Volume - V, Issue - 9 June 2017 Tatyana Danylova, Dr. Mitima Sachdeva, Associate Professor, National University of Life Assistant Professor, Amity Institute of and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine Education, Amity University, Lucknow Prof. Dr. Mala Tandon Deputy Director, Amity Institute of Education, Amity University, Lucknow RNI No. : MPMUL/2012/58335 Postal Regn. No. : MP/IDC/1481/2014-16

International Journal of Social Science & Management Circulation in more than 95 countries

Volume - V, Issue - 9 30 June 2017

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1. Spatial Analysis of Groundwater Quality Parameters using GIS 1 - 8 M. V. S. S. Giridhar, G. K. Viswanadh, Hyderabad, A. S. Chandra Bose, Warangal, V. Lalitha, Hyderabad

2. Hinglish : Media Communication Twist - Sushama Kasbekar, Bangkok 9 - 12

3. Performance Appraisal : It's Impact on Employee Performance, 13 - 20 Motivation and Attitude - Prof. Rachna Nigam, Dr. Snigdha Mishra, Prof. Vasantha Lakshmi, Mumbai

4. Impact of Microfinance : An Empirical Study With Special Reference 21 - 25 to Uttarakhand - Aanchal Singhal, Noida, Dr. Bindu Arora, Dehradun

5. Depreciation Accounting under Companies Act - 2013 : An Evaluation 26 - 33 Dr. Mukesh Chauhan, Chandigarh

6. Protective Homes for Women in India : Emergence and Working 34 - 37 Pallavi Bahar, Haryana

7. Mapping the Effectiveness of Visual Merchandising on Consumer Purchase 38 - 43 Dr. Sapna Modi, Nehal Singh, Debolika Hazra, Mumbai

8. The Problem of Historical Writing - A Cognitive Study 44 - 48 Dr. (Ms.) Harmeet Sethi, Chandigarh

9. The Impact of Microfinance : A Study of Self-Help Groups in 49 - 52 Bawani Khera (Haryana) - Silender Kumar, Chandigarh

10. Emotional Maturity in Adolescents as Related with Parental and 53 - 57 Institutional Care - Nidhi Ramani, Preeti Mathur, Jodhpur

11. Strategic and Financial Impact in the Indian Banking Sector Through 58 - 62 Merger and Acquisition - Dr. (C.A.) Khushboo Jain, Hyderabad

12. A Comparative Study Between Financial Ratios of Selected 63 - 67 FMCG Companies in India - Nisha Rani, Hisar

13. An Analysis of the Issues and Challenges Faced by Indian Airlines 68 - 71 Prof. Bimal Jaiswal, Dr. Anupam Vidyarthi, Ms. Saloni Bhasin, Lucknow

14. Human Rights Education and Teacher Education Programme - 72 - 76 An Approach - Dr. Alaka Das, Assam

15. vk/kqfudrk rFkk thou ewY; 77 - 84 MkW- ujsUnz dqekj flag] vt; dqekj ;kno] tkSuiqj

16. tutkfr oxZ dh xzkelHkk es lgHkkfxrk ,oa fodkl es Hkwfedk dk v/;;u 85 - 88 jkds'k iVsy] mTtSu Spatial Analysis of Groundwater Quality Parameters using GIS M. V. S. S. Giridhar, Asst. Prof., (Water Resources) G. K. Viswanadh, Prof., (Civil Engg.), J. N. T. U. H, Hyderabad J. N. T. U. H, Hyderabad A. S. Chandra Bose, Lecturer, (Civil Engg.), V. Lalitha, Centre for Water Resources, Govt. Polytechnic, Warangal Institute of Science and Technology, J N T U, Hyderabad

Abstract : environment for better understanding. The locations with minimum and maximum values of Groundwater is a renewable type of natural the ground water quality parameters have been resources; but its availability and distribution identified and presented in the results. normally shows large spatial and temporal variation. The quality of ground water is very Key words : pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total important in evaluating its utility for agriculture, Dissolved Solids, Chloride and Total hardness domestic and industrial purposes. Thirty two 1. Introduction : observation Wells have been considered for the study of spatial distribution of Ground water Water is a vital natural resource which forms the quality parameters like pH, Electrical basis of all life. It is a key resource in all economic Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Potassium, activities ranging from agriculture to industry. Sodium, Magnisium, Calcium, Chloride and With ever increasing pressure of human Total hardness. Slight alkalinity was indicated in population, there is a severe stress on water most of the study area except in Machalipatnam resources. The available surface water resources and Pedana villages indicating neutral and slight are limited and being depleted day by day. The acidic nature was observed at PV Palem village. extinction of surface resources has led to the Amrutaluru was found to be affected by high TDS dependency on groundwater to a large extent in concentration. Duggirala and Thotlavalluru were both urban and rural areas for domestic, industrial found to be least affected by TDS concentration. and agricultural purposes. Apart from the Except Thotlavalluru, Duggirala, Bapatla, inadequacy in water, the main concern is the Guduru, Vijayawada, Kollipara, Tenali, deterioration in the quality of water supplied. B.D.Palli, Ponnuru, Battiprolu and Mandavalli, Many human activities and their by-products all other locations indicated Chloride have the potential to pollute surface and concentrations higher than 250 mg/l with subsurface water. Large and small industrial Amrutaluru showing highest concentration of enterprises, the water industry, the urban 4000 mg/l. Ghantasala, Telaprolu and infrastructure, agriculture, horticulture, Amrutaluru are found to be affected by high TH transport, discharges from abandoned mines, and concentration. High EC concentration was deliberate or accidental pollution incidents all observed at Amrutaluru and low values of EC at affect the water quality. Pollutants from these and Duggirala and Thotlavalluru. The highest many other activities may enter surface or Calcium content 800 ppm was found at Telaprolu. groundwater directly. The pollutants from the Sodium concentration in water at Thotlavalluru stream may move slowly in to the ground thus and Duggirala were found to be least with 13 and affecting the quality of groundwater (Suresh and 26 mg/l where as highest Sodium concentration Nagesh, 2006). of 1364 mg/l as found at Amrutaluru. Potassium The health of a community depends on the quality concentration ranged from 0 to 267 ppm in the of water used. The supplied water to the study area. Guduru, Mandavalli, Chebrolu, community should be of required standards. This Pedana, Namburu and Machilipatnam are found not only reduces human suffering, but also with Potassium concentration exceeding 100 enables economic gains to be made. The ppm. The Magnesium concentration ranged from substantial investments in the development of 19 to 520 ppm in the study area. Magnesium water resources contribute to food security, content is found to be high at Amrutaluru with electricity production and economic growth in 520 ppm. The spatial distribution of the general. The investments will also succeed in groundwater quality parameters have been satisfying the basic needs world's population. presented in the form of maps in GIS Agriculture is the world's biggest water user as it

Volume - V, Issue 9, June 2017 takes at least 2,000 liters to produce enough food 2. Study Area : for one person for one day. Water to be used The Sub-arcuate Krishna Delta of 4,600 km2 is should preferably be soft, low in dissolved solids, bounded by latitude from 150 44? to 16040? N free from poisonous constituents and should meet and longitude form 800201 to 810301E other standards depending on usage. Quality of extending from Bapatla in the west to Mandavalli water embraces its combined physical, chemical in the east, with its apex centered near and biological characteristics. Vijayawada as shown in Fig 1. The Delta has Safe drinking water is a worldwide concern. 120km coast along Bay of Bengal. The river Groundwater is a renewable type of natural Krishna originates in the Western Ghats near resources; but its availability and distribution Mahabaleswar and flows towards east normally shows large spatial and temporal debauching into the Bay of Bengal. Along its variation. Urban activities have been shown to 1400-km long sinuous course, important have greater impact on the groundwater quality tributaries like the Ghataprabha, Malaprabha (Kaushik et al.2002). If the groundwater becomes Bhima, Tungabhadra, Musi and Munneru join the polluted it will no longer be safe to drink. river. in its journey, the river traverses across Contaminated drinking water has the greatest various geological formations like the Deccan impact on human health (Geldriech, 1990). As trap, Unclassified crystalines, Cuddaapahs and per the WHO report, 80% of the human diseases eastern ghat complex before entering the deltaic and 30% of infant mortality in the developing planes near Vijayawada(+16MSL).The apex of countries are due to pollution of the drinking the delta is flanked by erosion landforms with water sources (Chakravarty, 1999). In ground- moderate relief made up essentially of water evaluation, the quality is as important as Khondalites. The relief of the delta is low to quantity. Moreover, ground water quality is being almost flat. The first distributary of the river increasingly threatened by over exploitation, branches off north of Avanigadda. The main agriculture, urban and industrial waste. channel bifurcates into three distributaries further Protection and management of ground water south near Edurmudi.the eastern branch channel quality and quantity is emerging as great public is termed as golumuttapaya, the central branch is concern in India. Therefore, the evaluation of called the Nadimeru and the western most is the ground water quality is as important as quantity, Krishna Delta. The Soils of Krishna Delta are since physical, chemical and bacteriological Very deep, moderately well drained and very dark characteristics of ground water determines its grayish brown in colour. Most of the soils have suitability for domestic, industrial, and angular blocky pods in the sub soil. The soils are agricultural water supplies. Groundwater occurs very high in clay content, which ranges between in the coastal belt under water table conditions in 55to 70 percent. The Organic carbon content of unconsolidated coastal alluvium (Dinesan et al, the soil is low ranging from 0.24to0.43 percent. 2006). Open wells and filter point wells are the The Soils have moderate alkaline ph ranging groundwater structures in the coastal zone. In the between8.4and 8.8. The Soils are reported to be mid land region the groundwater occurs under dominant in Salts of Chloride and Sulphates of water table and semi confined conditions in Nitrogen followed by those of Mg and Ca. The lateritic formations. In general, the depth to water Soils are rich in Potassium (K) and medium to level is shallow in coastal area and deep in high in Phosphorus (P). The Soils are also midland regions. Geographical Information reported to be deficient in Zn. The Krishna Delta System (GIS) are tools, which enhance the ability is under tropical climate. The rainfall of this area to store and analyze large spatial database is contributed through southwest and northwest collected during different time periods. It is in this monsoons. The average annual rainfall in context; a study of groundwater quality Krishna delta is 800 to 1000 mm. The minimum, parameters for the study area using GIS was maximum and average daily temperatures are carried out and presented. In the present paper, an 160C, 41.60c and 27.50c respectively. attempt has been made to carry out the spatial 3. Methodology : analysis of groundwater parameters in GIS environment. The methodology adopted to carry out the spatial analysis of groundwater parameters in the study area has been outlined as follows. • The geographic positions in terms of latitude and longitude of the observation wells were • Survey of India Toposheets were collected obtained using Global Positioning System from Survey of India, Uppal, Hyderabad. (GPS) which are listed in Table 3. The collected SOI topographic sheets were scanned and registered with tic points and • The spatial and the attribute database formed rectified in the Arc map of Arc GIS 9.2. are integrated for the generation of spatial Further, the rectified maps were merged distribution maps of the water quality together as a single layer. The study area has parameters. been delineated in GIS environment using • The spatial and the attribute database formed Arc GIS 9.2. are integrated for the generation of spatial • Thematic map layers like base map and land distribution maps of the critical water quality use map of the study area were prepared. parameters. Spatial interpolation technique through Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) • The drainage, contour maps were prepared approach in GIS has been used in the present from the SOI toposheets on 1:25,000 scale. study to delineate the locational distribution • Depth to water level of 32 observation wells of water pollutants or constituents. was collected during pre-monsoon (April- 4. Results and Discussion : May), monsoon (July-August) and post monsoon (December-January) periods. Results of the analysis of various ground water parameters and their spatial distribution have • Data pertaining to Post monsoon (5th been presented in the following sections. January,1996) Ground water quality parameters such as pH, Electrical pH : Water is said to be perfectly neutral if it is has Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, pH value7, perfectly acidic if it has pH value 0 Potassium, Sodium, Magnisium, Calcium, and perfectly alkaline if it has pH value 14. The Chloride and Total hardness were collected spatial distribution of pH value as shown in Fig 2. from A. P. Ground Water Department, indicated slight alkalinity in most of the study Hyderabad and listed in Table 1. area except in Machalipatnam and Pedana villages indicating neutral and slight acidic • Various statistical parameters like nature was observed at PV Palem village. Minimum, Maximum, Average and Standard Deviation of groundwater quality Total Dissolved Solids : Total solids may be data of B. D. Palli village from 1985 to 1996 considered as that matter which is left as a residue as a sample have been presented in Table.2. on evaporation, drying at 1050C. The solids in a water sample which can pass through whatman • The water samples collected from 32 paper no.42 are termed as Total dissolved solids. observation wells were analyzed for various The spatial distribution of TDS concentration as physico-chemical analysis. shown in Fig 3. revealed that Amrutaluru has • The water quality parameters analyzed were been affected by high TDS concentration. c o m p a r e d w i t h s t a n d a r d v a l u e s Duggirala and Thotlavalluru were found to be recommended by Beauro of Indian least affected by TDS concentration. The higher Standards (BIS), Indian Council of Medical TDS indicates high amount of organic matter in Research (ICMR) and World Health water samples. The severity of high TDS Organization (WHO). concentration in the coastal areas may be • The water level data and water quality data attributed to salt water intrusion. thus obtained forms the attribute database. Chloride : Potable waters may contain small • In this paper an attempt has been made to quantity of chloride with out any harmful effect. prepare maps representing spatial The spatial distribution of Chloride concentration distribution of the groundwater parameters is represented in Fig 4. which indicated a range in GIS environment. Water quality data thus from 100 mg/l to 4000 mg/l. Concentration obtained forms the attribute database. exceeding 250 mg/l gives salty taste water. Except Thotlavalluru, Duggirala, Bapatla, Guduru, Vijayawada, Kollipara, Tenali, Mandavalli, Chebrolu, Pedana, Namburu and B.D.Palli, Ponnuru, Battiprolu and Mandavalli, Machilipatnam are found with Potassium all other locations indicated Chloride concentration exceeding 100 ppm. concentrations higher than 250 mg/l with Magnesium : The Magnesium concentration Amrutaluru showing highest concentration of ranged from 19 to 520 ppm in the study area 4000 mg/l. which has been shown spatially in Fig 10. Total Hardness : Water hardness is characterized Magnesium content is found to be high at by contents of Calcium or Magnesium salts or Amrutaluru with 520 ppm. both. The spatial distribution of Total Hardness 5. Conclusions : concentration is shown in Fig 5. Ghantasala, Telaprolu and Amrutaluru are found to be The following specific conclusions were drawn affected by high TH concentration. from the present study with respect to spatial distribution of ground water quality parameters Electrical Conductivity : When the soluble salts in the study area in GIS environment. are present in water, they will be in the ionized state. As these ions are the carriers of electricity, • Thirty two observation Wells have been electrical conductivity of water sample may be considered for the study of spatial related to the presence of soluble salts. EC distribution of Ground water quality concentration has been represented spatially in parameters like pH, Electrical Conductivity, Fig 6 indicating high EC at Amrutaluru and low Total Dissolved Solids, Potassium, Sodium, values of EC at Duggirala and Thotlavalluru. Magnisium, Calcium, Chloride and Total hardness. Calcium : The Calcium content varies normally from 10 to 100 ppm. Besides natural sources; • Slight alkalinity was indicated in most of the industries and city sewage may also contribute to study area except in Machalipatnam and calcium enrichment of water bodies. Small Pedana villages indicating neutral and slight quantity of calcium present in domestic water acidic nature was observed at PV Palem supply forms vary a thin protective layer of village. calcium carbonate on the inner wall of the pipe • Amrutaluru was found to be affected by high line and corrosion due to other chemicals present TDS concentration. Duggirala and in traces. Calcium content has been presented Thotlavalluru were found to be least affected spatially for the study area in Fig 7. which by TDS concentration. indicated values exceeding 100 ppm at Vuyyuru, Kollipara, Nagaram, Repalle, Guduru, • Except Thotlavalluru, Duggirala, Bapatla, Machilipatnam, Ghantasala, Amrutaluru and Guduru, Vijayawada, Kollipara, Tenali, Telaprolu. The highest Calcium content 800 ppm B.D.Palli, Ponnuru, Battiprolu and was found at Telaprolu. Mandavalli, all other locations indicated Chloride concentrations higher than 250 Sodium : Sea water is especially rich in this mg/l with Amrutaluru showing highest element. It is an important element which harms concentration of 4000 mg/l. human physiology if present in high concentration and therefore saline water is • Ghantasala, Telaprolu and Amrutaluru are unusable for most of the human needs such as found to be affected by high TH drinking, domestic, irrigation or industrial. Fig 8 concentration. High EC concentration was represents the spatial distribution of Sodium observed at Amrutaluru and low values of concentration. Sodium concentration in water at EC at Duggirala and Thotlavalluru. Thotlavalluru and Duggirala were found to be • The highest Calcium content 800 ppm was least with 13 and 26 mg/l where as highest found at Telaprolu. Sodium concentration in Sodium concentration of 1364 mg/l as found at water at Thotlavalluru and Duggirala were Amrutaluru. found to be least with 13 and 26 mg/l where Potassium : Potassium concentration ranged as highest Sodium concentration of 1364 from 0 to 267 ppm in the study area which has mg/l as found at Amrutaluru. been shown spatially in Fig 9. Guduru, • Potassium concentration ranged from 0 to 267 ppm in the study area. Guduru, 6 References : Mandavalli, Chebrolu, Pedana, Namburu i. Chakravarty.P.K.,1999. ‘Need of applied and Machilipatnam are found with research on water quality management’, Potassium concentration exceeding 100 Indian J. Environment. ppm. ii. Dinesan V.P, Dilna P T and Anto’ Spatial • The Magnesium concentration ranged from Water Quality Information for an Urban 19 to 520 ppm in the study area. Magnesium Area in the Humid Tropics- A Case Study for content is found to be high at Amrutaluru Calicut Corporation’ procs. of 2nd with 520 ppm. International conference on Hydrology and • The study demonstrated the application and Watershed Management with a focal theme effectiveness of GIS in studying the spatial of improving water quality in the agriculture, distribution of groundwater quality 5-8 December, 2006, pp:753-761 parameters in the study area. The iii. Geldriech, E.E., 1990. ‘Microbiological groundwater quality of the study area quality of source of waters for water supply. reflected large spatial and temporal Drinking Water Microbiology’, Springer- variations. Verlag, New York. • The locations where the limits of critical iv. Kaushik et al., 2002. ‘Water quality index ground water quality parameters such as pH, and sustainability assessment of urban Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved groundwater of Hisar and Panipat in Solids, Potassium, Sodium, Magnesium, Haryana’. Indian J. Environment. Calcium, Chloride and Total hardness have exceeded have been brought out. v. Suresh K.R and Nagesh M.A. ‘Influence of Sewage Water on Ground Water Quality’ • The spatial distribution of the groundwater procs of 2nd Int conference on Hydrology quality parameters have been presented in and Watershed Management with a focal the form of maps in GIS environment for theme of improving water quality in the better understanding. agriculture, 5-8 Dec, 2006, pp: 829-842 • The locations with minimum and maximum vi. WHO, 1984, ‘Guidelines for Drinking Water values of the ground water quality Quality, Health Criteria and Other parameters have been identified and Supporting Information’, World Health presented in the results. Organization, Geneva, Vol.2.335p.

Table 1 Summary of Groundwater quality parameters pertaining to 05th January, 1996 S. Village Name PH EC TDS CL NA K CA MG Total No. Hardness 1 Tenali 8 1365 874 240 141 1 80 49 401 2 Vemuru 8 1870 1197 370 264 1 56 63 399 3 Kolluru 8 1585 1014 330 214 1 40 63 359 4 Amrutaluru 8 12640 8090 4000 1364 2 480 520 3338 5 Duggirala 8 540 346 120 26 0 64 19 238 6 KOLLIPARA 8 1200 768 160 74 0 112 44 461 7 Repalle 8 4280 2739 1000 727 9 128 58 558 8 Bhattiprolu 8 1286 823 250 57 2 96 73 540 9 Nagaram 8 2770 1773 570 282 5 120 122 802 10 Nizampatnam 9 3402 2176 700 471 4 80 122 702 11 Chebrolu 9 4730 3027 750 773 133 40 107 540 12 Bapatla 8 1035 662 130 87 6 88 29 339 13 Ponnuru 9 1580 1011 240 141 0 96 68 520 14 Namburu 8 4800 3072 800 727 260 40 102 520 15 PV.palem 5 2650 1696 510 382 2 56 92 518 16 Bhavdevarapalli 9 1045 669 200 106 1 72 34 320 17 Challapalli 9 2920 1869 530 482 3 72 53 398 18 Avanigadda 9 3170 2029 490 494 2 64 83 501 19 Ghatasala 9 5150 3696 1100 73 50 400 340 2398 20 Chinamuthevi 9 3980 2547 790 636 8 40 117 581 21 Vuyyuru 9 2240 1434 470 218 7 104 97 659 22 Machalipatnam 7 4040 2586 504 467 267 152 78 701 23 Gudivada 9 4320 2765 680 682 2 72 126 698 24 Gudlavalleru 9 3260 2086 680 494 3 56 49 341 25 Manda valli 8 2330 1491 261 329 133 72 58 418 26 Thotlavalluru 9 600 384 100 13 5 72 24 279 27 Pedana 7 4040 2586 576 541 178 56 112 601 28 Pamidimukkala 9 3780 2419 840 682 3 80 34 340 29 Guduru 9 2500 1600 142 314 104 144 49 561 30 Gullapalli 8 3460 2214 700 591 8 80 63 459 31 Vijayawada 9 1015 650 150 69 1 48 63 379 32 Telaprolu 8 6320 4045 2100 191 6 800 150 2615 Table - 2 : Minimum, Maximum, Average and Standard Deviation of groundwater quality data of B. D. Palli village from 1985 to 1996 Ph EC TDS HCO3 CL Minimum 7.13 685 438 160 56 Maximum 8.7 28500 18240 950 9025 Average 7.98 3696.95 2366.00 363.29 977.38 Standard Deviation 0.44 6977.84 4465.82 199.01 2410.90

Table - 3 : Locational details of the samples 15 PV.Palem 80.63 15.98 16 Bhavdevarapalli 80.97 15.94 S. Village Name Longitude Latitude 17 Challapalli 80.93 16.11 No. 18 Avanigadda 80.91 16.0200 1 Tenali 80.63 16.23 19 Ghatasala 80.94 16.1689 2 Vemuru 80.74 16.14 20 Vhinamuthevi 80.96 16.2567 3 Kolluru 80.80 16.106 21 Vuyyuru 80.84 16.3611 4 Amrutaluru 80.66 16.1167 22 Machalipatnam 81.15 16.1972 5 Duggirala 80.63 16.3264 23 Gudivada 80.99 16.4375 6 Kollipara 80.75 16.2875 24 Gudlavalleru 81.05 16.3436 7 Repalle 80.83 16.0181 25 Manda valli 81.15 16.5097 8 Bhattiprolu 80.78 16.1022 26 Thotlavalluru 80.78 16.34 9 Nagaram 80.72 16.00 27 Pedana 81.14 16.24 10 Nizampatnam 80.66 15.90 28 Pamidimukkala 80.87 16.27 11 Chebrolu 80.52 16.19 29 Guduru 81.08 16.20 12 Bapatla 80.46 15.90 30 Gullapalli 80.68 16.04 13 Ponnuru 80.53 16.05 31 Vijayawada 80.61 16.51 14 Namburu 80.53 16.35 32 Telaprolu 80.90 16.56

Fig 1 Study area boundary map with sample Fig 4 Spatial distribution of Chloride Locations

Fig 2 Spatial distribution of pH Fig 5 Spatial distribution of Total Hardness

Fig 3 Spatial distribution of Total Dissolved Fig 6 Spatial distribution of Electrical Solids Conductivity

Fig 7 Spatial distribution of Calcium Fig 9 Spatial distribution of Potassium

Fig 8 Spatial distribution of Sodium Fig 10 Spatial distribution of Magnesium Hinglish : Media Communication Twist Sushama Kasbekar, Department of Business English Assumption University, Bangkok

Abstract : Raj Anand and Khuswant Singh have incorporated it into their literary works. The Hinglish is a hybrid of English and Hindi. Hindi, advertising world has absorbed it in iconic the national language of India has amalgamated headlines and catch phrases like “Dil Mange into Hinglish due to the use of English in many More” (The heart asks for more) and “Hungry parts of the country. It has coined new words. Kya”(Are You Hungry?) - Have been readily Code switching is undoubtedly common but what accepted. Nuance Communications which makes makes it more interesting is the new vocabulary. speech recognition and digital imaging software Bollywood or Hindi films and advertising use today announced availability of its popular T9 Hindi generously. Given India’s surging Text Input software in Hinglish. Movies like economic growth the use of Hinglish acquires ‘Bend it like Beckham” and “Bride and immense potential. This English with a twist is Prejudice” have Hinglish dialogue. Bollywood not an isolated phenomenon but its growth needs which produces Hindi movies uses it all the time. to be traced and understood. This paper dwells upon the use and applicability of Hinglish as an Given the sheer number of speakers in the sub- important in the sub-continent. continent and the phenomenon of India as a rising economic global power, can Hinglish, which is Key Words : Hinglish, usage, advertising, English with a twist to many, become a global movies language? The language is not only intelligible Introduction : for the teeming millions in India but also those According to Professor David Crystal, a leading who will come in contact with those who speak linguist based in the UK, Hinglish or Indian Hinglish in the epicenter of the economic English will soon become the most widely resurgence in India. spoken language globally. Since the Indian sub- What is Hinglish? continent accepts the hybridization between It could be explained by saying: "A mix of Hindi English and Hindi the question which arises is (the official language of India) and English (an whether it can be termed “twisted English”? associate official language of India) that is Hinglish is not isolated. The phenomenon is spoken by upwards of 350 million people in world-wide like Japlish which is a combination of urban areas of India,” according to Richard Japanese and English and Spanglish which is a Nordquist (Nordquist, 2017). combination of Spanish and English. Singaporeans have Singlish and maybe Thais will The British have been borrowing Indian words have Thinglish? since the earliest days of the Raj. Some of the most well known ones include: guru, yoga, and In 1886 Henry Yule and Arthur Burnell published curry. You might be surprised to know that Hobson-Jobson a treatise on how many pajamas, bangles, jodhpurs, Khaki, bungalow, languages had passed into English. It can be shampoo and even the term "Blights" used to searched through for references to the origins of describe Britain are all of Indian origin as well. words such as "shampoo" and "bungalow". But now many Indian citizens are using English “Thug” is another word that has made the words in the course of talking Hindi – or even transition. “In the wake of violence and unrest in other languages like Tamil, or Bengali etcetera. Baltimore, media commentators as well as politicians - including President Barack Obama - Many Hindi words have been absorbed into called rioters "thugs", and were criticized for it. English to form the language. It is freely used by But the term has a much older history. In the US, television channels like MTV and Channel (V) "thug" is a loaded term. and some news channels like Zee have incorporated into their news presentations. It's surfaced a lot in recent months, usually Fiction writers in India, like Shobha De, Mulk surrounding protests against the deaths of young black men in various American cities… "As far as includes Singapore, India, Malawi and 50 other I can tell, thug goes back to the 14th Century," territories. says Megan Garber, who traced the word's origin The expanding circle involves those nations for a story in the “The Atlantic”. "There was a which recognize the importance of English as an gang of criminals known as the thuggee." Garber international language; though they do not have a says "the Thugs were a huge criminal network history of colonization by members of the inner that operated all around India's main roads". circle, nor have they given English any special At the opposite end is Hinglish the world's most status: These are China, Japan, Greece, Poland potent Anglo-hybrid. It is English with a mixture etc. In these areas English is taught as a special of Hindi, which is again the basic language language. spoken by middle-class in India especially the north, east and central parts of the country. Hinglish is the lingua francs of millions of fashionable youngsters and therefore it can be easily heard and seen on media. Media includes radio, television, print, novels, and advertising and the internet.

Hinglish is more than code-mixing or switching (Crystal, 62) from Hindi to English or vice versa. It is coining Hence the point to be noted here is that English is new words and phrases every day. These are a recognized language not only in the constitution acceptable and used commonly and are of India but is spoken by a large number of acceptable and used in everyday language. Note, people. On the other hand Hinglish, the mixture Linguists! This language is spoken by over 350 of Hindi and English is convenient for those who million people the world over since India's are fluent in English as well as Hindi. There is no Diaspora covers many nations and all continents. doubt that in India Hindi is spoken largely in the “India’s middle class of over 300 million is northern parts of the country, however since predominantly English-educated, which tells us southerners know English they can adapt to that English is a common language there, Hinglish quite well and here media ,especially especially among the ruling classes. This is not to movies and advertising have played a role in mention the millions more in rural India who popularizing Hinglish or Indian English. speak at least Basic English.” (Bateman, 2008) Though this implies code switching from English She further reiterates that “Back to India, it can be to Hindi and vice versa, yet, undeniably Hinglish said that that country is, in fact, the largest has coined new words and phrases. Some phrases English-speaking nation not only in Asia but also have been listed by Shefali Pingali: in the whole world. Even the United States, with "chutnefying" its 300 million people, can't have a claim to the "just abhi" title. Not all Americans speak English fluently. "nahi, no, not" In fact, many old immigrants - both long-time "control Karna" residents and new arrivals, especially from the "side dena" Orient - don't speak English at all.” "Slow Raftaar" Explaining about Braj Kachru's Expanding "Bas, not now" Circle, David Crystal (Crystal, 54) says: "Saala, talking stupid" Inner Circle - Traditional Bases of English, where "Turban Tadka" English is a primary language includes USA, UK, "Cool Dude" Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand. "Hi Bro" "Jai Ho" Outer circle involves non-native settings where "Missed call" (Pingali, 73-83) the language has become part of the country's chief institutions, and plays an important 'second Advertising and Hinglish : language' role in a multilingual setting: It Added to this is the significance of business. Companies which do not have a basic when I almost walked right into a column. Whoa understanding of Hinglish risk missing potential I didn't see that one out there. Glad I saved my gaps in the Indian market. Advertising in head from an ugly bump, but wait, what's that on Hinglish attracts larger markets. The urban youth the column? regard Hinglish as "cool". It is their identity and Kitne aadmi Ko text Karna hai? {How many India has a large segment of young people. persons should I text?}.The red letters stood out. Pepsi cold drink was the fore-runner of Hinglish A poster shows three South Asian youth with their advertising in India. The line "Yehi Hai Right mobile phones... and Rogers one of Canada's choice Baby" or "You got the right one baby" has leading telecommunications companies, is been one of the most successful lines in Indian offering 250 free text messages per month to advertising. This was around 1995. India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.” Today, there are several popular Hinglish slogans Canadian statistics project that by 2017, 22.2% of in India: the entire Canadian population will be immigrants and one out of fire persons could be (1) Hungry Kya (Are you Hungry?)-Domino's South Asian or Chinese. Therefore the presence Pizza. and usage of Hinglish in Canada will grow. Even (2) Yeh Dil Maange More (The Heart wants today Pepsi advertises "Youngistan Ka Wow". more)-Pepsi. Or TD Bank urges "Double your Mazaa" (3) Pal Banaye Magical (Make every moment doubling travel rewards with TD Canada Gold magical)-Lays Travel Visa Card. (4) Kyaa Aap Close up Karte Hai? (Do you use Tripti Lahiri, (2012) says: “Not to be mistaken as Close-up Toothpaste?)-Close-up. a fad, and certainly net an aberration, Hinglish is the mark of a new social reality in advertising.” (5) Come on, girls, waqt hai shine karne ka (Come on girls it's time to shine)-Sunsilk. While David Crystal says (2003, 136): "Prepaid mobile phones have become so ubiquitous in (6) Life Ho To Aisi (Life should be like this) - India that English words to do with their use -- Coca Cola. 'recharge', 'top up' and 'missed call' have become (7) What your Bahana is? (What is your excuse common too. Now, it seems, those words are to eat McDonalds instead of home cooked transforming to take on broader meanings in food?) - McDonalds. Indian languages as well as in Hinglish." Thus, multinationals like Domino's, Sunsilk and The Nigerian novelist Chinua Achebe, in Pepsi have capitalized on the use of Hinglish. "Morning Yet on Creation Day" (1964) says: Ashok Chakravarty, creative head, Publics India "The price a world language must be prepared to says: "English is not always great. You may be pay is submission to many different kinds of use. understood but not vibe with. That's why all The African writer should aim to use English in a multi-national corporations in India now speak way that brings out his message best without Hinglish in their ads." altering the language to the extent that its value as a medium of international exchange will be lost. People are not just mixing Hindi and English He should aim at fashioning out English which is words anymore, they are creatively, actively and at once universal and able to carry his peculiar energetically reinventing them instead. Hinglish experience... I feel that English will be able to therefore looks likely to continue pushing the carry the weight of my African experience. But it barriers of advertising in India. will have to be new English, still in full Evelyn Monga (2011) : communion with its ancestral home but altered to suit its new African surroundings." “This was the Indian market. New a look (or a Dekho) at the Canadian market: "Late one Friday Hinglish and Films : evening, I ambled around Square One shopping The famous Bollywood Director Mahesh Bhatt mall in Mississauga, scouting through the says: "Titles are to movies what fragrance is to window displays for the latest design trends, flowers" who has entitled his movies "Murder, Gangster, Jism and Crook". (Dubey, 2010) Conclusion : More examples: Thus, Hinglish is here to stay and to grow. The Shootout at Wadala future will probably be rosy for this language in Desi Boyz the context of the Indian Diaspora which is spread Special Chhabis all over the world and definitely on the sub- ABCD - Anybody Can Dance continent. Besides, India’s economic strides Jab we Met make it a vital global power and this in turn will Love Aaj Kal affect the language which has grown in leaps and Cocktail bounds and is accepted by many as a viable Mere Dad Ki Maruti communicative language. Bombay Talkies The Hinglish keyboard launched by Apple inc. Fraandship Karage offers a viable alternative for many. It has Ladies v/s Ricky Behl acknowledged that there is a need for these Mere Brother Ki Dulhan keyboards amongst Indian users thus offering a Hum Hai Rahi Car Ke good choice especially for a large population of Ishq in Paris the Diaspora. An Evening in Paris Zindagi 50:50 References : Gangs of Wasseypur (2012) i. Nordquist, Richard (2017). What is English? Dangerous Ishq (2012) https://www.thoughtco.com/hinglish-language- EK Tha Tiger (2012) term-1690836 Son of Sardar (2012) ii. Campbell, Bradley. The unlikely origins of the Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya (2012) word ‘thug’. The World, 30 April 2015 Kyaa Super Cool Hai Hun (2012) iii. Crystal, David (2003). English as a Global There are several Hinglish films which not only Language. Cambridge University Press. have an English title but they are in Hinglish iv. Pingali, Shefali (2009) Indian English, language as well. (Bhatia, 2013) Edinburgh University Press, Bend It like Beckham v. Dubey, Bharati. (2010) "Lots in a Movie Name" American Desi .The Times of India Everybody says I'm Fine vi. Bhatia, Apurv. (2013) Hinglish Title Is Let's Talk Bollywood’s New Trend. http://www. Mr. & Mrs. Iyer koimoi.com/bollywood-news/hinglish-title-is- Boom bollywoods-new-trend/ Bombay Boys vii. Monga, Evelyn (2011) Does English Make Monsoon Wedding Business sense?http://timesofindia.india Oops! times.com/nri/us-canada-news/Does-hinging- Jhankar Beats o n - H i n g l i s h - m a k e - b u s i n e s s - Hyderabad Blues sense/articleshow/8834935.cms "Fanny" viii. B a t e m e n , M a r a ( 2 0 0 8 ) . I N D I A O R Bride and Prejudice PHILIPPINES : WHICH COUNTRY IS ASIA’S Namastey London LARGEST ENGLISH-SPEAKING NATION ? Even songs in Bollywood use Hinglish: “Saree jun 13, 2008 | lifestyle, music & film Ke Fall sa, Kabhi match Kiya Re Kabhi Chhod http://www.groundreport.com/india-or- Diya Dil, Kabhi Catch Kiya Re" and "Excuse me philippines-which-country-is-asias-largest- english-speaking-nation/ to please, excuse ..... (Dhoom 1) are some examples. ix. Shaukerr : Hinglish: N.Y. Times, "Meanwhile: A mix of Hindi, English and 350 million speakers" Novelists like Khushwant Singh and Chetan Bhagat also Adiga have incorporated Hinglish in x. Lahiri, Tripti (2012). How Tech Individuality Shapes English. Wall Street Journal, January 21, their novels and writing. It is now an accepted 2012 language in the Indian literary scene as well. Performance Appraisal : It's Impact on Employee Performance, Motivation and Attitude Prof. Rachna Nigam, Asst. Prof., ITM Business School, Mumbai Dr. Snigdha Mishra, Professor, Prof. Vasantha Lakshmi, Asst. Prof., ITM Business School, Mumbai ITM Business School, Mumbai Abstract : effectively in the future so that the employee, organization, and society are benefitted. While, Performance Appraisal has remained an Jacobs et al. (1980) explained performance important topic of investigation among appraisal as a systematic attempt to distinguish researchers. It is an unavoidable element of the more efficient workers from the less efficient organizational life. There are many decisions that ones and to discriminate among the strengths and are based on performance appraisal and are weaknesses an individual has across many job widely used by organizations. Performance elements. Moreover, it is reflected as a appraisal allows organizations to inform their management tool which is time and again used employees about their growth, their for motivating and effective utilization of human competencies, and their potentials. It enables resources in any organization. This tool is also employees to be intentional in creating their employed for deciding compensation, incentives, individual developmental goals that accelerates promotion, tenure, transfers, layoffs, and their personal growth. If used well, performance development of potential staff in an organization. appraisal is an influential tool that coordinates the Performance Appraisal System (PAS) is used as a power and contribution of every employee measure for increasing the effectiveness of towards the achievement of organizations’ organizations by improving the performance of strategic goals. This study would focus to find out the employees and developing the capabilities of the impact of performance appraisal on teams and individual contributors. It also consists employees performance, motivation and attitude. of various prescribed and well accepted It would also analyze how motivation affects the procedures used to evaluate personalities, their relationship of performance appraisal and contribution and potential of group members in a employee’s performance. working organization. Key Words : Performance Appraisal, Employee The aim of the performance management system Performance, Motivation, Attitude is to make sure that the work performed by staff is Introduction : in accordance with the established objectives of According to Chouhan et al. ( 2013) Performance the organization. It is also imperative that the appraisal is the process of obtaining, analyzing employees have a transparent understanding of and recording information about the relative effort and results expected from them and should worth of an employee. . Further to this Verma and also obtain information and feedback regarding Chouhan (2014) said that it is the systematic the effectiveness of their performance against the evaluation of the individual with respect to his or expected standard. her performance on the job and his or her It is that Performance appraisal brings objectivity potential for development. There are various to the entire work system and leads to improved definitions of Performance appraisal as transparency and hence motivation of the enumerated further and all of them indicate that it workforce. Such motivated employees have been is as a very vital component of Human Resource seen to possess a great positive attitude towards Management . As per Flippo ( 1984), the work they perform. Performance appraisal is Performance appraisal is a structured system of therefore vital to the organizational success and measuring and evaluating employee's job-related gives out various benefits such as improved behaviors and outcomes to discover how and why communication, augmentation of employee the employee is presently performing on the job focus through promoting trust, Goal setting and and how the employee can perform more des ired performance reinforcement, Performance improvement, determination of It is imperative to understand that for achieving training needs and finally, Performance high performance goal of organization, Appraisals can help in the establishment and performance appraisal is very important supervision of employees’ career goals. component of human resource management. The information gathered from performance The most complex part of Performance Appraisal appraisal process provide basis for motivating is that its review has an impact on several factors and maintaining a quality human resource in an that aids or hinders an employee’s normal organization. (Lillian, Mathooko & Sitati , 2011). performance. The factors are Productivity /Performance level, Motivation Level, and Besides, the organizations investing heavily on Attitude towards the job. appraisal, the employees must also believe that there is great opportunity for them as well in the Thus, we can say that Performance Appraisal is said process (Weick, 2001).Therefore, it can be directly proportional to Employee Performance inferred upon that, Performance Appraisal and inversely proportional to Employee System if implemented meticulously results in Motivation and Employee Attitude.So, the study higher performance, motivation and shapes the will focus on whether the relationship between attitude of the employees positively. Performance Appraisal to Employee Performance, Motivation and Attitude aids in For an effective appraisal system, the functioning or hinders an employee’s functioning organizational goals are divided and are in the organization. Further it also aims to incorporated in the employees’ work plan. The understand the employee’s satisfaction level on next step is to compare the performance with the the Performance Appraisal that is currently objectives that has been described in the followed in their organization. beginning of the appraisal period (Lillian, Mathooko & Sitati, 2012). It is imperative to Literature Review : understand that, Performance appraisal is an Boosting the implementation of performance is important part of an organization but the the fundamental issue for an organization (Bob performance appraisal process is incomplete cardy, 1997). It has been noted that acceptable without the feedback given to the employee about performance of employees does not happen his appraisal and his performance. An effective naturally and it is a result of well-integrated performance appraisal feedback also helps in administrative measures, Knowledge, Skills, integrating the employee personal and Commitment to name a few. Armstrong, (2001) organizational goals but on the other hand poor suggested that performance is not only related to performance appraisal not only fails to motivate results but it also is strongly associated with the employee but also can cause him to perform activities and behaviors of employees that they worse. adopt to achieve their given goals. (Dessler, Bannister (1990) notes, it is important that the 2005) defines performance appraisal as appraiser be well-informed and credible. If it is “comparing the employee’s present and past so, employees are more likely to view the performance to his/her performance standards”. appraisal process as accurate and fair. They also Further Grubb (2007) says performance appraisal express more acceptance of the appraiser’s is a procedure to evaluate how individual feedback and a greater willingness to change. personnel are performing and how they can improve their performance and contribute to It has been observed that there is a direct overall organizational performance. While relationship between Performance Appraisal and according to Beach (2001) Performance Employee Performance because with a positive appraisal is the systematic evaluation of performance review the employee performance employees according to their job and potential increases and with a negative performance development Therefore it can be inferred upon review the employee’s performance decreases. that Performance appraisal involves an employee Sometimes it so happens that negative reviews knowing what is expected of him and tells him also motivates an employee to perform better thus how well he has done and thereby motivating the motivating the employee to increase his employees toward a better performance (Casio, productivity so that the employee earns a positive 2003). performance review in their next assessment. It is imperative to understand that for achieving high performance goal of organization, performance appraisal is very important component of human resource management. The information gathered and performance appraisal provide basis for not only gives better results at every level but also provides input for effective recruitment and selection, training, and development of existing staff, and motivating and Figure No. : 1 Pie Chart Showing the Gender Distribution of the maintaining a quality human resource. Through Respondents correct and proper rewarding of their performance (Lillian, Mathooko, &Sitati ,2011), The questionnaire was circulated among 56 the organizationscan work towards creating a respondents, of which 61% were male while 39% highly-motivated workforce with very positive were female. workrelated attitudes. b) Age Profile - Objective of the Study : Age No. of Percentage Distribution Respondents 1. To understand the relationship between 20-25 14 25% Performance Appraisal and Employee 26-35 15 27% Performance 36 – 50 15 27% 2. To find out the impact of performance 50+ 12 21% Appraisal on Motivation of employees Table No 2 – Age Profile 3. To explore the influence of Performance Appraisal on attitude of employees Research Methodology : To explore the impact of Performance Appraisal on Employee Performance, Motivation, and attitude. The data was collected by both primary and secondary method. For secondary data various published articles, research papers and journals were referred. The questionnaire was Figure No 2 - Pie Chart Showing the Age Profile of the Respondents prepared by exploring secondary data. A Questionnaire (consisting of 10 objective As given in the fig.- 2, 25% of the respondents questions and 1 subjective Question) was sent were in the age group of 20-25 years, 27% in age across to those respondents who have undergone group of 26-35, 27% were among 36-50 and the the Performance Appraisal Process in their remaining 21% were more than 50 years of age. respective organizations. The method of data II) Descriptive Analysis : collection was convenient sampling and the sample size was 56. The data collected was a) Are you satisfied with the current analyzed using various statistical techniques. Performance Appraisal System of your organization? Data Analysis & Interpretation : Rating No. of Percentage I) Demographic Analysis : Scale Respondents Strongly Agree 3 5% a) Gender - Agree 28 50% Gender No. of Percentage Uncertain 15 27% Respondents Disagree 8 14% Male 34 61% Strongly Disagree 2 4% Female 22 39% Table No 3– Responses of Question 1 of the Questionnaire Figure No. 3 - Pie Chart Showing the Satisfaction Level of the Table No 1 – Gender Distribution Respondents with the Performance Appraisal Process. 49% of the respondents surveyed indicated that they were happy with results of their performance As indicated in Figure-3, 55% of the respondents evaluation, 18% said they were not happy with have shown their satisfaction with the current the same while 32% were uncertain. appraisal system followed in the organization, Figure No. 5 – Satisfaction Level of Performance Evaluation Results 18% disagreed while 27% were uncertain about the same. d) Does the performance evaluation result impact your performance positively? b) Do you feel with the performance evaluation criteria is justified? Rating No. of Percentage Scale Respondents Rating No. of Percentage Scale Respondents Strongly Agree 12 21% Agree 23 40% Strongly Agree 5 9% Uncertain 10 18% Agree 30 53% Disagree 9 16% Uncertain 14 25% Strongly Disagree 2 4% Disagree 5 9% Strongly Disagree 2 4% Table No 6 – Pie Chart Showing the Responses of impact of Performance Appraisal on Individuals Performance. Table No 4 – Responses of Question 2 of Questionnaire Figure No. 4 : Pie Chart Showing the Satisfaction Level of the Respondents with the Performance Evaluation Criteria.

Figure No 6 – Impact of Performance Appraisal on Performance About 61% agreed that performance evaluation Out of the total respondents 61% were satisfied result has a positive impact on their performance, with the evaluation criteria of the performance 20% disagreed to the same while 18% were appraisal, 13% were not satisfied while 25% were uncertain about the impact of performance uncertain of the same. appraisal on their performance. c) Do you agree with the performance e) Does the negative performance evaluation evaluation results you get ? result impact your Attitude Negatively? Rating No. of Percentage Rating No. of Percentage Scale Respondents Scale Respondents Strongly Agree 5 9% Strongly Agree 8 14% Agree 23 40% Agree 14 25% Uncertain 18 32% Uncertain 11 19% Disagree 6 11% Disagree 19 33% Strongly Disagree 4 7% Strongly Disagree 4 7% Table No 5 – Response of Question 3 of Questionnaire Table No 7 – Responses of Question 5 of Questionnaire Figure No. 5 : Pie Chart Showing the Satisfaction Level of the Figure No 7 : Pie Chart Showing the Responses of impact of Respondents with the Performance Evaluation Results. Performance Appraisal on Individuals Attitude g) Is there a fair and consistent basis for measuring performance ? Rating No. of Percentage Scale Respondents Strongly Agree 2 4% Agree 27 47% Uncertain 16 28% Disagree 8 14% Strongly Disagree 3 5% As given in figure, 14% strongly agreed that Table No 9– Responses of Question 7 of Questionnaire negative performance evaluation result has a Figure No 9 : Pie Chart Showing the Responses on employee’s opinion on a fair and consistent measurement used in performance negative impact on the attitude of the employee, evaluation while 25% agreed to the same, 40 % denied to the above and the remaining 19% were uncertain about any correlation between the performance evaluation results and attitude. The 19% of the respondents in the uncertain category are suspected to have not answered correctly and some of themdisagree,they must have reserved their true opinion and wanted to be on the safe side by citing their opinion as uncertain, but they surely were not on the positive side. 51% of the respondents agreed that their f) Does the performance evaluation result organization follows a fair and consistent method drives you to perform better? for performance evaluation, 19% disagreed to the above, while the rest 28% were uncertain of the Rating No. of Percentage same. The 28% of the respondents in the Scale Respondents uncertain category are suspected to have not Strongly Agree 11 19% answered correctly and some of them disagree, Agree 22 39% they must have reserved their true opinion and Uncertain 16 28% wanted to be on the safe side by citing their Disagree 6 11% Strongly Disagree 1 2% opinion as uncertain, but they surely were not on the positive side. Table No 8– Responses of Question 6 of Questionnaire Figure No 8 : Pie Chart Showing the Responses of impact of h) Performance evaluation in your opinion Performance Appraisal on Individuals Motivation to Work should be conducted annually Rating No. of Percentage Scale Respondents Strongly Agree 15 26% Agree 20 35% Uncertain 9 16% Disagree 10 18% Strongly Disagree 2 4% Table No 10 – Responses of Question 8 of Questionnaire Figure No 10 : Pie Chart Showing the Responses on employee’s As per the figure-8, 19% of the respondents opinion on conducting the performance appraisal process annually strongly agree that performance evaluation result drives them to performance better, 39% agreed to the same, 13% disagreed to the above and the rest 28% were uncertain of any correlation between performance evaluation result and better performance. Figure 10, depicts that 26% of the respondents strongly agreed that performance evaluation should be conducted annually, 35% agreed to the above, 22% disagreed and the rest 16% were uncertain on the same. i) Sometimes performance evaluation does not identify skilled employee ? Rating No. of Percentage Scale Respondents As indicated above in figure 12, majority 67% of Strongly Agree 15 26% the respondents said that 360-degreeappraisal Agree 20 35% isone of best methods to appraise employees as it Uncertain 9 16% evaluates and gives a holistic feedback to the Disagree 10 18% person being evaluated. While the other Strongly Disagree 2 4% respondents also showed preferences for Table No 11–Responses of Question 9 of Questionnaire Observation method and Behaviorally Anchored Figure No 11 : Pie Chart Showing the Responses on employee’s Rating Scale. opinion on whether Skilled Employee can be identified by Performance Appraisal Analysis of Data Correlation between Performance Appraisal and Employee Performance : The correlation calculated = 0.489439 There is a positive relationship between the Performance Appraisal and the Employee Performance. Therefore, with good performance evaluation the employee’s performance also increases. But correlation between two variables does not mean that change in one variable will cause change in the other variable always. As given in the figure 12, 26% of the respondents strongly agreed that performance evaluation doesn’t identify skilled employees, 35% agreed to the above, 22% disagreed and the rest 16% were uncertain on the same. j) Which method of appraising do you feel is better? Performance No. of Percentage Appraisal Responses

Ranking Method 6 11% 360 Degree Feedback 38 67% Figure No 13 – Correlation between Performance Appraisal and Critical Incident Method 3 5% Employee Performance Essay Method 3 5% Correlation between Performance Appraisal Observation Method 19 33% and Employee Attitude : Assessment Centers 8 14% Behaviorally Anchored 17 30% The correlation calculated = (-0.37461) Rating Scale There is a negative relationship between the Graphic Rating Method 4 7% Other 0 0% Performance Appraisal and Employee Attitude. Therefore, with good performance evaluation Table No 12 – Responses of Question 10 of Questionnaire may or may not have an impact on the employee’s Figure No 12 : Histogram - Performance Appraisal Techniques that attitude. But correlation between two variables Employee’s Like does not mean that change in one variable will cause change in the other variable always. communication method that involves active communication between staff and supervisors regarding performance The performance of the workforce is evaluated by their supervisors, peers or outside sources like customers and employees themselves. The discussion was further substantiated by poulet et al., (2009), where they stressed that a crucial element of a performance Figure No 14 – Correlation between Performance Appraisal and management system is monitoring the area where Employee Attitude change is required and which will in turn produce Correlation between Performance Appraisal the desired behavior that will produce improved and Employee Motivation : performance. While Lemieux-Charles et al (2003) believed that It is a powerful tool to The correlation calculated = 0.396892 calibrate, refine and reward the performance of There is a positive relationship between the the employee. Performance Appraisal isa robust Performance Appraisal and the Employee tool to calibrate, refine and reward the Motivation. Therefore, with good performance performance of the worker as substantiated by evaluation the employee’s motivation also Briscoe and Claus, (2008). Appraisal could also increases thus leading to higher productivity. But be measured against factors like job data, quality correlation between two variables does not mean of output, initiative, leadership skills, that change in one variable will cause change in superintendence reliability, cooperation, the other variable always. judgment, skillfulness, and health. References : i. Armstrong M, Baron A (2005), Managing Performance, London CIPD ii. Armstrong M ., (2001), A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, 8th Edition, U K ,Kogan Page Limited

Figure No 15 – Correlation between Performance Appraisal and iii. Briscoe, D.B. and Claus, L.M. (2008). Employee Motivation Employee performance management: Conclusion : policies and practices in multinational enterprises, in Performance Management From the findings and results, the study Systems: A global perspective, ed P.W. recommends that there is a direct relationship Budwah, and A. DeNisi, Routledge, between Performance Appraisal and Employee Abingdon Performance/Motivation. Whereas Performance Appraisal is not sufficient for impacting and iv. Cascio, W.(2003). Managing Human bringing about the change in attitudeof Resources: Productivity, Quality of Work employees towards work and organization as Life, Profits (6thEd.). New York: McGraw deliberated earlier in the literature review. In Hill. order to ensure the above some of the v. Chouhan, V.,Verma, Pushpa, Sanghvi, recommendations given by respondents are Himanshu and Gupta, Apurv (2013), Training and Development, Rewards and Assessing Worker’s and Manager’s Recognition, Employee Engagement, Perception on Judgment Accuracy in Mentoring, Job Redesigning, Authority and P e r f o r m a n c e A p p r a i s a l S y s t e m Autonomy in Decision Making, Career growth (PAS)International Journal of Engineering, and Opportunities, Communication and Business and Enterprise Applications Feedback, Accolades from seniors and support (IJEBEA), 5(1), pp. 95-99 from Top Management, carrot and Stick to name a few. According to Cleveland et al (2003), vi. Cleveland, J., Landy, F. J., &Zedeck, S. Performance appraisal could be a two-way (1983). Performance measurement and theory. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum xviii. Geoffrey W. Goodhew,Peter A. Cammock, Associates Robert T. Hamilton, (2008) "The management of poor performance by front- vii. Conry, T., & Kemper, J. (1993). Performance line managers", Journal of Management evaluations: Bridging the gap between Development, Vol. 27 Issue: 9, pp.951-962 today's goals and tomorrow's reality. CUPA Journal, 44 (3), 29-33 xix. Briscoe, D. B., & Claus, L. M. (2008), Employee Performance Management: viii. S. Dale Beach,New Directions in Policies and Practices in Multinational Performance Management, in Beach (Ed.), Enterprises. In: Budwah, P. W. &Denisi, A. Managing Human Resources: Personnel (eds.). Performance management system: a Management in Transition (Blackwell, global perspective. Abingdon: Routledge. Oxford, 2005). xx. Bannister, B.D. &Balkin, D.B. (1990). ix. Edwin B. Flippo „Personal Management? Performance Evaluation and Compensation Mc Grew Hill 1984 Feedback Messages: And Integrated Model, x. Garry Dessler (2005) , Human Resources Journal of Occupational Psychology, Vol 63, Management, 10th Edition, Prentice Hall June, British Psychological Society. Inc. xi. Grubb, T. (2007). Performance Appraisal Reappraised: It's Not All Positive. Journal of Human Resource Education, 1 (1), 1-22 xii. Grote, R. C. (1996). The complete guide to performance appraisal. New York: AMACOM. xiii. Grote, R. C. (2002). The performance appraisal question and answer book: A survival guide for managers. New York: American Management Association xiv. R. Jacobs, D. Kafry and S. Zedeck, “Expectations of behaviorally anchored rating scales”, Personnel Psychology”, 1980, 33: 595-640 xv. Lemieux-Charles, L., W. McGuire, F. Champagne, J. Barnsley, D. Cole and C. Sicotte. 2003. "The Use of Multilevel Performance Indicators in Managing Performance in Health Care Organizations." Management Decision 41(8): 760–70 xvi. Lillian, G.O., P. Mathooko and N. Sitati, 2011. 24. Abdulsalam, D. and M.A. Mawoli, 2012. The Effects of Performance Appraisal System on Motivation and Job Performance of Academic Staff Civil Servants. Kabarak University First International of State Universities in Nigeria: The Case of Ibrahim Conference, (pp: 1-17) xvii. Lewis, P. H. (1996). Making change happen through appraisal and development. CUPA Journal, 47(1), Impact of Microfinance : An Empirical Study With Special Reference to Uttarakhand Aanchal Singhal, Faculty, DMS, Dr. Bindu Arora, Professor, JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida Kanya Gurukul, Dehradun Abstract : empowered the poor, giving them the resources to The impact of microcredit is a subject of much generate additional income, stimulate value controversy. Proponents state that it reduces creation and in turn development. It should be poverty through higher employment and higher noted that the source of development here is not incomes. This is expected to lead to improved the result of a trickle-down (or “topdown”) nutrition and improved education of the stimulus, but a “bottom-up” force, whereby the borrowers' children. Some argue that microcredit poor are empowered to, at the risk of using a empowers women. In the US and Canada, it is formula, pursue their own destiny. Since the mid argued that microcredit helps recipients to 1970’s, there has been an explosion of activity in graduate from welfare programs. Critics say that the microfinance sector. Several models have microcredit has not increased incomes, but has been developed, various services have been driven poor households into a debt trap, in some pioneered, and many international organizations cases even leading to suicide. They add that the have become involved. Today, there are over money from loans is often used for durable 7000 microfinance institutions worldwide, consumer goods or consumption instead of being serving the borrowing and savings needs of over used for productive investments, that it fails to 54 million people, and growing. empower women, and that it has not improved Social Intermediation : health or education. In the present study an Microfinance is a very powerful tool that can be attempt has been made to assess the impact of used effectively to address poverty, empower the microfinance on the poor of Uttarakhand. socially marginalized poor and strengthen the Key Words : Microfinance, Financial social fabric. Especially when directed at women, Intermediation, Social Intermediation, the benefits of microfinance multiply many folds. Enterprise Development Services. The use of microfinance to enhance income- Introduction : generating opportunities of the poor is a popular tool for governmental as well as non Microfinance stands as one of the most promising governmental organisations working to raise and cost effective tools which fight against global standards of living in developing countries. As poverty. The microfinance programme through evidence has shown women, in particular, have SHG (Self Help Group)- Bank linkage has been high repayment rates and benefit extensively launched by the government of India as a strategy from local microfinance initiatives. Increasing of poverty elimination and rural economic attention in recent years has been paid to the ways development. The pioneering efforts at this has in which microfinance fosters social capital been made by National Bank for Agriculture and formation among the poor (ABN-AMRO; World Rural Development (NABARD) which is vested Bank 1999). Social intermediation ensures a with the task of framing appropriate policy for certain minimum of social capital in the first rural credit, provision of technical assistance phase of economic growth, and enhances its banked liquidity support to banks, supervision of quantity and quality subsequently and rural credit institutions and other economic sequentially. development initiatives. The term microfinance could be defined as provision of thrift, credit and However, social intermediation is distinct from other financial services and products of very the provision of social welfare services in that small amounts to the poor in rural, semi-urban social intermediation enables ‘beneficiaries’ to and urban areas for enabling them to raise their become clients able to enter into a contract income levels and improve living standards. involving reciprocal obligations. The level, nature and time horizon of the investment Microfinance - A Development Tool : required for social intermediation varies with the Microfinance, by providing small loans to barriers facing a given client/target group. It is entrepreneurs and small businesses, has also likely to depend on the level of responsibility in financial intermediation that the client group is Research Methodology : required or willing to acquire. Thus, in social The study has been conducted in Uttarakhand, intermediation institutions now have a tool other four districts namely Almora, Bageshwar, Pauri than financial intermediation to engage in and Garhwal and Uttarkashi, have been selected. The lend support to microfinance. It is an Districts were selected on the basis of highest acknowledgement of the fact that many poor number of SHGs formation in Uttarakhand. Two clients of microfinance are simply not in a blocks from each of these districts were selected position to use loans productively. Social where there were a large number of credit linked intermediation through a range of activities and SHGs. 5 SHGs from each block have been capacity-building prepares people to become selected and 10 members from each group have good borrowers and savers, better manage their been selected. Thus we have 400 members, which own finances or their own financial groups and constitute the number of sample. These sample help them to put whatever ‘social capital’ they members are asked questions on the socio- have to more productive use. Networking economic issues, income generation, savings, develops group cohesiveness and group consumption pattern on food and non-food items, cohesiveness leads to empowerment. That is the social status, access to medical services, beauty of micro financing. education, social interaction, repayment and Social intermediation is the process of building increase in self confidence and social awareness, the human and social capital required by improvement in decision making capacity, during sustainable financial intermediation for poor. It pre membership and post-membership. covers of group formations, leadership training Data Analysis : and cooperative learning, which is the secondary role of microfinance for borrowers of MFIs. It The data analysis of the study has been classified establish on the basic of strong foundation of trust in two parts, namely socio-economic profile and and cooperation. The ratio of social capital will impact analysis. increase with increase in business activities (A) Socio Economic profile of sample among members, and financial transaction This section furnishes a data on the analysis of the between lender and borrowers. socio-economic background of SHG Members in Enterprise Development Services : SHGs not only Uttarakhand. It includes the factors age, sex, support to borrowers either in group or individual by social category, education and family status. providing different enterprise development services Age Wise Classification : like mentoring of ideas, upgrading skills of Since the age of members is one of the important members, marketing of products, technical support segments in their life, it is included in the present to start up of business etc. but also in transformation study. The age of the members is the completed of existing enterprises, MFIs arrange training for age at the time of collecting data. In the present their borrowers, workshops & get-together for study, the age of the members is classified into developing skills of members in their business areas. below 30 years, 31 to 40 years, 41 to 50 years and Social Services : above 50 years. The age-wise classification of the By providing credit directly to the poor, in the members is presented in the table 1. case of microfinance projects, for example, the Table No. 1 : Age of the Members poor can work to better their own lives, as Age District Total opposed to waiting for an expected trickle down Group Almora Bageshwar Pauri Uttarkashi affect, which seldom reaches those at the very Garhwal bottom of the quality of life pyramid. MFIs role is Up to 30 5.00% 54.00% 1.00% 11.00% 13.00% productive in the life of poor through offering 5 35 1 11 52 financial services with support services. They 31-40 77.00% 30.00% 86.00% 39.00% 58.00% play important role in sustainable human 77 30 86 39 232 41-50 14.00% 21.00% 13.00% 41.00% 22.25% development and livelihood of the poor. Poor 14 21 13 41 89 needs more than micro-finance to address the Above 50 4.00% 14.00% 9.00% 06.75% problems of poverty and accessibility to other life 4 14 9 27 needs like food, health, family planning, Grand Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% education, social support network and so on. 100 100 100 100 400 Genderwise Distribution : Table No. 4 : Education Status Sex is one of the important profile variables of the Educa- District Total tional Almora Bageshwar Pauri Uttarkashi members. It has its own impact on their Garhwal expectation and perception on the performance of 0-5TH 75.00% 28.00% 2.00% 43.00% 37.0% SHG. Hence, the present study includes the 75 28 2 43 148 gender as one of the important socio-economic 5-10TH 12.00% 40.00% 27.00% 43.00% 30.5% variables. The gender-wise classification of the 12 40 27 43 122 members is shown in the table 2. 10TH+ 13.00% 32.00% 71.00% 14.00% 32.5% 13 32 71 14 130 Table No. 2 : Gender wise distribution Type of Ration Card : Sex District Total Almora Bageshwar Pauri Uttarkashi State government in India issue different type of Garhwal ration cards. They are provided according to the Female 71.00% 62.00% 72.00% 74.00% 69.75% groups divided; for example BPL (Below Poverty 71 62 72 74 279 Line), APL (Above Poverty Line) and AAY( Male 29.00% 38.00% 0.28 0.26 30.25% Antyodaya Yojana). In the present study around 29 38 28 26 121 two third of the total members were below Social Category : poverty line. (Table 5) Caste is a form of social stratification Table No. 5 : Type of Ration Card characterized by hereditary transmission of a Ration District Total lifestyle which often includes an occupation, Card Almora Bageshwar Pauri Uttarkashi status in a hierarchy, and customary social Garhwal interaction and exclusion. In the present study, BPL 75.00% 55.00% 100.00% 45.00% 68.75% more than 75 percent of SHG members belong to (Yellow) 75 55 100 45 275 the general category and 25 percent in the SC and APL 25.00% 39.00% 55.00% 29.75% ST category. (Table 3) (White) 25 39 55 119 AAY 6.00% 1.50% Table No. 3 : Social Category of the Members (Red) 6 6 Social District Total Impact Analysis : Category Almora Bageshwar Pauri Uttarkashi Garhwal These sample members are asked questions on General 78.00% 74.00% 62.00% 87.00% 75.25% the socio-economic issues, income generation, 78 74 62 87 301 savings, consumption pattern on food and non- SC 22.00% 25.00% 38.00% 1.00% 21.5% food items, social status, access to medical 22 25 38 1 86 services, education, social interaction, repayment ST 1% 12.00% 3.15% and reduction in domestic violence or clashes etc. 1 12 13 during pre membership and post-membership. Education Status : The Table 6 presents the summary of responses The level of education represents the level of given by SHG members. formal education completed by the members at Table No. 6 : Impact on Socio-Economic Conditions the time of collecting the data. Since the level of S. Impact Factor Significanty Better No Change education provides an awareness of the micro- No. Better financing, the highly educated members may 1 Food Frequency 34 (8.50%) 73 (18.25%) 293 (73.25%) compare the services offered by the microfinance 2 Safe Drinking Water 74 (18.50%) 82 (20.50%) 244 (61.00%) institutions with those of others. The level of 3 Toilet Facility 96 (24.00%) 45 (11.25%) 259 (64.75%) education may increase the level of expectation 4 Fuel used for Cooking 298 (74.50%) 64 (16.00%) 38 (09.50%) and also determine the level of attitude with the 5 Sources of Illumination 92 (23.00%) 56 (14.00%) 252 (63.00%) functioning of SHGs. In the present study, the 6 Kind of Dwelling 114 (28.50%) 204 (51.00%) 82 (20.50%) level of education is classified as upto primary (0- 7 Education 131 (32.75%) 80 (20.00%) 189 (47.25%) 5), secondary (upto 10th), more than higher 8 Health 66 (16.50%) 30 (07.50%) 304 (76.00%) secondary, above 10th. The Table 4 presents 9 Employment 88 (22.00%) 65 (16.25%) 247 (61.75%) details about the educational status of the 10 Income 80 (20.00%) 193 (48.25%) 127 (31.75%) members. 11 New IGA 286 (71.50%) 88 (22.00%) 26 (06.50%) 12 Expenditure on 82 (20.50%) 73 (18.25%) 245 (61.25%) Food Items consumption pattern, enhancement in savings

13 Expenditure on 92 (23.00%) 127 (31.75%) 181 (45.25%) capacity and enhancement of employment Non-Food Items opportunities in the environment. The survey 14 Savings 280 (70.00%) 120 (30.00%) 0 (00.00%) resulted positive outcome and members agreed 15 Borrowings/Sources 351 (87.75%) 49 (12.25%) 0 (00.00%) of Borrowings that on an average there was an increase in

16 Assets 116 (29.00%) 83 (20.75%) 201 (50.25%) monthly per capita income of Rs. 235 after

17 Increase in Knowledge 232 (58.00%) 87 (21.75%) 81 (20.25%) joining the SHG. A significant percent of the and Social Awareness members observed that their consumption on 18 Increase in 345 (86.25%) 55 (13.75%) 00 (00.00%) food and non-food items items has enhanced Self-Confidence and a good percent of the total members accepts 19 Improvement in 209 (52.25%) 137 (34.25%) 54 (13.50%) decision making that due to micro finance activities the capacity employment opportunities for them have 20 Increase in awareness 266 (66.50%) 11 (02.75%) 123 (30.75%) about Microfinance enriched and 100 percent of the members are of Reasons for taking loan from MFIs : the opinion that their ability to save has increased. It is the sign of financial discipline learnt out of Behind taking loan from MFIs what factors might taking loans and finding new ways for earnings have been influenced is a big question to be and finally their scope for small savings. answered. Interestingly, half percent of members Microfinance has been be utilized for buying were of the opinion that lower interest rate on cycles, mopeds, livestock which can bring more loan than moneylenders, is the main motive opportunities for employment in the areas like behind accessing loan from MFIs. Before the trading, selling vegetables etc. membership their usual source of accessing loans was from private money lenders who Social Impact : charge high rate of interest. 20 percent of To analyse the social issues, members of SHG are members are of the view that it is easy to access asked to identify change in their basic amenities, for loans from MFIs. MFIs also act as a means of awareness about health, education, and how interaction among members during meetings in Microfinance helped in reducing the domestic which members get new ideas in meetings, share violence or clashes or problems in their families. their experiences and problems and find solutions Money is the root cause for domestic violence or and suggestions from other members which clashes between husband and wife’s, especially at ultimately results in increasing the spirit of the lower level of society. If one is earning well, it collective bargaining. Rest of the members can solve many problems at the basic level. prefer MFIs for loan due to the reason of quick When there are appropriate funds for basic repayment, easy instalment of loan due to their necessities, minimum tools, education of small size. When amount of loan is small, an children and for health purposes, naturally individual at MFIs social background will people can concentrate on leading a peaceful life. develop more commitment to repay the same so In the survey made a significant percent of the that chances of taking fresh loans will increase members agrees on the statement that there is with better social respect, peace of mind and self reduction in domestic problems , 32 percent said satisfaction. that due to availability of timely loan, now they The source of income of SHG members are of are able to give education to children and fulfils personal services, wage earners, seasonal the requirements, interestingly 16 percent of the agricultural, trading and petty shops The SHG people said that even healthcare issues can also member who took loan is for various purposes taken care of. Overall a significant percenstage of which include food and daily needs, education, members expressed their positive notion for health related, micro enterprises, to buy increase in social status due to microfinance equipments, vehicles-cycle, two wheelers etc. support. Economic Impact : Conclusion : Among the economic issues, members of SHG SHGs can play an effective role in achieving the were asked whether they feel -their family long cherished objectives of poverty alleviation income has increased, change in their and rural development through their diversified programmes. The formation of common interest ii. Barbara, S., and Mahanta Ratul., 2001. "Micro groups has had a substantial impact on the lives of Finance Through Self-help Groups and its its members. Empowerment of women and the Impact: A Case Study of Rashtriya Grameen inculcation of financial training and discipline Vikas Nidhi Credit and Saving Programme in amongst the poor will undoubtedly have long Assam. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, July-September, Vol. 56, No-3 term socio-economic benefits. iii. Dash, Anup., 2002. Self-help Groups and Still, there are key areas of SHG management that Democratic Governance in India. Imp-Act need to be improved. SHGs must be self managed Programme Document No. 15, pp. 10-11. units, independent of promoting institutions, with (www.imp-act.org) proper accounts, audit and credit management iv. Elaine, Edgcomb & Barton, Laura., 1998. Social ability. Over dependence on leaders is a major Intermediation and MicrofinanceProgrammes : problem faced by the SHGs in Uttarakhand. The Literature Review. USA: Micro-Enterprises Best leader also becomes autocratic, interfering with Practices. The SEEP Network. 1998. each and every decision of the members. This system of spoon feeding cannot be considered as v. Evans G Timothy., 1999. Demystifying non- participaation in micro-credit: A population a positive sign. Strategy of democratic style of based Analysis. World Development, Vol. 27, leadership with co-operation, unity, and mutual 1999, PP. 419-430. understanding from the part of each and every member in group activities, seems to be the ideal vi. Kabeer, Nailer., 2002. Micro-finance, Wider mechanism for making the groups self reliant. Impacts and Social Change: Processes and Outcomes. Imp-Act Programme Document No. Identification of the deserving one is very 15, pp. 8-10. (www.imp-act.org) important in the case of monetary aspects. Loans vii. Manimekalai, M. and Rajeshwari, G., 2001. and other benefits of SHGs sometimes flow away Nature and Performance of Informal Self - Help bypassing the poorest to the powerful and least Groups – A Case from Tamil Nadu. Indian needy of the members. This process of Journal of Agricultural Economics, 56,(3) -453. marginalization may lead to the destruction of the viii. Mark M. Pitt and Shahidur R Khandker.,1998., whole process. There is a need to pay The Impact of Group-Based Credit Programmes considerable attention to this aspect, for on poor households in Bangladesh : Does the achieving the real goal of overall development of Gender of Participants Matter ? Journal of the weak and poor section of the society. Political Weekly, Vol. 106, No. 5, October 1998, P.P. 958-996. Whatever be the short comings, the impact of SHG programme on socio-economic conditions ix. Puhazhendhi, V. and Jayaraman, B., 1999. of the members have been invariably an Increasing Women’s Participation And improvement from the pre-existed status of the Employment Generation Among Rural Poor: An rural poor in Uttarakhand. The programme has Approach Through Informal Groups. National bank News Review, 15: 55-62. created a new system that value women, putting the needs and issues of women at the top of the x. Puhazhendhi, V. and Satyasai, K.J.S., 2001. agenda. It is a unique system for poverty Economic and social empowerment of rural poor eradication involving poor women who work through self help groups. Indian Journal Of together in order to bring a positive shift in their Agricultural Economics,56(3) : 450-451 socio-economic status. It can be hoped that the xi. Toshio Kondo et al., 2008., Impact of SHG programme could bring about radical Microfinance on Rural Households in the change in the lives of the poor sections of the Philippines. Network of Networks on Impact society in the years to come. Evaluation (NONIE) Working Paper No. 4, January 2008, P.P. 4-5. References : xii. Zaman Hassan., 1999. Assessing the Imapct of i. Baker, C.B., and J.A. Hopkin.,1969., Concepts of Micro-credit on Poverty and Vulnerability in Finance Capital for a Capital-using Agriculture, Bangladesh. Research working Paper No. 2145, The American Journal of Agricultural World Bank Washington D.C. Economics, 51:1055-1064. Depreciation Accounting under Companies Act - 2013 : An Evaluation Dr. Mukesh Chauhan, Asst. Prof., (Comm.), P. G. Govt. College, Chandigarh Abstract : b) Depreciable assets are assets which Depreciation accounting is as old as the i. Are expected to be used during more than accounting of non- current assets. The idea one accounting period; and behind depreciation accounting is to match the ii. Have a limited useful life; and cost against the revenue. There are many methods of depreciation calculation as well as accounting iii. Are held by an enterprise for use in the which method will be best will depend on the production or supply of goods and nature of the assets. The choice of depreciation services, for rental to others, or for calculation is also subject to the company’s law in administrative purposes and not for the force. As far as depreciation accounting is purpose of sale in the ordinary course of concerned in the Indian context it depends on the business. companies Act and Indian Accounting standard. c) Assets valuing less than a specified amount The old companies Act-1956 prescribed the say, Rs 5000/- always charged to statement depreciation rates for different class of the assets of profit & loss. EAC opinion by ICAI – On while the new Companies Act-2013 talks about ground of materiality, assets valuing less the life of a particular class of the assets and than specified amount can be charged to accordingly any method of depreciation can be profit & loss. Such charge doesn’t amount of used. Though it seems that depreciation is only a non-compliance of AS 6 or AS 10 calculated figure but practically it has many effects on the profitability and cost. This paper is d) Depreciation on assets held for sale – They focused to analyse the depreciation accounting in are valued at lower of carrying amount and context of the Companies Act-2013. net realisable value, hence, depreciation is not applicable Key Words : Depreciation, Useful Life of the Asset, Cost, Non Current Asset Objectives for Providing Depreciation : I. Introduction : Prime objectives for providing depreciation are : The gradual conversion of the cost of a tangible - Correct income measurement: Depreciation capital asset or fixed asset into an operational should be charged for proper estimation of expense (called depreciation expense) over the periodic profit or loss. asset's estimated useful life. - True position statement: Value of the fixed The objectives of computing depreciation are to assets should be adjusted for depreciation (1) reflect reduction in the book value of the asset charged in order to depict the actual financial due to obsolescence or wear and tear, (2) spread a position. large expenditure (purchase price of the asset) - Funds for replacement: Generation of proportionately over a fixed period to match adequate funds in the hands of the business revenue received from it, and (3) reduce the for replacement of the asset at the end of its taxable income by charging the amount of useful life. depreciation against the company's total income. In effect, charging of depreciation means the - Ascertainment of true cost of production: recovery of invested capital, by gradual sale of For ascertaining the cost of the production, it the asset over the years during which output or is necessary to charge depreciation as an services are received from it. item of cost of production. Overview of Depreciation : II. Overview of the Companies Act, 2013 : a) Depreciation is systematic allocation of the The sixty year old legislation the Companies Act, depreciable amount of an asset over its 1956 has been replaced by the Companies Act, useful life. 2013. There are lot many changes in the new companies act compared to previous act. The main features of the New Companies Act-2013 accordance with the provisions of sub-section are as under: (2), or out of the profits of the company for any previous financial year or years arrived at after - Class action suits for Shareholders providing for depreciation in accordance with the - More power for Shareholders provisions of that sub-section and remaining - Women empowerment in the corporate undistributed, or out of both; or sector - Corporate Social Responsibility Sub-section (2) of section 123 states that – "For - Prohibition on forward dealings and insider the purposes of clause (a) of sub-section (1), trading depreciation shall be provided in accordance with - Increase in number of Shareholders the provisions of Schedule II.“ - Limit on Maximum Partners 3. C o m p u t a t i o n o f M a n a g e r i a l - One Person Company Remuneration - - Duties of Director defined - Liability on Directors and Officers As per section 197 and 198 of the Companies Act, - Rotation of Auditors 2013 the net profits to be calculated for total - Prohibits Auditors from performing Non- remuneration payable by a public company, to its Audit Services directors, including managing directors and - Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013 is whole-time director and its manager shall be based on concept of useful lives for calculated after provided for depreciation as per computing depreciation schedule II. III. Depreciation Accounting : Related Issues: Table - 1 : Depreciation: Comparison of Schedule II and Schedule XIV 1. Accounting Standard Prescribed - As per S. Schedule II under Schedule XIV under notification no. G.S.R.239 (E) dated March 31, No. Companies Act-2013 Companies Act-1956 2014, the standards of accounting as specified 1 Indicative useful life Rate of depreciation under the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956) shall prescribed prescribed be deemed to be the accounting standards until accounting standards are specified by the Central 2 No reference to method SLM / WDV Method Government under section 133. Accounting 3 Unit of production UOP was not allowed Standard 6 pertains to depreciation accounting method allowed which provides for depreciating a fixed assets 4 Guidance for useful life No guidance for useful over its useful lives. Paragraph 3 of Part A to on Intangible assets life on intangible assets Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013 specifies except IA under BOT model that to comply with the accounting standards prescribed for such class of companies under 5 Component accounting No reference to section 133, the useful life of an asset shall not covered and mandatory component accounting normally be different from the useful life 6 Extra Shift depreciation Extra shift depreciation specified in Pact C and residual value of an asset Simplified was based on number of days. shall not be more than 5 %, of the original cost of the asset. 7 No reference to depre- Items less than Rs 5,000 ciation on low value items to be charged off If the Company adopts a useful life/ residual 8 Transition provisions Not Applicable value different than specified, the financial statement shall disclose difference and provide IV. Depreciation Accounting : Overview : justification supported by technical advice 1. Key Changes 2. Declaration of Dividend - As per section - Provisions relating to depreciation contained 123(1) (a) defined in Chapter VIII – Declaration in schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013 which an Payment of Dividend – “ No dividend shall be was earlier under schedule XIV of the Companies declared or paid by a company for any financial Act 1956. Schedule II is divided into three parts: year except: o Part A – Basic Provisions for providing (a) out of the profits of the company for that year depreciation arrived at after providing for depreciation in o Part B – Depreciation on assets covered Companies regulated by other law, e.g., under special legislations electricity companies - Depreciation rates / residual values prescribed by regulatory body to o Part C – Useful Life and other provisions prevail - Per Schedule II, depreciable amount is the cost - Useful lives of fixed assets prescribed under of an asset or other amount substituted for cost, less the 2013 Act is different from those envisaged residual value. Schedule II applicable to financial under Schedule XIV e.g. year commencing on or after April 1, 2014. o General furniture and fittings – useful life 2. Method of Depreciation and Changes reduced from 15 to 10 years - Apart from written down value and straight o Buildings other than factory buildings and line method, depreciation over number of other than RCC frame structure - useful life production or similar units allowed. Depreciation reduced from 58 to 30 years expense under units-of-production, based on units produced in the period, o Continuous Process Plant – Schedule II has originally prescribed life as 8 years, now - Benefits of Units of production (UOP) changed to 25 years. Major relief for method: companies having such assets o Better matching of depreciation charge with - Residual value should not exceed 5% of the revenue value assets unless supported by technical advise. o Possibility of depreciating an asset faster Impact of change in residual value should be than is allowed by class life depreciation charged to profit & loss as no transitional - Disadvantages of UOP method: provisions prescribed. It should be disclosed of change in useful life and change in estimate. o Possibility of delaying the start of depreciation and depreciation being stopped - Para 23 of AS 6 says that useful lives of if the asset is not in use due to work delays major depreciable assets or classes of assets may be reviewed periodically. Where there is revision - UOP commonly used for Natural Resource the unamortized depreciable amount should be Extraction Equipment charged over the remaining useful life. 3. Useful Life 4. Useful Life and Residual Value : - Useful life is the period over which an asset There is a change in the useful life of an asset and is expected to be available for use by an entity, or consequently an increase in the rate of the number of production or similar units depreciation for commonly used assets except for expected to be obtained from the asset by the continuous process plants. For Limited purpose entity. There is no restriction on method to be of the table below, the useful lives prescribed used, hence, WDV can be used as well until the under Schedule II have been converted into a depreciable amount is amortised over its useful deemed rate (assuming a 5 percent residual value) life to facilitate comparison: - Intangible assets (toll roads) created under Table - 2 : Comparison of SLM Rates under old and New BOT, BOOT or any other form of PPP route will Companies Act be amortized using amortization rate arrived at by Nature of Asset Companies Act-2013 Companies Increase/ % Change – Single Shift Useful Life SLM Rate Act-1956 : (Decrease) dividing actual revenue for the year with total on the basis SLM Rate estimated revenue. Rebuttable presumption of useful life under AS 26 that useful life of Intangible assets General P & M 15 6.33% 4.75% 1.58% 33.26% Continuous 25 3.80% 5.28% (1.48)% (28.03)% (IA) will not exceed ten years Process plant

Furniture & 10 9.50% 6.33% 3.17% 50.08% - IA can be amortised over higher useful life if Fittings persuasive evidence available that useful life will Office 5 19.00% 4.75% 14.25% 300.00% be specific period longer than 10 years. A Equipment Company may use revenue based amortisation of Desktop, Laptop 3 31.67% 16.21% 15.46% 95.37% Built, Operate & Transfer (BOT) assets. Electrical 10 9.50% 4.75% 4.75% 100.00% Installation Table-3: Comparison of Useful life under Old and New Remarks : Companies Act Case 1 : Schedule II requires disclosures of Assets Life under Companies Life under Companies Act-1956 Act-2013 justification for using the lower life. The Buildings RCC 60 60 Company cannot use 12 years life for Framework depreciation Buildings other than 60 30 RCC Framework Case 2 : If the Company depreciates the assets Fence, Wells, Tubewells 30 5 over 12 years, it needs to disclose justification for Temporary Structures 1 3 using the higher life. The Company should apply Roads NA 3,5,10 the option selected consistently. Plant & Machinery 20 15 Case 3 : The Company cannot use 5% residual Continuous Process 18 25 value. In addition, Schedule II requires Plants disclosures of justification for using a lower Furniture and Fixtures 15 10 residual value. Vehicles 10 8 Case 4 : If the Company depreciates the asset Computers 4 3 using 10% estimated residual value, it needs to Through amendment on August 29, 2014, disclose justification for using the higher residual following options given to the Company, value. The Company should apply the option different useful life / Residual value than those selected consistently. prescribed in Part C can be taken, provided: V. Depreciation Accounting - Issues and - Disclosure of different useful life / residual Challenges : value made in the financials 1. Transitional Provisions for Change in - Disclose justification for different useful lie / Useful Life - residual value duly supported by technical advise If remaining useful life is not nil, carrying amount of the asset to be depreciated over the But there is no clarity on whether technical advice remaining useful life. If remaining useful life is can be taken internally by the Company or from nil by applying Schedule II, depreciable amount independent expert after retaining the residual value may be adjusted Practical Examples : with retained earnings or charged off to the Profit and Loss account AS 6 States that depreciation rates prescribed under the statute are minimum. If management’s 2. Extra Shift Depreciation - estimate for useful life of an asset is shorter than - The useful lives of assets working on shift that envisaged under the statute, depreciation is basis have been specified in the Schedule computed by applying higher rate. based on their single shift working. Extra Table - 4 : Comparison of Judgement shift depreciation not applicable to assets marked with “No Extra Shift Depreciation” Particulars Useful Live Life Envisaged AS 6 estimated by /residual value Requirement management / under - Asset used for double shift - Depreciation Residual value schedule II will increase by 50% for such duration Useful life of - Asset used for triple shift - Depreciation will Asset – Case 1 10 years 12 Years AS 6 requires the Company to depre- increase by 100% for such duration ciate the asset using 10 year life - Earlier the depreciation rates for single, Useful life of 12 years 10 years Option to choose double & triple shift was 4.75%, 7.42% and Asset – Case 2 any life 10.34% Residual Value Nil 5% of Cost Nil – Case 3 3. Revaluation Reserve Residual Value 10% of Cost 5% of Cost 10% of the – Case 4 residual value - In case of revaluation of fixed assets, companies are currently allowed to transfer an amount equivalent to the additional depreciation on account of the upward note issued by the ICAI with regard to continuous revaluation of fixed assets from the process plant – Guidance note on some important revaluation reserve to P&L. Hence, any issues arising from the amendments to Schedule upward revaluation of fixed assets does not XIV to the Companies Act, 1956. Continuous impact P&L. process plant means a plant which is required and designed to operate 24 hours a day. For instance, a - Under the 1956 Act, depreciation was to be blast furnace which is required and designed to provided on the original cost of an asset. But operate 24 hours a day, may be shut down due to Schedule II requires depreciation to be various reasons, it would still be considered as a provided on historical cost or the amount continuous process plant. There can be certain substituted for the historical cost. Hence, plants which though may work 24 hours a day, yet depreciation to be provided on revaluation their technical design is not such that they have to amount be operated 24 hours a day, e.g. a textile weaving - The ICAI Guidance Note on Treatment of mill. Reserve Created on Revaluation of Fixed VI. Component Accounting : Assets allowed an amount equivalent to the additional depreciation on account of the 1. Overview - upward revaluation of fixed assets to be - Useful life specified in Part C of the transferred from the revaluation reserve to Schedule is for whole of the asset. Useful life the P&L. No change in the position, as of significant part shall be determined schedule II mandates to charge depreciation separately: on full amount and there is no restriction on withdrawal from reserves o Where cost of a part of the asset is significant to total cost of the asset; 4. Dividend Declaration - o Useful life of that part is different from - As per Section 123, every company shall the useful life of the remaining asset, provide depreciation before declaring dividend. Such dividend shall be provided as - Some industries the determination is simple per schedule II. Earlier, in CA 1956, section while some industry it is complex process. 350 states that the depreciation shall be as An IT company, which has only computers per the rates provided in schedule XIV. No as fixed assets, may be able to determine such reference to rates or useful life is made with little analysis that there are no in S. 123 of the CA 2013 significant components requiring separate depreciation. However, for an airline - The wording in section 123 states that company, it may be clear that engine has depreciation shall be as per schedule II. different useful life vis-à-vis remainder of Schedule II permits different useful life by the aircraft any Company provided adequate disclosure in financial with justification duly supported - Under this approach, first split the fixed asset by technical advice is made into various identifiable parts to the extent possible. The identified parts are then - Hence, the depreciation assuming a higher grouped together if they have the same or useful life, resulting in lower depreciation similar useful life. and higher profits, shall be sufficient compliance with Section 123 - No need to identify and depreciate insignificant parts as separate components; 5. Managerial Remuneration - rather, they can be combined together in the As per Section 198, depreciation as per section remainder of the asset or with the principal 123 should be deducted for computing limits of asset. managerial remuneration. Section 123 refers - Identification of significant parts is a matter depreciation as per schedule II of the CA 2013 of judgment and decided on case-to-case 6. Continuous Process Plant - basis. Identification of separate parts of an asset and determination of their useful life is Companies can continue to follow the guidance not merely an accounting exercise; rather, it not recognize in the carrying amount of an item of involves technical expertise. Hence, involve fixed asset the costs of the day-to-day servicing of technical experts to determine the parts of an the item. These costs are expensed in the statement asset. of profit and loss as incurred. - If the useful life of the component is lower 4. Component Accounting : Major than the useful life of the principal assets as Inspection / Overhaul - per Schedule II, such lower useful should be - No specific guidance provided under AS 10 used. In reverse scenario higher useful life Accounting for Fixed Assets. Detailed for a component can be used only when guidance given in Ind AS 16 Property, Plant management intends to use the component and Equipment even after expiry of useful life for the principal asset. - Major inspection/ overhaul is treated as a separate part of the asset, regardless of 2. Component Accounting: Materiality for whether any physical parts of the asset are Significant Component - replaced - A company needs to identify only material / o When a company purchases a new asset significant components separately for which is received after major inspected/ depreciation. Materiality is a matter of overhaul by the manufacturer. Major management / audit judgment and needs to inspection/ overhaul is identified be decided on the facts of each case. separately even at the time of purchase of - Normally, a component having original cost new asset. The cost of such major equal to or less than 5% of the original cost of inspection/ overhaul is depreciated complete asset may not be material. separately over the period till next major However, a component having original cost inspection/ overhaul. equal to 25% of the original cost of complete - Upon next major inspection/ overhaul: asset may be material. Also consider impact on retained earnings, current year profit or - The costs of new major inspection/ overhaul loss and future profit or loss (say, when part are added to the asset's cost; Any amount will be replaced) to decide materiality. remaining from the previous inspection/ overhaul is derecognized. - If a component may have material impact from either perspective, the said component - Cost of the previous inspection/ overhaul will be material and require separate was not identified (and considered a separate identification. part) when the asset was originally acquired or constructed. 3. Component Accounting : Replacement Costs - o Not necessarily an error but a change in an estimate. This process of recognition The application of component accounting will and de-recognition should take place cause significant change in measurement of even in such cases. The company uses depreciation and accounting for replacement estimated cost of a future similar costs. Presently, companies need to expense inspection / overhaul to be used as an replacement costs in the year of incurrence. indication of the cost of the existing Under component accounting, companies will inspection / overhaul component to be capitalize these costs as a separate component of derecognized after considering the the asset, with consequent expensing of net depreciation impact. carrying value of the replaced component. - Major inspection / overhaul charged to profit If it is not practicable for a company to determine & loss carrying amount of the replaced component, it may use the cost of the replacement as an - Under AS 10, all repair expenditure indication of what the cost of the replaced part was (including major inspection/ overhaul) need at the time it was acquired or constructed. Even to be charged to P&L as incurred. Though under the component accounting, a company does schedule II mandates component accounting, it does not state that application and Construction industry include heavy duty of component accounting is based on Ind-AS trucks, vehicles, dozers, excavators, loaders & 16 principles. The application of component unloaders, tunnelling machinery, etc. Heavy duty accounting is restricted only to physical machineries are made up of various assembled parts. Neither on initial recognition nor parts which are high in value and also have a subsequently, the company identifies major different useful life as compared to the other parts inspection/ overhaul as separate component. such as chassis, rollers, body, electrical systems, Rather, any expense on major inspection/ etc. These items will have to be broken in to their overhaul is charged to P&L as incurred components. Entities will also have to estimate mine restoration liabilities and capitalise with the 5. Component Accounting: Transitional initial cost of the mine. Provisions - Commodity manufacturing Industry – Component accounting was made applicable Crude, Ore, Power - Various facilities that can be from 1 April 2014, which has been later deferred identified as first level components such as Water to 1 April 2015. It is to be applied to the entire treatment, Gas tapping, Conveyors, Turbines, block of assets existing as at that date. It cannot be Rooters, Shafts, Grids, Tankages, Ovens, Casters, restricted to only new assets acquired after 1 April Moulds, Furnaces, Rolling mills, etc.. More often 2015. Transitional provisions of Schedule II can one component that is left out in the analysis is the be used to adjust the impact of component Pipelines, which have material value and accounting as on 1 April 2015 different useful life. Entities will need to estimate 6. Component Accounting : Disclosures for its asset retirement obligations at the time of Change in Accounting Policy - initial capitalisation. The company has adopted Schedule II to the Shipping - Main parts of a ship include hull Companies Act, 2013, for depreciation purposes, and engine. Further, hull is made up of deck, from 1 April 2014. The company was previously chassis, propeller, funnel, stern and super not identifying components of fixed assets structure. A modern ship includes a fair separately for depreciation purposes; rather, a component of electronic and automatic control single useful life/ depreciation rate was used to systems. Entities will have to carry out a detailed depreciate each item of fixed asset. exercise and use its judgement for capitalising Due to application of Schedule II to the each component Companies Act, 2013, the company has changed Hotel Industry - A restaurant maintains a the manner of depreciation for its fixed assets. minimum stock of silverware and dishes. Some Now, the company identifies and determines entities treat cutlery, crockery, linen, etc, as stores separate useful life for each major component of and spares and group them under inventory. Any the fixed asset, if they have useful life that is increase or decrease is accounted as consumption materially different from that of the remaining in profit and loss account. Moreover, Schedule asset. The company has used transitional XIV does not lay down any rate for depreciating provisions of Schedule II to adjust the impact of such items and hence companies in India adopt component accounting arising on its first inventory and consumption approach to account application. If a component has zero remaining these items. For a restaurant, cutlery is similar to useful life on the date of Schedule II becoming a plant, without which it cannot operate. Under effective, i.e., 1 April 2015, its carrying amount, Ind AS 16, these items fall into the definition of after retaining any residual value, is charged to tangible assets and hence need to be capitalised as the opening balance of retained earnings. The such and depreciated based on its useful life. carrying amount of other components, i.e., Considering the nature of these assets, the components whose remaining useful life is not nil estimation of their useful life may involve a on 1 April 2015, is depreciated over their significant amount of judgment. remaining useful life. Power Manufacturing, Transmission and 7. Component Accounting : Industry Distribution - Different useful lives must be Impact - applied to ‘main grids’ and ‘sub grids’ as well as Mining and Construction - Assets in Mining ‘power grids’ and ‘gas grids’; The residual value viii. Meigs, R., F., W illiam, J., R., Haka, S., F., & of the grid is significant due to the need for Bettner, M., S. 2001. Financial accounting continuous renewal. Useful life is impacted by (10th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill service concession arrangements with the State Company. Governments ix. N.K.Sharma(1998), Non Current Assets Conclusion : Accounting, RBSA Publishers, Jaipur. Pp. 179 Therefore the comparison of Depreciation Accounting under the Companies Act-1956 and x. John W iley & Sons, Inc.Meigs, W ., B., & the Companies Act-2013 clearly states that Meigs, R., F. 1987. Accounting: The basis depreciation accounting has now become much for business decision (7th ed.). New York: practical and relevant as compared to earlier. At McGraw Hill Company. the same time the freedom of depreciation xi. R.K Sharma and Shashi K Gupta, (1996), accounting has been maintained subject to proper Management Accounting , principles and justification and disclosure. This has made the practice, 7threvised edition, New Delhi, depreciation accounting more genuine than Kalyani Publishers. earlier. As far as depreciation is concerned for the purpose of dividend declaration and xii. S.P. Jain and K.L. Narang , (1979), remuneration of Managerial personnel, the Advanced Accountancy,7threvised edition, provision of depreciation written off remain same New Delhi, Kalyani Publishers. as earlier which is must to sustain the capital. xiii. Skousen, K., F., Albrecht, W,S., & References : Langenderfer, H., Q. 1994. Financial accounting (5th ed.). Cincinnati: South W i. Boston: W arren, Gorham & Lamont, estern Publishing Co. Inc.Keiso, D., E., W eygandt, J., J., & W arfeild, T., D. 2004. Intermediate accounting xiv. Stice, E., K., Stice, J., D., & Skousen, K., F. (11th ed.). 2004. Intermediate accounting (15th ed.). Ohio: Thomson South-Western. ii. Changing from Declining Balance to Straight -Depreciation,The Accounting xv. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Review, published by American Accounting India, Accounting Standards 6(Revised), Association, Vol.38, No. 2; Apr., 1963, pp. Depreciation Accounting, New Delhi, 1994. 355-362. Pp.40 iii. Epstein, B., J., & Mirza, A. 2003. xvi. V. Wason , (2010), Financial Accounting, Interpretation and application of 1stedition, New Delhi, S. Chand. Ather, S., International. Standards. New Jersey: John M., Sobhani, F., A., & Chowdhury, A., H. W iley & Sons, Inc.Greene, Edward D. 1963 January -February 2008. iv. http://www.businessdictionary.com/ definition/depreciation.html (retrieved on 12th May, 2017) v . http://www.icai.org/new_post.html?post_id =2805&c_id=221 (retrieved on 10th May, 2017) vi. http://www.mca.gov.in/MinistryV2/ companiesact2013.html (retrieved on 20th May, 2017) vii. Kay, R., S., Searfoss, D., G., & W illis, B., N., & Yates, A., M. (Eds.). 1989. Handbook of accounting and auditing (2nd ed.). Protective Homes for Women in India : Emergence and Working Pallavi Bahar, Assistant Professor Amity University, Haryana Abstract : The initial framework was enlisted in the Women Indian social set up has been indiscriminately and Children Institutions Licensing Act, 1956. It characterised by unjustified oppressive provided for a check on various institutions for patriarchal norms, at times preserved and women and children and cancellation of their maintained by the legal and political fraternity. licenses in case of their failure to comply with The reform process, with regard to addressing the said purpose. In case of closure of institutions oppression and victimisation of women, has been whose license have been cancelled, the Act very sluggish and to a large extent ineffective. meticulously instructed the department to make The gaps in law and executing mechanisms have appropriate alternate arrangements for the shown serious limitation in checking the abuse of inmates rendered abandoned. Simultaneous and violence against women. In order to secure attempt was made by the Suppression of Immoral some relief and protection to the victimised Trafficking Act (SITA), 1956, later amended as women, the Indian state devised various welfare Immoral Traffic Prevention Act (ITPA ), 1986, to policies and took some special victim-centric establish corrective and protective shelters for initiatives, one of which has been the rescued women. There onwards, reforms have establishment of Women Welfare Homes. These been taking place to strengthen the functioning homes, classified under various heads (protective and efficacy of these institutions for women homes, rescue shelters, short stay homes and welfare. others), are aimed at providing shelter and care to SITA and ITPA : women victims of domestic violence, rape, The SITA very narrowly categorised and trafficking, mass disasters, abandoned and such criminalised women engaged in any promiscuous other destitute categories. In the establishment of sexual activity as ‘prostitutes’ and provided for women welfare homes, the state has presumed corrective homes to contain and custodify such the fulfilment of its task of providing justice to women. The subsequent ITPA, an amendment to these women. However, various studies, the SITA, made categorical corrections by incidences and surveys have revealed disturbing considering them victims rather than deviants, facts about the functioning of these shelter hence, decriminalising them. Thus, the purpose homes. of protective homes was reframed as institutions The paper is an attempt to study the emergence, for providing care and protection to rescued purpose and functioning of women shelter homes women. The ITPA made a clear distinction in India. It focuses on the protective homes between a protective home and a corrective situated in Delhi and highlights the challenges, institution, as against SITA that compared operational limitations and implementation gaps protective home to a corrective institution aiming as according to the inputs, feedback and concerns at the correction and moral upliftment of the shared by the inmates and the staff. detained women. The Act defined corrective Introduction : institution as one in which – women and girls rescued and detained under this Act may be Emergence and Purpose of Women Welfare imparted such training and instruction and Homes in India : subjected to such disciplinary and moral Women shelter homes in India were established influences as was likely to conduce to their through the Scheme of Short Stay Homes, 1969, reformation and the prevention of offences under under the Central Social Welfare Board. These this Act. were designed to provide safe shelters to women It defined a “protective home” as – in difficult circumstances such as, socio- economically disadvantaged, victims of flesh An institution, by whatever name called (being an trade, rape, familial atrocities, mass disasters, institution established or licensed as such under abandoned/deserted, homeless, elderly and so on. Section 21), in which persons who are in need of care and protection, may be kept under this Act and where appropriate technically qualified previously undertaken by the Ministry of Social persons, equipments and other facilities have Welfare. It was in 2006 that the Ministry of been provided but does not include,— Women and Child Development (MWCD) (i) a shelter where undertrials may be kept in specifically took up the subject of rights of pursuance of this Act, or women and children. Coming to the question of Shelter homes, the MWCD introduced the (ii) a corrective institution scheme of Swadhar (2001-02) to serve the The protective homes (shelter and corrective) primary need of shelter, food, clothing to women directly fall under the supervision of the State and in difficult circumstances as well as counselling, Centre who possess the power to make rules for legal assistance and rehabilitation to such these institutions – section 23. categories of women. The process of establishing institutions for In order to evolve better insights, the article women welfare took off with the Scheme of dwells in to the purpose, functioning, challenges Shelter Homes for women under the Central and limitations of a specific category of these Social Welfare Board. As a result, a number of institutions, that is, the Protective Homes. welfare homes, state-run as well as private, were Functioning of the Protective Homes (State- established throughout the country. run Nari Niketans) : CSWB and the Scheme for Shelter Homes for Purpose - The protective homes have been Women : instituted through the ITPA, 1986 with the The Central Social Welfare Board, instituted by purpose of housing, protecting and rehabilitating the GOI Resolution 1953, aimed at devising women primarily rescued from trafficking and mechanisms for welfare of women. A series of commercial sex. They also aim at providing care welfare schemes were floated such as, The Rajiv and shelter to victims of sexual abuse, rape, Gandhi National Creche scheme , Awareness domestic violence, abandoned and those in Generation Programme, Family Counselling ‘moral danger’. In some protective homes, there Centres, Centres for Special Category Clients , is also a provision of separate ward for the Women’s Helpline , and the Support Services . mentally challenged women. These women are The launching of Scheme of Short Stay Homes allowed to mix up with other inmates for a few for women was a landmark in the direction of hours during the day. providing safe shelters for a large section of Rules in the Manuals - The Protective Homes vulnerable and victimised women. are state-run and are managed by qualified state Based on the legislations and the Scheme of appointed officials. The admission of destitute CSWB various welfare institutions emerged. women in protective homes is done through court These can be identified within the broader orders and are monitored and managed by state categories of: appointed officials. In case of direct or voluntary entry to the home at odd hours of the day or night, 1. Vigilance/Protective Homes the inmates are produced in the court the very 2. Rescue Shelters next. Proper record book is maintained wherein 3. Unmarried mother’s homes details of all inmate is maintained right from the 4. Short Stay Homes time of their entry till their release. It contains 5. Halfway homes records of their medical conditions verified by the National Commission for Women : government doctor, details of their belongings The National Commission for Women, 1992 was that are returned to them at the time of their set up with purpose of redressing grievances of release, behavioural attributes etc. Infants and women, monitoring the functioning of the children below the age of 7 years are allowed to institutions for women, and devising remedial stay in the protective homes with their mothers policies for securing justice to the destitute and special provisions are made for their diet and women. It caused to inspect such institutions for schooling. The accountability check mechanisms women and monitor their functioning and are elaborated in the manuals of these Protective delivery of services to the inmates therein. The Homes and include regular inspection by a issues of disadvantaged and abused women were designated inspector and members of the National Commission for Women. either assisted to find suitable employment Structure and Amenities - Structurally, the opportunities or married to suitable grooms with homes are enclosed within defined boundaries their prior consent if they are above 18years of and inmates are not allowed to go out without the age. Those inmates whose whereabouts could not formal permission of the authorities. There are be traced or could not be settled by other means of separate well- ventilated wards or dormitories rehabilitation, continue to stay for a period of and some open space for outdoor activities. three years after which they are shifted to short Rooms are provided with fans, coolers, beds and stay homes and other shelter homes until their smaller amenities like mosquito repellents, bed proper rehabilitation. sheets, pillows etc. Inmates are also provided Limitations and Concerns : certain basic necessities such as, clothes, soaps The nari niketans have been established with the and footwear. prime motive of providing shelter and care to Working of the Homes - The homes function destitute women and those under moral danger. with the support and involvement of the inmates The manuals have been accordingly designed and staff alike. The staff comprises of a accordingly to serve the goal of providing relief superintendent officer, wardens, mess workers, and protection to victimised women. However, a guards, police official and doctors. The routines survey of these homes revealed that merely by are formulated and inmates are engaged in establishing these homes and a rule book, the various activities throughout the day. The state should not assume the fulfilment of its inmates are assigned cleaning and cooking duties responsibility. There are serious operational along with other working staff on rotational basis. challenges highlighted by the inmates as well as The day starts with prayer session, yoga, staff that need to be addressed before these preparation of breakfast, followed by extra protective homes can claim to accomplish the activities (stitching, studying, handicrafts) by task of women welfare. Some of the limitations in qualified instructors. Thereafter, lunch is providing relief and care to the women inmates prepared and in the evening recreational are in terms of: activities like playing badminton, watching TV, 1. Amenities provided - The inmates and staff music and dancing etc. take place. Evening tea is expressed their concern for the limited prepared and at night inmates proceed to sleep amenities provided even for the basic after dinner. On festival days, special food is survival. The inmates had to depend on prepared and events are organised in which donations for amenities such as toothpaste, inmates also participate enthusiastically. The comb, cream, oil etc. Some women with NGOs are invited for donations, such as clothes, weak eyesight also are dependent on NGO spectacles, toothpastes, shampoos etc. Keeping donations for their spectacles. They were not in mind the sentiments of the inmates and their able to read, write or practice stitching anxieties which they suffer due to separation without them. from their families and associates, special meeting days are fixed wherein their relatives or 2. Food and Diet - Inmates complained of parents visit these homes. Women in need of starvation as they were not allowed to keep medical attention are treated by qualified doctors snacks for in-between meal time. Moreover, and admitted to government hospitals under they expressed that the quantity of food emergency conditions. served was inadequate to pacify their hunger. For the purpose of rehabilitation, the primary 3. Recreational activities - One of the most mode is reunion with their families. Families of disturbing feature has been the inefficiency inmates are searched according to the of the authorities to keep the inmates information provided by the inmates. They are engaged which further added to their required to appear before the court and confirm anxieties and restlessness in the protective their identities. The victim’s willingness to homes. The TV was non-functional and there reunite with her family is assessed during the was no music system to relax their mental court case, after which her rehabilitation is faculties. They played badminton in the concluded. In cases otherwise, the inmates are evening but only a few could participate. The rest sat depressed in corners of the home. restless and their stay in the shelter homes 4. Education and Training - The inmates were became very difficult. For most of the problems mostly illiterate and short term teaching related to provisions of amenities, repairs of TV could focus on alphabets and name writing etc., food and such other services, the staff cited which did not yield any effective outcome. paucity of funds as the central reason. There is a No special awareness programs were need to have appropriate and effective check organised through which inmates could gain mechanisms, provision of basic amenities and real benefits. Also, irregularities were quoted sensitive approach on the part of the staff towards in visits by craft instructors. Altogether, the the inmates. There is a need to remind ourselves protective homes contributed little in terms that these women inmates are not deviants, rather of educating and training women who were victims of gruesome forms of torture and so they absolutely illiterate and naïve. need to be provided proper comfort and care during their stay in these homes. There is a case 5. Medical provisions - There was no 24 hour for the safe placement back in the society rather ambulance service to meet any emergency than prolonged isolation and restriction on their during odd hours and otherwise. The right to live freely. doctor’s visit to the home was also irregular for various pretexts. References : 6. Rehabilitation - the process of rehabilitation i. The Suppression of Immoral Traffic In seemed very slow and a drag exercise. The Women And Girls Act, 1956. Act No. 104 Of families of the inmates were searched at a 1956, 30th December, 1956 very slow pace and were not counselled or ii. The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 informed about the court procedures not http://www.protectionproject.org/wp- about the necessary documents needed to content/uploads/2010/09/India_Acts_1986. produce in the court. Due to the lack of pdf proper document proofs, the inmates and iii. Kapur, Ratna and Cossman, Brenda. 1996. their families had to wait for the next court Subversive Sites: Feminist Engagements of hearing, thus, delaying their rehabilitation Law in India. New Delhi: Sage. through family reunion. iv. MacKinnon, Catherine A. 1991. Toward a 7. Investigation loopholes - It was observed Feminist Theory of the State. Harvard: that the investigation by NCW officers and Harvard University Press. the feedback of inmates was taken in the presence of the staff officials. The inmates, v. Menon, Nivedita, ed. 1999.Gender and therefore, hesitated in sharing their Politics in India. Delhi: OUP. grievances and the entire process seemed vi. Radhika, V. “Nari Niketan needs like an eye wash. Overhauling, says Panel: Findings Show Thus, it can be emphasized that what started with Norm Violations, Sub human living a benign motive has fallen short of its expected conditions, Mismanagement”. Pioneer. 12 outcome. Undoubtedly, these homes possess March. 1998 immense potential to provide relief, care and vii. Tripathi, S.C and Arora, Vibha. (2008) Law protection to the hapless victims. This can be Relating to Women and Children. Central claimed with some of the successful instances of Law Publications: Allahabad. medical treatment of victims of rape and viii. “Condemned Woman’s Hopes hand by a domestic violence, reunion of various girls with Thread”. Sunday Observer. 22-23 March. their parents after counselling of both parties, 1993. rehabilitation through marriages and suitable jobs and so on. However, the functional gaps and ix. http://planningcommission.nic.in/ half hearted attempt of the state seems to have left reports/peoreport/peo/peo_ssh.pdf the task unfinished and hampered. Lack of x. http://dcw.delhigovt.nic.in/Short%20Stay recreational activities, the long drawn process of %20Home.html court hearings and the absence of proper counselling, the inmates felt depressed and Mapping the Effectiveness of Visual Merchandising on Consumer Purchase Dr. Sapna Modi, HOD, (Retail Mgmt. & Mktg. Program), ITM Business School Mumbai Nehal Singh, Student PGDM-RMM, Debolika Hazra, PGDM-RMM ITM Business School, Mumbai ITM Business School, Mumbai Abstract : the store has all what they're looking for and the This study focus to find out how and to what excellent activity of creating other types of extent various outlets implement visual displays or dressing props is what known as merchandising, that appeals to the customers and visual merchandising. Keeping up with latest increase the footfall and lead to a potential trends and demanded fashions in the design purchase. In today’s cut throat competition, visual industry can be useful for these purposes. merchandising is playing the crucial role in Visual merchandising, is growing popular for the making a store look different from its competitor. generation who frequently visit the malls, here The survey method was followed to conduct the visual merchandising is introduced as self service study and data were collected through sampling in retail stores. There are huge changes taking techniques from identified respondents, who place in supermarket for their merchandising were selected through convenient sampling. The methods, there has been huge emphasis on the major findings in the light of the objectives of this kind of store layout, store building, fittings and project were that most of the stores need to have fixtures, equipment, colour displays as per the attractive and creative product displays, brand theme, silent communication tools, window name and logo, proper stores layout, appealing display and finally opinion building through in- visual merchandising themes to attract present store displays which has taken the art of retailing and potential customers into the store and turning to higher applications frames. them to result into sales. It is also understood that Visual merchandising is comprised of many the most important aspect of visual elements and can create uncertainty about where merchandising is to have proper lighting on to start. Luckily, the five most important elements focused products and offers and attractive display of visual merchandising are easy to implement of products as per the themes. The output of the and won’t break the bank. They are as follows: study unfolds that the most of the customers get an idea of the store from outside itself that makes • Colour is the king - Colour is powerful, and it up their mind to enter the store or not, so the visual can make or break your visual displays. A retailer merchandising should be the priority of the store could create a horrible display, but if the colours to enhance their footfall and turning them to sales. coordinate well, the display can still be a huge success. Consider using contrasting colours, like Key words : Visual Merchandising, in-store black and white, and monochromatic display, Consumer behaviour, Store layout. colours–both create intriguing, eye-catching Introduction : displays. Visual merchandising is a professional activity • Tell a story - A display may lack wording or performed which involves displaying an educational sign. That’s perfectly fine; as long merchandise and decor in a store in a way that as there’s still a story, the sign can speak for itself. reflects a positive image of the store and gets What’s in it for customers? Tell them. Use customersattention, and influence them to buy. powerful, sales-enabling signage to display the Visual merchandising starts on the outside of the advantages of buying the product. store or its exterior presentation and carries on to • Create a focal point - Where does the the interior presentation, this is the reason it is viewer’s eye focus on your display? Do their eyes rightly said that sometimes judging the book by move toward a specific location on the display, or its cover is not a mistake. It includes the ability to are they confused about where to look? Create a create window displays in creative and attractive hotspot–or focal point. Why? Because hotspots colours and patterns that make customers think can increase sales by 229 percent. • Cooperation among the different stalls - A • Amandeep Kaur (2013) has undertaken a stall look should complement the mood the whole study in Chandigarh to determine the important fair too; be it a colour scheme or some material factors of visual merchandising which influence used should also be incorporated in the stall. consumer’s buying behaviour and in-store • Use empty space wisely - There’s a space in promotion activities. Questionnaires regarding all retail stores that is the most underutilized. It’s visual merchandising were filled by the the section between the displayed merchandise customers visiting the retail stores present at and the ceiling. If this space in your store is different locations in Chandigarh. Various visual empty, you need to start using it. This space can merchandising techniques like graphics and be used for many different things, like signage signage, fixtures, props, lighting, and space providing information about products or brands. management were considered and study their impact on the buying of the customers. The study • Out of the box thinking - With so many stalls also tried to explain the relationship between around, it sometimes focusses some stock value impulse buying and visual merchandising. to grab the attention of the buyers. Innovative Through research we will be able to see that ideas in displaying the mannequins, swatches etc. whether visual merchandising can attract more can invite many more people to the stall. customers, increase the traffic in the store, which Literature Review : ultimately would, increases the sales figures. • Levy & Weitz, 2012 in their study said that • Mauger (1964) in his study explained smooth customer flow influence customer lighting creates an effective atmosphere that purchase decision. Factors which influence makes products more appealing and influence customer purchase decision include well customers to shop more. designed retail store layout with optimal store • Colborne (1996) in his further illustrated space for customers to walk-in. retail lighting is an important factor for apparel • Dawes (2008) specified the importance of businesses. He said that lighting creates an Visual Merchandising and fundamental atmosphere which attracts customers towards principles that need to be applied thus leaving an stores to make them purchase. With proper and impact on customer’s mind and perception. With effective lightening, customers can match up more and more companies using tools to grab their items & visualize how merchandise will customer’s attention, the window display look after the purchase. industry is now a big business. This article • Bell & Ternus (2012) in their study discusses upon on how there is no better way of supported the theories given by earlier scholars grabbing someone’s attention than the first and added lighting can enhance the retail space instance, and a well-dressed window just does and increase the value of product in customer’s that. The research states that whatever display mind. The marginal benefits of the products were idea is apt and whatever way is to go, window enhanced. displays portray your brand and business, and they attract customs and promote products. • Yalch and Spangenberg (2000) in their study Window displays are selling devices that should said that music has significant effect on retail not be ignored. setting on shopping time. Music plays deep impact on time, exploration, communication, and • Storms (2006) explores the role of interior satisfaction in retail setting. decoration to add flavour to visual merchandising. The research shows that even the • Sen, Block, and Chandran (2002) in their first glance is also crucial in helping with research advocated that window displays has an decisions regarding the purchasing habits, since influence on store entry & purchase decisions. the eye is the link that connects the mind and the Window display creates an awareness of heart to the external world According to him, the merchandise type for the entry on the other hand main aim of interior decoration is to retain the it shows how the merchandise is to be presented customer longer in the place, and buy more than in window displays which would influence he has ever intended and return as a satisfied buying decision. customer. It helps the vendors display their latest Objective : and quality ware with flair. • To analyse the effect of visual merchandising on purchasing behaviour of the Frequency to visit mall : customers. Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative • To elaborate on various elements of visual Percent Percent Valid yes 59 89.4 90.8 90.8 merchandise that effect the customer’s purchase. no 6 9.1 9.2 100.0 Research Methodology : Total 65 98.5 100.0 The main purpose of the research is the Missing System 1 1.5 description of the state of affairs as it exists in Total 66 100.0 present. So, the method of research used is The above displayed data shows that 90.8% of descriptive study, generally survey method for our sample size says that they very frequently collecting information related to the visit malls where as 9.2% of population says that demographic and behavioural variables of the they do not frequently visit malls. This shows that respondents. The demographic factors such as customer in today’s world visit malls frequently. age, gender was studied. The research also included other descriptive information such as Income : the how visual merchandising and in store display Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative attracts the customers and thus turning them into Percent Percent a potential buyer. The survey was conducted Valid 1 lakh - 3 lakhs 4 6.1 30.8 30.8 3 lakh - 6 lakh 2 3.0 15.4 46.2 through questionnaires which included 8 highly 6 lakhs - 9 lakhs 4 6.1 30.8 76.9 structured and close-ended and multiple choice 9 lakhs - 12 lakhs 3 4.5 23.1 100.0 questions and scaled respondents. Total 13 19.7 100.0 The sampling technique used isconvenient Missing System 53 80.3 sampling which is a part of non-probability Total 66 100.0 sampling. The technique was chosen as This data shows that only 19.7% of the total convenient and saves time. Respondents who population has shared their income and the rest were easily available for survey were selected. 80.3% has displayed that they do not have their The sample size included respondents of various own income. Out of that 19.7%, 6.1% of the age groups. The sample size for customers was population has income between 1 lakh - 3 lakhs, chosen to be 65 questionnaires. This was and 3% of the population has their income considered sufficient to analyse and interpret the between 3 lakhs – 6 lakhs, 6.1% of the population data easily. After scrutiny of field data, the has their income between 6 lakhs – 9 lakhs, the processing was done in SPSS 23. The entire multi rest of 4.5% has their income between 9lakhs – 12 choice options were pre-coded before being lakhs. entered the computer. Gender :

Age : Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative Percent Percent Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative Percent Percent Valid Male 38 57.6 58.5 58.5 Female 27 40.9 41.5 100.0 Valid 20-25 52 78.8 80.0 80.0 26-30 5 7.6 7.7 87.7 Total 65 98.5 100.0 31-35 1 1.5 1.5 89.2 35 and above 7 10.6 10.8 100.0 Missing System 1 1.5 Total 65 98.5 100.0 Total 66 100.0 Missing System 1 1.5 This data shows that the sample population Total 66 100.0 consisted of more males, i.e. 58.5% and the rest Data Analysis and Interpretation : were the females i.e. 41.5%. This shows that through convenience sampling it was easy to This frequency shows that the sample population interact with male in comparison to female. They has the 80% of people between the age of 20-25 mostly feel free to share their perception years and 7.7% of population between the age of regarding 26-30 years and only 1.5% of people belong to the age group of 31-35 and 10.8% of population is above the age of 35. Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative Rate arrangement of product presentation : Percent Percent Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative Valid Store exterior 7 10.6 10.8 10.8 Percent Percent graphic and Valid good 40 60.6 61.5 61.5 signage average 23 34.8 35.4 96.9 Window display 14 21.2 21.5 32.3 poor 2 3.0 3.1 100.0 setting Total 65 98.5 100.0 Brand name 29 43.9 44.6 76.9 Missing System 1 1.5 and logo Total 66 100.0 Promotional 15 22.7 23.1 100.0 offering at the entrance (sales The above-mentioned data shows that 60.6% of /discount) the sample population says that they have a Total 65 98.5 100.0 positive feedback towards that the arrangement is rated as good, and 34.8% gave review that the Missing System 1 1.5 arrangement is average in the malls, and 3% of Total 66 100.0 the population says that they experience a poor The most influencing feature that drive to footfall arrangement of product presentation. is the brand name and logo which has been approved by 44.6% and the second influencing is Price display in the shelf : the promotional offer at entrance by 22.7% of the Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative Percent Percent sample population, the third most influencing feature is window display setting by 14% and the Valid Yes 48 72.7 73.8 73.8 No 16 24.2 24.6 98.5 last is the exterior graphic and signage by 7% of Sometimes 1 1.5 1.5 100.0 the sample population. Total 65 98.5 100.0 Noticed feature inside store display : Missing System 1 1.5 Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative Total 66 100.0 Percent Percent This data reflects that 48% of the sample Valid Music and 15 22.7 23.1 23.1 lighting population says yes to the proper display of price Mannequins 8 12.1 12.3 35.4 on shelf, where as 16% of the sample population standing bold graphics 4 6.1 6.2 41.5 says no to proper display of the price on the shelf creative product 38 57.6 58.5 100.0 and only 1.5%of the sample population says that display they have a neutral experience of the proper Total 65 98.5 100.0 display of price on the shelf. Missing System 1 1.5 Easy to Evaluate with Display in Mall : Total 66 100.0

Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative This data shows that most noticed feature inside Percent Percent the store is creative product display rated by Valid Yes 60 90.9 92.3 92.3 57.6%of the sample population. Whereas music No 4 6.1 6.2 98.5 Sometimes 1 1.5 1.5 100.0 and lighting is graded the second most noticed feature by 22.7% of the sample population. Then Total 65 98.5 100.0 the next most noticed feature is the mannequins Missing System 1 1.5 standing by 12.1% of the sample population and Total 66 100.0 the least noticed is bold graphic which is noticed This data shows that the purpose of visual by only 6.1% of the sample population. merchandising makes it easy to display the Exterior store signage and graphics compel to products in the store, and feasible for the most of enter a store : the customer to make purchase. 60% of the Frequency Percent Valid Cumulative sample population says yes to the importance of Percent Percent visual merchandising in the store and only 6.1% Valid strongly agree 7 10.6 10.8 10.8 agree 37 56.1 56.9 67.7 says no to the feasibility of the visual neutral 20 30.3 30.8 98.5 merchandising, and only 1.5% says sometimes to disagree 1 1.5 1.5 100.0 the question asked. Total 65 98.5 100.0 Missing System 1 1.5 Influencing Feature Driving to Footfall : Total 66 100.0 This data states that the 56.1% of the sample store and thus make it appealing to the customers, population states that the agree to the fact that the most influencing feature is the light and exterior store signage and graphics compel them appearance of the store. to enter the store, whereas 30.3% of the sample We wanted to study how the store design and population is neutral to the fact, and 10.6% of the outlook impacts customer behaviour and how sample population strongly agree to the fact and retailers incorporate these factors and mold it just 1.5% of the sample population disagrees to according to the preferences of the consumers. the fact. We also wanted to investigate preferences of Findings : customers and wanted to find out how they rank visual appeal amongst other factors like brand • From the analysis, more than 80% of the name, offers and discounts and accessibility. We sample respondents expressed that, the also wanted to investigate what ambience positive appeal of the store was excellent and creating factor was most preferred. that augmented their buying decision. In this modern world, visual merchandising is a • It was observed that majority of respondents valuable tool for retailers to increase sales. Visual (80%) belong to young age group category merchandising helps retailers to understand the and therefore the demographical profile of brand, their customers, their product range and the respondents is matching with the how to segment it and present it to the best countries median age with highest advantage to drive sales from the customers. purchasing power. Visual merchandising is the coordination of all • In general majority of the respondents have types of physical elements in a place of business expressed that they were part of impulsive that are used to project the right image to its buying and the main attributes of impulsive customers. buying were attractive mannequin display, Visual merchandising not only encourages price tags, visual merchandising themes purchasing but also makes the customer feel good during the festival seasons and special days about where he or she is doing business. Visual like Independence Day, Republic Day, and merchandising also creates good vision about Valentin’s Day etc. organization. A good image surely sets a business • About 60% of respondents said that mild apart from competition. music, lighting, and appearance enhances In customer, driven marketing it is very their buying decision and the visual imperative to increase sales through some merchandising with related accessories had innovative sales promotion technique. Visual increased the probability of turning them to merchandising serves this purpose. Visual potential customer. merchandising uses the phrase First impression is • Visually appealing stores and outlets did the best impression. Repeated visits by customers help respondents to create an image of the happen only when their first purchase is a brand in the minds of the customers. memorable one. Visual merchandising is a • Among the various features of a store that communication tool which converts shoppers help to convert window shoppers into real into customers and generates impulse sales. customers although visual appeal achieved Store window displays can be a great way to draw the highest ranking, the other factors were people into the store, because they give them a not far behind in ranking therefore it is look at some of the items they can expect to see concluded that an optimum combination of inside. They are also a great way to highlight all the listed factor are important to ensure certain types of merchandise. customer delight. Limitation : Conclusion and Suggestion : This study is done in Mumbai and sample size is This report makes us conclude that the Indian only 65 in number. Also other attributes of store customers can be influenced by the store visual layout can be studied. merchandiser who decides how to design us a Bibliography : i. Amandeep Kaur (2013), Effect of Visual Merchandising on Buying Behaviour of Customers in Chandigarh, International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology, Volume 2, Issue 3, 2013, ISSN: 2319-5967 ii. Derry Law, Christina Wong & Joanne Yip (2012), How does visual merchandising affect consumer affective response? An intimate apparel experience, European Journal of Marketing Vol. 46 No. 1/2, 2012 pp. 112-133, iii. Shona Kerfoot, Barry Davies, Philippa Ward, (2003) "Visual merchandising and the creation of discernible retail brands", International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Vol. 31 Iss: 3, pp.143 – 152 iv. Vinamra Jain, Ashok Sharma & Pradeep Narwal (2012), International Journal of Research in management, Issue 2, Vol. 5, 2012, ISSN 2249-5908 The Problem of Historical Writing - A Cognitive Study Dr. (Ms.) Harmeet Sethi, HOD (History), P.G. Govt. College for Girls, Chandigarh Abstract : Introduction The historical writing has well illustrated the The English word ‘history’ is derived from the outlook, prejudices and preferences of each Greek word ‘Istoria’ meaning inquiry, research, period and generation during the past two explanation, or information. In a brood sense, centuries. The spectrum of historical writing history is a systematic account of the origin and since then has been quite complex. We may find development of humankind, a record of the noticeable reaction against the dominance of unique events and movements in its life. As natural sciences and their influence on historical regards historiography, it means the art of writing thinking. Oakeshott, Collingwood, croce etc. history of historical writings. It includes the Advocate that history is a branch of knowledge evolution of the ideas and techniques associated which is different from natural sciences and is, with the writing of history, and the changing therefore, not liable to scientific technique of attitudes towards the nature of history itself.1 inquiry, whereas E.H. Carr, C.Hampel etc. G. R. Elton2 opines that it was only in the emphasize that history is a sb-division of science civilization which looks back to the Jews and and is amenable of being transformed into a Greeks was history ever a main concern, a teacher science. Both doctrines are unacceptable to for the future, a basis of religion, an aid in lessen complication and confusion. explaining the existence and purpose of man. And History is an independent field of knowledge. It even there, its present day standing is of quite deals with events of gone by days and, therefore, recent origin. A disciplined and scientific study of cannot be understood as we understand the 19th century. In fact, the subject which makes an current events. It does not deal with the conduct imaginative reconstruction of the past from the of ‘matter’ but with the feelings, emotions and data collected by historical methods is called actions of human beings besides problem of historiography. terminology and language of communication etc. Undoubtedly the historical writing has well convinces that the reliability of historical illustrated the outlook, prejudices and knowledge is questionable. History thrives on preferences of each period and generation during generalization and its process requires the careful the past two centuries. In fact, the spectrum of judgement and power of synthesis in addition to historical thinking since 19th century has been logical references and deductions. There is quite complex as well as interesting, History has serious problem of authenticity and also now been rightly considered and discussed by credibility both external as well as internal. The educationists, philosophers and historians as a problem of authenticity of documents arise more human discipline. The advancement in natural in case of manuscripts than the printing and social sciences has considerably enriched documents. Printed documents are already historical thinking. Most of the present thinking authenticated by the editor. For genuineness a about the ‘nature’ of history emerges from historian has to resort to many tests i.e. Hegel’s lectures on the ‘philosophy of history’. authorship, date of documents, textual, accuracy, These lectures were a combination and truly assignment of proper meaning. Another problem speaking a synthesis of thoughts of Kant, Fichte is that of relative emphasis and importance on and Herder. Hegel opines that the philosophy of various issues, events etc. Since the styles and history is the history of philosophy. In that way, methods of expression also differ from historian this sums up the whole of metaphysical view of to historian, there arises another problem of scope life which sought a unity between history and of variety in historical writing. logic. Key Words : History, Historical Writings, Hegel did not believe in the collection of data Accuracy, Emphasis alone but its full scientific analysis i.e. how and why this has happened. He stresses that philosophical history is, in true sense, a universal the current events; Secondly, historical events history because this discipline proves clearly a contain, in themselves, complexity and richness continuous development and progress towards which are to be lessened; Thirdly, it does not deal self realization. To him, all history is the history with the conduct of ‘matter’ but with the feelings, of thought. He asserts that history is the logic and emotions and actions of human being. The it must end with the present. Karl Marx’s reliability of historical knowledge, unlike scientific materialism reacted strongly to Hegel’s scientific knowledge, is questionable. Different metaphysical-logical view of history. Marx did techniques and observatories are applied by the agree that historical process was one of gradual scientists and historians. The conceptual element progress but stressed his theory on the grounds of in the study of historical facts makes it an evidence concrete and empirical. In the last independent and autonomous discipline. In any quarter of 19th century, we find noticeable case, all history is, after all, history of thought. reaction against the dominance of natural History is not science or has that close affinity sciences and their influence on historical with science is further clear when we come to thinking. Wilhelm successfully tried to make a simple ‘generalization’. We cannot put historical distinction between scientific thinking and facts into various ‘compartments’ of a scientific historical thinking for the chief reason that both system due to their obvious complexity, have clear affinity with ethical thought. It is, vagueness, ambiguity, richness and vast variety. therefore, clear that history is a branch of morals This further generates the problem of and is further defined as ‘self-knowledge of terminology and language of communications human mind’ which implies that history is the say ‘the concept, terms, and entire vocabulary’. history of thought and entire history is The historians is not concerned with the contemporary history. formulation of hypotheses and predictions. Unlike a scientists, he is unconcerned about As regards the nature of historical knowledge, it abstraction and extensive universalization. The is basically an epistemological problem. sphere of ‘human activity’ is very much different Obviously one wants to know what is the subject from that of ‘nature’ with complete difference of matter of this discipline and whether it is language of history and language of natural knowable or unknowable and the method to be sciences. In short, ‘historical generalizations’ adopted in this regard, limitation of serve as guide to understandings, things and historiography, whether history belongs to the happenings since historian’s main objective is to category of scientific knowledge and the chief state impartially what happened in a particular aim and assignment of the historian: are some of situation while a scientist throws away irrelevant the fundamental questions which airse thereof. knowledge and forms hypotheses is exactness The two salient philosophical speculations draw and accuracy. our attention in this regard. Eminent philosophers such as Professor Oakeshott, Collingwood, And, now, an historian comes to the problem of Croce etc. advocate that history is a branch of generalizations where we have to be very clear knowledge which is different from natural whether or not generalization is necessary and sciences and is, therefore, not liable to scientific useful in history? If so, what is the process of technique of inquiry. It is quite a different form of generalization and what techniques are employed knowledge. On the other hand, E.H. Carr, C. therein in addition to the explanation of various Hampel etc. emphasize that history is, in a way, a forms and categories of generalization? Writers sub-division of science and is amenable of being of history do use generalization knowingly or transformed into a science. As an impartial unknowingly. These are indeed always subject to observer, I understand that none of these two examination and inquiry. Like connective tissues, doctrines is to be treated and considered as final these are possible only if the historian, in the first and accepted as that would lead to complication. instance, clearly establishes a reliable and valid similarity between events at different times and at The idea that history is an independent field of different places. Also the difficulties of logic, knowledge is based on various factors. Firstly, literary style etc., are always present in history deals with events of the gone by days and, generalization. The capacity of authors of history therefore, cannot be understood as we understand to generalize is further dependant upon his knowledge of his relationship to the work, under assignment, when he uses generalizations, is to preparation, and his life experience including have full reliability, exactness and accuracy. social, political, religious values etc. The While going through the standard works of equipment, skill and the scholarship of the author history, we find quite a number of categories of also play no insignificant role. generalizations. For instance, ‘the labelling generalizations’ which normally include terms It is wrong that generalization is foreign to such as trade, slavery, dictatorship, peasantry etc. history. In fact, history thrives on generalization. and also ‘classification by ages/periods’ which As Elton 3 neatly puts it in a volume of the new are comparative generalizations such as classical, Cambridge Modern History, ‘what distinguishes medieval, modern, renaissance etc. There are from the collector of historical facts is many practical difficulties in this periodisation generalization’, he might have added that the and its general use is justifiable for reasons of same thing distinguishes the natural scientist pedagogy. from the naturalist or collector of specimens. But do not suppose that generalization permits us to There is another problem of historical construct some vast scheme of history into which ‘explanation’. During the past nearly five specific events must be fitted. 4 Karl Marx is one decades, philosophers have been concentrating of those who is often accused of constructing, or upon the idea of historical explanation. Their believing in such a scheme. Even striking similar, efforts have taken the shape both of rendering an but occuring in a different historical milieu, lead account and interpretation of the ways in which to completely different results. By studying each authors of history actually record explanation of of these evolutions separately and then events and of further suggesting guidelines which comparing them, it is easy to find the key to these philosophers, on the basis of reason, logic understanding by using the passé-partout of some and methodological character, think it should historical-philosophical theory whose great represent the framework of historian’s virtue is to stand above history.5 explanation. Broadly speaking, the process of At this stage, the difficulty of the relation of generalization requires the useful judgement and history with other subjects emerges itself and we power of synthesis in addition to logical witness a comparison of the ‘form and function of references and deductions. On the whole, these explanation’ in history and natural sciences. Earl professional historians belong to as many as half Hempel and Karl Popper, during recent a dozen groups of generalizers. Firstly, the ‘group philosophical inquiry have tried to show that in of strictly limited’ that make generalizations but the final analysis there is not much difference within a certain limit; Secondly, ‘the group of the between the type of explanation offered by unique’ that make generalization quite historians and those characteristics of other forms unknowingly; Thirdly. ‘the group of the of human inquiry. In his writing, ‘the function of philosophers of history’ that offer philosophical general laws in History,’ Carl Hempel has argued ‘explanation and interpretation’ speaking about strongly and successfully that any ‘interpretative the universal understanding of the group of historical explanation’ does pre-suppose the human events of the past, present and future; existence of universal hypotheses or general rule Fourthly, ‘the group of basic trends’ that upon which it is based exactly in a manner consciously go out of the area of study, under analogous to natural sciences, in which reference, with a view to illustrating its explanations are claimed to be based on general relationship to past, present and subsequent rule. The same rule applies to explanation in events; Fifthly, ‘the group of basic comparisons’ history as to explanation in any other branch of that go far from the study, in question, engaged in ‘empirical inquiry’. Historian’s explanation aims making analogies and drawing parallels; Lastly, at illustrating that ‘even’ is not a matter of chance ‘the group that has justness and soundness for but was expected due to certain antecedents and affirmation and control’ that make propositions simultaneous conditions. Obviously this about past trends in such an abstract manner that explanation is a logical anticipation which is they can be extrapolated by events in the coming based on the assumption of general laws. periods/times in brief, the historian’s main We find frequent use of the words ‘therefore, hence, naturally, consequently’ etc. which very interpretation is quite interesting stating the often reveal the implied pre-suppositions of some presence of ‘God Himself’ in history. They stress general laws. These words are used to ‘link’ the that Christianity is a historical religion and our initial situation with the subsequent events history is the gradual process of God’s plan for explained. A particular event is always expected the redemption of mankind. Hegel 6 is more clear as a result or consequence of the given condition in advocating that history is a cosmic drama follow only if proper and suitable general laws revealing the march of ‘Reason’ towards are pre-supposed. At the same time, Hempel Freedom. He had substituted ‘Absolute Spirit’ for admits that although it is not always possible to God. Comte’s positivistic explanation and make certain explanation in history on the interpretation tries to explain the stages in human grounds of general deterministic laws, yet it is history as steps in the growth of reason. To Marx, possible to illustrate them as based on it is neither God nor Absolute Spirit but it is only assumptions of probability hypothesis. Professor ‘Economic factor’ that motivates history and is Hempel rightly adds that the explanation of a the only factor working in historical process. On phenomenon consists in subsuming in under the whole, the political, social and intellectual life general empirical laws in history as in all other is conditioned by production of materials goods empirical sciences. The test and criteria of its which ultimately conditions all historical justness and validity are not the appeals to development of and progress. 7 imagination but empirically well confirmed In elevating the regional polities of India to assumptions concerning the basic or initial the status of nationalities, English romantic conditions of general laws. The historian, unlike historians quite ignorantly gave birth to national the natural scientist, offers just an ‘explanation- historians. Frankly speaking, the Nationalist sketch,’ which always need further empirical historians were not that concerned with the research and suggesting the direction the research regional culture. In fact, they were interested in must follow. It is very clear that Hempel’s the unity of the sub-continent as a whole. This concept, under reference, has been subjected to statement is clear from Savarkar’s ‘In the Indian strong criticism from various quarters, Scriven War of Independence’ and R.K. Mukherjee’s and Donagan being active critics. ‘The fundamental unity of India.’ It will not be The different supporters of views on out of point that the effects of Marx’s theory on ‘interpretation of history’ with sharp difference in historical writing is not very old so far as Modern their views, may easily be classified into two Indian History is concerned. We find a clear main groups i.e. ‘The naturalistic group’, and the change in stress from religious, political and ‘non-naturalistic group’ and four schools of cultural subject/theme towards problems of thought i.e. ‘The Marxist, The Positivist, and The economic production and social set up. The shift Theological and The Metaphysical’ being led by is evident from R. Palme Dutt’s ‘India Today,’ Karl Marx, Comte, St, Augustine and Hegel A.R. Desai’s ‘Background of Indian respectively. Although they have unpatchable Nationalism’. differences of opinion, yet they do have some There is yet another serious issue of the identical interest and beliefs. For instance, they problem 8 of authenticity i.e. both external as well agree that there is a certain pre-destined end to as internal. The problem of authenticity of history. All have faith in progress and employ a documents arise more in case of manuscript than vocabulary. They all clearly personify certain the printed documents. 9 This is so because the concepts such as civilization, culture, nation etc., printed documents have already been as effective units of social history. They also authenticated by the editor. In order to determine share the belief in the existence of inexorable whether particular document is genuine or forged laws and in the inevitability of historical events. one, a historian has to resort to so many tests i.e. While the naturalistic group seeks to explain authorship, date of document, textual, accuracy, historical events and happenings in terms assignment of proper meaning etc. Similarly borrowed from the natural sciences, the non- some historians think that all that cannot be naturalistic groups deny the application of proved must be temporarily regarded as doubtful techniques of natural sciences to historical for two reasons i.e. the competency of the author explanation. The Christian explanation/ which prevents him from knowing the facts, and truthfulness of the author which prevents him from telling the truth even when he knows it. Finally another problem which a historian has to face is that of a relative ‘emphasis’ on various events, issues etc. Furthermore as the styles and methods of expression differ from historian to historian, there is scope of variety in historical writing. This difference in ‘emphasis’ by various historians obviously leads to the production of variety of history. 10 References : i. E. Sreedharan, A Textbook of Historiography, Orient Blackswan, New Delhi, Reprint 2016, pp.1-2. ii. G.R. Elton, The Practice of History, Collins, 1970, p.12. iii. G.R. Elton, New Cambridge Modern History, ii (1958), p.20. iv. E.H. Carr, What is History, Macmillan, Penguine, London, 1984, pp.64-65. v. Marx and Engel, Works (Russian ed.) xv, p.378. vi. R.G. Collingwood, The idea of History, Oxford University Press, 3rd impression, Delhi, 1989, p.122. vii. Op. Cit. pp. 123-24. viii. E. Sreedharan, Op. Cit. p.3. ix. Homer Carey Hockett, The critical method of Historical Research and Writing, p.14. x. R.K. Majumdar & A.N. Sirivastava, Historiography, S.B.D. Enterprises, Delhi, 1986, p.76. The Impact of Microfinance : A Study of Self-Help Groups in Bawani Khera (Haryana) Silender Kumar, Asst. Prof., Post Graduate Government College for Girls, Chandigarh Abstract : N o n - G o v e r n m e n t a l O r g a n i s a t i o n s (NGOs),Community Resource Persons(CRPs), Self-Help Groups are playing very important social workers, health workers, village level role in poverty eradication in rural India. Self- workers, informal associations of local people, Help Groups role is not only confined within the Government Departments, banks, farmers’ club monetary dealing among the women alone. It has and other development institutions would help got a wider impact. It imbibes the community the poor to form self-help groups. As observed feeling among the individuals and performs by A.A.Raheem and M.A.Jamal(2007),75 per some social activities. Generally, Self-Help cent of self-help groups have been formed by Groups focuses on the over- all development of NGOs and they are continuously supported by the women. They take part in variety of NGOs. These SHGs formed by NGOs are not programmes like providing education to the only for access to bank loans but also to achieve women, making them aware of the hygiene and other development goals through joint actions other women-related subjects and various other like education, health, family planning, access to women development programmes. Thus, Self- land and water, forming a social movement of Help Groups helps the women in every aspects of women etc. And similarly, some community their life. based organizations like farmers’ club, local Keywords : Microfinance, Self-Help Groups, bodies and field level workers of government Women Empowerment agencies also formed the self-help groups as a Introduction : strategy to fight poverty in India. In India, Over 90 per cent of SHGs are being promoted by Self-Help Groups formation is a social development agencies and NGOs. mobilization process which enables the poor to build their own organization in which they Literature Review : participate freely, fully and directly and take Narasimha (1999) in her study on empowering decision on all issues concerning poverty rural women focused that womens’ development eradication, employment creation and income through Self-Help Groups received priority for generation. the first time during the sixth plan period. The A Self-Help Group is a small voluntary emphasis, however, continue to be on the association of 10 -20 poor people from the same economic front through programme such as socio-economic background who come together Integrated Rural Development Programme for the purpose of addressing their common (IRDP),Development of Women and Children in socio-economic problems through self- help and Rural Areas (DWACRA), Training of Rural mutual- help. They collect small savings on Youth for Self- Employment (TRYSEM) and regular basis. Out of the pooled money, small others. It was conceded that none of these interest bearing loans are given to the members projects has delivered the expected results in the and some amount is deposited with a bank form of overall betterment of womens’ status in regularly. The bank lends money for economic Schedule Caste and Scheduled Tribes activities of the group without collateral security communities. The reasons are lack of and at market rates. identification with the spirit of projects among the officials entrusted with the implementation Self-Help Groups are an ideal alternative. They procedural bases and most important failure to are a vehicle for ‘very poor people’ to build up involve the beneficiary population as some savings. Through mutual support, they can participants. provide members with small loans for business purpose or in times of financial stress (ILO Rao(2002) on hisstudy “ Women Self-Help 2006). Groups(SHGs) and Microfinance Scheme” he has pointed out that microfinance provide credit says its focus is on the people led and people- access to poor with no collateral obligation. It centric organizations. It will follow demand encourages savings and promotes income driven approach for release of funds on receipt of generating activities,loans and provided at the state level action plans. About one crore rural market driven rates of interest and poor pressure youths will be covered. The question is that such is used in repayment. Micrifinance is carried out ambitious targets can be achieved only with the through Self-Help Groups where poor come active support and cooperation of Gram Sabha. together in the range of 10-20 by weekly, The village, block level and zila Pnchayats can fortnightly and monthly meeting through their deal with operations but understanding at Gram saving and loans. . Sabha level must prevail. This redesigned programme further seeks to improve livelihood Vatta (2003) on his study “ Microfinance and options by strengthening Self-Help Groups is Poverty Alleviation” has pointed that the going to make a fundamental difference. The microfinance involves financing for Self-Help rural livelihoods have got so much prominence Groups which are small, informal and for the first time in the post- independence era. homogeneous groups, of the not more than 20 Now there is an integrated approach to rural members. The members have poor risk taking livelihoods. The concept of inclusive growth is ability, no collateral to other and have limited in sharp focus. The promotion of rural enterprise earning opportunities. The working fund grown through Self-Help Groups, individual and with time and group can also approach financial community based livelihoods initiatives for institution for credit. The group keeps taking strengthening rural economy is a welcome step. decisions as in the past but with more resources. Objectives of the Study : Shylenda (2004) made an attempt to critically assess the Self-Help Groups Bank Linkage 1. To study the role of Self-Help Groups in programme focusing on its approach and the B a w a n i K h e r a B l o c k , D i s t r i c t strategy and arrive at possible ways to take it Bhiwani(Haryana) forward. He concluded that the key to success 2. To compare the income and savings of the lies in retaining the basic character and strength members of Self-Help Groups before and of Self-Help Groups along with integrating them after joining the organization. appropriately with outside systems to meet the needs of the members in an endearing way. Research Methodology : Lalrinliana and Kanagari (2006) analysed that The present study is empirical in character based Self-Help Groups are emerging as major agents on the survey method.This has been conducted of development and empowerment of weaker in Bawani Khrea block of Bhiwani district of sections in the third world. In India since the Haryana. Primary Data is collected from the 50 beginning of the Ninth Five Year Plan, most of respondents through Questionnaire and the data the development programmes are channeled collected is presented in the form of tables. through Self-Help Groups. In all the parts of the Secondary data is collected through books country, Self- Help Groups are organized by journals and magazines. governmental and non-governmental Limitations of the Study : organizations. The government, banks and non- governmental organizations facilitate them by 1. The survey is confined to Bawani Khera providing revolving fund, organizational base Block in District Bhiwani (Haryana) and training. It is worthwhile to call Self-Help 2. The sample size is limited to 50. Groups a mass movement on a national scale for development and empowerment of the poor and 3. The target group are members of Self-Help down trodden in the country. Groups. Somkuwar (2011) mentioned that the National 4. Research was restricted to a limited time Rural Livelihood Mission promises to address period (February 2017-April 2017). the needs of 6.5 crore rural people households Framework of Analysis : and proposes to bring substantial changes in the lives of the rural poor. As the mission document The performance of the sample Self-Help Groups has been analysed with the help of 2. 70 per cent of members feel extremely good socio-economic indicators. The responses of the after joining Self-Help Groups followed by members of the sample Self-Help Groups have 20 per cent and 10 per cent of members feel been quantified by percentage method. good and normal respectively. Table- 1: Change in Income 3. 64 per cent of women sources of monthly After Joining Respondents Percentage savings from husband’s income followed by 20 per cent from father’s income. Change in Income 35 70 Suggestions : No change in Income 15 30 Total 50 100 1. As the Self-Help Groups are playing a crucial role in poverty alleviation, in this Source : Field Survey regard, the centre and state governments The Table -1 depicts that 70 per cent respondents may consider giving preference to says that there is change in their income after undiscovered areas for promoting the having enter in the group and there is no change SHGs. in the income of the remaining 30 per cent 2. It is suggested that the banks should visit respondents. Self- Help Groups and grade them based on Table - 2 : Opinion on Standard of Living after their performance. Joining SHGs 3. The size of loan amount should be increased After Joining Respondents Percentage to the extent that SHGs members can take up Extremely Good 35 70 an income generating activity. Good 10 20 Normal 5 10 4. The procedure of the banks in sanctioning Poor 0 0 credit to Self-Help Groups should be simple Total 50 100 and quick. Source: Field Survey 5. Marketing facilities for the sale of products of Self-Help Groups may be created. Table - 2 indicates that 70 per cent of members feel extremely good after joining SHGs followed 6. Meetings and seminars may be organised by 20 per cent and 10 per cent of members feel where the members will get a chance to good and normal respectively. exchange their views and be able to develop their group strength by interactions. Table - 3 : Source of Monthly Savings among Respondents 7. A c t i v e i n t e r v e n t i o n b y d i s t r i c t administration, professional bodies and Sources No.of Respondents Percentage voluntary organizations is pre- condition for Husband’s Income 32 64 the successful conception of micro Father’s Income 10 20 Self Earnings 8 16 enterprises in terms of skill training, designing products, providing new Total 50 100 technology and access to market. Source : Field Survey 8. Federations and Joint Liability Groups The perusal of Table-3 indicates that 64 per cent (JLGs) of Self-Help Groups functioning of women sources of monthly savings from needs to be promote. husband’s income followed by 20 per cent from father’s income. 9. It is suggested that the Self-Help Groups concept for men is not adopted in the study Findings of the Study : area. If this has been implemented, the youth 1. 70 per cent respondents says that there was especially unemployed can be benefitted change in their income after having enter in and they can also involve themselves in the the group and there was no change in the process of poverty eradication. income of the remaining 30 per cent respondents. Conclusions : Livelihoods - The Gram Sabha Approach”, Kurukshetra, Vol.59, No.7, 2011, pp.39-41 The analysis made in this study with the help of primary data has brought out many salient ix. Kanmony, J. Cyril, “Livelihood for the features about the changes in the social and Marginalized”, Yojana, Vol.54, 2010, economic aspects of the sample respondents who pp.54-56 are the members in Self- Help Groups. It is clear x. Gangaiah, C. et.al. “Impact of Self-Help that the Self-Help Groups plays a pivotal role in Groups on Income and Employment: A Case enhancing the both social and economic lives of Study”, Kurukshetra,Vol.54, No.5, 2006, the members, bring them more respect both pp.18-23 domestically and socially. The sample respondents who were either unemployed or engaged in petty activities during their pre- member period, have become very active by becoming full employed in varied activities and thereby earning more. The greater percentage of women were impacted positively by being members of Self-Help Groups. Women’s participation in Self-Help Groups enabled them to discover inner strength, gain self confidence, social, economical, political and psychological empowerment and capacity building. References : i. “Guidelines on the Formation of Self-Help Groups for Families of Working Children”,ILO,Cambodia,2006,p.3 ii. Raheem,A.A., and Jamal,M.A., “India: Economic Empowerment of Women”,(ed.) Ganesamurthy, V.S., New Century Publications, New Delhi, 2007, p.1 iii. Narasimhan,Sakuntala, “ Empowering Rural Women: An Alternative Strategy for Rural India” Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1999, pp. 8-9 iv. Rao,V.M., “Women Self-HelpGroups and Microfinance Schemes”, Kurukshetra, Vol.50, No. 6, 2002, pp.26-32 v. Vatta,Kamal, “ Microfinance and Poverty Alleviation”,Economic and Political Weekly,Vol.38,No. 5,2003,p.23 vi. Shylenda,H.S., “ The Self-Help Groups- Bank Linkage Programme: An Assessment and Future Strategies”, Journal of Rural Development,Vol.23(4),2004,pp.411-433 vii. Lalrinliana, Joseph and Kanagari, Easwaran, “Self-Help Groups and Tribal D e v e l o p m e n t i n M i z o r a m ” , Kurukshetra,Vol. 54, No.3, 2006, pp.37-48 viii. Somkuwar,Awanish, “ Improving Rural Emotional Maturity in Adolescents as Related with Parental and Institutional Care Nidhi Ramani, Research Scholar, Preeti Mathur, Professor, (Psychology), Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur Abstract : expressions may begin earlier and end later. For In the present circumstances, youth as well as example, although puberty has been historically children are facing difficulties in life. These associated with the onset of adolescent difficulties are giving rise to many psycho- development, it now typically begins prior to the somatic problems such as anxiety, tension, teenage years and there have been a normative frustrations and emotional upsets in day to day shift of it occurring in preadolescence; life. So, the study of emotional life is now particularly in females (see precocious puberty). emerging as a descriptive science, comparable Physical growth, as distinct from puberty with anatomy. Actually emotional maturity is not (particularly in males), and cognitive only the effective determine of personality development generally seen in adolescence, can pattern but it also helps to control the growth of also extent into the early twenties. adolescent’s development. The objective of Parenting (or child rearing) is the process of present study was to assess the effect of parental promoting and supporting the physical, and institutional care settings on level of emotional, social and intellectual development of emotional maturity among adolescents and to a child from infancy to adulthood. Parenting compare the gender differences on level of refers to the aspects of raising a child aside from emotional maturity. The sample size of present the biological relationship. research was 60 adolescents i.e. 30 adolescents Parenting is both a biological and a social process from parental care and 30 adolescents from (Lerner, Castellino, Terry, Villarruel & institutional care settings. Out of these 30 McKinney, 1995; Tobach & Schneirla, 1968). adolescents equal ratio of boys and girls were Parenting is the term summarizing the set of taken from each category for gender differences behaviors involved across life in the relations and the age range was 15-18 years. The among organisms who are usually conspecifics, Emotional Maturity Scale by Yashvir Singh and and typically members of different generations Mahesh Bhargava was administered individually or, at the least, of different birth cohorts. on all the participants. Results indicated there is Parenting interactions provide resources across no significant difference of parental and the generational groups and function in regard to institutional care settings on adolescents. domains of survival, reproduction, nurturance, Keywords : Emotional maturity, parental care, and socialization. institutional care, adolescents Thus, parenting is a complex process, involving Introduction : much more than a mother or father providing Adolescence has been described as a phase of life food, safety, and succor to an infant or child. beginning in biology and ending in society Parenting involves bidirectional relationships (Petersen, 1988). Indeed, adolescence may be between members of two (or more) generations; defined as the period within the life span when can extend through all or major parts of the most of a person's biological, cognitive, respective life spans of these groups; may engage psychological, and social characteristics are all institutions within a culture (including changing from what is typically considered child- educational, economic, political, and social like to what is considered adult-like (Lerner & ones); and is embedded in the history of a people- Spanier, 1980) The period of adolescence is most -as that history occurs within the natural and closely associated with the teenage years, though designed settings within which the group lives its physical, psychological and cultural (Ford & Lerner, 1992). Children living in institutions around the world average more than one standard deviation below grades; however, when kinship support was low levels expected of non institutionalized children the youth experienced feelings of distress with respect to their physical growth, cognition, (Taylor, 1996). general behavioral development, attachment and Emotional Maturity- Emotional maturity is social emotional development are mostly defined as how well you are able to respond to disorganized and delayed. situations, control your emotions and behave in Institutionalized children who have been adopted an adult manner when dealing with others. by typically advantaged parents display Emotional maturity is the capability of a person to immediate and substantial catch-up in terms of control their emotion and not let their emotions physical growth, attachment, cognitive and control them. There are several things you may behavioral development as measured by feel like doing because of your emotions but standardized assessments. This catch-up growth emotional maturity will keep you doing the right provides retrospective testimony to the thing and may even help you to remain calm in developmentally depressing character of the the most difficult situations. institutions relative to family care. So instead of focusing on emotional intelligence The key function of a child's family is to raise the perhaps we would be better served by focusing on young person in as healthy a manner as possible emotional maturity. The difference between the (Bornstein, 1995). The parents' role is to provide two is important, emotional maturity is not the child with a safe, secure, nurturant, loving, “intellectual” but refers to a higher state of self- and supportive environment, one that allows the awareness- something that lies beyond offspring to have a happy and healthy youth; this “intelligence” where we are guided by our senses, sort of experience allows the youth to develop the intuition and heart. knowledge, values, attitudes, and behaviors Emotional maturity focuses on are emotional necessary to become an adult making a history, beginning with our interactions with our productive contribution to self, family, primary caregivers, extended family, teachers, community, and society (Lerner, et al., 1995). friends etc. we learn that `around the age of 7, our However, adolescents live in different family psychological and emotional programming is set. structures. This variation influences both the way Our emotional reactivity (anger, sadness, fear, parents interact with youth and, in turn, the shame, hurt, guilt, loneliness etc.) that was behavior of adolescents. For instance, in a study triggered early on in life becomes stored in our of urban, African American adolescents living in cells and arises when related triggers pop up later either (1) single-mother, (2) step parent, (3) dual in life. parent, (4) mother-with-extended-family (e.g., There are a range of behaviors and associated grandparent, aunt, or uncle), or (5) extended- emotions exchanged between parents and their family-only settings (e.g., only an aunt is adolescent offspring: Some of these exchanges present), the social support provided to youth was involve positive and healthy behaviors and others generally the same across family types, with one involve the opposite; some of the outcomes for exception: Youth living in single-mother families adolescent development of these exchanges were given more support than the youth in the reflect good adjustment and individual and social other four family types (Zimmerman, Salem, & success, whereas other outcomes reflect poor Maton, 1995). adjustment and problems of development. As is In turn, support to mothers, especially when true for all facets of human development, there is provided by relatives, can enhance adolescent then diversity in the nature and implications of and maternal adjustment, and improve the parent-child relations in adolescence. mother's parenting skills (Taylor & Roberts, Objectives : 1995). For example, among 14- to 19-year-old African American youth, social support from kin • To assess the level of emotional maturity was related to self-reliance and good school among adolescents of parental and institutional care settings. Table 1 shows that there are no significant • To compare the level of emotional maturity differences between parental and institutional between boys and girls adolescents. care adolescent on four factors of emotional maturity i.e. emotional regression, social Hypotheses : maladjustment, personality disintegration, lack • There will be no differences in the level of of independence and overall emotional maturity emotional maturity among parental and but significant difference on emotional institutional care adolescents. unstability factor. This shows that parental care adolescents are more emotionally unstable in • There will be no differences between boys comparison of institutional care adolescents. The and girls on emotional maturity. negative emotions exchanged between Method : adolescents and their parents can themselves Design - The present research is a field study in result in problems for the youth. For instance, which the level of emotional maturity among fathers' feelings of stress are associated with adolescents of parental and institutional care adolescents' emotional and behavioral problems settings was assessed. Parental and institutional (Compas, Howell, Phares & Williams, 1989) and, care was independent variable and emotional as well, maternal stress is associated with maturity as dependent variable. "internalizing" problems (e.g., anxiety, depression) in adolescent boys and with poor Sample - For the present study an incidental school grades for adolescent girls. Parents' purposive random sample consists of 60 negative emotions can lead, through the creation adolescents was taken, both boys and girls in of problematic parenting behaviors, to negative equal ratio i.e. 30 from parental care and 30 from outcomes in adolescent development. Moreover, institutional care between the age group of 15 to the presence of problem behaviors in parents per 18 years of the Jodhpur city. se is linked to problems in adolescent Tools - Emotional Maturity Scale (EMS) by development. For instance, psychiatric disorders Yashvir Singh and Mahesh Bhargava. It measures among parents are related to the occurrence of five categories of emotional maturity: (a) antisocial and hostile behaviors among Emotional Unstability (b) Emotional Regression adolescents (Ge, Conger, Cadoret & Neiderhiser, (c) Social Maladjustment (d) Personality 1996). In addition, problematic alcohol Disintegration and (e) Lack of Independence. consumption--problem drinking or alcoholism-- Result and Discussion : in parents is associated with alcohol use and abuse problems their adolescent offspring--a Table no. 1: Shows Mean, S. D. and ‘t’ values of relation that occurs in European American, parental care adolescent and institutional care African American, and Latino families (Barrera, adolescents on overall and five factors of Li, & Chassin, 1995; Hunt, Streissguth, Kerr & emotional maturity. Olson, 1995; Peterson, et al., 1994). Similarly, Factor Parental Care Institutional Care ‘t’ P Adolescents Adolescents parental drug use results in a host of behavioral,

N M SD N M SD cognitive, and self esteem problems in their

Emotional 30 23.03 7.22 30 18.76 4.05 2.82** 0.01** offspring (Kandel, Rosenbaum, & Chen, 1994), Unstability maternal smoking is associated with smoking in Emotional 30 23.73 5.08 30 23.33 5.59 0.29 No Sig. Regression their adolescent children (Kandel & Wu, 1995),

Social 30 20.90 6.42 30 21.86 6.67 0.57 No Sig. and in fact parental substance use in general is Maladjustment linked to numerous problems of adolescent Personality 30 21.50 18.66 30 18.90 6.96 0.71 No Sig. Disintegration personal and social, including experience with Lack of 30 18.56 4.51 30 17.83 5.17 0.58 No Sig. the substances (drugs, alcohol, cigarettes, etc.) Independence used by parents (e.g., Andrews, Hops, Ary & Overall 30 107.73 24.84 30 100.70 20.38 1.19 No Sig. Emotional Tildesley, 1993; Stice & Barrera, 1995). Maturity *** P<0.001 ** P<0.01 *P<0.05 Table No. 2 : Shows Mean, S.D. and ‘t’ values of the time. Families experience conflict and emotional maturity on gender differences i.e. negative emotions. Such exchanges also boys and girls. influence the adolescent; but, as we might expect,

Factor Boys Girls ‘t’ P the outcomes for youth of these influences differ N M SD N M SD from those associated with support and positive Emotional 30 19.90 5.70 30 21.90 6.58 1.25 No Sig. emotions. In short, the rearing of adolescents is Unstability not accomplished in the same way and with the Emotional 30 22.90 5.16 30 24.16 5.44 0.92 No Sig. same outcomes by all parents. Adults vary in their Regression parenting styles and in the manner in which they Social 30 20.13 6.91 30 22.63 5.94 1.50 No Sig. Maladjustment socialize their children. These variations are Personality 30 21.43 19.27 30 18.96 5.05 0.67 No Sig. linked to different individual characteristics of Disintegration parents and, as well, to the features of the Lack of 30 18.60 4.81 30 17.80 4.88 0.63 No Sig. Independence proximal and distal contexts within which Overall 30 102.96 24.97 30 105.46 20.77 0.42 No Sig. parents and families are embedded. This Emotional variation is associated also with differences in Maturity other contextual factors--relating, for instance, to *** P<0.001 ** P<0.01 *P<0.05 parental education, family social support, Table 2 shows that there are no significant gender parental mental health, family stability, and differences between adolescent boys and girls on poverty. The adolescents need to develop on five factors of emotional maturity i.e. emotional overall emotional maturity in order to fulfill their unstability, emotional regression, social potential and find happiness in their adult lives. maladjustment, personality disintegration, lack of independence and overall emotional maturity. References : This shows that there is no effect of gender on the i. Andrews, J. A., Hops, H., Ary, D. V., & Tildesley, level of emotional maturity among adolescents in E. (1993). Parental influence on early adolescent today’s developing environment. Both boys and substance use: Specific and nonspecific effects. girls are equally emotional mature because both Journal of Early Adolescence,13(3), 285-310. develop in similar family environment without ii. Barrera, M., Li, S.A., & Chassin, L. (1995). any gender discrimination. Emotions are internal Effects of parental alcoholism and life stress on events that coordinate many psychological Hispanic and non-Hispanic Caucasian subsystems including physiological responses, adolescents: A prospective study. American cognitions, and conscious awareness. Emotions Journal of Psychology, 23(4). typically arise in response to a person's changing iii. Bornstein, M.H. (Ed.), (1995). Handbook of relationships (Mayer et al., 2000). parenting, Vol. 3: Status and social conditions of parenting. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Conclusion : Associates, Inc. Whatever style parents use to rear their iv. Compas, B. E., Howell, D. C., Phares, V., & adolescents, the goal of parenting is to raise a Williams, R. A. (1989). Risk factors for child who is healthy and successful in life, who emotional/behavioral problems in young can contribute to self and to society, who accepts adolescents : A prospective analysis of and works to further the social order. The parent- adolescent and parental stress and symptoms. child relationships marked by behaviors Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, supportive of the youth and by positive feelings 57(6), 732-740. connecting the generations are associated with v. Ford, D. L., & Lerner, R. M. (1992). psychologically and socially healthy Developmental systems theory: An integrative developmental outcomes for the adolescent. approach. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. However, some families do not have parent-child vi. Ge, X., Conger, R.D., Cadoret, R. J., Neiderhiser, relations marked by support and positive J. M. (1996b). The developmental interface emotions; and no family has such exchanges all between nature and nurture: A mutual influence model of child antisocial behavior and parent behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 32(4), xvii. Taylor, R. D. (1996). Adolescents' perceptions of 574-589. kinship support and family management vii. Hunt, E., Streissguth, A.P., Kerr, B., & Olson, practices: Association with adolescent H.C. (1995). Mothers' alcohol consumption adjustment in African American families. during pregnancy: Effects on spatial-visual Developmental Psychology, 32(4), 687-695. reasoning in 14-year-old children. American xviii. Tobach, E., & Schneira, T. C. (1968). The Psychological Society, 6(6), 339-342. biopsychology of social behavior of animals. In viii. Kandel, D. B., Rosenbaum, E. & Chen, K. R.E. Cooke & S. Levin (Eds.), Biologic basis of (1994). Impact of maternal drug use and life pediatric practice (pp. 68-82). New York: experiences on preadolescent children born to McGraw-Hill. teenage mothers. Journal of Marriage and the xix. Zimmerman, M., Salem, D., & Maton, K. (1995). Family, 56, 325-340. Family structure and psychosocial correlates ix. Kandel, D. B., & Wu, P. (1995). The among urban African-American adolescent contributions of mothers and fathers to the males. Child Development, 66, 1598-1613. intergenerational transmission of cigarette smoking n adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 5(2), 225-252. x. Lerner, R. M., Castellino, D. R., Terry, P. A., Villarruel, F. A., & McKinney, M. H. (1995). A developmental contextual perspective on parenting. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Biology and ecology of parenting (Vol. 2, pp. 285-309). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. xi. Lerner, R. M., & Spanier, G. B. (1980). A dynamic interactional view of child and family development. In R. M. Lerner & G. B. Spanier (Eds.), Child Influences on Marital and Family Interaction: A Life-Span Perspective (pp. 1-20). New York: Academic. xii. Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., Salovey, P. (2000). Emotional Intelligence meets traditional standards for an intelligence. Intelligence, 27 (4), 267-298. xiii. Petersen, A. C. (1988). Adolescent development. Annual Review of Psychology, 39, 583-607. xiv. Peterson, P. L., Hawkins, J. D., Abbott, R. D., & Catalano, R. F. (1994). Disentangling the effects of parental drinking, family management, and parental alcohol norms on current drinking by black and white adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 4(2), 203-227. xv. Stice, E. & Barrera, Jr. (1995). A longitudinal examination of the reciprocal relations between perceived parenting and adolescents' substance use and externalizing behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 31(2), 322-334. xvi. Taylor, R., & Roberts, D. (1995). Kinship support and maternal and adolescent well-being in economically disadvantaged African-American families. Child Development, 66, 1585-1597. Strategic and Financial Impact in the Indian Banking Sector Through Merger and Acquisition Dr. (C.A.) Khushboo Jain, Hyderabad

Abstract : modalities of the deal, congruence of the process Like all business entities, banks want to with the vision and goals of the involved banks, safeguard against risks, as well as exploit and the long term implications of the merger. The available opportunities indicated by existing and article also analyses emerging future trends and expected trends. M&As in the banking sector recommends steps that banks should consider, have been on the rise in the recent past, both given the forecasted scenario. globally and in India. In this backdrop of The Indian Banking Sector : emerging global and Indian trends in the banking The history of Indian banking can be divided into sector, this article illuminates the key issues three main phases 1 : surrounding M&As in this sector with the focus on India. It seeks to explain the motives behind • Phase I (1786- 1969) - Initial phase of some M&As that have occurred in India post- banking in India when many small banks 2000, analyse the benefits and costs to both were set up parties involved and the consequences for the • Phase II (1969- 1991) - Nationalisation, merged entity. A look at the future of the Indian regularisation and growth banking sector, and some key recommendations for banks, follow from this analysis. • Phase III (1991 onwards) - Liberalisation and its aftermath Key words : Financial Impact, Indian Banking, Merger, Acquisitions With the reforms in Phase III the Indian banking sector, as it stands today, is mature in supply, Introduction : product range and reach, with banks having The International banking scenario has shown clean, strong and transparent balance sheets. The major turmoil in the past few years in terms of major growth drivers are increase in retail credit mergers and acquisitions. Deregulation has been demand, proliferation of ATMs and debit-cards, the main driver, through three major routes - decreasing NPAs due to Securitisation, improved dismantling of interest rate controls, removal of macroeconomic conditions, diversification, barriers between banks and other financial interest rate spreads, and regulatory and policy intermediaries, and lowering of entry barriers. It changes (e.g. amendments to the Banking has lead to disintermediation, investors Regulation Act). demanding higher returns, price competition, Certain trends like growing competition, product reduced margins, falling spreads and competition innovation and branding, focus on strengthening across geographies forcing banks to look for new risk management systems, emphasis on ways to boost revenues. Consolidation has been a technology have emerged in the recent past. In significant strategic tool for this and has become a addition, the impact of the Basel II norms is going worldwide phenomenon, driven by apparent to be expensive for Indian banks, with the need advantages of scale-economies, geographical for additional capital requirement and costly diversification, lower costs through branch and database creation and maintenance processes. staff rationalization, cross-border expansion and Larger banks would have a relative advantage market share concentration. The new Basel II with the incorporation of the norms. norms have also led banks to consider M&As. Key M&A Deals 2000 onwards : Some Case This article looks at some M&As that have Studies happened post-2000 in India to understand the intent (of the targets and the acquirers), resulting The cases chosen for the purpose of this study synergies (both operational and financial), were selected based on their prominence and recency (all post-2000) to ensure that the motives possibility of reorienting its asset profile to driving the deals will remain relevant in the enable better spreads and create a more robust current context. micro-credit system post merger. 8 Standard Chartered Acquires ANZ Grindlays BoM wanted a (financially and technologically) Bank (November '00) strong private sector bank to add shareholder Intent - value, enhance career opportunities for its employees and provide first rate, technology- Standard Chartered wanted to capitalise on the based, modern banking services to its customers. high growth forecast for the Indian economy. It aimed at becoming the world's leading emerging Benefits - markets bank and it thought that acquiring The branch network of the merged entity Grindlays would give it a well-established increased from 97 to 378, including 97 branches foothold in India and add strength to its in the rural sector.9 The Net Interest Margin management resources. For ANZ, the deal increased from 2.46% to 3.55 %. The Core fee provided immediate returns to its shareholders income of ICICI almost doubled from Rs 87 and allowed it to focus on the Australian market. crores to Rs 171 crores. IBL gained an additional Grindlays had been a poor performer and the 1.2 million customer accounts, besides making Securities Scam involvement had made ANZ an entry into the small and medium segment. It willing to wind up. possessed the largest customer base in the Benefits - country, thus enabling the ICICI group to cross- sell different products and services. Standard Chartered became the largest foreign bank in India with over 56 branches and more Drawbacks - than 36% share in the credit card market. It also Since BoM had comparatively more NPAs than leveraged the infrastructure of ANZ Grindlays to IBL, the Capital Adequacy Ratio of the merged service its overseas clients. 2 entity was lower (from 19% to about 17%). The For ANZ, the deal, at a premium of US $700 two banks also had a cultural misfit with BoM million over book value, funded its share buy- having a trade-union system and IBL workers back in Australia (a defence against possible being young and upwardly mobile, unlike those hostile takeover). The merger also greatly for BoM. There were technological issues as well reduced the risk profile of ANZ by reducing its as IBL used Banks 2000 software, which was exposure to default prone markets. 3 very different from BoM's ISBS software. With the manual interpretations and procedures and Drawbacks - the lack of awareness of the technology The post merger organisational restructuring utilisation in BoM, there were hindrances in the evoked widespread criticism due to unfair merged entity. treatment of former Grindlays employees. 4 HDFC Bank Acquires Centurion Bank of There were also rumours of the resulting Punjab (May '08) : organisation becoming too large an entity to manage efficiently, especially in the fast Intent - changing financial sector. For HDFC Bank, this merger provided an ICICI Bank Ltd. Acquires Bank of Madura opportunity to add scale, geography (northern (March '01) : and southern states) and management bandwidth. In addition, there was a potential of business Intent - synergy and cultural fit between the two ICICI Bank Ltd wanted to spread its network, organizations. without acquiring RBI's permission for branch For CBoP, HDFC bank would exploit its expansion. BoM was a plausible target since its underutilized branch network that had the cash management business was among the top requisite expertise in retail liabilities, transaction five in terms of volumes. In addition, there was a banking and third party distribution. The combined entity would improve productivity bank and able to retain its branches and levels of CBoP branches by leveraging HDFC customers, albeit under a different name. Since Bank's brand name. BoB was a large entity (total assets of Rs. 793.2 Benefits - billion at the time of merger), addition of a small liability did not affect it much. Albeit minor, it The deal created an entity with an asset size of Rs obtained seven more branches and the existing 1,09,718 crore (7th largest in India), providing customers of SGLAB. This further strengthened massive scale economies and improved its position in rural Gujarat. distribution with 1,148 branches and 2,358 ATMs (the largest in terms of branches in the private Drawbacks - sector). CBoP's strong SME relationships There was no widespread criticism or any complemented HDFC Bank's bias towards high- apparent drawback of the merger since the rated corporate entities. financials involved were not very high. There were significant cross-selling Oriental Bank of Commerce Acquires Global opportunities in the short-term. CBoP Trust Bank Ltd (August '04) : management had relevant experience with larger Intent - banks (as evident in the Centurion Bank and BoP integration earlier) managing business of the size For Oriental Bank of Commerce there was an commensurate with HDFC Bank. apparent synergy post merger as the weakness of Global Trust Bank had been bad assets and the Drawbacks - strength of OBC lay in recovery.10 In addition, The merged entity will not lend home loans given GTB being a south-based bank would give OBC the conflict of interest with parent HDFC and the much-needed edge in the region apart from may even sell down CBoP's home-loan book to it. tax relief because of the merger. GTB had no The retail portfolio of the merged entity will have choice as the merger was forced on it, by an RBI more by way of unsecured and two-wheeler ruling, following its bankruptcy. loans, which have come under pressure recently. Benefits - Bank of Baroda Acquires South Gujarat Local OBC gained from the 104 branches and 276 Area Bank Ltd (June '04) : ATMs of GTB, a workforce of 1400 employees Intent - and one million customers. Both banks also had a According to the RBI, South Gujarat Local Area common IT platform. The merger also filled up Bank had suffered net losses in consecutive years OBC's lacunae - computerisation and high-end and witnessed a significant decline in its capital technology. OBC's presence in southern states and reserves5. To tackle this, RBI first passed a increased along with the modern infrastructure of moratorium under Section 45 of the Banking GTB. Regulation Act 1949 and then, after extending the Drawbacks - moratorium for the maximum permissible limit The merger resulted in a low CAR for OBC, of six months6, decided that all seven branches of which was detrimental to solvency. The bank also SGLAB function as branches of Bank of Baroda. had a lower business growth (5% vis-a-vis 15% The final decision about the merger was of the of peers). A capital adequacy ratio of less than 11 Government of India in consultation with the per cent could also constrain dividend RBI. Bank of Baroda was against the merger, and declaration, given the applicable RBI protested against the forced deal7. regulations. Benefits - Motives Behind Consolidation : The clients of SGLAB were effectively Based on the cases, we can narrow down the transferred to Bank of Baroda, deriving the motives behind M&As to the following : advantage of dealing with a more secure and bigger bank. SGLAB did not benefit much, • Growth - Organic growth takes time and except that it was able to merge with a bigger dynamic firms prefer acquisitions to grow quickly in size and geographical reach. services. Consolidation can also lower • Synergy - The merged entity, in most cases, intermediation cost and increase reach to has better ability in terms of both revenue underserved segments. enhancement and cost reduction. T h e N a r a s i m h a n C o m m i t t e e ( I I ) • Managerial efficiency - Acquirer can better recommendations are also an important indicator manage the resources of the target whose of the future shape of the sector. There would be a value, in turn, rises after the acquisition. movement towards a 3-tier structure in the Indian banking industry: 2-3 large international banks; • Strategic motives - Two banks with 8-10 national banks; and a few large local area complementary business interests can banks. In addition, M&As in the future are likely strengthen their positions in the market to be more market-driven, instead of through merger. government-driven. 11 • Market entry - Cash rich firms use the Conclusion : acquisition route to buyout an established player in a new market and then build upon Based on the trends in the banking sector and the the existing platform. insights from the cases highlighted in this study, one can list some steps for the future which banks • Tax shields and financial safeguards - Tax should consider, both in terms of consolidation concessions act as a catalyst for a strong and general business. Firstly, banks can work bank to acquire distressed banks that have towards a synergy-based merger plan that could accumulated losses and unclaimed take shape latest by 2009 end with minimisation depreciation benefits in their books. of technology-related expenditure as a goal. • Regulatory intervention - To protect There is also a need to note that merger or large depositors, and prevent the de-stabilisation size is just a facilitator, but no guarantee for of the financial services sector, the RBI steps improved profitability on a sustained basis. in to force the merger of a distressed bank. Hence, the thrust should be on improving risk management capabilities, corporate governance Future of M&A in Indian Banking : and strategic business planning. In the short run, In 2009, further opening up of the Indian banking attempt options like outsourcing, strategic sector is forecast to occur due to the changing alliances, etc. can be considered. Banks need to regulatory environment (proposal for upto 74% take advantage of this fast changing environment, ownership by Foreign banks in Indian banks). where product life cycles are short, time to This will be an opportunity for foreign banks to market is critical and first mover advantage could enter the Indian market as with their huge capital be a decisive factor in deciding who wins in reserves, cutting-edge technology, best future. Post-M&A, the resulting larger size international practices and skilled personnel they should not affect agility. The aim should be to have a clear competitive advantage over Indian create a nimble giant, rather than a clumsy banks. Likely targets of takeover bids will be Yes dinosaur. At the same time, lack of size should not Bank, Bank of Rajasthan, and IndusInd Bank. be taken to imply irrelevance as specialised However, excessive valuations may act as a players can still seek to provide niche and deterrent, especially in the post-sub-prime era. boutique services. Persistent growth in Indian corporate sector and References : other segments provide further motives for i. India Finance and Investment Guide, M&As. Banks need to keep pace with the ' H i s t o r y o f B a n k i n g i n I n d i a ' , growing industrial and agricultural sectors to http://finance.indiamart.com/investment_in serve them effectively. A bigger player can afford _india/banking_in_india.html . Last to invest in required technology. Consolidation accessed on August 1, 2008. with global players can give the benefit of global opportunities in funds' mobilisation, credit ii. Regulatory News Service, 'Standard disbursal, investments and rendering of financial C h a r t e r e d P L C A c q u i s i t i o n ' , http://files.shareholder.com/ downloads/ stanchar /376520403x0x95984/64a79b6e- 8e5d-43b8-8c73-06a42c73797e/95984.pdf. Last accessed on August 5, 2008. iii. C.R.L. Narisimhan, 'A touch of history with nostalgia: the Grindlays story', The Hindu , April 30, 2000, http://www.hinduonnet.com /thehindu/2000/04/30/stories/06300006.ht m. Last accessed on August 5, 2008. iv. Business Today, 2002, 'The Inside Story: How Standard Chartered effected the integration of Grindlays into itself', November 24, 2002, http://india- today.com/btoday/20021124/cover2.html. Last accessed on August 5, 2008. v. 'Developments in Commercial banking (2004)', http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/ PublicationsView.aspx?Id=6935. Last accessed on August 7, 2008. vi. 'The Banking Regulation Act of 1949 (Section 45.2)', www.pnbindia.com/ BANK%20REGULATION%20ACT.pdf. Last accessed on August 8, 2008. vii. Red herring prospectus of Bank of Baroda dated December 29, 2005. viii. K. Venu Babu, 'ICICI or Bank of Madura: Who will benefit?', http://www.karvy.com/ articles/icicibom.htm. Last accessed on July 31, 2008 ix. 'ICICI Bank Ltd. - Analysts' Meet held on April 26, 2001', http://myiris.com/shares/ company /reportShow.php?url=AMServer %2F2001%2F04%2FICICIBCO_2001042 6.htm#top. Last accessed on August 3, 2008 x. BS Bureaus, 2004, 'SBI may take over GTB', July 26, 2004, http://www.rediff.com/ money/2004/jul/26gtb.htm. Last accessed on July 13, 2008. xi. Dr. Rupa Rege Nitsure (Chief Economist, Bank of Baroda), 'Consolidation of Banks - Some Thoughts', Financial Sector Seminar Series , April 8, 2008, http://www.icrier.org /pdf/Bank-Consol-April-8-08.pdf. Last accessed on August 8, 2008. A Comparative Study Between Financial Ratios of Selected FMCG Companies in India Nisha Rani, Research Scholar, Haryana School of Business, G.J.U.S. & T., Hisar Abstract : in packaged size, and alternative product mix. This study mainly concentrate on five leading The Indian FMCG sector is the fourth largest companies in FMCG sector i.e Hindustan sector in the economy with a total market size of Unilever Ltd., ITC (Indian Tobacco Company), US$ 13.1 billion and it has been experiencing a Nestlé India, Dabur India Ltd and Britannia phenomenal pace of growth since last decade. It Industries Ltd. assumes implication because FMCG sector is considered as one of the pillars of Indian Review of Literature : economy. The paper focused on comparative FMCG sector has been studing from two decades analysis of Five leading FMCG companies i.e following are some literature related to the study. Hindustan Unilever Ltd., ITC (Indian Tobacco Bagchi, B. And Khamrui, B. (2012), find out the Company), Nestlé India, Dabur India Ltd and relationship between liquidity performance Britannia Industries Ltd. The main objectives of indicators and profitability as well as the study to compare the liquidity position and comparison. evaluating the profitability and analyze the financial performance of selected liquidity management and inter-firm comparison FMCG companies. For the purpose of analysis based on statistical models of two leading FMCG financial ratios of companies were taken from the companies in India – HUL and ITC Limited over period of April 2011 to march 2015. This paper a period of ten years (2000-01 to 2009-10). For reveals that Hindustan uniliver ltd. and Nestle the purpose of analysis statistical tools like India are the leading companies as compare to descriptive statistics and linear multiple financial ratios of other FMCG companies. regressions are used. Statistical results showed Introduction : that the HUL has performed better than ITC Limited both in terms of profitability and The FMCG industry has emerged as one of the liquidity. Multiple regression results reveal that largest sectors in the Indian economy by liquidity performance indicators have direct registering an astonishing double-digit growth impact on profitability. Multiple regression tests rate in sales in the past couple of years. Fast confirm a higher degree of association between Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) goods are the liquidity performance indicators and popularly named as Consumer Packaged Goods. profitability. Items in the list are toilet soaps, detergents, shampoos, toothpaste, shaving products, shoe Kavitha, T.C. (2012), comparative study is made polish, packaged foodstuff, household on growth, opportunity and challenges of accessories and extends to certain electronic FMCG’s in rural market. This paper will provide goods. These items are meant for daily of detailed information about the growth of FMCG frequent consumption and have a high return. industry in rural market of India and examining Characterized by healthy distribution network, the challenges, opportunities for the FMCG’s in strong MNC presence, intense competition rural market with growing awareness and brand between the organized and the unorganized consciousness among people across different segments and low operational costs, it is one of socio-economic classes in rural area of India and the rapid growing industries in India with a total how the rural markets are witnessing significant market size US $13.1 billion. The FMCG market growth. Bagchi, B. and Khamrui, B. (2012), is set to treble from US$ 11.6 billion in 2003 to investigated the relationship between working US$ 33.4 billion in 2015. While the recent capital management and firm profitability. This spiraling inflation remains a barrier to the sector’s study selected a sample of 10 FMCG (Fast growth prospects, many FMCG companies still Moving Consumer Goods) companies in India blossom under inflationary pressures by passing from CMIE database covering a period of 10 on the increasing cost to consumers through a years from 2000–01 to 2009–10. Profitability has well-thought-out blend of price hikes, reduction been measured in terms of return on assets (ROA).Cash conversion cycle (CCC), interest period of study is five years and traditional coverage ratio, age of inventory, age of creditors, method of data analysis and ratio analysis as tools age of debtors and debt-equity ratio have been of financial statement analysis to examine the used as explanatory variables. Pearson’s degree of efficiency of working capital correlation and pooled ordinary least squares management has been adopted. regression analysis were used in the study. The Patel, V. (2013), studied the comparative analysis study results confirmed that there a strong of liquidity status of selected Indian companies. negative relationship between variables of the For the purpose of the study, 40 FMCG working capital management and profitability of Companies were selected. Analysis of variance the firm. Nagarajan, S. and Prabhakaran, K. (one way) was adopted as a statistical tool for data (2013), examined the effect of selected FMCG analysis. Sulaiman, E. (2013), attempted to find companies share price movement on Nifty Index out the best buy opportunity in personal care and identified that the share price of Nestle India stocks in Indian stock market. The study aimed to Ltd have 53 % relationship with nifty index. It identify the most promising personal care stocks was much lower when compare with other available for long-term investors. The study companies taken for the study. Analysis of adopted the techniques of fundamental and standard deviation, co- efficient of variation and technical analysis to derive the conclusions. The beta were interpreted that the share price of Dabur study mainly depends on secondary data India Ltd and ITC were much stable and low risk collected from the annual reports of the than other companies taken for the study. It is companies and data base of National stock found that Dabur India Ltd share investment was exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange for the less risky compared with other FMCG companies period 2008-13. taken for the study. In short selected FMCG companies share recorded moderate risk and a Bansal, R. (2014), analyzed the financial data of moderate gain / loss to the investors during the all the four companies under the fifteen financial study period. ratios concluded this project under two folds, for long term and secure investment one can go for Ghanchi, K. and Shah, A. (2013), identified “Hindustan Unilever Limited” as it has shown a frequent patterns from large amount of stock data stable and steady growth over the period. While of FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) for those who look for short and high returns with Sector in Indian Capital Market. These frequent a greater risk factor can go for V2 Retails as it’s a patterns were identified based on rise and fall of new company and it’s in a growing stage. stock prices of companies of FMCG sector in Panigrahi. A.K. (2014), attempted to study the Indian a Capital Market. The objective of the association of working capital with liquidity, study was to predict the stock market from the profitability and risk of bankruptcy of ACC Ltd. view point of investors. So the investors can for the period 2000-01 to 2009-10. The study invest their shares in the appropriate companies found that even with having negative working based on Negative growth, Zero growth and capital in most of the times, the company was Positive growth. This paper gives the able to earn a good rate of return because of approximation of the growth rate and identified its aggressive working capital policy but its the other criteria which may affect the growth rate solvency was ultimately at a stake. of the companies. Mehrotra, S. (2013), studied the FMCGs’ sector in India by selecting five Tiwari,R. and Monu (2015), attempted to analyze FMCGs companies named as Hindustan the impact of financials on the market price of Unilever Limited, Nestle India Limited, Nestle. The secondary data of five years are Britannia Industries, Procter & Gamble and ITC. considered for the study. The data is analyzed This sector is expected to grow to a USD 33 using financial ratios and Pearson Correlation. billion industry by 2015. This industry primarily The debt equity ratio was not correlated with includes the production, distribution and market price. Similarly dividend per share was marketing of consumer packaged goods, that is not correlated with market price per share. It is those categories of products which are consumed found that debt equity ratio and dividend per at regular intervals. The study was based on share do not show significant correlation with annual reports of the selected companies. The market price. Research Methodology : Analysis and Interpretation : This part includes the methods that were used in Table No. 1 conducting the study. It includes the statement of Dividend Per Share Mar '15 Mar '14 Mar '13 Mar '12 Mar '11 the problem, objectives, scope and significance, Hindustan Unilever Ltd. 15 13 18.5 7.5 6.5 sample size, data collection and data analysis. ITC 6.25 6 5.25 4.5 4.45 Statement of the Problem : Dabur India Ltd 2 1.75 1.5 1.3 1.15 Nestlé India 63 48.5 48.5 48.5 48.5 To know “A Comparative Study between Britannia Industries Ltd. 12 8.5 8.5 6.5 25 Financial Ratios of selected FMCG Companies (Source: Data Processed through MS-Excel) in India” Table No. 1 shows that nestle India is distributing Objectives : highest dividend per share in compare to other FMCG companies from 2011-2015 and it is 1. To analyze the financial performance of increasing day by day. FMCG companies. TableNo. 2 2. To compare the liquidity position of selected NetProfit Margin (%)(cr.) Mar '15 Mar '14 Mar '13 Mar '12 Mar '11 FMCG companies. Hindustan Unilever Ltd. 14 13.8 14.7 12.01 11.52 3. To study the leading FMCG company in the Indian Tobacco Co. 26.31 25.57 24.05 23.7 23.24 market. Dabur India Ltd 14.04 13.49 13.32 12.14 14.27 Sample Size : Nestlé India 11.91 12.16 12.76 12.74 13 Britannia Industries Ltd. 5.83 4.12 3.71 3.42 3.38 This study has considered data of five FMCG (Source: Data Processed through MS-Excel) companies from 2011 to 2015, collected from the corporate database PROWESS maintained by the Table No. 2 shows the net profit margin of Center for Monitoring the Indian Economy. selected FMCG companies. ITC is earning the highest net profit magin from last five years and Data Collection : in 2015 it is 26.31 which is highest in comparison In order to examine the financial performance to other FMCG companies. and liquidity position of selected FMCG Table No. 3 companies, data was collected from the corporate Return On Capital Mar '15 Mar '14 Mar '13 Mar '12 Mar '11 database PROWESS maintained by the Center Employed(%)(cr.) for Monitoring the Indian Economy(CMIE). Hindustan Unilever Ltd. 148.75 147.59 163.63 95.42 102.69 Indian Tobacco Co. 45.74 48.21 48.29 47.69 45.88

Data Analysis : Dabur India Ltd 40.98 45.27 41.82 40.99 44.16 In the present study, the ratios dividend per share, Nestlé India 62.66 47.79 56.58 64.6 135.06 net profit margin, return on capital employed, Britannia Industries Ltd. 66.2 44.39 51.66 24.06 24.67 return on net worth, return on assets, return on (Source: Data Processed through MS-Excel) long term funds, earning per share were being Table no. 3 shows that Hindustan unilever ltd. Is used for measuring the financial performance of giving highest return in increasing trends on selected FMCG companies. MEGA STAT 10.0 capital employed if we comparing it to other one version was used for processing and analyzing in 2011-2015. On march 2013 the return on the data. capital of Hindustan unilever ltd. is 163.63 cr. Scope and Significance of the Study : which is highest among 2011-15. The scope of the study is to evaluate and analyze Table No. 4 Return on Net Mar '15 Mar '14 Mar '13 Mar '12 Mar '11 the financial performance of selected FMCG Worth (%)(cr.) companies. The findings from the study may be Hindustan Unilever Ltd. 115.87 118.04 142.01 76.62 86.72 useful for the business community and it throws Indian Tobacco Co. 31.31 33.51 33.36 32.88 31.36 more light on the liquidity position of selected Dabur India Ltd 32.64 35.33 37.05 35.56 46.29

FMCG companies. The study may help the Nestlé India 41.75 47.16 59.38 75.47 95.7 business persons for properly maintaining the Britannia Industries Ltd. 43.33 36.74 35.9 32.19 29.4 liquidity so that maximum profitability may be (Source: Data Processed through MS-Excel) achieved by them. Table no. 4 shows that Hindustan unilever ltd. Indian Tobacco Co. 45.74 48.21 48.29 47.7 45.89 giving the highest return on net worth in 2013 Dabur India Ltd 43.24 46.33 48.13 49.55 53.79 return on net worth is 142.01cr. and 2015 it is Nestlé India 62.75 47.79 56.59 72.55 135.06 115.87cr. Britannia Industries Ltd. 66.2 57.65 52.98 24.06 24.67 (Source: Data Processed through MS-Excel) Table No. 5

Return on Assets (cr.) Mar '15 Mar '14 Mar '13 Mar '12 Mar '11 Table no. 6 shows that Hindustan unilever ltd.

Hindustan Unilever Ltd. 17.22 15.15 12.37 16.25 12.32 giving the highest return on long term funds in

Indian Tobacco Co. 38.35 33.02 28.21 24.04 20.62 2013 return on long term funds is 163.63cr. and

Dabur India Ltd 13.3 10.91 9.15 7.48 5.85 2015 it is 148.75cr. Nestlé India 294.27 245.68 186.53 132.13 88.72 Table No. 7

Britannia Industries Ltd. 71.17 53.24 43.54 37.78 165.86 Earnings Per Share Mar '15 Mar '14 Mar '13 Mar '12 Mar '11 (Source: Data Processed through MS-Excel) Hindustan Unilever Ltd. 19.95 17.88 17.56 12.45 10.68 Table No. 4 : Shows that Nestle India giving the Indian Tobacco Co. 11.99 11.05 9.39 7.88 6.45 highest return on Assets in 2014 is 245.68cr. and Dabur India Ltd 4.34 3.85 3.39 2.66 2.71 2015 it is 294.27cr. Nestlé India 122.87 115.87 110.76 99.73 84.91 Britannia Industries Ltd. 30.84 19.57 15.63 12.16 48.77 Table No. 6 (Source: Data Processed through MS-Excel) Return on Long Mar '15 Mar '14 Mar '13 Mar '12 Mar '11 Term Funds(%) (cr.) Table No. 7 shows that Nestle India giving the Hindustan Unilever Ltd. 148.75 147.59 163.63 95.42 102.69 highest Earning Per Share in 2015 is 122.87 cr.

Table No. 8 Financial Ratios of Companies 2011-2015 Company Dividend Net Return Return Return Return Earnings Per Profit On On on on Long Per Share Margin Capital Net Assets Term Share (%) Employed Worth Including Funds (%) (%) Revaluations (%) Hindustan Unilever Ltd. 12.1 13.206 131.616 107.852 14.662 131.616 15.704 Indian Tobacco Co. 5.29 24.574 47.162 32.484 28.848 47.166 9.352 Dabur India Ltd 1.54 13.452 42.644 37.374 9.338 48.208 3.39 Nestlé India 51.4 12.514 73.338 63.892 189.466 74.948 106.828 Britannia Industries Ltd. 12.1 4.092 42.196 35.512 74.318 45.112 25.394 (Source: Data Processed through MS-Excel) Table No. 9 Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2013, pp.5-7, ISSN - Company Current Quick Debtors Investments Total 2249-555X. Ratio Ratio Turnover Turnover Assets Ratio Ratio Turnover vii. Sulaiman, E. (2013), “Comparative Study on Ratio Valuation of Select Personal Care Sector Scripts Hindustan 0.788 0.456 31.644 10.136 8.12 in Indian Stock Market”, International Journal of Unilever Ltd. Application or Innovation in Engineering & Indian 1.226 0.66 23.618 5.16 1.304 Management (IJAIEM), Volume 2, Issue 12, pp. Tobacco Co. 1-6, December 2013, ISSN 2319 – 4847. Dabur India Ltd. 1.05 0.766 17.736 8.65 2.398 viii. Bagchi, B. And Khamrui, B. (2012), Nestlé India 0.578 0.28 95.57 11.682 4.03 “Profitability and Liquidity Management of Britannia Ind.Ltd. 0.89 0.482 87.536 15.78 6.502 FMCG Companies in India: A Comparative (Source: Data Processed through MS-Excel) Study Between Hindustan Unilever Limited Chart (HUL) and ITC Limited”, International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management, Volume No. 3 (2012), Issue No. 5 (May), pp. 128- 131, ISSN 0976-218. ix. Kavitha T. C. (2012), “A Comparative Study of Growth, Challenges and Opportunities in FMCG of Rural Market”, Inter Science Management Review (IMR), Volume-2, Issue- 3, pp. 23-28, ISSN: 2231-1513. x. Bagchi, B. and Khamrui, B. (2012), “Relationship between Working Capital Management and Profitability: A Study of References : Selected FMCG Companies in India”, Business and Economics Journal, Vol. 2012, pp. 1-11. i. Tiwari, R. and Monu (2015), “ Impact of Financial Performance on Market Price of xi. Rohit Bansal, R. (2014), “A Comparative Nestle” , International Journal of Current Financial Study: Evidence from Selected Indian Research in Science and Technology, Volume 1, Retail Companies”, Journal of Finance and Issue 2 (2015), pp. 13-18, ISSN: 2394-5745. Investment Analysis, Vol. 3, No.3, 2014, pp. 13- 35, ISSN: 2241-0998. ii. Nagarajan, S. And Prabhakaran, K. (2013) “A Study on Equity Analysis of Selected FMCG xii. Mittal, R. K. (2014). Management Accounting Companies Listed on NSE”, International and Financial Management (4th ed.). New Journal of Management Focus, pp. 1-7, April – Delhi: VK Global Publications Pvt Ltd. June 2013. xiii. Pandey, I. M. (2005). Financial Management. iii. Ghanchi, K. and Shah, A. (2013) “An Analytical Noida: Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd. Approach For Fast Moving consumer Goods xiv. Khan, M. Y., & Jain, P. K. (2011). Financial (Fmcg) – Sector In Indian Stock market Using Management (5th ed.). New Delhi: Tata Data Mining Techniques”, International Journal McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. of Advanced Technology & Engineering xv. Kothari, C. R. (2006). Research Methodology Research (IJATER), pp. 14-20. (1st ed.). New Delhi: New Age International (P) iv. Panigrahi. A.K. (2014), “Relationship of Limited , Publishers. working capital with liquidity, Profitability and xvi. http://www.scribd.com/doc/210486256/Trend- solvency: A case study of ACC limited”, Asian Analysis-of-Four-FMCG-Companies-in- Journal of Management Research, Volume 4 India#scribd Issue 2, pp. 308 – 322, ISSN 2229 – 3795. xvii. http://www.slideshare.net/arjunarg/new- v. Mehrotra, S. (2013), “Working Capital Trends microsoft-office-power-point-presentation- and Liquidity Analysis of FMCG Sector in 16070384 India”, IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), Volume 9, Issue 4 xviii. http://www.iupindia.in/1501/ Management % (Mar. - Apr. 2013), pp. 45-52, ISSN: 2319-7668. 20Research/Financial_ Performance _of_ Select.html vi. Patel, V. (2013), “Comparative Analysis of Liquidity Status of Selected FMCG Companies xix. http://mbaprojectreportindia.blogspot.in in India”, Indian Journal of Applied Research, /2013/05/comparative-study-of-capital- structure.html An Analysis of the Issues and Challenges Faced by Indian Airlines Prof. Bimal Jaiswal, Professor, (Applied Eco.), University of Lucknow, Lucknow, U.P. Dr. Anupam Vidyarthi, Vice Principal- Administration, Ms. Saloni Bhasin, Senior Research Fellow, Seth M.R. Jaipuria School, Lucknow University of Lucknow, Lucknow, U.P.

Abstract : domestic Indian carriers connect to over 40 The Airlines industry has emerged to be one of countries (Indian Business, 2015) the largest growing sectors across the globe. India comes up up be one of the five fastest- The world is targeted on Indian aviation – from growing aviation markets internationally manufacturers, tourism boards, airlines and carrying 275 million new passengers. Air India, a global businesses to individual travellers, 85-year old airlines recorded an operating profit shippers and businessmen. The domestic airlines of Rs. 105 crore during the fiscal year 2016 for of the country is soaring new heights with about the first time since it was merged in 2007, soaring 25% growth in passenger traffic. The present high on the verge of lower fuel prices in India. study is a modest attempt to highlight the issues The Indian airlines are projected to record a and challenges faced by Indian airlines. It also collective operating profit of Rs 8,100 crore (US$ discussed the milestones achieved by the 1.29 billion) in fiscal year 2016, according to companies in Indian aviation industry. The Crisil Ltd. India’s domestic air passenger traffic collaborative efforts of the central and state stood at 100 million in 2016 and was behind only governments, private sector and the community the US (719 million) and China (436 million), at large is all what is the need of hour to bring Sydney-based aviation think-tank Capa Centre of about sustainable development of the tourism Aviation said in its latest report. industry in India. The study is diagnostic and Domestic Market Share of Indian Airlines : exploratory in nature and makes use of secondary The IATA's report recorded India's domestic data. airlines market growth to be the strongest in the Keywords : Aviation Industry, Air traffic, world - tripling in the past five years. It is soaring Infrastructure, Regulation, Market share new heights with about 25% growth in passenger Introduction : traffic, wherein Indigo hits market share occupying almost 36.80%. The airlines industry of India is growing tremendously and is expected to become the India is currently the ninth largest aviation market third-largest aviation market by 2020 and the in the world, according to a RNCOS report largest by 2030. The Director General and CEO "Indian Aerospace Industry Analysis". The of International Air Transport Association Government's open sky policies drew many (IATA), Mr. Tony Tyler remarked that “The world foreign players into the industry thereby is targeted on Indian aviation – from reflecting market growth in respect of market manufacturers, tourism boards, airlines and players in the industry as well as the number of global businesses to individual travellers, aircrafts. India is expected to cross the 450 shippers and businessmen. If we can find million mark of domestic passengers by 2020. common purpose among all stakeholders in During the last two decades from a fleet of only Indian aviation, a bright future is at hand.” The air about 100, the scheduled operators now have transport has attracted foreign direct investment reached 435 aircrafts connecting the nation and (FDI) of $ 456.84 million from April 2000 to July the world. 2013 (Indian Business, 2015). Indian aviation Table - 1 : Indian Domestic Airline Traffic and its industry handles 121 million domestic and 41 Market share million international passengers. More than 85 Indian Domestic Airline Traffic : February 2016 international airlines operate to India and five Airline Passenger Market Table - 2 : Trend of Total Aircraft Movement (Lakhs) Share Year Kms. Indigo 27.54 36.80% (Thousands) Jet Airways 15.79 21.10% 2007-08 88,962 Air India 11.54 15.40% 2008-09 83,072 Spice Jet 9.76 13.10% 2009-10 87,017 GoAir 5.95 8.00% 2010-11 92,605 Air Asia 1.67 2.20% 2011-12 98,454 Vistara 1.49 2.00% 2012-13 1,00,871 Air Costa 0.57 0.80% 2013-14 1,00,576 Trujet 0.26 0.30% 2014-15 1,07,098 Air Pegasus 0.19 0.30% 2015-16 1,25,891 Total 74.76 100% • Source: DGCA reports Source : Data compiled by author from India Aviation Forum Chart - 2 : Aircraft Movement The figure-1above depicts the domestic market share of airlines in India during Feb 2016. Indigo leads in the list of all the players occupying the market share of 36.80%. Jet Airways had a share of 21.10%. While that of Air India’s domestic market share was revealed to be 15.40%, that of SpiceJet was 13.10%. According to DGCA, the overall cancellation rate of scheduled domestic Source : Chart prepared by author using data from Table 2 airlines for the month of Februry 2016 stood at As shown in Chart - 2, the total aircraft movement 0.7%, with Air Pegasus and Trujet both recording was 1,25,891 kms in 2015-16 witnessing a the lowest at 0.30% and Go Air and Air Costa the growth of 17. 55% over the previous year which highest at 8.0% and 2.20% respectively. stood at 1,07,098 kms in 2014-15. Chart 1 : Domestic market share of Indian Chart-3 : Passenger Traffic of Domestic Indian Airlines Airlines: Feb 2016

Source : India Aviation Forum (Feb 2016 Report) Chart 3 reveals amongst all the major airlines, Chart 1 shows the pictorial market share of all the SpiceJet maintained its highest position airlines in India wherein Indigo topped the recording Month-over-Month growth of 76.49% market share recording 36.80%.The DGCA says in respect of passenger volumes, while IndiGo strong economic growth and emergence of low- showed MoM of more than 20% over that of fare airlines, such as SpiceJet, IndiGo and GoAir, February 2015, moving 27.54 lakh passengers to contributed to surge in domestic air traffic. their destinations. Jet Airways and Air India stood at second and third position respectively, competitors from the 35% share in 2007 to depicted medium growth in passengers numbers. 16% in early 2016. Indian airlines flew 99.88 million passengers in - The Indian Aviation Industry occupies 2016 compared with 51 million in 2010, the data nearly about 69% of the total share of the shows. The passengers flew airlines traffic in the entire South Asia. This Chart - 4 : Number of Passengers Carried time period, thus, is critical for the industry and requires serious governance and leadership to create global Indian institutions. - The finance minister in his budget speech discussed about the Government’ aim of preparing an action plan for the revival of 160 unserved and underserved airports Source : DGCA Report which can be revitalized at an indicative cost The passengers carried by Indian airlines grew by of Rs 50 crore to Rs 100 crore each. Nanded 8.69 % (2015-16) comprising of 1,32,91,720 as is a highly important Sikh pilgrimage centre compared to the previous year recording and establishment of airport at this place 1,22,28,758 passengers.(Chart-4). Strong growth with secured connectivity at least through is seen in passenger traffic in the recent years due the oldest airline, the Air India needs urgent to soaring incomes and low-cost aviation during attention of Central Government. the period 2007-08 to 2015-16. The passenger - Inspite of rising domestic demand of traffic rose at a CAGR of 11.8 per cent in the aviation industry in the country, our country. Government has not shown keen interest in Challenges Faced by Indian Aviation Industry unleashing its true potential. The Indian : Government has not cut down the jet fuel prices in proportion to the compressed - The Airline industry is weighed down by international crude oil prices. Furthermore, rising combined debt burden of $ 20 billion the services offered at all the Indian airports since healthy profits and rising passengers excepting the major ones remained far below attract sufficient capital from banks and the international standards. In fact, the lending institutions. Restructuring this huge airport connectivity with the cities is also amount of leverage will be a challenge as highly constrained. resorting to equity capital will also be equally difficult during economic - High airport charges: Airport charges slowdown. contribute 20% for long distance and 30% for short distance air tickets (Gopinath, - Airline industry is not able to generate 2014). profits and is suffering from losses. The industry has lost about 51,367.07 crore at the - The developmentof India’s aviation sector end of 2014-15. Air India continues to suffer also unfold a number of security challenges losses to the extent of Rs. 2,636 crore in involving prohibition of terrorism. A recent 2015-16 and Rs 5,859 crore in the year 2014- report by a department related to the 15. Government has once again been forced Parliamentary Standing Committee on to inject a sum of Rs. 22,280 crore in March Transport, Tourism and Culture urges 2016 to keep the airlines afloat. So far, the serious concerns by suggesting that 27 Indian government has pumped in more than functional airports in the country are Rs 30,000 crore in the airline. As of protected by forces other than the Central December 2015, the 85-year-old Air India’s Industrial Security Force (CISF). The report debt reflected to be over Rs 50,000 crore thus said it was “quite scary to know that the slipping off the major market share to its security of eight of our hyper-sensitive and 19 of our sensitive airports are not covered i. http://dgca.nic.in/reports/pass-ind.htm. by the CISF that has now become the only iii. Civil Aviation Industry (2011). Report of specialised force for aviation security”. The Working Group on Civil Aviation for report said that – “Explanations given to the formulation of Twelfth Five Year Plan committee for non-deployment of CISF at (2012-17). remaining airports were lack of funds”. In the today’s world where Terrorism is iv. Gopinath, G. R. (2014). India's aviation spreading like anything and creating sector is choking on high taxes, poor destruction in every possible way, by taking regulation & bad airports. The Economic lives of thousands of honest people, our Times. Retrieved on 15 February, 2015, from Government is directed at the most not to http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.co make any settlement with the safety and m/2014-07- 08/news/51191434_1_aviation- protection of the citizens of India and lend sector-civil-aviation-new-airports. the CISF with the required funds. v. (2012). Indian Aviation Industry: Through - High engineering cost for maintenance: The Turbulent Times, FDI relaxations alone not a maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) game changer. ICRA. Retrieved on 4th charges are sky high, and that is the reason January, 2015, from www.icra.in/Files why airlines wish to go to Abu Dhabi, /ticker /Indian%20Aviation%20Industry Jordan, Singapore for MRO. Later, these %20(NEW).pdf. MRO cost are added to the fare of vi. (2014). Indian Aviation Industry. India passengers. Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF). Retrieved - Low clientele base: The clientele base of on 15 February, 2015, from http://www. Indian airlines is not widening briskly so as ibef.org/industry/indian-aviation.aspx. to enlarge the operational profits. vii. (2015). Civil Aviation. India in Business. - Financial urgency might hamper the safety Retrieved on 28 February, 2015, from of passengers since the airlines reduced their http://indiainbusiness.nic.in/newdesign/ind maintenance budgets. The audit report of ex.php?param=industryservices_landing/35 DDGCA has revealed lack of spare parts as 5/2. serious lacunae for maintenance of the viii. https://indiaaviationforum.blogspot.in aircrafts comprising the safety of the /2016/03/february-2016-performances-of- passengers. It has been that airlines are indian.html. misusing category C defect, where an ix. Shipra Choudhuri, Ruchi Dixit and Rajesh aircraft can fly with a defect for 10 days. Tiwar (2015). Issues and Challenges of Ranganathan commented that the airlines Indian Aviation Industry: A Case Study. remove the defective part on tenth day and Volume 4, Number 1, January – March’ 2015 put it in some other flight. The defective part ISSN (Print):2319-9032, (Online):2319- is rolled over again to some other aircraft and 9040 this cycle continues (live mint, 2014). x. Indian Aerospace Industry Analysis?, References : RNCOS, January 2011. i. CAPA India Aviation Outlook FY14. xi. Retrieved from http://articles.econo Retrieved on 09 January, 2015, from mictimes. indiatimes.com/2014-07-08/news http://centreforaviation.com/shop/samples/I / 51191434_1_aviation-sector-civilaviati... ndia%20Outlook%20ToC%20and%20Extr acts.pdf. xii. Retrieved from http://indiainbusiness.nic.in /newdesign/index.php?param=industryserv ii. DGCA- Directorate General of Civil ices_landing/355/2 20. Aviation(2012).Market share of Scheduled domestic airlines. Available at Human Rights Education and Teacher Education Programme - An Approach Dr. Alaka Das, Faculty, Dept of Edu., Pub Kamrup College. Assam Abstract : Human Rights Education a vital part of the International Education Activities throughout the Human rights education is found to be ingrained world. UNESCO International Congress on in o u r civ ilizatio n o f “B as u d h aiv a Education for Human Rights and Democracy in Kutumbakam”. In 1980, UGC had appointed a Montreal in March 1993 also adopted human committee on ‘Human Rights Education’ in rights as a precondition for sustainable which emphasis was given on attitude formation development, civil society and democracy. In and value inculcation, especially at the age of Indian context, the constitution of India contains school going children. National Policy of many provisions regarding human rights. The Education 1986 also emphasized on the need of preamble of India, the Fundamental Rights, the human rights education through the promotion Fundamental Duties and the Directive principles of values. After the adoption of UNO’s charter in of state policy set out equity, fraternity, liberty of 1945 and then Universal Declaration of Human faith and worship, and dignity of persons as the Rights in 1948, it has been strongly integral scheme in its march to establish an recommended that the teachers should be well egalitarian society. Similarly, human rights prepared to provide human rights education to perspectives have been kept in mind while their students. Therefore, teachers have to be framing our educational policies. The University provided training about the content and pedagogy Education Commission (1949), Secondary of human rights. A well planned programme of Education Commission (1953), Kothari training in Human Rights Education is needed to Commission (1964-65) NPE 1986 and POA develop right kind of attitudes, approaches and 1992 lay emphasis on human rights and values. values among the teacher trainees. Here, in this Being a tool to develop awareness and paper, an attempt will be made to present a three assimilating, creating and disseminating dimensional approach to provide Human Rights knowledge, education have to play a crucial role Education at teacher training programme. at each levels for promotion and protection of Key Words : Human Rights Education, Teacher human rights. Education Education of human rights involve all the three Introduction : phases of learning-knowledge, attitude and skill Human rights are those fundamental rights as it is important to inculcate the skills needed to without which no person can live with dignity and promote, defend and apply human rights in daily freedom. These are essential for growth and life. Education about human rights is distinct development. The very first article of 1948 from other types of value education. For example, declaration proclaim “All human beings are born citizenship education or education for democratic free and equal in dignity and rights. They are citizenship is a set of practices and activities endowed with reason and conscience and should aimed at making young people and adults better act towards each other in a spirit of brotherhood.” equipped to participate actively in democratic life It is commonly known as basic fundamental by assuming and exercising their rights and rights that a person cannot be denied by any responsibilities in society. The students should be individual or any government simply because he made aware of rights and duties, to feel the or she is a human being. Therefore, human rights appropriate emotions and internalize the feelings are universal and same for everyone that entail in thoughts and deeds. Students need to be both right and obligation. sensitized as to how the observance of human rights in their day to day life enhances quality of The Legacy : life in the society. Teachers play a very important The increasing recognition of the ‘Universal role in the organization of human rights Right to Learn about human rights makes education. To improve the quality and effectiveness of human rights education, teacher teacher trainees on the following objectives- has to take the responsibility of construction of Objectives of the study : curriculum, preparing textbooks, finding methods for deliberation, developing learning 1. To examine the status of human rights strategies, evaluating learning experiences etc. education of the teacher Education The teacher educators as well as teachers have programme at secondary level. the capabilities to develop learning packages that 2. To examine the methodology and strategy of can help to transform learners in developing human rights education at secondary level critical attitudes into active participation, teacher education programme. conviction that human rights must be protected, respected and promoted. 3. To present a tri-layer design for imparting human rights education, at secondary level There is no denying the fact that human rights teacher education. can be taught more effectively through various co-curricular activities. The methodological Significance of the Study : issues are more important than the content as far Teaching of human rights does not similar to the as human right education is concerned. Teaching teaching of other subjects like science or history methods are crucial in sensitizing and changing or language, as this involves developing of basic attitudes and creating a human rights culture. The attitude, tolerance, understanding and goodwill current teaching methodologies may reduce for human. So, for teaching of human rights human rights education to a mere academic teacher has to play the role of facilitator, active exercise. It is important to bring field experiences participator, researcher and curriculum into the classroom and take students to the developer. Therefore, teachers must have in depth communities. knowledge of different human rights, required Teacher’s attitude is also important in conveying teaching skills and practice of human rights. key messages to students. At times, teachers are Human rights education encompasses a wide not even aware of different human rights and range of values, among them are peace, non- duties. They have to be trained in content as well discrimination, equality, justice, non-violence, as pedagogy, material preparation, and tolerance and respect for human equity. By curriculum development. Teachers should be providing recognition of and respect for human provided with the knowledge, skills and rights in all societies, it empowers learner so that understanding to inculcate rights at both the pre- they might actively contribute to the building of a service and in-service level. Otherwise, the sustainable and peaceful future. But for that, declaration will become a mere subject of pedagogical best practices models of human academic study. rights education be developed and disseminated to teachers with the assistance of relevant teacher India has one of the largest systems of teacher body. However, there is a paucity of academic education in the world. Besides the University literature focussing specially on the issue of departments of education, government and human rights education and pedagogical government aided institutions; private and self approach in the school curriculum. It is expected financing colleges and open universities are also that the proposed tri layer approach of imparting engaged in teacher education. According to an HRE will offer the teacher trainees with the three estimate, a large number of teachers in our fold nourishment of the mind, the heart and the country are untrained. Therefore, a well planed soul enabling him to be global leader from programme and approach of training in Human human rights perspective. Rights Education is needed to cover this vast system of teacher education. In Assam, the Methodology : curriculum followed by the teacher training The methodology used in the study is analytical colleges under Gauhati University also in nature, based on the secondary sources of data. incorporate one optional paper on Human Rights Different reports, articles, e-resources on human Education, almost similar with other rights education were consulted for the purpose. universities. In this paper, an attempt has been made to visualize human rights education of the Delimitation : The study is limited to the curriculum of B. Ed course under Gauhati development activities in the communities, University. extension activities, community services, education programme for disadvantaged group. Review of Related Literature : The curriculum framework of 1998 stressed on The NCFTE, (2009) elaborates the context, the values like sharing, living together with concerns and vision underscoring that teacher harmony, tolerance, dignity of the individual etc education and school education has symbiotic and recommended course ‘Emerging Indian relationship. Pre-service and in-service Society that includes the development of an components of teacher education being insight into the nature of Indian society for inseparable considerable focus has been given in realising the problems of discrimination, quality teacher training. Jay kumar, S wrote oppression, exploitation, terrorism, violence etc. about the role of teachers in human rights NCTE has presented another curriculum education highlighting HRE in Indian context at framework in 2006 that treats Socialism, primary and secondary level. Agarwal, R and Secularism, Democracy, Justice, Liberty, Agarwal, R (2006) suggested approach of value Equality, Fraternity, Dignity of the Individual and inculcation for human Rights education. Singh, National Integration as the main concern. In the R.(2009) write about human Rights education NCFTE,2009, issues relative to inclusive and teacher education curriculum. However, education, perspective for equitable and specific approach has not been observed for sustainable development, gender perspectives, imparting human rights education. Therefore, role of community knowledge in education here is an attempt has been made to present a three become the centre stage in the framework, stages approach for imparting human rights emphasizing perspective of gender equity, education. developing values for peace, respect the rights of Analysis and Discussion - The analysis and all and respect and value work. These are includes discussion of the observations are presented in a core paper ‘Contemporary Concerns and below- Issues in Indian Education’ and a optional paper as ‘Peace and Human Rights Education’. (A) Pre and In Service Teacher Education Curriculum and Human Rights Education – The NCFTE, 2009 also emphasized on training of teacher educators, since they play the most National Council for Teacher Education was set crucial role in professional education of teachers, up in 1974 by a resolution of the Govt. of India to and also for the improvement of overall quality of develop the teacher education system in the HRE. Though programmes of the education of country in a planned and organized manner which teacher educators are generally organized by the became a statutory body in the year 1993 by an universities, they are by and large not specific Act of Parliament. NCTE brought a curriculum with respect to human right education frame work for teacher education at four perspective. occasions in 1978, 1988, 1998, 2006 and 2009. (B) Methodology and Strategy for Human Rights The first curriculum framework of 1978 did not Education at Secondary level Teacher Training- contain any explicit human rights education curriculum, though it emphasized on the The objectives of Human Rights Education, as a relevance of curriculum to the personal and social subject of study at secondary level teacher needs of children and schools, flexibility with the training are to promote understanding about framework of acceptable national goals and human rights, inculcating national values and values. It suggested a core course “Teacher and goals enshrined in the constitution of India, Emerging Indian Society and suggested familiarize with the rights of children, gender ‘Working with Community’ as a curricular area equity, get acquainted with the strategies and for developing right kind of attitudes, approaches approaches for inculcating HRE. Apart from the and values towards mankind. On the basis of the above stated human rights oriented objectives, recommendation made by NCTE in 1983, the curriculum framework stresses on the content another curriculum framework of 1988 suggested for all stages of teacher education, which includes ‘social commitment through participation in the socio-cultural heritage of India, it’s unity in diversity, social harmony and cohesion, citizenship, scientific temper and value reason, feeling and will in behaviour, and the inculcation, environmental awareness, working pedagogical approaches of the direct, indirect and with community, counselling and guidance, incidental method. teacher’s social role etc. The design is presented below - Mode of Transaction - Lecture, Lecture cum Three Dimensional Approach For Human Rights Discussion mode are suggested for imparting Education in Teacher Training of Secondary human rights education at secondary teacher Level training level. Co-curricular Activities : Different human right values inherent in the teaching of various subjects can be inculcated in students through co-curricular activities like debate, dramatization creation, NSS, NCC etc. Play ground and cultural centres are better places to bring awareness on fundamental rights and duties. (C) Methods and Strategies Suggested for Human Rights Education at Secondary level teacher training under Tri-layer Approach- The proposed tri-layer approach for human rights education at secondary level is an integrated entity of values, skills and tasks that would likely to impart HRE. Strategies of human rights education should be related to an individual’s stage of development, the role of Discussion of the Design -

Layers Methods Strategies Contents Foundational Direct Regular classroom interaction, Talks and Knowledge of the major historical development of human (For developing Discussion on human rights, situation related rights, contemporary declarations, conventions, major Understanding to violation of human rights , presenting infringements of human rights, Understanding of the and Realizing students with value dilemmas and developing basic conceptions of human rights, relationship between human Rights) the ability to make sound value judgements. individual, group and national rights, appreciation of the rights of others, Action skills. Developmental, Indirect HRE given as a bi-product of teaching a Value teaching inherent in history like love, fearlessness, (Developing particular subject, relating to different persons, sympathy, non-violence, forgiveness, civic teaching for sensitivity, cultures, hobby workshops, production centres internalizing values in Indian constitution, geography positive attitude films, documentary etc. for global concept, world citizenship, science for and required intellectual honesty, acceptability, language and skills for HRE) literature negotiating, followership, leadership, self discipline, Transformational Social Issues Training of right feelings through issues, Attitude of inclusion, acceptance of diversity, (Inculcating human cases of HR and transform the awareness and brotherhood of men tolerance rights values in sensitivity to action. Action Research school and society) related to HR

In the layer1, foundational level, deliberate and The layer 2 intended to develop sensitivity, systematic attempt to be made by the teacher attitude along with skills for inculcating human educator to teach human rights education as a rights values. subject or an area of thought. In this stage, regular The layer 3 intended to prepare the teacher classroom instruction, talks and discussions are trainees intellectually, emotionally, attitudinally to be conducted for understanding and realizing and functionally fit with task oriented capabilities human rights values. enabling them to protect and inculcate human rights in home, school and society. Observation : Conclusion : UNO created a comprehensive body of human In the conventional, formal system of education, rights low proving us a universal and dictated by the trio of syllabus, a textbook and a internationally protected code of human rights. year question paper based examination; the India being a complex society is facing the learner turns out with an un-inquisitive mind, violation of human rights at all levels. Therefore, uninspired heart, unchallenged creatively and it become imperative for the introduction of untrained hands in global scenario. It is expected Human Rights Education at all levels of teacher that the tri layer approach of imparting HRE will education. The analysis of teacher education offer the teacher trainees with the three fold curricula reveals that much has to be done to train nourishment of the mind, the heart and the soul the teachers and teacher educators to achieve the enabling him to be global leader from human objectives of introducing human rights education rights perspective. from primary to higher secondary level of school In conclusion, the paper concludes that, with the education. holistic approach and plan of action with clear In full appreciation of the still prevailed harsh objectives including functional and composite reality of the gap between the masses and the curriculum framework on human rights formal education, there is every need to resort to education, training method and policy for teacher informal means to propagate Human Rights and teacher educators, developing self learning Education. Human rights education must not be packages containing material on general limited to formal schooling. Many people never awareness, skill development and transactional attend school. Many live far from administrative strategies in imparting human rights education centres, yet, they, as well as refugees, minorities, only enable and empower the common man. migrant workers, indigenous peoples, the Human rights education should find its place in disabled and the poor are among the most the school curriculum, teacher training powerless and vulnerable to abuse. Only programmes, educational materials, educational working in collaboration with these vulnerable policies and school administration. Greater groups can make HRE effective. Therefore, it is commitment from all sectors and preparation of a pertinent for Human Rights Education to include sound, realistic plan of action can help us to the concept of “Learning for Human Rights” achieve human rights education for all and which will also address the state of affairs of the transform the human rights movement into a practice of human rights and their being distanced mass movement to achieve a better social order from common man’s reach. and peaceful co-existence. Suggestions : References : To make this tri-layer approach an integral i. Agarwal, R and Agarwal, R(2006) parts of the educational enterprise at teacher “Educating for Human Rights by Inculcating training level it should be incorporated into the Values” University News, 44(05), January overall framework of the curricula with the 30 February 05, 2006 required infrastructure. Learning must be ii. Prasad. R. A (2011) “Human Rights combination of individual and group activity and Education in India: Emerged or Emerging?” should be based on the needs, interests, University News, 49 (10) March 07-13, experiences and problems of the society. 2011. Learning takes place through dialogue in which people share their thoughts, feelings and iii. Singh, R.(2009) “Human Rights Education emotions in an atmosphere of mutual respect. and Teacher Education Curriculum” Participatory communication should be University News, 47(24)June 15-21, 2009 encouraged. Students should be encouraged to iv. “National Curriculum Framework for develop the capacity to be critical and to evaluate Teacher Education” NCERT, New Delhi. ideas, people and actions. vk/kqfudrk rFkk thou ewY;

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'kks/k lkj % vk/kqfudrk dh fo’ks"krk ekurs gSaA blds vuqlkj izLrqr v/;;u losZ{k.kkRed fof/k ls bykgkckn uxjhdj.k esa o`f)] f’k{kk dk izlkj] lapkj ds ek/;eksa tuin ds ;w-ih- cksMZ }kjk lapkfyr fo|ky;ksa ds d{kk esa vfHko`f)] O;kid vkfFkZd lk>snkjh vFkok izfr 11 ij dqy 500 fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s fd;k x;k FkkA O;fDr vk; esa o`f)] jktuSfrd lgHkkfxrk ,oa U;kn’kZ dk p;u ;kn`fPNd izfof/k ls djrs gq;s vk¡dMksa lkekftd xfr’khyrk vkfn vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izeq[k dk fo’ys"k.k izlj.k fo’ys"k.k o lglEcU/k xq.kkad fo’ks"krk,¡ gSa A oktis;h ¼1968&76½ us ^^Hkkjr esa }kjk fd;k x;k Fkk ftlds ifj.kke Fks fd vk/kqfudrk lkekftd ifjorZu vkSj vk/kqfudrk^^ uked 'kks/k o thou ewY; ijLij ldkjkRed lEcaf/kr gS ijUrq fo"k; ds vUrZxr~ Hkkjr ds mRrjh jkT; ¼mÙkj izns’k½ lkFkZd vUrj ugha FkkA dks 10 o"kZ dh vof/k ¼1966&76½ rd ;gk¡ ds ukxfjdksa dh vfHko`fRr;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k A 'kks/k esa eq[; 'kCn % vk/kqfudrk] thou ewY;] U;kn’kZ lef"V] jktuSfrd lgHkkx tuek/;e vukJ;rk rFkk izlj.k fo’ys"k.k lgkuqHkwfr ds dkj.k gksus okys ifjorZuksa ij izdk’k izLrkouk % Mkyk x;k gSA bUgksaus crk;k fd vf/kxe ds u;s dkS’ky] u;s fopkjksa dh Lohd`fr] fo’o izd`fr rFkk vk/kqfudhdj.k lkekftd ifjorZu dh izfØ;k gS] ekuo lEca/kksa ds lanHkZ esa vk/kqfudrk dh izfØ;k dk ftlds }kjk vf/kd fodflr lekt esa ik;s tkus okys ,d Hkkx gSA blds vuqlkj O;fDr esa fo|eku lkekU; y{k.kksa dks vYi fodflr lekt ds yksx izkIr nwj&nf’kZrk] mPp Lrj rFkk U;k;laxr fopkjksa dh djrs gSaA ;g izfØ;k vUrZjk"Vªh;] vUrZlekth;] lUns’k deh ls jktuSfrd vfHkO;fDr ds vusd izk#i iuirs gSa okâ; ds }kjk xfr’khy dh tkrh gSA ,d 'krkCnh iwoZ ysfdu blesa fdlh dks ,drk ,oa vk/kqfudrk ds fy;s dkyZ ekDlZ ^^nkl dSfiVy dh Hkwfedk esa fy[kk fd & jpukRed ugha ekuk tk ldrkA #gsy ¼1971½ us Hkkjr ^^tks ns’k vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ls vf/kd fodflr gSa og esa vk/kqfudrk ds 'kSf{kd lq/kkj uked vius 'kks/k i= esa vYi fodflr ns’k dks dsoy vius Hkfo"; dk #i fy[kk gS fd vk/kqfudrk lkekftd ifjorZu dh ,d fn[krk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa vk/kqfudrk dk vFkZ gS] vn~Hkqr vfHkO;fDr gS A blls f’k{kk ds {ks= esa lkekftd ifjorZu vkSj fodkl] bldk ,d vFkZ cgqvk;keh lq/kkj visf{kr gS tks fofHkUu tulewgksa ds fu;kstu Hkh gksrk gS D;ksafd vkt vYi fodflr lekt fy;s cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA bUgksaus Nk=ksa ds vk/kqfud dqN gh n’kdksa esa mruk dj ysuk pkgrk gSa] ftruk fd thou ds izfr funsZ’k nsus dk Hkh iz;kl fd;k gS ftlesa if’peh lekt us lfn;ksa ds vfHk;ksftr fodkl ls fo|ky;hu vof/k ds nkSjku gksus okyh fofHkUu izdkj izkIr fd;k gS A blhfy;s vk/kqfudrk dh 20oh lnh dh rS;kfj;k¡ lfEefyr gSaA v/;;u ds fu"d"kZ esa bUgksaus ds vFkZiw.kZ fu;kstu }kjk lkekftd ifjorZu rst djus ik;k fd okLro esa vk/kqfud ekuo ds fuekZ.k dh fn’kk dh fo’ks"k i)fr ds #i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSaA esa gekjs le{k vusd lcy ck/kk,¡ vkrh gSa A ijUrq bu yuZj ¼1972½ eukso`fRr;ksa esa gksus okys ifjorZu dks Hkh ck/kkvksa dk ;fn lpsru fodkl fd;k tk;s rks ;s f’k{kd rFkk Nk=ksa dks vk/kqfudrk dh vfHko`fRr dks dks lEiw.kZrk esa Lohdkj djsaA ^lp iwfN;s rks gesa viuh vf/kdkfjd #i esa nfer ugha djrh gSaA iq#"kkFkZ iz.kkyh dks u;s <+x ls lek;ksftr djus dh vk/kqfudrk lkekthdj.k dh ,d izfØ;k gS ftlesa vko’;drk gS A geus /keZ vkSj eks{k dh cgqr ckr fo|kFkhZ vius cnyrs ifjn`’; esa ,d u;h lksp dks dhA vc vko’;drk gS vFkZ dks dsUnz cukus dhA vFkZ ikrk gS ftlds de le; esa vf/kd ifj’kq)rk ls vius dsfUnzr ,d u;h ewY; O;oLFkk dks lajfpr djuk y{; dh izkfIr dh vksj vxzlj gksrk gSA ftlesa mlds gksxkA bl nfjnz ns’k dks le`},oa lEiUu cukus ls thou ewY; mls izsfjr djrs gSaA dgk tkrk gS fd c<+dj gekjk dksbZ jk"Vªh; vkn’kZ ugha gks ldrkA^^ cw¡n&cw¡n ls ?kM+k Hkjrk gS] Bhd mlh izdkj ^^vc ;fn vFkZ vkSj dke dks thou ds ewY; ds #i esa O;fDr&O;fDr ls jk"Vª curk gS vkSj ftl jk"Vª ds Lohdkj dj fy;k x;k rks os fdlh Hkh #i esa vU; nwljs O;fDr ftrus gh lqlaLd`r gksaxs] og jk"Vª mruk gh iq#"kkFkZ ls U;wu ugha gks ldrs gSa] D;ksafd tks iq#"kkFkZ fodflr gksxkA D;ksafd ftl izdkj mUur fdLe dh #i esa oj.kh; ^vFkZ^ gS os /keZiwoZd vFkZ gS] blh rjg feV~Vh esa mUufr fdLe dk cht Mkyus ls mUur fdLe dke /keZiwoZd dke gSA ek=kHksn dk iz’u v’kqHk] ds gh ikS/ks dk fodkl gksrk gSa] mlh izdkj ckY;koLFkk vukSfpR;] ;k cqjkbZ ds lUnHkZ esa rks dnkfpr mBk;k tk ls gh cPpksa esa vPNs laLdkj Mkyus ls os lq;ksX; ldrk gS] ij tgkW rd 'kqHk] vkSfpR; ;k vPNkbZ dh ukxfjd o jk"Vª dh vewY; /kjksgj curs gSa] vkSj vius ckr gS rks muesa ek=k Hksn ugha gksrk gSA mlesa cqjkbZ de jk"Vª dks mUur o fodflr djus dh {kerk vtZu djrs ;k vf/kd gks ldrh gS ij vPNkbZ rks vPNkbZ gksrh gS gSa A mlesa Hksn ugha gksrk gS A vc ;fn ,slk gS rks pkjksa vr% fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh izxfr ds ewy esa ml jk"Vª }kjk iq#"kkFkZ leku ewY; ds gq;s Qyr% /keZ vkSj eks{k dks viuk;sa x;s ^ewY;^ gh gSa] tks vPNs ;k cqjs dk Hksn dj ØsUnz esa j[kdj vFkZ ;k dke ij vk/kkfjr thou n`f"V] ml jk"Vª dks loksZPp f’k[kj ij ys tk ldrs gSaA bUgha lekt O;oLFkk vkfn dh vkykspuk dh tkrh gS] og fo’ks"krkvksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq;s 'kks/kdÙkkZ us ek/;fed dgk¡ rd mfpr gS] lkfgR;] dyk] laxhr o vU; Lrj ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ewY; dk igpku djus ds fy;s lkSan;Zijd ewY;ksa ds vuq’khyu djus okys lekt dks] izLrqr v/;;u fd;k gS D;ksafd ewY; ds tM+ ij gh ftlesa ml lekt us mUufr ds f’k[kj dks izkIr fd;k jk"Vª fVdk gS tks Hkkoh ih<+h ij vk/kqfudrk vkSj 'kSf{kd gks] ge fdl vk/kkj ij ,d /keZ dsfUnzr lekt ls U;wu vkdk¡{kk ds Lrj o bl fn’kk esa HkkokRed lksp o fn’kk crk ldrs gSaA blh rjg ,d dfo ;k dykdkj dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA ^^O;kid #i ls vk/kqfudhdj.k] fdl rjg ,d /kkfeZd O;fDr ls vk; de egRo dk oS’ohdj.k] miHkksDrkoknh ;k ftu Hkh dkj.kksa ls crk;saxsA^^ Hkkjroklh vc /keZ vkSj v/;kRe ds LFkku ij tkxzfrd ^^O;fDrRo dk /kuh O;fDr u rks lkekftd #i ls Hkz"V izo`fRr dh vksj vf/kd mUeq[k fn[kus yxs gSaA ;qokoksa esa gksxk] u gh izd`fr dk 'kks"kd gksxk A og iw.kZr% vf/kd ls vf/kd HkkSfrd le`f) dks vftZr djus dh lexzrk ,oa lejlrk dk iks"kd gksxkA vr% mRd`"V vkSj muds ;FksPN miHkksx dh mRdV vfHkyk"kk ns[kh thou ,d fLfFkr gS tgk¡ ls vkSj csgrj thou dk ekxZ tk ldrh gSA^^ iz’kLr gksrk gS A ,d ,slk thou& ftlesa O;fDr 'krkfCn;ksa dh cká ,oa vkarfjd nklrk ls tc ;gk¡ ds mRlkfgr jgrk gSA] ftlesa O;fDr mRizsfjr jgrk gSA] yksxksa us eqDr gksdj lkekurk] Lora=rk vkSj cU/kqRo ds ftlesa O;fDr fØ;k’khy jgrk gSA] ftlesa O;fDr vkn’kZ ij fVdh yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk dks vf/kxfer rukoeqDr jgrk gSA] ftlesa O;fDr lg;ksxh o`fRr dks fd;k gS rFkk ,d yksdrkaf=d /keZ fujis{k x.kjkT; ds viukrk gSA ftlesa O;fDr nwljksa dks lq[kh ns[kdj vax gq;s gSa] ,sls nkSj esa mUgsa viuh ewY;&lkj.kh dks u;s vkuafnr jgrk gS] mRrjksRrj viuk ,oa nwljksa dk ekxZ fljs ls lajfpr djus dh vko’;drk gSA esk{k] v/;kRe iz’kLr djrk gS A^^ vkSj nwljs yksdksRrj ewY;ksa dk geus [kwc vuq’khyu fo|ky; gh og lkekftd laLFkk gS rFkk f’k{kd gh og fd;k vkSj mlds lE;lkxr ifj.kkeksa dks Hkh geus ek/;e gS] tks uohu larfr esa lkoZHkkSfed ewY;ksa dk fudVrk ls eglwl fd;kA thou ,oa txr~ ds udkj vkt ds HkkSfrdoknh ifjos’k esa O;ogkjxr~ vfHko`fRr;ksa ij vk/kkfjr fuo`Rr ewyd thou n’kZu ds LFkku ij dh vksj mUeq[k dj muds thou dks ifj"d`r dj ldkjkRed thou n`f"V dks fodflr djus dh rRdky ldrk gSA blds fy;s vko’;d gS fd fo|ky;h vko’;drk gSaA gesa ,d ,sls ewY; dh O;oLFkk djuh ifjos’k esa f’k{kd dk O;fDrRo ldkjkRed lksp] gksxh tks thou ds Lohd`r ij vk/kkfjr gks] tks thou drZO;fu"Bk] izfrc}rk ,oa fe’kujh iz;kl ls vksr&izksr gks] rHkh og ekuo thou esa ewY;ksa dks ;k ijks{k lEidZ ds dkj.k xSj if’peh ns’k esa gksus okys O;ogkfjd #i nsdj ewY; f’k{kk dks lgh lUnHkksaZ esa ifjorZuksa ds fy, izpfyr 'kCn gS & vk/kqfudrk A thou dh iz;ksx’kkyk cuk ldsxkA^^ ,l-,u- vkbtsuLVsM ¼1968½ ^^,sfrgkfld #i ls Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa Lora=rk] lerk] ekr`Ro] U;k; vkSj vk/kqfudhdj.k lkekftd ifjorZu dh og izfØ;k gS] lektokn dks ewY; ds #i esa Lohdkj fd;k gSA Nk=ksa tks if’peh ;ksjksi rFkk mRrjh vesfjdk esa fodflr esa yksdrkaf=d ewY;ksa ds fodkl gsrq f’k{kdksa dks Lo;a lkekftd vkfFkZd ,oa jktuSfrd fo’ks"krkvksa dh vksj bu ewY;ksa dk vuqikyu d{kk esa djuk vko’;d gS] mUeq[k gS A^^ D;ksafd] orZeku ;qx esa yksdra= fl)kUr ugha oju~ Mh- yuZj ¼1952½ xSj if’peh lektksa ij fdlh if’pe thou 'kSyh dk #i ys pqdk gSA gekjs f’k{kd Nk=ksa esa vFkok vU; lekt ds izHkko ds dkj.k ;Fkkuq#i mRiUu bu ewY;ksa dk fodkl fo|ky;ksa esa vklkuh ls dj lekftd n’kk dks vk/kqfudrk ds uke ls lEcksf/kr ldrs gSa D;ksafd fo|ky; lekt dk y?kq #i gSA fd;k tkrk gSaA ;s eukso`fRr;ksa esa gksus okys ifjorZu dks f’k{kd }kjk viuh f’k{k.k fof/k;ksa dks yksdrkaf=d vk/kqfudrk dh izeq[k fo’ks"krk ekurs gSaA buds vuqlkj cukdj] Nk=ksa dks f’k{k.k vf/kxe izfØ;k esa Hkkxh uxjhdj.k esa o`f}f’k{kk dk izlkj] lapkj ds lk/kuksa esa cukdj lHkh ds lkFk fodkl] lerk dk O;ogkj dj o`f}] O;kid vkfFkZd lk>snkjh vFkok izfr O;fDr vk; Nk=ksa esa vkil esa HkkbZ&pkjs dh Hkkouk dk fodkl dj esa o`f}] jktuSfrd lgHkkfxrk ,oa lkekftd d{kk ds okrkoj.k dks yksdrkaf=d cukdj] U;k;iw.kZ xfr’khyrk vk/kqfudrk dh izeq[k fo’ks"krk,¡ gSa A esa vk ldrk gS] ij vk/kkfjr gS A ¼ekMukZbts’ku½ vk/kqfudrk ,d izfØ;k gSA ftlds ';kekpj.k nqcs ¼1999½ vk/kqfudrk ,d izfØ;k gS tks ewy esa oSKkfud vkSj izkS|ksfxd izxfr gSA lkekftd ijEijkxr ;k v/kZijEijkxr O;oLFkk ls izkS|ksfxdh ds thou ds izR;sd {ks= ;Fkk [kku&iku] os’k&Hkw"kk] fdUgha bfPNr rFkk muls tqM+h gqbZ lkekftd lajpuk cksy&pky] fookg ds rjhds] Hkou fuekZ.k] iBu&ikBu ds Lo#iksa] ewY;ksa] iszj.kkvksa] ,oa lkekftd vkn’kZ& esa bls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA dqN ys[kdksa dk er gS fd fu;eksa dh vksj gksus okys ifjorZuksa dks Li"V djrh vk/kqfudhdj.k] if’pehdj.k vkSj ;wjksih;dj.k dk gSaA^^ i;kZ; gSA ijUrq ;g vk/kqfudhdj.k u gksdj lkaLd`frd ifjorZu gSA tcfd lekt dk ;ksxsUnz flag ¼2002½ ^^lkaLd`frd vuqfØ;k ds ,d vk/kqfudhdj.k gksrk gS rks blesa izks|ksfxdh] fo’ks"k #i esa vk/kqfudhdj.k og vo/kkj.kk gS ftlesa foosd’khyrk] /keZ fujis{krk rFkk iztkrkaf=d usr`Ro eq[; #i ls loZ O;kidrk rFkk fodkl ds y{k.k tSlh fof’k"Vrk ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA ;g lekt ds fo|eku gksrs gSaA ;s y{k.k vfrekuork rFkk fofHkUu igyqvksa esa gksus okyk og ifjorZu gS tks ltkrh;rk ls ijs oSpkfjd #i esa gksrs gSA^^ okLro esa vko’;d #i ls ykHkdkjh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ifjorZu vk/kqfudhdj.k ds rRoksa dh xzkº;rk ijEijk esa gksrh ;fn vPNkbZ ds fy, gS rks bls vk/kqfudrk ds #i esa gSaA ijEijkvksa ds vUrxZr ifjorZu le&fodkl ds #i O;Dr fd;k tk;sxkA euksoSKkfud ^^izkphurk^^ rFkk esa gksdj fo"ke fodkl ds #i esa gksrs gSaA rc bl fLFkfr uohurk ds e/; gksus okys lek;kstu ;k larqyu dks dks ge vk/kqfudrk dgrs gSA vk/kqfudrk ls lEcksf/kr djrs gSaA ,e- ohuj ¼1931½ ^^vk/kqfudrk ,d ,slh fLFkfr gS] ftlesa izR;sd O;fDr mRiknu ;k vk; esa o`f)djus ds vk/kqfudrk % vk/kqfudrk lEcU/kh fopkjksa esa fofHkUu fo"k; ds fo}kuksa esa erSD; ugha gSA vr% vk/kqfudrk fy, izkd`frd lk/kuksa ij fu;a=.k rFkk uohu lEcU/kh dqN ifjHkk"kk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gS & izkS|ksfxdh dks mi;ksx dks fo’ks"k egRo nsrk gSA^^ ,e-,u- Jhfuokl ¼1981½ fdlh if’peh ns’k ds izR;{k gkucuZ ¼1932½ ^^vk/kqfudhdj.k #ikUrj ls lEcaf/kr gSA blds varxZr ge lHkh igyqvksa tSls& jktuSfrd] dk;Z djrs gSa] ewY; vFkok oSY;wt ds uke ls tkuk lkekftd] vkfFkZd] vk/;kfRed] /kkfeZd rFkk tkrk gSA O;fDr vius thou ds y{; dks izkIr djus ds euksoSKkfud vkfn dk #ikUrj fd;k tkrk gSA ftls fy, tks dqN vkn’kZ fopkj vFkok oLrqvksa dks lk/ku ds O;fDr vius lekt ds fuekZ.k esa iz;ksx djrk gSA^^ #i esa /kkj.k djrk gS] os /kkj.k dh x;h ckrsa mlds ,u- izlkn ¼1979½ ^^vk/kqfudrk lnSo ,d ØkfUrdkjh fy, dqN ewY; j[krh gSA izfØ;k gksrh gSA ftlesa orZeku laLFkkxr

fooj.k ds lzksr df oxksZ ds Ekk/; oxksZ ds F vuqikr lkFkZdrk thou ewY;ksa esa vUrj lkFkZd gS ftlds leFkZu ;ksx SS ;ksx MSS Lrj 6-70 dYiuk ¼2005½] la/;k ¼2011½ rFkk vfer ¼2011½ dk {ks= ¼xzk x’k-½ 1 2304-09 2304-09 14-61 -01 v/;;u djrk gS ftlds lEHkor% dkj.k gS fd ewY; fyax 1 2716-24 2716-24 17-22 -01 lHkh ds fy;s laLdkj] ifjos’k o lkekftd ekud ds ¼Nk= x Nk=k,¡½ vuq#i izHkkfor djus okys gksrs gSaA vUrZfØ;k 1 2431-63 2431-63 15-41 -01 ¼{ks= x fyax½ =qfV 496 78240-31 157-74 & & ;ksx 499 85692-27 rkfydk & 3 rjQ c<+ rks jgs gSa ftl osx ls lajpukRed o`f) gksuh fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds vk/kqfudhdj.k rFkk thou ewY;ksa ds e/; lglEca/k pkfg, ml osx ls ge c<+ ugha ik jgs gSa D;ksafd fo’ys"k.k rkfydk ldkjkRed fn’kk ugha fey ik jgh gSA fn’kk ds cnyko pj Lora= la[;k lglEca/k xq.kkad us udkjkRed lksp idM+h gS ftldh tM+ esa if’peh vk/kqfudhdj.k 498 0-019 lH;rk gS vkSj gekjs cPps viuh laLd`fr dks rqPN thou ewY; le>dj vaxzsft;r gkfly djus esa yxkrkj lfØ; gSa mijksDr fo’ys"k.k rkfydk ls Li"V gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa tks ewY;xr~ O;oLFkk ds fy;s ,d fo"kSyk izHkko NksM+ vk/kqfudhdj.k rFkk thou ewY;ksa ds fy;s lglEca/k jgh gS vkSj ewY; /oLr gksus yxs gSaA 'kSf{kd vkdk¡{kk xq.kkad 0-019 izkIr gqvk gSa] tks fd ¼498½ ds -01 Lrj dh o`f) Hkh gq;h gS] mudh 'kSf{kd miyfC/k Hkh lkFkZdrk Lrj ij 0-115 ls de gS ftlls Li"V gksrk gS c<+h gS] igys dh rqyuk esa ewY; esa ?kVko gqvk gS tks fd vk/kqfudhdj.k o thou ewY; /kukRed fn’kk esa rks jk"Vªh; ewY;ksa ds fy;s ,d [krjukd ladsr gSA gS ijUrq izHkkoh ;k lEca/kh dkjd brus gksa tks 'kks/kdÙkkZ izLrqr v/;;u ds ek/;e ls ;g crkuk ,d&nwljs dh deh ;k vf/kdrk ls tqM+rs gksa og ugha gS pkgrk gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa lHkh o`f) gks ijUrq ewY;xr~ D;ksafd ouk;h x;h 'kwU; ifjdyiuk LFkkfir gks tkrh iz.kkyh ds rgr~ ugh arks gekjs gkFk dsoy vaxzsft;r gSA blh izdkj ds v/;;u j.kthr ¼2005½ us Hkh ik;k yxsxh vkSj ge fc[kj tk;saxsA Fkk] tks izLrqr v/;;u dk leFkZu djrk gSA bl lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph % ifj.kke ds lEHkor% dkj.k gSa fd vk/kqfudrk ijEijkxr~ ewY;ksa dk ikyu ugha djrh gS] os pkgrs rks 1- vxzoky] ,l-lh- ¼2002½ % izsf{kr o izR;kf’kr gSa ijUrq mruh ek=k esa ugha fd tks iSnkb’kh laLdkj izkIrkadksa esa rqyukRed v/;;u] 'kks/ki=] Hkkjrh; feyk gqvk gS mlls gV tk;saA f’k{kk 'kks/k] Hkkjrh; f’k{kk 'kks/kif=dk fujkykuxj y[kuÅ] iky XXXIV. 'kks/k fu"d"kZ % izLrqr v/;;u ds ifj.kke izkIr gq;s dh vk/kqfudrk o thou ewY;ksa esa {sk= o fyax ds vk/kkj 2- vksM+] ,y- ds- % f’k{kk ds uwru vk;ke] t;iqj ij varj gksrk gS rFkk vk/kqfudrk o thou ewY; esa jktLFkku fgUnh vdkneh 1978- lEca/k ldkjkRed gksrk gS ijUrq {ks= o fyax ds 3- vfer ¼2011½ l`tu’khyrk rFkk vk/kqfudrk^ vk/kkj ij lkFkZd lEca/k esa vUrj ugha gksrk gSA 'kks/k i= NDER Vol. 2 tkSuiqj- milagkj % 4- vkj-,- ¼2014½ ^^'kSf{kd vkdk¡{kk rFkk gekjs fy;s jk"Vªh; ewY; loksZifj gS jk"Vª dh ,drk o vk/kqfudhdj.k^^ 'kks/k i= ^ifjpkfjdk^- v[kaMrk ,slh gS ftldks cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s ewY;xr~ 5- dksfVZl] ,l-,- ¼1925½ % cPpsa D;ksa lQy gksrs gSa] ko nsuk FkkA bl lfefr us 17 mn~ns'; tuojh 1995 dks viuk izfrosnu Hkkjr ljdkj dks izLrqr fd;k A ¼xqIrk 2016½ 1- tutkrh; oxZ dh xzkelHkk esa lgHkkfxrk dk v/;;u djukA Hkwfj;k lfefr dh flQkfj'kksa dks Lohdkj djds Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk iapk;r mica/k ¼vuqlwfpr {ks=ksa rd 2- tutkrh; oxZ ds fodkl es iapk;r jkt O;oLFkk foLrkj½ fo/ks;d laln esa is'k fd;k x;k A ftldksa dh Hkwfedk dk v/;;u djukA jkT; lHkk us 12 fnlacj 1996 ,oa yksd lHkk us 19 'kks/k izfof/k % fnlacj 1996 dks ikfjr dj fn;kA jk"Vªifr ds v/;;u dk lexz e/;izns'k dk fNanokM+k ftyk gSA gLrk{kj ds i'pkr~ ;g fo/ks;d 24 fnlacj 1996 dks fNUnokM+k ftys ds nks fodkl[k.M rkfe;k ,oa ykxw gks x;kA ¼efgiky 2005½ twUukjnso dks v/;;u esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA lkfgR; dk iquZoyksdu % izR;sd p;fur fodkl[kaM ls 5&5 xzke iapk;rksa dk nkl ¼1994½ us mHkjrs tutkrh; urs R` o ds v/;;u ea s Lrjh; ;kn`fPNd izfrfuf/kRo fun'kZu iz.kkyh ds ik;k fd tutkrh; ckgYq ; {k=s ka s ea s okLrfod urs R` o xjS vk/kkj ij p;u fd;k x;k gSA xzke iapk;r dh xzke tutkrh; ykxs ka s ds gkFkka s ea s gAS fiNMis+ u ds dkj.k lHkk ds tutkrh; oxZ ds lnL; v/;;u dh bdkbZ tutkrh; urs R` o jktuhfr ea s xjS tutkrh; urs R` o lkFk gSA izR;sd xzke iapk;r ls 10&10 mRrjnkrkvksa dks lg;kxs dh Hkfw edk fuHkkus dh fLFkfr ea s Hkh ugha gAS v/;;u esa lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA bl izdkj fun'kZu dk vkdkj 10 xzke iapk;r ls 100 mRrjnkrk gSA fllksfn;k ¼1999½ us e/;izns'k ds >kcqvk ftys ds rF;ksa ds ladyu gsrq izkFkfed ,ao f}rh; L=ksrksa dk vkfnoklh leqnk; ds v/;;u esa Li"V fd;k fd iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA izkFkfed rF;ksa ds laxzg.k gsrq lkekftd vkfFkZd rRoksa esa fiNM+siu ds ckotwn fiNys lk{kkRdkj vuqlwfp;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA bl gsrq nks&rhu n'kdksa esa vkfnokfl;ksa dh jktuSfrd psruk esa voyksdu i)fr dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA izLrqr v/;;u esa xzke lHkk cSBd dh tkudkjh ds Ø- xzke lHkk esa fopkj vko`fRr izfr'kr L=ksrksa dks rkfydk Øekad 01 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA vfHkO;fDr dh fLFkfr rkfydk Øekad 1 1 lfØ; fopkj vfHkO;fDr 90 90% xzkelHkk cSBd dh tkudkjh ds L=ksr 2 fuf"Ø; fopkj vfHkO;fDr 10 10% ;ksx 100 100 Ø- xzke lHkk cSBd dh vko`fRr izfr'kr % tkudkjh ds L=ksr rkfydk Øekad 03 ls Li"V gS fd 90 izfr'kr

1 xzke dksroky 81 81% mRrjnkrk xzke lHkk esa lfØ; :Ik eas fopkj j[krs gS 2 Lkjiap 10 10% tcfd 10 izfr'kr mRrjnkrk fuf"Ø; :Ik ls viuh 3 xzke iapk;r lfpo 04 04% ckr j[krs gSA viuh ckr xzke lHkk es a lfØ; :Ik las 4 pkSiky 05 05% ugha j[kus dk dkj.k tkx:drk esa deh gSA fQj Hkh ;ksx 100 100% dgk tk ldrk gS fd vf/kdka'k mRrjnkrk xzke lHkk esa Rkfydk Øekad 01 ls Li"V gS fd 81 izfr'kr viuh ckr lfØ; :Ik esa j[krs gSA mRrjnkrkvksa dks xzkelHkk cSBd dh tkudkjh xzke ;g egRoiw.kZ gks tkrk gS fd tks yksx xzke lHkk esa dksroky ls izkIr gksrh gSA 10 izfr'kr dks ljiap }kjk] vius fopkj j[krs gS rks D;k mudh ckr dks egRo 04 izfr'kr dks xzke iapk;r lfpo }kjk tcfd 05 fn;k tkrk gS ;k mudh ckr lquh tkrh gSA rkfydk izfr'kr dks pkSiky ds ek/;e ls xzke lHkk cSBd dh Øekad 04 }kjk xzke lHkk esa mRrjnkrkvksa dh ckrksa dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA egRrk dh fLFkfr dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd xzke lHkk cSBd dh Rkkfydk Øekad 4 tkudkjh dk eq[; L=ksr xzke dksroky gSS D;ksafd xzke xzke lHkk esa mRrjnkrkvksa ds fopkjksa dks egRrk dh fLFkfr dksroky }kjk xzke lHkk cSBd dh equknh dh tkrh gSA Ø- xzke lHkk esa mRrjnkrkvksa vko`fRr izfr'kr xzke lHkk iapk;r jkT; O;oLFkk dk eq[; lkSiku gS dh egRrk dh fLFkfr blh ds ek/;e ls iapk;r ds lkjs dk;ksZa ij fu;U=.k 1 fopkjksa dks egRo fn;k tkrk gS 86 86% j[kk tkrk gSA vr% xzkeh.k xzke lHkk esa fu;fer Hkkx 2 fopkjks dks de egRo fn;k tkrk gS 04 04% ysrs gS ;k ughaA ;g egRoiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA rkfydk 3 fopkjksa dks egRo ugha fn;k tkrk gS 10 10% Øekad 02 esa mRrj nkrkvksa dh xzke lHkk esa lgHkkfxrk ;ksx 100 100% dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA rkfydk dzekad 04 ls Li"V gS fd 86 izfr'kr rkfydk Øekad 2 mRrjnkrkvksa dh ckrksa dks xzke lHkk esa egRo fn;k xzke lHkk cSBd esa lgHkkfxrk dk Lrj tkrk gS tcfd 04 izfr'kr mRrjnkrkvksa dh ckrksa dks Ø- xzke lHkk esa vko`fRr izfr'kr de egRo fn;k tkrk gSA 10 izfr'kr mRrjnkrk ,sls lgHkkfxrk dk Lrj Hkh gS ftuds fopkjksa dks egRo ugha fn;k tkrk gSaA vr%

1 fu;fer 51 51% dgk tk ldrk gS fd vf/kadk'k mRrjnkrkvksa dh ckrksa 2 dHkh&dHkh 49 49% dks xzke lHkk esa egRo fn;k tkrk gSA xzke lHkk dh ;ksx 100 100% cSBdksa esa mRrjnkrkvksa dh Hkwfedk dh tkudkjh dks rkfydk Øekad 02 ls Li"V gS fd 51 izfr'kr rkfydk Øekad 05 esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA mRrjnkrk xzke lHkk esa fu;fer Hkkx ysrs gSa tcfd 49 rkfydk Øekad 5 izfr'kr mRrjnkrk dHkh&dHkh Hkkx ysrs gSA fu;fer xzke lHkk dh cSBdksa esa mRrjnkrkvksa dh Hkwfedk Hkkx ugha ysus dk eq[; dkj.k vius O;olk; dh Ø- xzke lHkkvksa dh lfØ; dsoy ;ksx cSBdksa esa mRrj& Hkwfedk mifLFkfr ¼izfr'kr½ O;oLFkk gSA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd yxHkx vk/ks nkrkvksa dh Hkwfedk ¼izfr'kr½ ¼izfr'kr½ mRrj nkrk xzke lHkk esa fu;fer Hkkx ugha ysrs gSA 1 izLrko j[kus esa 25 75 100 xzkeh.k vkfnoklh D;k xzkelHkk esa vius fopkj j[krs gS 2 fofHkUu izLrkoksa ij 42 58 100 ;g egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd blh ds ek/;e ls vkfnoklh vius fopkj j[kus esa dh xzkeh.k Lo'kklu esa lgHkkfxrk dks tkuk tk ldrk 3 lq>ko nsus esa 44 56 100 gSA rkfydk Øekad 03 esa mRrj nkrkvksa }kjk xzke lHkk 4 xzke dh leL;kvksa ij 58 42 100 fopkj foe'kZ djus esa esa vius fopkj] vfHkO;fDr dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA 5 xzke ds fuekZ.kk/khu dk;ksZa 62 38 100 rkfydk Øekad 3 dh ppkZ djus esa xzke lHkk esa fopkj vfHkO;fDr dh fLFkfr 6 ubZ ;kstukvksa dh 94 06 100 ftlls mUga s O;fDrxr ykHk ikz Ir gks ldAs f'k{kk ,oa tkudkjh izkIr djus esa tkx:drk dk fuEu Lrj gkus s ds dkj.k ;s vius 7 'kkldh; ;kstukvksa esa ykHk 92 08 100 vf/kdkj ,oa drOZ ; ls ifjfpr ugha gAS ;gh dkj.k gS gsrq ukekdau ntZ djus esa 8 xzkeh.k fodkl ds dk;kZsa 26 74 100 fd fodUs nhz dr` 'kklu O;oLFkk ea s budh lgHkkfxrk dk dk vuqeksnu djus esa Lrj vkt Hkh mPp Lrj ij ugha ig¡qp ik;k gS A dqy mRrjnkrkvksa dh la[;k 100 gSA lq>ko % rkfydk Øekad 5 ls Li"V gS fd 25 izfr'kr mRrjnkrk fodsUnzhd`r 'kklu O;oLFkk eas tutkrh; oxZ xzke lHkk eas izLrko j[kus esa lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSA lgHkkfxrk esa o`f) gsrq vko';d gS fd buds f'k{kk tcfd 75 izfr'kr mRrjnkrk dsoy viuh mifLFkfr Lrj esa o`f) gsrq vkSj vf/kd iz;kl fd;s tk;sA xzke ntZ djrs gSA fofHkUu izLrkoksa ij vius fopkj j[kus esa lHkk fodsUnzhd`r 'kklu O;oLFkk dh eq[; /kqjh gSA vr% 42 izfr'kr mRrjnkrk lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gS tcfd xzke lHkk cSBd dh tkudkjh xzke lHkk lnL;ksa dks 58 izfr'kr mRrjnkrk dsoy mifLFkr jgrs gSA fofHkUu O;fDrxr :i ls ?kj&?kj tkdj nsuk lqfuf'pr fd;k izLrkoksa ij vius lq>ko nsus esa 44 izfr'kr mRrjnkrk tkuk pkfg,A xzke lHkk cSBd dks pkjfnokjh ds vanj lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSA tcfd 56 izfr'kr dsoy ugha cfYd [kqys eap ij vk;ksftr dh tkuh pkfg,A mifLFkr jgrs gSA xzke dh leL;kvksa ij fopkj foe'kZ cSBd dh lEiw.kZ dk;Zokgh ds fy;s ykmMLihdj dk djus esa] 58 izfr'kr mRrjnkrk lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkrs iz;ksx lkFk gh ,d vkWfM;ksa ;k ohfM;ksa tuin iapk;r gSA tcfd 42 izfr'kr mRrjnkrk dsoy mifLFkr jgrs esa tek djuk lqfuf'pr fd;k tk;sA xzke lHkk lnL;ksa gSA xk¡oksa dh fuekZ.kk/khu dk;kZsa dh ppkZ djus esa 62 dks eksckbZy ij le;≤ ij xzke iapk;r esa py izfr'kr mRrjnkrk lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gS tcfd 38 jgh xfrfof/k;ksa dh tkudkjh Hkstuk lqfuf'pr fd;k izfr'kr mRrjnkrk dsoy mifLFkr jgrs gSA ubZ tk ldrk gSA tutkrh; efgykvksa dks izf'k{k.k nsdj ;kstukvksa dh tkudkjh izkIr djus esa 94 izfr'kr mudh lgHkkfxrk esa o`f) dh tk ldrh gSA xzke mRrjnkrk lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gS tcfd 06 izfr'kr iapk;r ds lHkh dk;ksZa esa ikjnf'kZrk ykuk vfr dsoy mifLFkr jgrs gSA 'kkldh; ;kstukvksa esa ykHk vko';d gks x;k gSA ikjnf'kZrk ds vHkko esa gsrq ukekadu ntZ djkus esa 92 izfr'kr mRrjnkrk tutkrh; oxZ dh fodsUnzhd`r 'kklu O;oLFkk esa lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gS tcfd 08 izfr'kr dsoy lgHkkfxrk lqfuf'pr ugha dh tk ldrh gSA mifLFkr jgrs gSA xzkeh.k fodkl ds dk;kZsa dk lanHkZ xzaFk lwph % vuqeksnu djus esa 26 izfr'kr lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSA 1- HkV~V] vk'kh"k ¼2002½% *yksdrkaf=d fodsUnzhdj.k vkSj tcfd 74 izfr'kr dsoy mifLFkr jgrs gSA mHkjrk tutkrh; usr`Ro]* jkor ifCyds'ku] t;iqj fu"d"kZ % 2- nkl] izokdj ¼1994½% *beftZx iSVuZ vkWQ yhMj'khi foLrr` v/;;u ls Li"V gS fd fodUs nhz dr` 'kklu bu Vªkbcy bafM;k]* dkud ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyh O;oLFkk ea s xkz elHkk dh lfØ; Hkfw edk gAS xkz e lHkk dks 3- xqIrk] ek/koizlkn ¼2016½% *eusjxk] iapk;rhjkt ,oa xkz e ipa k;r ds fy;s ;kts uk cukus vkjS ykxw djus dk tutkrh; fodkl]* jkor ifCyds'kUl] t;iqj nkf;Ro lkiS k x;k gAS lHkh vulq fw pr tutkrh; oxZ ds 4- dqekj] v:.k ¼2016½% *tutkrh; fodkl ,oa ykxs ka s dks xkz e lHkk cBS d dh tkudkjh feyrh gAS xkz e iapk;rhjkt]* jkor ifCyds'kUl] t;iqj lHkk dh tkudkjh dk e[q ; L=krs xkz e dkrs oky }kjk 5- efgiky ¼2005½% *iapk;rhjkt]* us'kuy cqd VªLV] euq knh gAS xkz elHkk dh cBS d ea s yxHkx vk/ks ykxs bafM;k] ubZ fnYyh fu;fer Hkkx yrs s gAS tcfd 'k"s k dHkh&dHkh xkz e lHkk 6- iqjksfgr] ch-vkj- ¼2000½% *e/;izns'k ds vuqlwfpr {ks=ksa ea s tkrs gAS 90 ifz r'kr mRrjnkrk xkz e lHkk ea s lfØ; esa iapk;rjkt O;oLFkk]* Vªkbcy] ,e-,y- oekZ] :Ik es a fopkj j[krs gAS tks fd budh tkx:drk dks Vªkbcy fjtoZ ,.M Vªsfuax bafLVV~;wV] mn~;iqj] n'kkrZ k gAS 86 ifz r'kr mRrjnkrkvka s dk ekuuk gS fd okY;we 32 xkz e lHkk ea s mudh ckrka s dks egRo fn;k tkrk gS tkfs d 7- fllksfn;k] ;rhUnz flag ¼1999½% *ikfyfVdy vPNs lda rs gAS xkz e lHkk dh dk;oZ kgh ea s mRrjnkrkvka s da'klusl veax VªkbcYl] * jkor ifCyds'kUl] t;iqj dh Hkfw edk de n[s kh x;h gAS xkz e lHkk dh cBS dka s ea s 8- fllksfn;k] ;rhUnz flag ¼2002½% *fMlsUVªykbYM tutkrh; oxZ dh Hkfw edk ds v/;;;u ea s ik;k x;k fd xousZl bu e/;izns'k% ,Dlihfj,Ul vkWQ n xzke lHkk ;g ykxs lkotZ fud {k=s ds dk;ka Zs es a lfØ; ugha jgrs bu f'kM~;wYM ,fj;kt]* bdkWukfed ,.M ikfyfVdy gAS cfYd dos y ,ls s dk;kZs ea s lfØ; Hkfw edk fuHkkrs gS ohdyh] vad vDVkscj (Photocopy of form can be used)

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