation to meet its Agudath Israel of America urged House Ways responsibilities to the poor" (January 17). and Means Committee to "save concept of freedom of educational choice for American American Jewish Congress criticized U.S. parents" by introducing tax credit bill (August Congress for "falling far short of its obligation 15). Committee for Public Education and to the elderly" and urged better-funded Religious Liberty told House Ways and Means programs to benefit them (July 27); described Committee that federal-tax-credit proposals federal program to feed elderly poor as unjust for nonpublic-school parents would unconsti- because of "proportional representation" (Au- tutionally "force all taxpayers to contribute gust 10); urged emergency legislation to toward refunding of tuition payments to protect elderly by requiring state officials to parents of children attending nonpublic disregard new social security increase in schools, 95 per cent of which are religiously computing eligibility for other federally-fund- affiliated and controlled" (August 17). Union ed health and welfare benefits (October 4). of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America National Council of Jewish Women asked for told House Ways and Means Committee it increased attention to child-care and condi- strongly supported adoption of bill allowing tions in juvenile courts and institutions tax credits for nonpublic-school tuition (Sep- (September 1). tember 5). Agudath Israel of America presi- dent called on heads of national non-Orthodox National Council of Jewish Women urged organizations who testified against tax credits U.S. Congress to give top priority to such to nonpublic-school parents to "repent of their issues as "welfare reform, housing, consumer diehard and unrelenting efforts to deprive protection, health care, and an increased Jewish education of any and every form of minimum wage" (November 3). indirect governmental assistance" (September 11), urged New York Board of Regents to School Busing and Financing endorse publicly federal legislation for in- come tax credits to nonpublic-school parents National Council of Jewish Women reaffirmed (September 13). full support of school integration and asked for rejection of U.S. Congress anti-busing meas- Torah Umesorah expressed disappointment ure (February 18). with Supreme Court decision declaring uncon- American Jewish Committee charged school stitutional tuition grants to parents of nonpub- busing issue "distorted out of all relation to lic-school students (October 11). reality" (March 16). AMERICAN JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 231

Union of American Hebrew Congregations Women's Rights denounced members of Congress and political National Council of Agudah Women of candidates who manipulated "issue of busing America condemned proposed 27th amend- for partisan political advantage" and recom- ment (Equal Rights for Women) for "rob- mended "raising of educational standards for bing" women of more rights than it grants all Americans—Black and White" (March (May 2). 21). Conference of Presidents of Major Jewish National Jewish Community Relations Advi- Organizations elected five additional women's sory Council declared busing must be used to groups to membership, giving representation undo segregation in statement to House to all women in organized Jewish community Judiciary Committee sub-committee consider- (October 12). ing anti-busing legislation (May 10). American Jewish Congress asked Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to prohibit American Jewish Committee urged Congress banks from discriminating against women in not to take "precipitous" action on matter of housing loans (December 24). schooling and wait until "passions of election campaign have passed" (August 3). Ethnic Groups American Jewish Congress and Anti-Defama- tion League of B'nai B'rith joined seven other American Jewish Committee National Project civic, religious, and educational organizations on Ethnic America reported "group identity in asking Supreme Court to end inequalities in growing among women and young people in school financing—specifically in case that blue-collar communities as well as among affected Texas school system (September 11). ethnic groups" will have impact on social issues and social action (May 7); recommend- ed its chapters "increase attention to concerns of multi-ethnic America" and build bridges Housing between ethnic communities (December 2). American Jewish Committee made public Ten-Point Guide for Scatter-Site Public National Morale Housing as one effort to help avoid intergroup confrontations on public projects (January 29). Central Conference of American Rabbis react- Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith ed to Watergate incident by expressing shock reaffirmed support of principle of integrated at evidence of "gross immorality both in housing and urged government agencies to government and in current political cam- implement scatter-site housing (March 15). paign" (October 22). American Jewish Committee one-year study of American Jewish Committee announced estab- young workers' attitudes found most dissat- lishment of National Job-Linked Housing isfied or ambivalent about their work situation Center to help industry and communities (December 15). provide housing for workers close to new plants in suburbs (May 6). Committee con- ducted two-day symposium on social, eco- Voting Patterns and Elections nomic, and political factors affecting develop- ment of new towns and problems such as American Jewish Committee Task Force on deterioration of central cities and lack of Group Life in America predicted Jewish housing (June 16). involvement in liberal coalition would proba- bly continue in the 1970s, despite group-rights American Jewish Congress (March 2), Ameri- tensions and leftist opposition to Israel (June can Jewish Committee (July 25), Anti-Defa- 28). mation League of B'nai B'rith (August 24) National Jewish Welfare Board issued Voter expressed concern and offered compromise Registration for Youth containing practical plans for resolving intergroup controversy suggestions for organizing campaigns for over housing project in Forest Hills, NY. 18-to-21-year-olds (July 14). 232 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1973

Central Conference of American Rabbis cau- American Hebrew Congregations (June 12) tioned Jewish institutions and their leaders called for strict gun control. against open support for either presidential American Jewish Congress publicized Federal candidate, since such partisanship could pro- Crime Insurance Program as means of per- duce post-election schisms within Jewish suading businessmen to remain in business and community (August 28). thus maintain viable neighborhoods (August American Jewish Committee, American Jew- 30). ish Congress, B'nai B'rith Anti-Defamation American Jewish Committee, in collaboration League, , Jewish War with Catholic University Law School, issued Veterans of the U.S.A., National Council of booklet The Response to Political Violence Jewish Women, Union of American Hebrew Through Democratic Means, as result of study Congregations, United Synagogue of America of violence in civil disturbances, including joined in deploring partisan political appeals to those on campus (November 18). Jews based on single issue of U.S. support of Israel and emphasizing that Jews vote as Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith called individual Americans even on complex and for presidential inquiry into death of two black controversial issues (September 3). students at Southern University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana (November 20). Hadassah stressed it does not support candi- dates for elected office and expects Americans who are Jews to vote in accordance with American ideals of a good society, as they Discrimination and Preferential understand it (October 25). Treatment Union of American Hebrew Congregations Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith described increased Jewish vote for President described proposed U.S. Labor Department Nixon as confirmation of "shifting conserva- guidelines for ending religious and ethnic tive voting patterns of American Jews" and discrimination in employment practices of warned such conservatism would "further federal contractors as "significant develop- alienate young Jews" (November 12). ment in ending underutilization of Jews" (January 14). American Jewish Committee Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith criticized guidelines for replacing "mandatory workshop's analysis of presidential election requirement with inadequate statement provid- concluded Jews "no longer locked into ing for voluntary action" which eliminated Democratic Party" (November 20). clauses against religious discrimination (Fe- bruary 2). American Jewish Congress, Jewish War Veterans, Jewish Labor Committee, and National Council of Jewish Women welcomed Crime and Gun Control guidelines against discrimination based on American Jewish Committee, in cooperation religion, but warned that a section singling out with National Alliance on Shaping Safer bias at the executive and middle-management Cities, launched campaign to achieve "Bill of levels might jeopardize protection for workers Rights for Prisoners" prohibiting such prison at lower levels (August 17). practices as racial and religious discrimina- American Jewish Congress informed Office of tion, corporal punishment, and mixing of Management and Budget of Executive Office youthful offenders with hardened criminals of President that questions on race and ethnic (February 15). origin on federal government application Workmen's Circle and American Jewish forms might suggest to minority-group appli- Committee, in concert with National Alliance cants that "race is a relevant factor in choosing for Shaping Safer Cities, called for prison among applicants" and would inhibit them reform, rehabilitation of former prisoners, and from applying (February 16). gun control (May 16). Anti-Defamation League of B'nai BVith Jewish War Veteran's (May 17), Union of charged State University of New York at AMERICAN JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 233

Albany with distorting concept of affirmative on the basis of race, creed, color, national action employment in behalf of minorities origin, or sex (October 5). "into a program of racial quotas or preferential treatment" (March 2). American Jewish Committee (N.Y. Chapter), Affirmative Action American Jewish Congress, Anti-Defamation Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, League of B'nai B'rith, Federation of Jewish American Jewish Committee, American Jew- Philanthropies, Jewish Community Relations ish Congress, Jewish War Veterans, Jewish Council of New York, Jewish Labor Commit- Labor Committee, and Agudath Israel of tee (N.Y. Chapter), National Jewish Commis- America representatives met with leaders of sion on Law and Public Affairs (COLPA), Department of Health, Education and Welfare New York Board of Rabbis hailed the passage to express concern for quotas and preferential by New York State legislature of bill barring hiring in colleges and universities as a result of Saturday or Sunday elections for state or local government's affirmative-action program offices or for corporations funded by public (May 22); asked HEW Secretary Elliot money (March 16). Richardson to investigate and correct "danger- Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith asked ous trends in college admissions and faculty New York State Civil Service Commission to hiring," resulting from misinterpretation of "rescind unconstitutionally discriminatory affirmative-action directives (August 31); restrictions" contained in job announcement American Jewish Congress challenged HEW specifying candidates for corrections-counse- Office of Civil Rights' right to ask City lor positions must have ethnic identification University of New York to supply it with race, with black or Spanish-speaking communities sex, age, and title of employees (June 22). (March 22); protested Commission's question- Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith pro- na re asking civil-service job applicants about tested data-gathering survey at Brooklyn Col- et' nic background (June 7). lege for purposes of affirmative action (July 7). A.nerican Jewish Congress called for inten- American Jewish Committee warned affirma- sified efforts to increase job and schooling tive-action programs could lead to acceptance opportunities for minority groups, but con- of proportional representation and quotas in demned preferential quotas in employment and hiring (August 11); made public President university admissions (May 14). Nixon's and Senator George McGovern's Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith and responses opposing quotas in employment, Hillel Foundation of Purdue University an- education and government appointments (Au- nounced agreement by university to change gust 16). admissions policy which discriminated against Agudath Israel of America called on Secretary applicants from New York and New Jersey Richardson to halt undermining of merit (May 23). system in employment opportunities (Novem- American Jewish Committee urged industry to ber 28). adopt measures to change social-club climate American Jewish Committee Executive Coun- of racial discrimination despite Supreme Court cil adopted statement specifying acceptable decision upholding state's right to grant liquor affirmative action conditions which would licenses to private clubs that practice racial protect disadvantaged and minorities against discrimination (June 15). discrimination but would preclude use of American Jewish Congress expressed convic- quotas (December 3). tion that Civil Aeronautics Board had authority and obligation to enforce nondiscriminatory hiring by nation's airlines (September 27). Antisemitism American Jewish Committee hailed federal American Jewish Committee characterized government ban against official use of prem- Black Muslim movement as potentially more ises belonging to organizations discriminating menacing to Jews than it was a decade ago 234 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1973 because it has become a "source of antisemitic Brooklyn (Canarsie) junior high school (Octo- infection in the black community" (January ber 26). 29). American Jewish Committee, together with 12 Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith urged civic, religious, ethnic, and educational HEW to "cease flow of government money to groups, called on Canarsie parents to end African-American Teachers' Association" be- demonstrations and boycotts "in the cause of cause much of its activity is "deliberate justice and community peace" (November 1). antisemitism" (March 2). American Jewish Congress asked New York American Jewish Congress, American Jewish Secretary of State John P. Lomonzo and City Committee, Anti-Defamation League of B'nai Human Rights Commission Chairman Eleanor B'rith and Jewish Labor Committee protested Holmes Norton to move toward prohibiting appointment of Luis Fuentes as New York realtors' block-busting in Canarsie by declar- City district superintendent of Community ing it a "non-solicitation area" under state and School Board No. 1 because of his record of city laws (November 3). antisemitic statements over several years American Jewish Committee established Insti- (August 4); asked investigation of Fuentes' tute for Social Concerns in Business to appointment; urged that Chancellor Harvey encourage major business corporations in Scribner or State Education Commissioner efforts to implement and develop urban affairs Ewald B. Nyquist take jurisdiction (October programs (December 1). 4). Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, in New York Times advertisement, charged HUMANE CONCERNS newspaper with violating advertising accepta- bility standards by printing full-page ad by Amnesty, War, Violence Norman F. Dacey which "libels American American Jewish Congress charged bombing Jewish citizens" (June 15); labeled American of North Vietnam was "shameful episode" Party and its presidential candidate "political that destroyed "slender hope that our country tools" of John Birch Society and charged all was sincerely preparing to get out of a hateful three with "approving and distributing antise- and despised war" (January 4). mitism" (August 16); conducted workshop on Jewish War Veterans endorsed decision to "Insensitivity to Antisemitism" at which make public "efforts to end war in Vietnam on news media and entertainment field came a date certain with an exchange of prisoners of under strong criticism (November 20); with- war" (January 26). drew as "invited observer" at Ninth General Assembly of the National Council of Churches National Council of Jewish women called on in Dallas because of participation of "publicly all Jewish women to join in prayer for peace in recognized antisemite Imamu Baraka," as Passover season and condemned "war, hatred LeRoi Jones now calls himself (December 6). and violence which have imposed spirit of bondage and enslavement on people all over world today" (March 14). Urban Concerns Union of American Hebrew Congregations Synagogue Council of America urged Senate and Central Conference of the American Sub-Committee on the Aging to adopt meas- Rabbis Commission on Social Action cited ures to reduce crime in urban housing projects their opposition to "unjust, illegal, and inhabited by elderly citizens; recommended immoral" war and asked President Nixon to supportive social services be included in future grant immediate amnesty to Americans who public housing for elderly (August 1). refused military service because of objection to war in Vietnam (March 20). American Jewish Congress Metropolitan Council asked Board of Union of American Hebrew Congregations Education to "take direct jurisdiction" in condemned American escalation of Vietnam dispute involving transfer of black children to war and urged Nixon to assume "positive AMERICAN JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 235 leadership in Vietnam negotiations" (April 9). beyond elementary school and age 14 because National Council of Jewish Women called it is contrary to their religious convictions upon U.S. government to withdraw all (May 15). American troops and "resume negotiations in American Jewish Congress expressed "grati- Paris" (April 21). fication" over U.S. Circuit Court of Appeal American Jewish Congress, Americans for decision holding unconstitutional compulsory Progressive Israel (Hashomer Hatzair), Labor chapel attendance by cadets at U.S. service Zionist Alliance, and Union of American academies (July 3). Hebrew Congregations supported nationwide American Jewish Committee, through its moratorium protest against war in Vietnam Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancement (May 4). of Human Rights, the law faculty of the American Jewish Committee asked U.S. University of Uppsala, Sweden, and the government to review its call for immediate International Institute of Human Rights, spon- cease-fire in Vietnam and to "take every sored three-day international colloquium on possible step to wind up its military participa- right of individual to leave permanently or tion in Indo-China" (May 8). temporarily any country, including his own (June 19-21). American Jewish Committee Religious leaders of Conservative, Orthodox, published Uppsala Colloquium Declaration on and Reform groups issued joint statement Right to Leave and Right to Return, based on assailing American escalation in Vietnam and analysis by legal experts from 25 countries of called upon Congress to withdraw "financial existing constitutional, statutory, and adminis- and legal" resources for continuation of war trative provisions on this subject (November 3; (May 11). text appended). American Jewish Committee (May 15) and Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith called American Jewish Congress (May 16) deplored upon governments of world to assure and brutal attempt on life of Governor George C. protect "full and unhampered exercise of Wallace. freedoms set forth in Universal Declaration on National Council of Jewish Women called Human Rights" (December 12). upon American government to take immediate and specific steps to break through "climate of intensifying violence" and expressed outrage at attempted assassination in U.S. and whole- Uganda sale murders in Israel (June 12). American Jewish Committee commended One hundred Orthodox, Reform, and Conser- Congressman Edward Koch for efforts to vative rabbis throughout U.S. led congregants obtain admission to the United States for 5,000 in five-day "liquid" fast during High Holy Asians to be expelled from Uganda and urged Days in protest against war in Vietnam and Attorney General to increase number of Munich massacre (September 14). special visas for this purpose from 1,000 to 5,000 (October 2); Committee sharply con- National Council of Jewish Women urged demned "cruel expulsion of noncitizen Asians President Nixon to call immediate cessation of from Uganda (December 11). bombing of North Vietnam and reaffirmed its opposition to "senseless wholesale killing" (December 26). Capital Punishment American Jewish Congress and Synagogue Human Rights Council of America hailed Supreme Court Synagogue Council of America and American decision barring capital punishment as "con- Jewish Congress hailed Supreme Court deci- sistent with Jewish tradition" and a "triumph sion upholding right of Amish parents to for standards of civilization and humaneness refuse compulsory education for their children inherent in U.S. Constitution" (June 29). 236 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1973

Workers' Conditions dent Nixon to express "outrage of American Union of American Hebrew Congregations people" (August 16). urged membership to stop eating iceberg American Jewish Congress (August 17), lettuce until farm workers win union contract National Council of Jewish Women urged granting lettuce pickers "dignity, self-deter- Soviet Union to rescind its ruling imposing mination and justice" (December 20). exorbitant exit fees on educated Jews wishing to leave country (August 23). Jewish War Veterans called exit tax "a SOVIET JEWRY travesty of human rights" and urged world Appeals for U.S. Government condemnation of "ransom tactics" (August 24). Intercession American Zionist Federation called on Zion- National Council of Jewish Women urged ists to launch "immediate, massive cam- President Nixon to speak on plight of Soviet paign" of protests against "cruel ransom" Jewry when he visited Soviet Union in May, (August 31). asking for "complete freedom from harass- ment" (January 17). American Jewish Congress declared tax to be "blackmail" and pledged to work for its American Jewish Congress urged participation revocation (September 12). in nationwide petition campaign urging Presi- dent Nixon to intercede with Kremlin on Union of American Hebrew Congregations behalf of Soviet Jews (February 7). (September 21), American Jewish Congress (September 25), American Jewish Committee National Interreligious Consultation on Soviet (September 27), Anti-Defamation League of Jewry, representing major faiths and including B'nai B'rith (October 12) urged Nixon not to representatives of the American Jewish Com- grant USSR preferred-nation status or large- mittee, appealed to President Nixon to inter- scale economic loans while it levies exit tax on cede with Soviet leaders on behalf of op- Jews. pressed Jews during his visit (March 21). Jewish War Veterans praised U.S. Senators National Jewish Welfare Board asked Presi- who sponsored Jackson Amendment to East- dent Nixon to urge freedom for "Jewish West Trade Act, which would deny Soviet prisoners of conscience" and for right of Jews Union preferred status as long as exit tax on to emigrate to country of choice (April 17). Jews exists (October 5). American Zionist American Conference on Soviet Jewry, a Federation called for massive campaign for mobilization of 34 national Jewish groups, Jackson Amendment (October 21). designated National Solidarity Day for Soviet Jewry, with corresponding activities to press Programs and Protests for inclusion of plight of Jews on agenda of President Nixon at meetings with Soviet Jewish Labor Committee sponsored confer- leaders (April 30). ence on situation of Jews in Soviet Union and responsive activism in the United States Workmen's Circle urged Nixon to represent (February 13). demands for full rights to Russian Jews and called for opening American immigration to Leadership Conference of National Jewish more Soviet Jews (May 13). Women's Organizations on the occasion of International Women's Day appealed to Soviet Minister of Culture Ekaterina Furtseva to help Soviet Exit Tax free Sylva Zalmanson and Raiza Palatnik, American Jewish Committee called Soviet Jewish women imprisoned in Soviet Union Union's action to "extort high sums of money (March 8). from Jews with academic or professional Greater New York Conference on Soviet training who desire to emigrate" a violation of Jewry met with representatives of American fundamental human rights, and asked Presi- Red Cross to discuss ways for concerned AMERICAN JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 237 people to aid Red Cross efforts on behalf of mobilize "decent opinions of mankind" on Jewish prisoners of conscience in USSR behalf of Soviet Jewry (December 6). (March 8). World Conference of Jewish Communities on Aid to Soviet Immigrants Soviet Jewry reaffirmed principles of 1971 Agudath Israel of America adopted program to Brussels Conference, vowing solidarity with help religious absorption of Russian immi- Soviet Jews and calling on USSR to free grants in Israel, including provision of reli- "prisoners of conscience," 40 Jewish men gious education for all age groups (January and women serving prison terms for Zionist 28). activity (March 13). Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of National Conference on Soviet Jewry an- America announced program to meet special nounced publication of 1972 "Matzah of needs of immigrants coming from "a land in Hope," special prayer to be read at Passover which all Jewish religious life and instruction Seder as reminder of Soviet Jews being denied have been suppressed for over fifty years" human rights (March 15); made public Soviet (May 7). attempts to use law of "social parasitism" to punish dissident Jews (March 20). American ORT Federation 1972 Yearbook American Jewish Congress made public Pas- described courses in professional and technical sover message sent to America by 34 Kiev Hebrew offered in Israel to Russian Jewish Jews, indicating determination to go to Israel immigrants wishing to teach in its schools despite Soviet oppression (March 21). (October 26). Jewish War Veterans protested Soviet Union's New York Association for New Americans treatment of Jews to UN Secretary Kurt conducts program for helping Russian Jewish Waldheim, citing human-rights violations immigrant physicians, dentists, and nurses (April 3). achieve professional qualification in U.S. (November 2). American Jewish Congress transmitted to Waldheim message from ten Moscow Jewish American Jewish Congress issued 32-page activists alleging they have been ordered to Briefing Kit for Travelers to the U.S.S.R., active duty in Soviet Army as retaliation for designed to help travelers in Soviet Union applying to go to Israel (May 1); urged U.S. make contact with Jews (November 22). Ambassador Jacob Beam in Moscow to American Jewish Committee chapters an- intercede with Kremlin for release of seven nounced "adoption" of Soviet Jewish scien- activists who asked President Nixon to support tists denied permission to leave USSR through their request to emigrate to Israel during his a program of correspondence with a morale- visit to USSR (May 24). building goal (December 1). National Conference of Soviet Jewry present- ed an illustrated display of Soviet Jewish life at ISRAEL AND THE MIDDLE EAST a ceremony in Washington, D.C., com- memorating second anniversary of arrest of Jewish activists tried in Leningrad (June 15). Programs for Americans Workmen's Circle and Jewish Labor Commit- American Jewish Committee reported visit to tee marked 20th anniversary of Stalin's murder Israel of 24 young Jewish faculty members of of 24 Russian Jewish literary figures with American universities succeeded as effort to "Day of Commemoration and Memorial" develop sympathetic understanding for Israel's public observance in New York City. National problems (January 31). Conference on Soviet Jewry published 40- American Jewish Committee urged creation of page pamphlet August 12, 1952—The Night "voluntary Israeli organizations" as way of of the Murdered Poets (August 12). creating new kinds of dialogues between Israel American Jewish Committee restated its and Jewish communities in U.S. and else- commitment to programs seeking new ways to where (May 4). 238 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1973

American Zionist Youth Foundation an- Communities Can Observe Israel's 25th Anni- nounced over 3,000 young people from all versary" (November 9-12). parts of U.S. would participate in summer National Jewish Welfare Board sponsored two programs in Israel: in kibbutzim, universities, group consultations, one for East and one for science and art projects, and others (June 28). West, to provide professional community Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of center workers with ideas and approaches to America and Rabbinical Council of America programming on Israel (October 31-November designated May 13 "Aliyah Sabbath" as 1; December 4-5). means of bringing to synagogue constituencies message of settlement in Israel (May 13). Over 1,000 families from U.S. and Canada par- Internal Problems ticipated in Israel Aliyah Expo 72 in Jerusalem (July 16-19). Union of American Hebrew Congregations, United Synagogue of America, Central Con- World Zionist Organization—American Sec- ference of American Rabbis, and Rabbinical tion announced 2,613 Americans left for Israel Assembly of America joined World Union for in July to participate in various educational Progressive Judaism and World Council of projects lasting from seven weeks to one year Churches in warning Israel government that (July 30). Orthodox rabbinate's attempts to revise Law American Jewish Congress conducted in of Return and exclude converts of non-Ortho- Jerusalem 10th Annual American-Israel Dia- dox rabbis could jeopardize flow of new logue with 40 American and Israeli scholars on immigrants and divide world Jewish com- "Relationship Between Jews and Revolution- munity (May 10). ary Forces" (August 1-4). Agudath Israel of America denounced Israel American Zionist Federation discussed expan- Chief Rabbi Shlomo Goren's approval of sion of Zionist movement at grass-roots level Langer "mamzerim" as "bowing to the of American Jewish community life (October demands of Israel's secular establishment" 21-23). (November 28). Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America—Rabbinical Council of America Joint Aliyah Committee conducted leaders' Political Issues seminar, "Interrelationship Between Israel Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith and the Communities" (October 29). praised Black Congressional Caucus and other black leaders for support of Israel in response to anti-Israel resolution at National Black Israel's 25th Anniversary Political Convention (March 28). American National Jewish Welfare Board issued 94- Jewish Congress denounced National Black page, 865-item publication, Israel Program Political Convention steering committee for Resources (August 18). reaffirming Convention's March anti-Israel resolution (April 9). Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations and American Commit- Jewish War Veterans urged U.S. Secretary of tee for Israel's 25th Anniversary Celebration Defense Melvin Laird to consider use of issued calendar of events (November 1972 to liberty ports in Eastern Mediterranean, includ- May 1973) to be initiated by Jewish organiza- ing Haifa, as booster for American naval tions (November 1). personnel (April 5). National Jewish Community Relations Advi- American Jewish Committee released report sory Council, American Committee for Isra- by Task Force on the World of the 1970s el's 25th Anniversary Celebration, and general charging Egypt's resistance to compromise is assembly of Council of Jewish Federations and major impediment to peace in Middle East Welfare Funds ran workshop on "How Local (May 6). AMERICAN JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 239

National Council of Jewish Women approved Terrorism U.S. stand against UN draft resolution in American Jewish Committee denounced mas- Middle East and in favor of international sacre at Lod International Airport and called agreement on air piracy and sabotage (Septem- on legitimate Arab governments to disavow ber 19). and condemn acts of terrorism (May 31). Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith American Jewish Congress claimed only sponsored week-long demonstrations against effective means to stop air hijacking was a Japan Air Lines for participation in Arab selective civil aviation boycott aimed at economic boycott against Israel (December countries that encourage or give sanctuary to 4-8). terrorists (June 19). Jewish War Veterans Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith asked commended Airline Pilots Association for U.S. State Department to investigate Jordani- demanding that world governments sponsor an ambassador's anti-Israel Christmas mailing agreement proposing action to end sky piracy to Americans as violation of Foreign Agents (June 22). Registration Act (December 22). American Jewish Congress, Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, American Zionist Jews in Arab Countries Federation, Hadassah (September 5), Jewish War Veterans, National Council of Jewish Committee for Rescue of Syrian Jewry called Women, American Jewish Committee (Sep- "Day of Special Prayer and Fasting" in behalf tember 6), United Zionist Revisionists of of 4,000 Jews prohibited from leaving Syria America, Synagogue Council of America (June 29). (September 7) expressed grief for Jewish Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith called athletes murdered at Munich Olympics by upon President Nixon to direct "United States Arab terrorists, called on Arab governments to Ambassador to the United Nations to seek act against terrorism, urged President Nixon immediately a resolution censuring Uganda for and United Nations to take strong action its President's outrageously obscene state- against nations harboring terrorists. National ment" praising Hitler for killing six million Jewish Welfare Board reported series of Jews and asking for expulsion of all Jews from memorial meetings for Munich victims held in Middle East (September 13). American Jewish Jewish community centers throughout U.S. Committee and Anti-Defamation League com- during September and October (October 15). mended U.S. State Department for withhold- ing projected loan to Uganda because of American Jewish Congress (September 11) President Idi Amin's antisemitic statements and National Council of Jewish Women (September 15). American Jewish Congress (September 17) approved U.S. stand against urged United Nations condemn Amin's "racist UN draft resolution on the Middle East and in outpouring" (September 19). favor of international agreement on air piracy and sabotage. American Jewish Committee issued report on uncertain situation of 30,000-35,000 remain- Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith report ing Jews in Morocco, where August attempt described terrorism as "major tool" of most on life of King Moulay Hassan intensified Arab leaders who "exhort the Arab people to fears for their safety (September 19). prepare for another war against Israel" American Jewish Committee and Committee (October 4). of Concern urged Americans use all avenues American Jewish Congress called on private of public opinion to force Syrian government industry, trade unions, and professional to change harsh anti-Jewish policies (Novem- groups to support government efforts to end air ber 10). Committee for the Rescue of Syrian hijacking and other types of terrorism by Jewry sponsored New York City rally calling refusing to do business with countries "who for freedom of seven Jews imprisoned for give green light to international murderers" trying to flee Syria (December 7). (October 8). 240 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1973

Hadassah stated that despite rash of letter Women's International Zionist Organization bombs sent to its officials it would continue to of Mexico and American Jewish Committee carry on work for Israel health, education, and Mexico City office held seminar on problems social services (October 16). facing Mexican Jewish community (April 13). American Jewish Congress blamed inaction of American Jewish Committee report said Latin pilots, airlines, and U.S. Congress for Arab American antisemites and Arab propagandists terrorist hijacking of West German plane and were working together to stir up feelings death of airline agent in Houston, Tex., and against Jews and Israel (May 5). called for boycott of countries giving sanctu- ary to terrorists (October 30); National American Jewish Committee surveys by Council of Jewish Women urged government scholars of Task Force on World of 1970s apply economic sanctions and cut off military indicated Jewish communities outside United aid to such countries (November 1). States and Western Europe face uncertain, even ominous future: continued decline in Union of American Hebrew Congregations Eastern Europe, with communities in Poland, released statement by Christian and Jewish Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria "in last stages clergymen identified with anti-war movement, of existence as organized entities" (May 6, 7). condemning Arab terrorism of Lod, Munich and other places (November 3). Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith sponsored 15-day assembly in South America American Jewish Committee, reacting to to inform American communal leaders about seizure of Israel embassy in Bangkok, Thai- Jewish life in Brazil, Argentina, Chile and land, by Arab terrorists, called on major Peru (September 26-October 11). powers to impose economic sanctions on states harboring such criminals (December 29). American Jewish Committee reported Argen- tine Jewish community uneasy after syna- American Jewish Congress called on Interna- gogue burnings and other manifestations of tional Federation of Air Line Pilots Associa- antisemitism (October 10). tions to abandon plans for worldwide strike in favor of "selective stoppage" against coun- American Jewish Committee reported most tries harboring hijackers (December 30). large cities in Common Market countries had organized Jewish communities whose activi- ties represent a rebirth after , WORLD JEWRY even though they totaled only 650,000 Jews (November 30). American Jewish Committee report warned continued political unrest in Italy would foster American Jewish Committee was informed neo-fascism or neo- in Western Europe that future existence of Latin American Jewry despite ultra-rightist defeats in Great Britain, was insecure because of political and econom- France, Germany, and Austria (January 28). ic instability in Chile, antisemitism in Argen- tina, and extensive assimilation and intermar- Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith held riage throughout (December 2). head of Arab League in Argentina and Chile responsible for new antisemitic and anti-Israel campaign in Argentina (March 21). GERALDINE ROSENFIELD AMERICAN JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 241 APPENDIX The Right to Leave and the Right to Return

A Declaration Adopted by the Uppsala Colloquium, Uppsala, Sweden, June 21, 1972

PREAMBLE

WHEREAS the Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaims the fundamental principle that everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country; WHEREAS this fundamental human right has been recognized also in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, in the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, in regional conventions, and in the constitutions and laws of many countries; WHEREAS the protection of this right is essential for the effective enjoyment of other human rights and fundamental freedoms, and promotes mutual understanding and co-operation among the peoples of the world; WHEREAS denials of this right are the cause of widespread human suffering and a source of grave international concern; NOW THEREFORE the Uppsala Colloquium urges upon all nations the elaboration, implementation and enforcement of the following principles through effective international machinery and international laws and processes.

Chapter I: THE RIGHT TO LEAVE

Article 1: Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own. Article 2: Every State shall recognize, implement and enforce the right of any person to leave its territory, temporarily or permanently. Article 3: (a) No person shall be required to renounce his nationality as a condition of the exercise of the right to leave a country. (b) No person shall be deprived of his nationality for seeking to exercise or for exercising the right to leave a country. (c) No person shall be denied the right to leave a country because he wishes to renounce or has renounced his nationality. Article 4: (a) No state shall subject a person or his family to reprisals, sanctions, penalties or harassment, for seeking to exercise or for exercising the right to leave a country. (b) Every state shall ensure that no person or his family is subjected to private or other unofficial reprisals or harassment for seeking to exercise or for exercising his right to leave a country. Article 5: (a) Any person who wishes to leave a country is entitled to take out of the country: (i) his household effects and the tools required for the exercise of his profession or skill, subject only to provision for satisfying any legal monetary obligations; (ii) all other property or the proceeds thereof, subject only to provision for satisfying legal monetary obligations and subject to general controls imposed to safeguard the national economy, 242 / AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK, 1973 provided that such controls contain reasonable exceptions designed to minimize interference with the ability of the departing person to take out his property. (b) Property or the proceeds thereof which cannot be taken out of the country because of such controls shall remain vested in the departing person who shall remain free to dispose of such property or proceeds within the country. (c) No special fees, taxes or other exactions shall be imposed for exercising the right to leave a country. Article 6: A person's right to leave a country shall be subject only to such reasonable limitations as are necessary to prevent a clear and present danger to the national security or public order, or to comply with international health regulations; and only if such limitations are provided for by law, are clear and specific, are not subject to arbitrary application and do not destroy the substance of the rights. Article 7: (a) No one shall be hindred in or penalized for communicating with or petitioning the United Nations or other inter-governmental or non-governmental organizations complaining of the denial of the right to leave a country or seeking their assistance in the exercise of this right. (b) No one shall be penalized for or prevented from communicating with foreign consular or diplomatic officials with a view to obtaining travel documents or permits. (c) A person who claims to be a national of another state shall not be prevented from seeking the assistance of that state in order to ensure his right to leave the country. Article 8: No person shall be deprived of his nationality, or be subject to any other reprisal, sanction, penalty or harassment for travelling or establishing a residence in another country.

Chapter II: THE RIGHT TO RETURN Article 9: Every person is entitled to return to the country of which he is a national. Article 10: No person shall be deprived of his nationality for the purpose of divesting him of the right to return to his country. Article 11: No person shall be required as a condition of the exercise of the right to return to his country of nationality to pay special fees, taxes or other exactions. Article 12: The re-entry of long-term residents who are not nationals, including stateless persons, may be refused only in the most exceptional circumstances.

Chapter III: TRAVEL DOCUMENTS Article 13: No person shall be denied such travel documents or permits as may be required for him to leave a country or to return to the country of his nationality. Such documents or permits shall be subject only to nominal fees. AMERICAN JEWISH COMMUNITY RESPONDS TO ISSUES / 243

Article 14: The procedures and formalities for issuing any travel documents or permits and the conditions for their denial, withdrawal or cancellation, as well as any fees required, shall be provided by law or regulations which shall be made readily accessible to the public. Article 15: (a) The procedures and formalities connected with applying for and issuing any travel document or permit shall be communicated promptly in writing to any applicant making a request therefor. (b) These procedures and formalities shall not be unreasonable, burdensome or lengthy. (c) Every person filing an application for any travel document or permit shall be entitled to obtain promptly a duly certified receipt for the application. Article 16: (a) Any application for a travel document or for permission to leave a country or to return to one's country of nationality, shall be acted upon and the applicant informed of the action within a reasonable period of time specified by law. (b) Where any necessary permission or document is denied, withdrawn, cancelled or postponed, the applicant shall be informed officially and in writing of the reasons for the decision and of the remedies available to him.

Chapter IV: GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 17: The limitations permitted under this Declaration shall be applied without regard to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, membership in a national or ethnic minority, education, profession, skill, property, birth, marriage or other status, and shall not be applied for any purpose other than that for which they are permitted. Article 18: Any person who claims that his rights as proclaimed in this Declaration are being infringed or violated shall have a prompt and effective recourse to a national tribunal to seek enforcement of his rights. Article 19: The tribunal described in Article 18 shall be independent and impartial and shall accord the individual a fair and public hearing, including the right to be represented by counsel, to examine and to have examined witnesses and evidence and to produce evidence in his favour. The tribunal's decision shall be expeditious and it and the grounds therefor shall be communicated promptly to the individual. Article 20: Nothing in this Declaration shall be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or perform any act aimed at destroying any of the rights set forth herein or at limiting them to a greater extent than is provided for in this Declaration.