2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL

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2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 1 / 45 Opening Meditation: Cheryl Croci

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T, R: R: George Stephanopoulus [ABC News Anchor] & Dee Dee Mayers [former Press Secretary to Bill Clinton, now political commentator and speaker]– these ones along with the Clintons and the other crime families • they were Elohigh who fell to Elohim – love them more! • Remembers the face of Abby Martin in Gitmo; she was very angry • Ron Paul and Rand Paul support apartheid • This is why some have said Jim Crow put on an Armani suits and went to Wall Street • George asked R if he would be mediator between Mother and himself, DeeDee

KOS: don't worry about it, dude; it's in my hands! George and DeeDee are in Mother's hands

R; after this, he went up the mountain with his 10 lb crystal and called in his Orb [felt its presence], and then the ships – they came! He stood in the beam and asked Ashtar what was up with the man in Ukraine who wants to start a war, and the ISIL group – this is about the Levant and the families of

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 2 / 45 that region who are literally descendants of Mother and the Annunaki; another word for them is the “Nammo” • no accident that Nibiru is here; this whole story has to do with the end of this cycle. • Nibiru is here and there are anomalies going on across the planet: the 13 families are taking a nose dive into the Dark Rift & we are watching timelines change before our eyes • this is why there are anomalies with our bodies, with our body politic, with who we thought were our beloved Congressmen, Senators, lawmakters who are pedophiles, thieves and mass murderers - those we thought were our leaders in the Congress who are make Charlie Manson look like an angel. Not just with destroying our world, but millions of worlds since the time they came into this matter universe from the anti-matter universe; with Jehovah and the old hologram story of the Ship of the 144,000 Souls – for all intents and purposes, Darth Vader's Imperial War ship • this is why he asked Ashtar what's up? A said - Read my lips: no flukes, no dates, no nukes • Putin already knows his nukes don't work, as are Iran's – both are playing a huge shell game, as is Mr Obama- things are a little wonky in this sector of the M W Galaxy as we approach Sept 9 • We have some neighbours who want to join us in love – only thing is they look a little different!

• Ashtar also explained: why LBGT rights are imperative: introduces the concept that whatever form we are in, these are the forms of the temple of the living god and as we get used to honoring each other as divine human beings, we get the benefit of their wisdom • also introduces the doorway so the galactics can enter for those who dress and look differently

• If they go to Second Death, that is the end of everything – between them, Mother, St Germain, KOS – this is not about a couple of little white lies

T: George Stephanopolis did something bad besides lying about 9/11 • there are right wing dicks who show up on ABC news who are murderer and thieves – time for news to be not slanted by the Koch Bros – a few will show up on MSNBC and they get ripped to shreds by rachel, Melissa & Laurence & others • That is why he thinks Ashtar has a role to play – when the timelines change, and the Rothschilds are gone – they did it in Iceland, and we can too

The Dreadnaughtus Sherani – a benevolent dinosaur that only ate plants – it is 9x larger than T. Rex!! 78 feet long – and a super long neck. Drexel Team Unveils Dreadnoughtus: A Gigantic, Exceptionally Complete Sauropod Dinosaur [SEE BELOW]

• Brooks County, SE corner of Texas, by Brownsville: the desert where 475 skeletons were found – • for every one that was found, there are at least 5 they have not found. This desert is the same size as Rhode island – temps over 100* every day and up to 110*. sands blow and cover things up – it is a HUGE desert • Some folks spent 5 days in the desert and they had help – they found a portion of land that was privately owned; a man has 13,000 acres of the desert and he put all kinds of gallon jugs of water • People drank and drank – can sweat 2 qts of water in an hour – so thirst is never quenched.

Caller1: a story about Sept 11 – all the nation's school kids will be taking a vacation T: they have not heard a word about it – is this official? C1: yes, both Thursday, Friday and the weekend; hearing that something is up in the zoo T: this thing about George S and D Mayers calling up Rama and asking him to bargain for their lives • They are absolutely afraid C1; and guilty as charged T: a formal org in Europe has proven that the NATO pictures of Russian tanks in Ukraine are all fake! [the Global Research paper T read on Friday night – see Friday notes] • So what was going on at the NATO meeting in Wales was all smoke and mirrors.

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 3 / 45 • the Euro is now $1.29 from much higher amounts • The Dollar against the Japanese dollar – the Jap. $ is in the tank

C1: Once NESARA is announced, all currencies to be be null and void except Treasury bills T: the 13th amendment is said to be about slavery; but it is really about not holding a title and still serve in the Congress – ie, no lawyers – not what the caller said • There will be a basket of currencies & US currency will never be the only currency in the world • NESARA talks about ending the economy as it has been & instituting a divine gov't & it ends all the lies

C1: about Iraqi dinar, Zimbabwe - T: you will get nothing from those currencies; they will all be recalibrated • Whatever we are hanging on to, we will lose • Bush had to print lots of fake money for the 1st TARP in Sept, and later a 2nd one C1; what is happening in Iran? there is a delegation over there T, R: don't know anything about it; the Powers That Were are still pushing information to make things as they want - Iraq is a vassal state of the US Empire – it always was: it has been manipulated and so is ISIL which is funded by McCain, Graham • they are counting on everyone keeping the status quo: • in July, ½ million people were in Singapore who want to elect who they want – and the Chinese gov't said F* you – they will choose the people and get the numbers down to 2, and the people can choose between the 2 • NESARA gives everyone on earth their freedom – no more of this

• How the money from Nesara gets distributed is not known to anyone esp when there are over 2 billion who have no money at all – all corporations get the death penalty

• Talking about BP- $18Billion is the fine – yet they have to be responsible for the harm they have done and how many people are dying due to the dispersant which was illegal on every country on earth including England – they wanted to put the oil down on to the floor of the ocean so no one would see it – • Saw a program on Al Jazeera about how many are sick and dying. • Someone they know lost her husband because the fund they were involved with brougHT the Faction 3 White Knights on board and that is why he was taken out.

• There is more fake news than we can imagine.

Albert Hoffman – 2hrs 5 min of Terrance McKenna on Albert Hoffman creating LSD – 1943 • This piece was put together on the 50th anniversary • The Premise of Terrance Mckenna was that back then in 1943, scientists were saying the earth was dying rapidly. In 1943 the Logos of planet Earth spoke to him, and he was appointed to spread the word about the consciousness of the spores – they travel across star systems on solar winds – it is no accident that we re getting solar flares

• things are going wonky: a plane lands in Iran and gets to leave! A plane goes down near Jamaica – why he went to talk to Ashtar

• Sept 6, 1997 – today is the anniversary of Diana's funeral • a movie with Bruce Willis when he had to save the earth – his lady friend, LiLu, was the appointed messenger where the beam of light came out of her mouth at the last minute & saved the day-to- day – it is not about The Event which is another false story • WE CREATE THE EVENT as we combine our energies with the light of the Peace Tower in Iceland – the Peace Tower is very magical & when we combing our energies the power is magnified; it can be seen from space when it is lit, and our friends are aware of it and as we amplify the energy, they see that across the galaxy

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 4 / 45 • a 3rd American with ebola has been brought to Kansas – T: how come human beings are the only animals who cannot to store Vitamin C of all the animals R: The Annunaki removed that capability: T: so those who don't get it have had their DNA restored? So Post the getting well period, their blood is now a serum that helps others. YES!

Reading: Stew Webb – super breaking news: [SEE BELOW] R said KOS said it is no accident this has come out, and the other 2 contacted you! • Are we going to go past another 9/11 and it is swept under the rug?

The material is taken from Part 4 of a 4 part You Tube – the part she reads starts at the 11:54 http://kauilapele.wordpress.com/2014/09/05/breaking-news-well-stew-webb-says-super-breaking-from-vt- radio-9-3-14/

Audio: Thom Hartmann on the lawsuit of John Boehner, supposedly about Obama over-using the Executive Privilege; Obama has used this tool less than almost any other president ▪ it is really about bogging down the Obama presidency – a continuation of the meeting in the Caucus restaurant – the lawsuit is part of the same range of dirty Republican tactics

Reading; [SEE BELOW] 2014, Sept 4 Vanishing Airliners, “ISIS”, and 9/11. “Timing is Crucial in Politics”

Audio: 2011, July 11 Albert Hofmann Tribute, Hosted By Terence McKenna [FULL]

YouTube Uploaded on 11 Jul 2011

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzDNDnRbORA

http://alchemicalarchives.blogspot.com/

An event that was held at The Scottish Rite Temple in Los Angeles on October 2, 1988 to honor Dr. Albert Hofmann on the 50th anniversary of his discovery of LSD. The MC that night was none other than Terence McKenna, and besides a few words from Terence, we also hear from Stanley Krippner and Andrew Weil, who not only have many kind words for Dr. Hofmann but also add some interesting insights about their own work with LSD, such as when Terence said: "We have the tools, the intellect, the will to create a caring global culture. It isn't going to come without a recognition of the power of the psychedelic experience. The psychedelic experience is the birth right of every human being on the planet. It is as much a basic part of each and every one of us as our sexuality, our national identity, our consciousness of self. And any society which attempts to hold back or impede this dimension of self-expression, when the history of that society is written, it will be called barbarous." ... And from Dr. Weil: "And here it seems to me is the fundamental absurdity of the way our science has developed: The most obvious fact of our existence is that we are conscious. That is the most obvious, most important aspect of our existence. How can you construct a world view, how can you construct a system that tries to explain the universe and leave that out? And yet that is what our science tries to do."

Dr. Lilly begins with a description of his first LSD experience in an isolation chamber (300mg IM) in the Virgin Islands in 1964, saying about it, "I was scared stiff, absolutely terrified." He is followed by Dr. Oscar Janiger who gives a few brief remarks before Terence McKenna

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 5 / 45 introduces Dr. Albert Hofmann by famously saying, "Psychology without psychedelics is pissing into the wind." The Dr. Hofmann takes the stage for a talk that you will most likely listen to more than once. One of my favorite quotes of his is, "Of greatest significance to me has been the insight that I obtained as a fundamental understanding from all my LSD experiences that what one commonly takes as the reality by no means it defines anything fixed but represents a thing that's ambiguous, that there is not only one but there are many realities, each compromising a different consciousness also of the ego."

http://www.matrixmasters.com/podcasts/

T's comments on the first part we listened to.

Astrology: Richard

Sat: moon is in Aquarius and is there until Sunday night Mon: full harvest moon, also a super moon – will be opposite Venus and conjunct Neptune – hopes the spiritual aspects will move things along Tues: moon in Pisces until the evening; Mercury squares Pluto • Moon goes into Aries at night Wed: a complicated day with lots of aspects • Venus opposite Neptune, Moon square Pluto • Mercury sextile Jupiter • Leo back to Libra – a sextile with Mercury and Jupiter • then it goes • moon opposite Mercury • moon conjunct Uranus at night Thurs; sun will be in Virgo and sextile Saturn; maybe the sextile to Saturn will help keep the peace agreements Fri, Sat: Moon in Taurus, Mars going into Sagitarius

Audio: September 2, 2014 Pele Report, Astrology Forecast click here for the Full Moon astrology chart

https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=XfHrtfrFL-w

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 6 / 45 When I see what’s wrong with me and the world, I have a choice on how to react. I can feel depressed and powerless, Or learn, and grow less attached.

English transcription | Spanish translation | French translation Pele Report mp3 only - (Transcriptions take a day or two to complete. Please check back if not yet available.)

Let’s not lose our heads now (get it?) Ah, there is always so much more to say that I remember after I’m done haha! Welcome to the full Moon joined with Chiron in Pisces/Virgo this Monday. Of course, the Sun is opposite Chiron all week. Good time to heal those wounds about just what we think is so bad/wrong and move into a place of acceptance, learning, and love. Time to get over it and see that bump in the road from the other side…… Injoy the process, it’s all there is.

Reading: Mystic Mamma [SEE BELOW] 2014, Sept 8 FULL MOON / SuperMoon in Pisces September 8th 2014

Reading: Sept 4 Earth whispers in a time of change AA Michael through Celia Fenn [SEE BELOW]

Reading: Divine Sky The Angels of Peace

BBS:

Caller 1: Reads a poem: “A heart felt prayer for the Earth” T: just what was needed for this time: the Super Moon has very powerful configurations C1: and the best is yet to come!

Reading: Tara reads the balance of the Celia Fenn article - What Di and Dodi told them resonates with what is in the section called “The Frequency Shifts in September”

C 2: about Rama talking to Ashtar and to report for duty: What does that mean? R: We must be about our mother/father gods business; it is that time that where all we are seeing that is maya and illusion will be stripped bare, and we'll have some 'splainin' to do ▪ it is about 13,000 years of obfuscation: told one thing, it's another C2: to report for duty in the sense that disclosure is about to happen? R: can neither confirm nor deny ▪ but Ashtar did say “I said no nukes, and I meant it” – they are also on red alert! ▪ If any of them try to turn the key, they'll find nothing works! Then THEY will have some explaining to do! C2: T read an update regarding ISIS – source? Send by someone else: you tube that goes with it

Annamerkaba – here is the full version www.sacredascensionmerkaba.wordpress.com

Return of Isis: how it will affect you and where you can find her – this was posted in June maybe the additions are on the end, with the same front end? [YES] C2: there was some new stuff you were reading! T: thinks it has been updated, but still goes back to June and goes to Dec 3rd

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 7 / 45 C2: something else posted – Pleiades High Council – Sept 3rd ▪ many different things on the site; Angelic portals of Aug 27th children coming from Antarres C2: is an initiate of the Temple of Isis

C2: http://sacredascensionmerkaba.wordpress.com [SEE BELOW] ▪ Tara re-read the entire article again: we have forgotten the last part of it!

T: we have been going back to the 70s and 80s – what is happening now is bringing it all up to date ▪ Terrance Mckenna was a master about being able to weave together the science and the metascience ▪ It was a major trauma for the flower children – all their heroes were killed, one after the other. ▪ In 1961, the Cuban missile crisis was done by US Black Ops who were the ones who launched the nuke, and Ashtar pulled it out of the air – would have hit Los Angeles and killed millions of people. ▪ Someone called Andrew represented Europe which we now know was tied to the 4th Reich ▪ Kissinger was there; and W E B DeBois [born in 1868] and started NAACP in 1906 ▪ King George's wife, Queen Mother Elizabeth was the mother of Noble Drew Ali ▪ Nicholas Tesla was on the radio for about 8 years and talked about ET s ▪ WW 1 was the Vatican's idea ▪ Then Noble Drew Ali went to the Conference and slapped them upside the head! ▪ MLK was 39 when he was killed – born in 1929 ▪ The days in the 60s were very critical: turned us into activists – Angela Davis; Fred Hampton was killed by Cointel Pro – they infiltrated every group, and killed them off one by one ▪ Malcolm X, W E DeBois in 1964;

▪ George Stephanopois was campaign managers for Bill Clinton; DeeDee Mayers was Press Sec for 10 years – saw Hillary shift into a dragon ▪ Chelsea Clinton is the manager of a hedge fund – not Bill Clinton's daughter – she knew her mother was going down; R heard it was Webb Huebell

BBS Reading: Covert Operation – the billionaire brothers who are waging a war against Obama 2010, Aug 30 Jane Mayer [stopped on page 8 – to be continued]

Audio: Melissa Harris Perry 2014, Sept 6 http://www.msnbc.com/melissa-harris-perry

Can ISIS achieve their stated goal? What are the intentions of ISIS that has the United States and its global allies coming together to try to destroy it? Quartz’s Bobby Ghosh and Haroon Moghul from the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding join to discuss the group’s stated goal of restoring a caliphate and the geopolitics of the Middle East.

How ISIS is impacting the Obama doctrine James Carafano from The Heritage Foundation and Phyllis Bennis from the Institute for Policy Studies join the table to discuss U.S. options when it comes to dealing with ISIS.

Obama: We will degrade and defeat ISIS After President Obama drew criticism last week with his comments about not having a strategy to deal with ISIS in Syria, the president had a very different and decisive message Friday when he spoke about ISIS at the NATO summit.

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 8 / 45 Will Vladimir Putin really stand down? The fighting in Ukraine appears to be subsiding after a cease-fire agreement was reached Friday between Ukrainian forces and Russian-backed separatists. Nina Khrushcheva from the New School joins to discuss.

Foreign policy challenges facing Obama The MHP table talks about the foreign policy challenges facing President Obama, with the situation between Russia and Ukraine on one hand and the threat of ISIS on the other.

2014, Sept 6 Making kids wear ‘shame suits’ doesn’t help them learn By Melissa Harris-Perry

This week, the school year began in earnest throughout the country. From pre-K to college campuses, young people returned to classrooms with sharpened pencils, fresh notebooks, and of course, the determination to express themselves through style and attire.

It seems many school officials have decided to meet that individual expression with some, good old-fashioned repression.

Take the story of this five-year old boy in Seminole, Texas who was sent home on his first day of kindergarten over his long hair, which was pulled back into a ponytail. Little Malachi is a member of the Navajo Nation, which believes hair is sacred and should not be cut. The district would not let him to return to class until he provided documentation that he was truly Native American.

Or this story of a Rastafarian teenager in Louisiana, who was repeatedly sent home for wearing his hair in dreadlocks. The student even took the advice of a school board member and pinned up his hair, so it didn’t fall beyond his shoulders. After 10 days of being sent home, the ACLU reports, they have reached an agreement with the school system - to let the student rejoin his classmates.

But nothing jolted me as much as the story of one teenage girl in Clay County, Florida–which is why my letter this week goes to the superintendent of that county’s school district.

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 9 / 45 Dear Superintendent Charlie Van Zant, Jr.,

It’s me, Melissa.

On Miranda Larkin’s third day of school, she wore this outfit: a black skirt, about three to four inches above her knees, which is a violation of the dress code.

And for that, your policy resulted in the 15-year-old having to wear this outfit. Her punishment was a neon yellow t-shirt and red sweatpants with the words “dress code violation” written across both.

Your district’s school, Oakleaf High, maintains it gives students three options in the event of a dress code violation–including in-school suspension and a parent or guardian bringing the student new clothes. But this so-called “shame suit” was the only option Miranda says was made available to her.

Miranda’s mother says when her daughter saw herself in the “shame suit,” Miranda burst into tears and broke out in hives, requiring medication. You see, Superintendent, Miranda just moved to your Florida school district from Seattle–and this was her first week at a brand new school!

Now, your district’s spokesman, said “the purpose of the punishment is for students to miss as little class as possible and create a distraction-free learning environment.” I’m sorry, what? As if the neon yellow shirt isn’t distracting?! As if public shaming, especially among teenagers, isn’t distracting? Especially for Miranda.

Let me help you understand what happens when you shame students. There are the physiological effects.

Social scientists have found shame is “an intrinsic instrument of isolation and withdrawal,” and biochemically, it can damage cognitive function. Shame also damages feelings of belonging and the formation of school community, which as we know, is essential to students’ motivation and engagement. In other words, by turning this young woman into a neon billboard of dress code violation, you may have made it physically more difficult for her to concentrate and complete her work.

To succeed at school, students must have a sense of social competence and academic achievement. You likely undermined that for her.

Superintendent Van Zant, have you ever been the new kid in school? Do you know how much you hope to fit in and to make friends? Did you think of how much harder you have made that journey for this student? And this is about more than Miranda. Every choice made by educators is a lesson to students. What lesson have you taught your students? I believe you have taught them how to label, how to taunt, and how to shame. That is why we no longer have kids don a dunce cap as punishment.

Superintendent Van Zant, maybe it’s time school leaders like yourself, and apparently many others around the country, focus on the spirits and minds of the young people, and a little less focused on their outward appearance. Because what you are teaching them is that how you look is more important than what you know or who you are.

Sincerely,

Melissa

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 10 / 45 Audio: Up with Steve Kornacki UP 2014, Sept 06

Could McDonnell verdict inspire similar prosecutions? Will the Bob McDonnell verdict make federal prosecutors more likely to pursue similar cases against other public officials? Former federal prosecutor Paul Butler and WNBC’s Brian Thompson discuss with Steve Kornacki.

Audio: Breaking the Set 2014, Sept 05

The unheard story of Hurricane Katrina 9yrs on: Blackwater, white militias & community empowerment

http://img.rt.com/files/episode/2d/38/00/00/bts0509_480p.mp4?event=download

Abby Martin features special coverage dedicated to the ninth anniversary of Hurricane Katrina, the military response and why Blackwater mercenaries were sent in to New Orleans as first responders. Ward ‘Mack’ McClendon, founder of a community center that served as one of the only sanctuaries in the Lower Ninth Ward, the area hardest hit by Katrina, shares his experience with the storm and how he is revitalizing his community. Finally, two co-founders of Common Ground Collective, Malik Rahim and Scott Crow, talk about the white militias that patrolled the Algiers Point neighborhood and killed as many as 11 black people in the aftermath of the storm.

Audio: Max Keiser Episode 650 2014, Sept 06

http://img.rt.com/files/episode/2d/4c/c0/00/kr0609_480p.mp4?event=download

In this episode of the Keiser Report, Max Keiser and Stacy Herbert discuss the monkey behaving like a central banker throwing stolen money to holidaymakers, who, in turn, act like housing speculators and investment bankers - never asking from where the stolen money comes. In the second half, Max interviews games developer, Steve Favis, about crowdfunding Banksters, gamifying London and watching Twitch.TV.

Reading: D'Yanni Ywahoo “The Magic Lake” - story told in almost Cherokee family

Closing: Rainbird

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 11 / 45 INFORMATION RELATED TO THE NOTES

2014, Sept 4 Drexel Team Unveils Dreadnoughtus: A Gigantic, Exceptionally Complete Sauropod Dinosaur

By: Rachel Ewing

Kenneth Lacovara, PhD, stands in his lab among the bones of the exceptionally complete dinosaur skeleton he discovered in Patagonia.

Scientists have discovered and described a new supermassive dinosaur species with the most complete skeleton ever found of its type. At 85 feet (26 m) long and weighing about 65 tons (59,300 kg) in life, Dreadnoughtus schrani is the largest land animal for which a body mass can be accurately calculated. Its skeleton is exceptionally complete, with over 70 percent of the bones, excluding the head, represented. Because all previously discovered supermassive dinosaurs are known only from relatively fragmentary remains, Dreadnoughtus offers an unprecedented window into the anatomy and biomechanics of the largest animals to ever walk the Earth.

“Dreadnoughtus schrani was astoundingly huge,” said Kenneth Lacovara, PhD, an associate professor in Drexel University's College of Arts and Sciences, who discovered the Dreadnoughtus fossil skeleton in southern Patagonia in Argentina and led the excavation and analysis. “It weighed as much as a dozen African elephants or more than seven T. rex. Shockingly, skeletal evidence shows that when this 65-ton specimen died, it was not yet full grown. It is by far the best example we have of any of the most giant creatures to ever walk the planet.”

Lacovara and colleagues published the detailed description of their discovery, defining the genus and

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 12 / 45 species Dreadnoughtus schrani, in the journal Scientific Reports from the Nature Publishing Group today. The new dinosaur belongs to a group of large plant eaters known as titanosaurs. The fossil was unearthed over four field seasons from 2005 through 2009 by Lacovara and a team including Lucio M. Ibiricu, PhD, of the Centro Nacional Patagonico in Chubut, Argentina, Carnegie Museum of Natural History’s Matthew Lamanna, PhD, and Jason Poole of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, as well as many current and former Drexel students and other collaborators.

Over 100 elements of the Dreadnoughtus skeleton are represented from the type specimen, including most of the vertebrae from the 30-foot-long tail, a neck vertebra with a diameter of over a yard, scapula, numerous ribs, toes, a claw, a small section of jaw and a single tooth, and, most notably for calculating the animal’s mass, nearly all the bones from both forelimbs and hindlimbs including a femur over 6 feet tall and a humerus. A smaller individual with a less-complete skeleton was also unearthed at the site.

The ‘gold standard’ for calculating the mass of quadrupeds (four-legged animals) is based on measurements taken from the femur (thigh bone) and humerus (upper arm bone). Because the Dreadnoughtus type specimen includes both these bones, its weight can be estimated with confidence. Prior to the description of the 65-ton Dreadnoughtus schrani specimen, another Patagonian giant, Elaltitan, held the title of dinosaur with the greatest calculable weight at 47 tons, based on a recent study.

Overall, the Dreadnoughtus schrani type specimen’s bones represent approximately 45.3 percent of the dinosaur’s total skeleton, or up to 70.4 percent of the types of bones in its body, excluding the skull bones. This is far more complete than all previously discovered giant titanosaurian dinosaurs.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=jyoTwDfXZ6c

“Titanosaurs are a remarkable group of dinosaurs, with species ranging from the weight of a cow to the weight of a sperm whale or more. But the biggest titanosaurs have remained a mystery, because, in almost all cases, their fossils are very incomplete,” said Matthew Lamanna.

For example, Argentinosaurus was of a comparable and perhaps greater mass than Dreadnoughtus, but is known from only a half dozen vertebrae in its mid-back, a shinbone and a few other fragmentary pieces; because the specimen lacks upper limb bones, there is no reliable method to calculate a definitive mass of Argentinosaurus. Futalognkosaurus was the most complete extremely massive titanosaur known prior to Dreadnoughtus, but that specimen lacks most limb bones, a tail and any part of its skull.

To better visualize the skeletal structure of Dreadnoughtus, Lacovara’s team digitally scanned all of the bones from both dinosaur specimens. They have made a “virtual mount” of the skeleton that is now publicly available for download from the paper’s open-access online supplement as a three-dimensional digital reconstruction.

“This has the advantage that it doesn’t take physical space,” Lacovara said. “These images can be ported around the world to other scientists and museums. The fidelity is perfect. It doesn’t decay over time like bones do in a collection.”

“Digital modeling is the wave of the future. It’s only going to become more common in paleontology, especially for studies of giant dinosaurs such as Dreadnoughtus, where a single bone can weigh hundreds of pounds,” said Lamanna.

The 3D laser scans of Dreadnoughtus show the deep, exquisitely preserved muscle attachment scars that can provide a wealth of information about the function and force of muscles that the animal had and where they attached to the skeleton – information that is lacking in many sauropods. Efforts to understand this dinosaur’s body structure, growth rate, and biomechanics are ongoing areas of research within Lacovara’s lab.

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 13 / 45 A Dinosaur that Feared Nothing

Illustration: Jennifer Hall

“With a body the size of a house, the weight of a herd of elephants, and a weaponized tail, Dreadnoughtus would have feared nothing,” Lacovara said. “That evokes to me a class of turn-of-the-last century battleships called the dreadnoughts, which were huge, thickly clad and virtually impervious.”

As a result, Lacovara chose the name “Dreadnoughtus,” meaning “fears nothing.” “I think it’s time the herbivores get their due for being the toughest creatures in an environment,” he said. The species name, “schrani,” was chosen in honor of American entrepreneur Adam Schran, who provided support for the research.

To grow as large as Dreadnoughtus, a dinosaur would have to eat massive quantities of plants. “Imagine a life-long obsession with eating,” Lacovara said, describing the potential lifestyle of Dreadnoughtus, which lived approximately 77 million years ago in a temperate forest at the southern tip of South America.

“Every day is about taking in enough calories to nourish this house-sized body. I imagine their day consists largely of standing in one place,” Lacovara said. “You have this 37-foot-long neck balanced by a 30-foot- long tail in the back. Without moving your legs, you have access to a giant feeding envelope of trees and fern leaves. You spend an hour or so clearing out this patch that has thousands of calories in it, and then you take three steps over to the right and spend the next hour clearing out that patch.”

An adult Dreadnoughtus was likely too large to fear any predators, but it would have still been a target for scavengers after dying of natural causes or environmental disasters. Lacovara’s team discovered a few teeth from theropods – smaller predatory and scavenging dinosaurs– among the Dreadnoughtus fossils. However, the completeness and articulated nature of the two skeletons are evidence that these individuals were buried in sediments rapidly before their bodies fully decomposed. Based on the sedimentary deposits at the site, Lacovara said “these two animals were buried quickly after a river flooded and broke through its natural levee, turning the ground into something like quicksand. The rapid and deep burial of the Dreadnoughtus schrani type specimen accounts for its extraordinary completeness. Its misfortune was our luck.”

Further Information and Resources

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 14 / 45 For a full suite of resources, including multimedia content available for use by the news media, please see the collection of links on the Dreadnoughtus Media Resource Page.

Link to paper (on and after Sept. 4, 2014): http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep06196

Primary collaborators on the study with Lacovara were Matthew C. Lamanna, PhD of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh and Lucio M. Ibiricu, PhD of the Centro Nacional Patagonico in Chubut, Argentina, who began working with Lacovara as an undergraduate volunteer during the Dreadnoughtus excavation and went on to earn his doctoral degree at Drexel University. Lamanna was first author on a recent paper describing the dinosaur Anzu wyliei, popularly known as the “chicken from Hell.”

Additional co-authors are: Jason C. Poole, Dinosaur Hall Coordinator at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University; Elena R. Schroeter, PhD, who recently earned her doctoral degree for her work on Dreadnoughtus in Lacovara’s lab at Drexel; Paul V. Ullmann, Kristyn K. Voegele and Zachary M. Boles, doctoral candidates in Lacovara’s lab at Drexel; Aja M. Carter, a 2014 Drexel Biology alumna who contributed to Dreadnoughtus preparation as an undergraduate; Emma K. Fowler, an undergraduate Drexel student; Victoria M. Egerton, PhD of the University of Manchester, who earned her doctoral degree in Lacovara’s lab; Alison E. Moyer, a 2008 Drexel alumna who was part of the Dreadnoughtus excavation in Argentina as an undergraduate and is now a doctoral candidate in paleontology at North Carolina State University; Christopher L. Coughenour, PhD, who earned his doctoral degree in Lacovara’s lab at Drexel and is now at the University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown, PA. campus; Jason P. Schein of the New Jersey State Museum; Jerald D. Harris, PhD, of Dixie State College in St. George, Utah; Ruben D. Martínez, PhD of the Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco in Chubut, Argentina; and Fernando E. Novas, PhD, of the Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales in Buenos Aires.

Lacovara, Lamanna and Poole were previously among the co-authors describing Paralititan stromeri, a large titanosaur which they excavated from the Egyptian Sahara.

Under Argentinian law, the Dreadnoughtus fossils are the property of the federal government in Argentina and are to be retained permanently in the province where they were discovered, Santa Cruz. The fossils were transported to Philadelphia and Pittsburgh in 2009 for scientific preparation and analysis under a research loan agreement. Fossil preparation and analysis occurred at Drexel University, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University and Carnegie Museum of Natural History. All Dreadnoughtus fossils are currently at Drexel University and will be returned to their permanent repository at the Museo Padre Molina in Rio Gallegos, Argentina, in 2015.

Funding sources for the study of Dreadnoughtus include the National Science Foundation (EAR Award 0603805 and three Graduate Research Fellowships [DGE Award 1002809]), the Jurassic Foundation, R. Seidel, Drexel University, The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, and supporting donor Adam Schran. http://drexel.edu/now/archive/2014/September/Dreadnoughtus-Dinosaur/

Media Contact: Rachel Ewing [email protected] 215.895.2614

- See more at: http://drexel.edu/now/archive/2014/September/Dreadnoughtus- Dinosaur/#sthash.2cMyQUWx.dpuf

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 15 / 45 2014, Sept 5 Barack Obama in Stonehenge visit on return from Nato summit

US President Obama spent 20 minutes inside the monoliths at Stonehenge

US President Barack Obama paid a visit to Stonehenge on his return home from the Nato summit in Newport.

The White House said the presidential helicopter Marine One stopped at Boscombe Down Airbase, Wiltshire, before his motorcade drove to the ancient monument.

The president was then given a guided tour by curator Heather Sebire.

English Heritage, which manages the site, said it was "an honour" to host the president.

General manager of Stonehenge, Kate Davies, said: "His office told us the president was very interested to see the iconic monument for himself.

"Every day people from all over the world make the trip to the ancient stones but this visit was a particularly special one."

Ms Sebire said Mr Obama "was fascinated by the story of the stones, what we know about them and the mysteries that have yet to be solved".

President Obama at Stonehenge The president reportedly commented that he had "knocked this off my bucket list"

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 16 / 45 President Obama at Stonehenge He was given a personal tour of the site by Heather Sebire from English Heritage

Barack Obama and a visiting family Mr Obama stopped to chat with a local family during his visit

She went on: "He described the atmosphere around the stones as 'really special' and his visit to Stonehenge as 'a highlight of my tour'.

"It was a beautiful still evening and it was a privilege to show the US president around this unique monument which continues to inspire and intrigue people."

Mr Obama described seeing the monument as "cool" and said it was something he could tick off his "bucket list".

He also chatted briefly to a local family and posed for photos.

Janice Raffle, who lives near Stonehenge, had come down to the monument with her husband and three sons after hearing Mr Obama was there.

She said: "We had a brief tete a tete across the barbed wire.

"He was really a sweetie. He asked all our names and he was commenting on the fresh air and the beautiful countryside.

"He also said that I was quite outnumbered because I have three little boys as well as my husband and there was a bit of banter between the boys saying boys are best and he said well I don't know if I agree with that." http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-wiltshire-29083959

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 17 / 45 2014, Sept 05 Breaking News (well, Stew Webb says “Super-Breaking”) from VT Radio 9-3-14… Posted on 2014/09/05 by kauilapele

I was sent this by DH just now, who occasionally sends me insider articles and information I sometimes read. This one struck home, and I felt VERY strongly that I needed to post this. NOW…

I’ve listened to parts of the radio show this came from, but in particular, the Part 4 MP3, below, has some breaking news regarding a threat against Leo Wanta. The recording they mention starts at 11:58 of Part 4. The audio player for this part is below, and snips from the upcoming Gordon Duff article about this are below the MP3s (I’m refraining from publishing the whole article which DH included in their email to me, as it may not be completely finished, and I wanted Gordon to publish it himself, first).

Veterans Today Radio News Reports Stew Webb Host September 3 2014 Guests: Gordon Duff, Jim Dean, Dr. Preston James and Amb. Leo Wanta

00:00 00:00 PLEASE GO THE ORIGINAL SITE TO GET LIVE LINKS TO THE RADIO TAPES

. The two men referred to, and speaking at the 11:58 mark of Part 4, are Sheldon R. Songstad, (South Dakota state Rep. & Sen., 12 years service), and Donald Sundquist (Governor, Tennessee, 1995-2003).

MP3s of the show (music removed, volume leveled and boosted, ~30 min., 9-13 MB each)

Part 1 , Part 2 , Part 3 , Part 4 PLEASE GO THE ORIGINAL SITE TO GET LIVE LINKS TO THE RADIO TAPES

Snippets from Gordon Duff’s upcoming article (not yet published, so I just put highlights)

“A day after former Republican Virginia governor, Bob McDonnell and his wife were convicted of 20 counts of bribery and influence peddling, former Republican Tennessee governor Don Sundquist and South Dakota Senator Sheldon Songstad may face, not just the largest bribery charge in world history but indictment for conspiracy to murder as well.

“What is amazing about this case is the amount of money involved, totaling $9.5 trillion US dollars, in fact the entire GNP of the United States for several years. Sundquist and Songstad, wanted $30 billion out of the proceeds to pay themselves along with congress, the US Treasury Department, 5 Supreme Court justices and two former US presidents.

“During the 1980s, Lee Wanta was… was tasked by President Reagan and CIA Director William Colby to destabilize the Soviet Union through establishment, with funds from the US Treasury, of a worldwide currency trading scheme.

“Wanta, with the help of Reagan, amassed a fortune of $27 trillion, funds earmarked by Reagan to pay America’s national debt, restore the nation’s infrastructure and fund a world free of debt based currencies.

“However, after Reagan left office and George H.W. Bush assumed the Presidency, Wanta was kidnapped and imprisoned in Switzerland, transferred to an American prison where he was held without due process for years and the money disappeared, taken by the Bush family.

“Nobody has heard of Sheldon Songstad, who with former congressman and governor, Don Sundquist,

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 18 / 45 admit demanding a $30 billion dollar bribe from Wanta in order to compel the Supreme Court to issue a pay order on Wanta’s personal funds, based on the case he won, $4.5 trillion plus interest, totaling $9.5 trillion.

“The audience heard Sundquist describe how they would settle for as little as $5 billion, as a “retirement nest egg” and how, if Wanta fails to pay, they would arrange for his murder… Current US Senator Bob Corker, Republican from Tennessee had been on a conference call earlier that included Sheldon Songstad, telling Wanta that his funds would be paid.

“…they confessed to what legal experts have identified as dozens of crimes and laid out a trail of bribery and corruption that crosses nearly every level of government, every court and over a hundred of Americas’ highest elected officials.

“What is made clear is that the United States is far more a criminal organization than a nation. Those who don’t understand how America can say one thing and, with amazing consistency, do something else, often something totally bereft of moral responsibility, I think we may well have made the reasons abundantly clear.” http://kauilapele.wordpress.com/2014/09/05/breaking-news-well-stew-webb-says-super-breaking-from-vt- radio-9-3-14/

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 19 / 45 2014, Sept 8 FULL MOON / SuperMoon in Pisces September 8th 2014

arthurspears ART: ARTHUR SPEARS

FULL MOON ~ SUPERMOON ~ HARVEST MOON bringing the deep and feminine waters of Pisces to cleanse our emotional realms. There is potential for deep healing.

Here are the MYSTIC MAMMA Astral Insights form the most tuned in readers of the planetary bodies. First from the insightful Divine Harmony:

“This Full Moon is…what I am calling a waterworks Full Moon! “The Moon in any of the water signs is already very emotional, sensitive and receptive- but I would argue that Pisces is the most sensitive of all the signs…” “With the Full Moon in Pisces we have a heightened sense of sensitivity- which could bring us to the point of bliss or to the point of pain and suffering. “If you find yourself in tears leading up to this Full Moon- now you know why. (I think crying is good- it helps you to release all that you are holding onto.) “Moon conjunct Chiron is a very heavy aspect. There is wounding and pain around emotions, being supported, nurtured and being contained. Since Pisces is the sign of vast consciousness- there is simply no way to put a container around all that it feels and experiences! “This Full Moon can bring up some deep psychic stuff around childhood, the past and/or the shadow. Looking at any wounds and pain (or denial) we have around codependency, enabling, addiction, victimization or playing the martyr is key right now. “To add to this on Thursday 9/4 Chiron was perigee- which means his orbit was closest to earth. Whenever planets (or planetoids) are closest to earth their energy is felt more palpably- and so this amplifies the sensitivity and woundedness in the air right now. “…can unearth stuff we did not see or did not want to see- particularly stuff around anger. If we have been repressing it or holding in for a while- watch out! This Full Moon chart could pop the lid of all that repression- which can be great for release but could also wreak a bit of havoc in your life if you don’t express that anger consciously! “The Full Moon also forms a Grand Water Trine with Saturn in Scorpio and Juno in Cancer. This sweet watery alignment supports healing and cleaning of the karmic past in relationships and commitments in our lives…if we can tap into Saturn in Scorpio and our ability to navigate the

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 20 / 45 shadow, as well as Juno in cancer and our ability to attend to the relationships that mean the most to us- then this Full Moon can be fruitful.” “…with so much Jupiter all over this Full Moon chart (sextile Sun and Mercury, square Saturn, trine Uranus, quincunx Pluto, quincunx Chiron/Moon- with a 3rd yod being formed by Jupiter/Pluto/Chiron/Moon!)- there is a hugely expansive, expressive energy present. So work with it! Be grateful, give thanks, see the Bigger Picture, think positive.” © Copyright 2014 ~ Divine Harmony All Rights Reserved.

From the wise Cathy Pagano from her Wisdom of Astrology:

“This Pisces Full Moon is another super Moon—closest to the Earth, bigger than usual, more energizing. If you live by the ocean, the tides will be higher, bringing the magic of the ocean closer to our consciousness…” “The magic of Pisces is the magic of the Heart. The Sufis believe that the Heart is an ocean and the body is its beach. Aphrodite, the Goddess of Love and Wisdom, arose from the ocean waters and came to shore as Love, which is our blessing and our heritage. Pisces is the World’s Heart and Aphrodite’s love arises from the Source of Life, flowing through the body, engaging the heart and mind and filling us with spirit. “When we actually sense what our hearts are feeling, we understand the quality of the moment. Russ Hudson, co-author of The Wisdom of the Enneagram1, says that the ‘heart tastes what the moment is all about’. The heart brings us the quality and texture of the moment. “The heart is the knower of truth, not the mind. The mind presents us with possibilities and choices, but the heart knows the truth. Being in touch with our heart tells us the quality of our existence, the truth of who we really are. “The heart brings us a sense of the preciousness of life and the present moment. The heart feeds the soul, and truth is the heart-food we most need. What is your truth? Who are you really? What are you being called to be and do? “Each year we get to harvest our experiences, so we can continue to weave the tapestry of our lives. Virgo brings it all together and makes it coherent. “…the Blessed Virgin Mary is a good example of a Virgo/Pisces goddess figure. As virgin, she alone gave birth to the savior. As Great Mother of all, she is the source of compassion for all our suffering…Mary also has a sacred heart—a heart full of love and compassion. The ancient Mother is calling to us, wanting to lead us home to that place of calm and peace that we all long for. The way there is through the heart.” “…The Great Moon Mother shares with us an awareness of the woundedness of our world and asks our Virgo self, what we intend to do about it. Once we remember our inner Spirit, we are compelled to open ourselves to our spiritual destiny. “It is time to dispel the illusion that we are separate from each other and from the Earth. Pisces teaches us we are all One, just as we are individuals. The question this Pisces Full Moon poses us is why did we incarnate at this moment of human history? Is it to continue feeding the corporate machinery of patriarchy, or is it to dive deep within our humanness and remember our responsibility to Life.” “…The ongoing Uranus in Aries square to Pluto in Capricorn connects with Mercury and Pallas Athena in Libra. Pallas Athena united with Mercury symbolizes the creative intelligence we need to solve our problems. “Uranus opposite these two energies opens our intuition and can guide us to new perceptions concerning social justice (Libra) that can counter our continuing racial, gender and sexual prejudice. Pluto squaring these two energies uses the power of ideas to transform reality. “…We are being asked to make a choice. Will we continue with our old ways of being in the world or will we trust our hearts to know the truth, so that our minds can listen and find us a way through the darkness to a new dawn?” © Copyright 2014 ~ Cathy Pagano All Rights Reserved.

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 21 / 45 From the inspired Kelley Rosano:

“The Pisces Moon is in a harmonious energy flow with Saturn and Pluto. This can open the door to greater abundance in your life…The abundant life includes love, joy and well-being…We also need to feel strong and effective. This requires self-mastery. “Be the captain of your ship. Be the master of your destiny. Your power lies in how you take care of you. You want to love your Self more than the need for other people’s approval. Otherwise, you are giving your power away to forces outside of you. People and situations that you have no control over, this makes you feel bad about yourself. “When you live from the outside, you can end up at the mercy of other people. Lost and confused. This is the dark side of Pisces. When you are empowered, you live from your authentic self, from the inside-out. You are proactive. You are empowered. You are using your resources wisely…” “There is more good news here. The Pisces Full Moon is coupled with Chiron…This supportive healing energy can empower your own deep healing. You can heal old wounds. You could experience a liberating healing in September…Your pain and suffering hold great value. It makes you compassionate. Your struggles are there on your path to make you great. They empower your self- mastery.” © Copyright 2014 ~ Kelley Rosano All Rights Reserved.

From the wonderful Patricia Liles from The Power Path.com:

“A feminine Pisces Full Moon draws us into oneness and compassion, sensitizes us to the subtle realms of feeling and being while dissolving any separation from our own true nature. Surrender is the portal to the garden…” “Further blessings in this Full Moon chart come from the Full Moon/Chiron being one point of a Grand Trine in water with Vesta 16º and Juno 16º. “Vesta is our inner spiritual fire that we focus and dedicate first and foremost to our own inner work, sublimating the heat of kundalini energy to discovering our selves at our deepest core, resting in our powerful connection to Spirit… “This Grand Trine with Moon/Chiron, Juno and Vesta, empowers the reemergence of our feminine consciousness. Let Chiron help release anything you have created in fear and still carry, and recreate your life with the help of the feminine expression of the asteroids so generously gifted with ease and grace here at Full Moon…” “Neptune, ruler of Pisces, is opposite Venus. As quick moving Venus sees her reflection in Neptune, Pluto and Chiron between Sept. 10-17, we have an opportunity to deeply love and forgive ourselves. Valuing yourself as the son or daughter of Spirit is a very good practice (Inner smile) and is the prelude to moving into higher centered consciousness. “Our other fleet-footed messenger, Mercury, will be triggering the Uranus/Pluto square between Sept. 9- 13 putting us in touch with communicating our deepest truth. “We are speeding along to Equinox now on September 22. Change is in the air on so many fronts. But one thing is for sure, Love is all there is.”

© Copyright 2014 ~ Patricia Liles All Rights Reserved.

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 22 / 45 2014, Sept 4 Earth Whispers in a Time of Change

The Diamond Earth Communities begin to form amid the chaos of the old..... Archangel Michael through Celia Fenn www.StarchildGlobal.com

Beloved Family of Light, this is truly a time of great Change and Transformation. As we said to you in February of this year, the changes in your society in this year of 2014 will be immense. And we know that as you see these changes, the chaos and "noise" can, at times, be overwhelming. As the old way of being disintegrates, it is not a peaceful process, and so many of you may not be hearing the gentle whispers of the Earth as she call together those who will form the first Diamond Earth Communities.

Those who are able to hear and listen, will find themselves being drawn towards a dream of another Earth, a Diamond Earth of Clarity, Love and Compassion. A New Earth, where Nature and People are more important than money and power. It is a whisper that will enter your dreams and meditations, inviting you to be part of something new and beautiful. And if you hear that call from the Earth, and if you answer her in your heart, you will be guided to those places and people who will also be a part of the Diamond Earth Community.

Beloved Family of Light, you will feel the answer coming from deep in your soul, and you will say "yes" as you begin the return to the Crystal Garden of Beauty and Love. You may ask, "what is this Crystal Garden", and we would say it is simply the energy or the frequency of Higher Consciousness where the Diamond Light shines through all living beings and creates an expression of Divine Joy on Earth. It is this that you remember from the beginning, from Mu and Lemuria, when the Divine Light was bright on the Earth. And so it will be again, as the Diamond Light is anchored in the hearts and souls of those who work for a Higher Form of Community on Earth.

So, Beloved Ones, we ask that in this time of chaos and noise as the old falls away, do not be distracted or discouraged, but simply listen with your heart and allow yourself to hear the whispers of the Earth as she calls to those who will work with her to create the Crystal Gardens of Love and Peace on the Earth

Open to the Diamond Light and Higher Frequency

The Diamond Light is one of the Highest Frequencies available on the Earth today, together with the Golden Light of the Christ Consciousness and the Platinum Ray. The Diamond Light carries the Galactic Feequencies and the Light Codes that the Earth needs to align with the Divine Purpose as expressed through Divine Creative Intelligence. In fact, we may say that the Diamond Light is the Divine Creative Intelligence in action, and that is why it is so beneficial for you to align yourselves with this incoming higher frequency light. It assists you in the creation and manifestation process, and so will help as you work to bein the creation of a new society according to the blueprint in the Diamond Light.

The Diamond Light is received by your through the Higher Chakras (the Galactic, Solar and Soul Star chakras) and the transmitted into the Crown Chakra. From there it is radiated into the Light Body and into the Pineal Gland. It has an intense effect on the Pineal Gland, and this stimulates the nervous system and the cellular system right down to the DNA. This enables your entire being to align with the incoming Diamond Energy.

It is then transmitted to the Heart Chakra, and then you are able to transmit this Light to others via the High

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 23 / 45 Heart and Throat Chakra vortexes that have recently been recativated and restructured. It is also directed downwards through the Base Chakra and into the Earth Star Chakra and then into the center of the Earth to connect you with the Earth Blueprint Holgram held in the Diamond Crystal at the center of the Earth.

This powerful energy can have effects on your physical being, and many of you have been aware of this energy flowing through your body in an intense form in the last few weeks. Beloved Ones, know that these transmissions of Diamond Light are assisting in raising your personal frequency and consciousness so that you can also assist in raising the frequency and consciousness of the Earth Collective and so begin creating the Diamond Earth Communities.

As you accept and integrate the Diamond Light, know that you are being assisted in this work by an incoming wave of beautiful and bright Diamond Souls, whom we will call the "Diamond Children".

The Diamond Children and the Diamond Earth Communities

The Diamond Children are those that come after the Crystal Children. They are Masters of Time and Space, and they come to Earth with a new perspective of life and creation. They are born with the Diamond Light and the Diamond Codes for creation fully activated in their Light Bodies.

They began coming to the Planet in early 2013, but there is a "wave" of them incarnating right now. Just as the Indigo and Crystal Children came in waves to express their particular energy and contribute to the process of transformation, so the Diamond Children are also now coming in a "first wave" to assist in the anchoring of the Diamond Earth Communities.

The Diamond children, as we have said Beloved Ones, are Masters of Time and Space. They know that Time and Space are illusions or creations, and they are not afraid to take their power and create the kind of Earth that they wish to see. They are like prisms, and they know how to focus the Diamond Light into pure creations of Light, and they are assisting us in this process.

Know too, Beloved Ones, that just as the Indigo and Crystal children assisted you to raise your frequencies in the 1970s and beyond, so the Diamond Light Children are assisting everyone to raise their frequency so that they too may become Masters of Time and Space and creators of a New Reality. So, many of you who are birthing children at this time will be feeling the power of this incoming energy as this new generation of powerful beings "lands" on Earth and begins to activate its energies. You can expect major changes of perspective and understanding on the Earth soon. The power of this energy will provide the extra "push" for major changes on all levels of society. Those whe hear the whispers of the Earth calling to work for the Diamond Earth, will also feel the powerful "lift" of the Diamond Light children as they begin to make their presence felt on the Earth.

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 24 / 45 As you work with these children and as they grow, you will find them entirely clear and pure. They will not tolerate manipulation and lies, and they will see them for what they are. They will be direct and open and honest, and will expect others to be the same way. If others lie or manipulate, they will immediately be aware of this and will block these efforts simply by refusing to participate in anything that is not clear and of high frequency. And this is how you will become as well. You will feel in your heart and soul what is truth and what is not and you will refuse to be part of anything that does not help you to live your truth in a clear and open way.

The Diamond Earth Community

As the energy rises on the planet and as things become more and more chaotic, it is important that you focus into your Diamond Heart and connect with the Divine Flame that lives within. This will give you strength, courage and patience. You will know that All is in Divine Order and that there is a point where everyone will begin to see the emergence of a New Earth and a New Society.

We call this the "Diamond Earth Community". As the Earth moves into the frequency of the Diamond Light, so the planet will begin to manifest a community of people who will express that Light in their lives. They will live their truth and walk in that truth, they will radiate Diamond Light from their hearts, and they will seek to live in harmony with the future that the Earth is manifesting. This will include living in harmony with the Earth and with each other, respecting nature, and seeking ways to be at Peace with all living beings as an extension of the Peace within their Hearts and Souls.

They will seek to live beyond the "economic grid" that determines life through money and power, but will find ways to harmonize their lives with the ancient paths of wisdom taught by the Earth Elders and Shamans, and will seek ways to make this meaningful and relevant to their lives on the Eart today. In this way, they will be acting as anchor points for Galactic Light and expressing that Light as Galactic Diamond Humans in physical form.

They will begin to form communities through resonance and attraction. The intensity of the Diamond Light will bring People of Passion and Commitment to a new path on Earth, and this passion will attract others of like Passion and Commitment. Slowly, you will begin to find and attract your Diamond Earth Family, those who are also working to manifest The Crystal Garden in their personal lives and on the Earth.

The Frequency Shifts in September

The first major shift will be felt on the 9/9, on the 9th of September. This is a key moment when those on the Earth can take a step forward to another level of Wisdom and Light. It will a point where you can integrate all the waves of Light Codes that have washed over the Planet in the months since the Planetary New Year in July. It may also be a "breaking point" for many, where relationships and partnerships that no longer reflect where you are in life may have to be released. On a Global scale, this will also be true, and you may expect severe Global tension in the week of the 9/9. We urge you, Beloved Ones, to remain in your core power and aligned in your Diamond Heart, and seek to anchor only Peace and Harmony within your Heart and on the Earth.

The September Equinox will fall on the 22nd/23rd of September. This will be the Spring Equinox in the South and the Fall Equinox in the North. The period between the 9/9 and the Equinox may also be difficult and chaotic, but it is necessary to hold that balance within your Diamond Heart. The Equinox will finally be a good moment to connect with the energy of Balance and Harmony, both within and in a Global sense. The New Moon in Libra falls on the 24th of September, so that will be a good time to plant the seeds of harmony and balance for the next cycle as you move towards the Eclipses of October which will anchor new energies that will culminate in the 11/11 in November and the Solstice in December.

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 25 / 45 We wish you adventures of Diamond Light in the month that lies ahead!

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 26 / 45 2014, June 24 THE RETURN OF ISIS – HOW IT WILL AFFECT YOU AND WHERE YOU CAN FIND HER by Anna Merkaba

On June 21st a fantastic event has occurred on planet earth. The wheel has been set in motion and we will finally be able to breathe with release. On June 21st the Goddess that we’ve all been waiting for, for so very long, has returned! Isis, Inanna, Ishtar, she is known by many different names. One of the most powerful goddesses to ever have stepped foot onto earth. Finally she has arrived!

I was pulled into an experience on June 21st, the angels have once again raised their trumpets and beautiful music began to spread far and wide throughout the whole world. I did not understand at first what all of this commotion was about and then I saw her! She was magnificent, stunning, ever changing. It was rather unnerving at times to look at her, due to her many facets she kept changing from one image to another to show what she represents. Many know that she is not only the goddess of love, but also of war, prosperity, fertility, passion, and so much more. I found myself overcome with incredible tranquility and a thought “now everything will be okay”.

What I am being told is that Isis is pure energy of love and femininity. She is a representation of everything that is feminine, tranquil and yet powerful. Immensely Powerful. She is not simply a being, she is a gregarious being of light. Pure energy is what she truly is, and yet as an energy being she is able to transform and take form of various people in order to get the job done. She is the representation of our feminine side, regardless of weather you are a man or a woman. A part of her is in you and a part of you is in her. Every single being on earth and beyond has a particle of her in them, and she has a particle of them in her. She is the MOTHER GOD, the MOTHER SOURCE so to speak of ALL that there is. She is the feminine representation of the SOURCE.

So what happens now? What I was told is mind boggling, extremely exciting, and downright awesome.

Please note that I am told that those of us who are from “team Isis” will begin to feel her presence tremendously so in the days to follow. We will be called to “duty” and will find ourselves being pulled out of our bodies (meaning we’ll spontaneously go into meditation, for example dosing off at home all of a sudden, etc. ) in order to meet with her and merge with her energies. So it’ll continue to be a dance, where many upon many souls who have come here under the Isis flagship will be merging together into ONE brilliant being and separating again to fulfill their duties only this time becoming much more powerful and

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 27 / 45 determined. It will be a very interesting dance, as we settle into our new roles here on earth. Our powers will increase tremendously. Every single person on earth will be affected, but those once again under her flagship so to speak will feel it the most.

Each time that this energy will be focused on a particular area of the world, portals will begin to open up and fantastic events will begin happening. Once again for many of us, this time will be, a very busy one! Especially for the ones that are physically located in the area of her “stay”. We’ll all be pulled to her when the portals or major changes are about to take place. So prepare yourselves for brilliant experiences in the next few months.

Each time that her energy will manifest itself in a place major changes will take place in that area. Changes that concerns various fields and ways of life. It could be political, financial, medicinal, scientific, religious, etc., etc., one things’ for sure, nothing will ever be the same again.

Her first order of business –VATICAN (June 24 – July 4th ) she will make way to the Vatican. The energy of ISIS will be so powerful and so strong there that the mind of those in charge will begin to shift into a new reality, allowing them to step forward with the truth about the true nature of things, humanity’s history and our Galactic Heritage.

10 days later (July 4th – July 7th ) she will make her way to England, where she will spend 4 days opening up various portals that are there. There’s a huge shift that will occur after her visit, and it will be very interesting to see how it will all play out.

July 7th – July 24th We will find her energies prevailing in Russia. There she will be cleansing slate, purging and cleaning those who are in charge, readjusting their understanding of life, to allow more benefits for humanity in general. There she will also activate many VERY important portals. Portals that sit under Moscow and surrounding areas.

July 24- August 1st – She will come to Egypt, where she will mourn the destruction of the temples and pyramids, and restore the energy gateways that once were. She will open other such gateways and will embrace the whole land with love and light. Under her influence the artifacts of the “lost world” will begin to manifest themselves and the archeologists will not be able to hide this information from the people. This will truly begin to change the understanding of who we are, where we come from and why we are here.

August 1st – August 11th – She will be in Israel. Which should see a huge shift in consciousness. Many more portals are in Israel. This will be a very powerful visit, which will assist in stabilizing the energies in the Middle East and step by step bring peace to the world.

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 28 / 45 August 11th – August 13st – She will be in Greece, once again reactivating various temples and energy portals. She will especially be active at the Olympus, so if you will wish to connect with her energies, you could go visit Olympus at this time.

New York - from August 13st – August 23rd . She will also activate a huge portal that sits beneath the city itself, and disable the one that is currently spewing so much negativity into the city. She will transform New Yorkers from inside out, and bring happiness and peace into their hearts.

Japan – August 23rd – August 31st – Here’s a very interesting outcome that hopefully will come to pass. We should finally see some movement in regards to the Fakushima issue, as she works relentlessly with the hearts of those who are at the forefront of this situation. China – August 31st – September 6th – Her stay in China will mark the beginning of historical events and fruitful relations between major world players. Her energy influence will open the hearts of many to reconsider their local and world policies, and allow for a more natural approach to “doing business” with the rest of the world. There are many upon many portals in China, which will begin to be opened one by one. However, she will come back to China at a later date to continue with the opening of the portals.

September 6th will find ISIS in Urganda, where she will once again be opening up a portal.

September 7th – September 19th she will make way to the United Arab Emirates there she will clean, scrub and activate all the little and big portals in order to bring feminine energies into this country. She will sweep the whole nation and all of the neighboring nations with fervor. And finally open the door for equality and balance within their hearts. September 19th – October 2nd She will be spending time in Afganistan, where she will open the portals, and work to restore peaceful energies in that region of the world. She will also manifest various artifacts from the past, showcasing to the world once again the true nature of humanity and where they have come from. October 2nd – October 21st she will visit Kirgistan, Moldova, Romania and Prussia

She will continue to roam the earth moving from place to place until finally the BALANCE between the FEMININE and MASCULINE energies will be restored. ISIS is here to stay, she is not going anywhere. The time has finally come that both energies YIN and YANG will merge and allow prosperity, health, abundance, joy, creativity, technological and spiritual advances to flourish on planet earth, but above all LOVE. Once again be prepared to be called to “duty”! This time it will be a lot of fun! And finally after all the portals have been opened. And this will continue for a few years, as the ones mentioned above are only the major ones, then the restoration of planet earth and human psyche shall begin. Welcome to Phase II everyone! Exciting times indeed!

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 29 / 45 ~Anna Merkaba – Energy Healer- Channeler – Lightworker. http://sacredascensionmerkaba.wordpress.com/

UPDATE: October 22nd – October 28th – She will visit Australia. She will come back to Australia in May of next year and spend a whole month there, working with various important portals. So May of 2015 shall find Australia ablaze with love and light of ISIS and her crew.

INDIA: She will visit south part of India November 13 – November 24. She will then leave and go to Galilee (a region in the northern part of israel, near Haifa). And come back to the Northern part of Indian on November 28th – December 3rd.

She will continue to roam the earth moving from place to place until finally the BALANCE between the FEMININE and MASCULINE energies will be restored.

ISIS is here to stay, she is not going anywhere. The time has finally come that both energies YIN and YANG will merge and allow prosperity, health, abundance, joy, creativity, technological and spiritual advances to flourish on planet earth, but above all LOVE.

Once again be prepared to be called to “duty”! This time it will be a lot of fun! And finally after all the portals have been opened. And this will continue for a few years, as the ones mentioned above are only the major ones, then the restoration of planet earth and human psyche shall begin. Welcome to Phase II everyone! Exciting times indeed!

P.S. If you do not see your city/country listed here do not despair. ISIS and her loving feminine energies are now infusing the whole world and each and every single one of us. The reason for these dates and places is that on these dates and places her energy will be felt VERY strongly as the portals that are in those regions will be activated. However, if you feel that you wish to connect to ISIS or anyone else, all you need to do is ask, just go into your meditative state and ask to speak with her and you will be able to do so :)

Hymn to the Goddess Isis

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=K1fVVQugiy0

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 30 / 45 2010, Aug 30 COVERT OPERATIONS: The billionaire brothers who are waging a war against Obama. By Jane Mayer http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/08/30/covert-operations

. David H. Koch in 1996.

He and his brother Charles are lifelong libertarians and have quietly given more than a hundred million dollars to right-wing causes. Credit RICHARD SCHULMAN/CORBIS

On May 17th, a black-tie audience at the Metropolitan Opera House applauded as a tall, jovial-looking billionaire took the stage. It was the seventieth annual spring gala of American Ballet Theatre, and David H. Koch was being celebrated for his generosity as a member of the board of trustees; he had recently donated $2.5 million toward the company’s upcoming season, and had given many millions before that. Koch received an award while flanked by two of the gala’s co-chairs, Blaine Trump, in a peach-colored gown, and Caroline Kennedy Schlossberg, in emerald green. Kennedy’s mother, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, had been a patron of the ballet and, coincidentally, the previous owner of a Fifth Avenue apartment that Koch had bought, in 1995, and then sold, eleven years later, for thirty-two million dollars, having found it too small.

The gala marked the social ascent of Koch, who, at the age of seventy, has become one of the city’s most prominent philanthropists. In 2008, he donated a hundred million dollars to modernize Lincoln Center’s New York State Theatre building, which now bears his name. He has given twenty million to the American Museum of Natural History, whose dinosaur wing is named for him. This spring, after noticing the decrepit state of the fountains outside the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Koch pledged at least ten million dollars for their renovation. He is a trustee of the museum, perhaps the most coveted social prize in the city, and serves on the board of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, where, after he donated more than forty million dollars, an endowed chair and a research center were named for him.

One dignitary was conspicuously absent from the gala: the event’s third honorary co-chair, Michelle Obama. Her office said that a scheduling conflict had prevented her from attending. Yet had the First Lady shared the stage with Koch it might have created an awkward tableau. In Washington, Koch is best known as part of a family that has repeatedly funded stealth attacks on the federal government, and on the Obama Administration in particular.

With his brother Charles, who is seventy-four, David Koch owns virtually all of Koch Industries, a conglomerate, headquartered in Wichita, Kansas, whose annual revenues are estimated to be a hundred billion dollars. The company has grown spectacularly since their father, Fred, died, in 1967, and the brothers took charge. The Kochs operate oil refineries in Alaska, Texas, and Minnesota, and control some four thousand miles of pipeline. Koch Industries owns Brawny paper towels, Dixie cups, Georgia-Pacific lumber, Stainmaster carpet, and Lycra, among other products. Forbes ranks it as the second-largest private

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 31 / 45 company in the country, after Cargill, and its consistent profitability has made David and Charles Koch— who, years ago, bought out two other brothers—among the richest men in America. Their combined fortune of thirty-five billion dollars is exceeded only by those of Bill Gates and Warren Buffett.

The Kochs are longtime libertarians who believe in drastically lower personal and corporate taxes, minimal social services for the needy, and much less oversight of industry—especially environmental regulation. These views dovetail with the brothers’ corporate interests. In a study released this spring, the University of Massachusetts at Amherst’s Political Economy Research Institute named Koch Industries one of the top ten air polluters in the United States. And Greenpeace issued a report identifying the company as a “kingpin of climate science denial.” The report showed that, from 2005 to 2008, the Kochs vastly outdid ExxonMobil in giving money to organizations fighting legislation related to climate change, underwriting a huge network of foundations, think tanks, and political front groups. Indeed, the brothers have funded opposition campaigns against so many Obama Administration policies—from health-care reform to the economic-stimulus program—that, in political circles, their ideological network is known as the Kochtopus.

In a statement, Koch Industries said that the Greenpeace report “distorts the environmental record of our companies.” And David Koch, in a recent, admiring article about him in New York, protested that the “radical press” had turned his family into “whipping boys,” and had exaggerated its influence on American politics. But Charles Lewis, the founder of the Center for Public Integrity, a nonpartisan watchdog group, said, “The Kochs are on a whole different level. There’s no one else who has spent this much money. The sheer dimension of it is what sets them apart. They have a pattern of lawbreaking, political manipulation, and obfuscation. I’ve been in Washington since Watergate, and I’ve never seen anything like it. They are the Standard Oil of our times.”

A few weeks after the Lincoln Center gala, the advocacy wing of the Americans for Prosperity Foundation— an organization that David Koch started, in 2004—held a different kind of gathering. Over the July 4th weekend, a summit called Texas Defending the American Dream took place in a chilly hotel ballroom in Austin. Though Koch freely promotes his philanthropic ventures, he did not attend the summit, and his name was not in evidence. And on this occasion the audience was roused not by a dance performance but by a series of speakers denouncing President Barack Obama. Peggy Venable, the organizer of the summit, warned that Administration officials “have a socialist vision for this country.”

Five hundred people attended the summit, which served, in part, as a training session for Tea Party activists in Texas. An advertisement cast the event as a populist uprising against vested corporate power. “Today, the voices of average Americans are being drowned out by lobbyists and special interests,” it said. “But you can do something about it.” The pitch made no mention of its corporate funders. The White House has expressed frustration that such sponsors have largely eluded public notice. David Axelrod, Obama’s senior adviser, said, “What they don’t say is that, in part, this is a grassroots citizens’ movement brought to you by a bunch of oil billionaires.”

In April, 2009, Melissa Cohlmia, a company spokesperson, denied that the Kochs had direct links to the Tea Party, saying that Americans for Prosperity is “an independent organization and Koch companies do not in any way direct their activities.” Later, she issued a statement: “No funding has been provided by Koch companies, the Koch foundations, or Charles Koch or David Koch specifically to support the tea parties.” David Koch told New York, “I’ve never been to a tea-party event. No one representing the tea party has ever even approached me.”

At the lectern in Austin, however, Venable—a longtime political operative who draws a salary from Americans for Prosperity, and who has worked for Koch-funded political groups since 1994—spoke less warily. “We love what the Tea Parties are doing, because that’s how we’re going to take back America!” she declared, as the crowd cheered. In a subsequent interview, she described herself as an early member of the movement, joking, “I was part of the Tea Party before it was cool!” She explained that the role of Americans for Prosperity was to help “educate” Tea Party activists on policy details, and to give them “next-

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 32 / 45 step training” after their rallies, so that their political energy could be channelled “more effectively.” And she noted that Americans for Prosperity had provided Tea Party activists with lists of elected officials to target. She said of the Kochs, “They’re certainly our people. David’s the chairman of our board. I’ve certainly met with them, and I’m very appreciative of what they do.”

Venable honored several Tea Party “citizen leaders” at the summit. The Texas branch of Americans for Prosperity gave its Blogger of the Year Award to a young woman named Sibyl West. On June 14th, West, writing on her site, described Obama as the “cokehead in chief.” In an online thread, West speculated that the President was exhibiting symptoms of “demonic possession (aka schizophrenia, etc.).” The summit featured several paid speakers, including Janine Turner, the actress best known for her role on the television series “Northern Exposure.” She declared, “They don’t want our children to know about their rights. They don’t want our children to know about a God!”

During a catered lunch, Venable introduced Ted Cruz, a former solicitor general of Texas, who told the crowd that Obama was “the most radical President ever to occupy the Oval Office,” and had hidden from voters a secret agenda—“the government taking over our economy and our lives.” Countering Obama, Cruz proclaimed, was “the epic fight of our generation!” As the crowd rose to its feet and cheered, he quoted the defiant words of a Texan at the Alamo: “Victory, or death!”

Americans for Prosperity has worked closely with the Tea Party since the movement’s inception. In the weeks before the first Tax Day protests, in April, 2009, Americans for Prosperity hosted a Web site offering supporters “Tea Party Talking Points.” The Arizona branch urged people to send tea bags to Obama; the Missouri branch urged members to sign up for “Taxpayer Tea Party Registration” and provided directions to nine protests. The group continues to stoke the rebellion. The North Carolina branch recently launched a “Tea Party Finder” Web site, advertised as “a hub for all the Tea Parties in North Carolina.”

The anti-government fervor infusing the 2010 elections represents a political triumph for the Kochs. By giving money to “educate,” fund, and organize Tea Party protesters, they have helped turn their private agenda into a mass movement. Bruce Bartlett, a conservative economist and a historian, who once worked at the National Center for Policy Analysis, a Dallas-based think tank that the Kochs fund, said, “The problem with the whole libertarian movement is that it’s been all chiefs and no Indians. There haven’t been any actual people, like voters, who give a crap about it. So the problem for the Kochs has been trying to create a movement.” With the emergence of the Tea Party, he said, “everyone suddenly sees that for the first time there are Indians out there—people who can provide real ideological power.” The Kochs, he said, are “trying to shape and control and channel the populist uprising into their own policies.”

A Republican campaign consultant who has done research on behalf of Charles and David Koch said of the Tea Party, “The Koch brothers gave the money that founded it. It’s like they put the seeds in the ground. Then the rainstorm comes, and the frogs come out of the mud—and they’re our candidates!”

The Kochs and their political operatives declined requests for interviews. Instead, a prominent New York public-relations executive who is close with the Kochs put forward two friends: George Pataki, the former governor of New York, and Mortimer Zuckerman, the publisher and real-estate magnate. Pataki, a Republican who received campaign donations from David Koch, called him “a patriot who cares deeply about his country.” Zuckerman praised David’s “gentle decency” and the “range of his public interests.”

The Republican campaign consultant said of the family’s political activities, “To call them under the radar is an understatement. They are underground!” Another former Koch adviser said, “They’re smart. This right- wing, redneck stuff works for them. They see this as a way to get things done without getting dirty themselves.” Rob Stein, a Democratic political strategist who has studied the conservative movement’s finances, said that the Kochs are “at the epicenter of the anti-Obama movement. But it’s not just about Obama. They would have done the same to Hillary Clinton. They did the same with Bill Clinton. They are out to destroy progressivism.”

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 33 / 45 Oddly enough, the fiercely capitalist Koch family owes part of its fortune to Joseph Stalin. Fred Koch was the son of a Dutch printer who settled in Texas and ran a weekly newspaper. Fred attended M.I.T., where he earned a degree in chemical engineering. In 1927, he invented a more efficient process for converting oil into gasoline, but, according to family lore, America’s major oil companies regarded him as a threat and shut him out of the industry. Unable to succeed at home, Koch found work in the Soviet Union. In the nineteen-thirties, his company trained Bolshevik engineers and helped Stalin’s regime set up fifteen modern oil refineries. Over time, however, Stalin brutally purged several of Koch’s Soviet colleagues. Koch was deeply affected by the experience, and regretted his collaboration. He returned to the U.S. In the headquarters of his company, Rock Island Oil & Refining, in Wichita, he kept photographs aimed at proving that some of those Soviet refineries had been destroyed in the Second World War. Gus diZerega, a former friend of Charles Koch, recalled, “As the Soviets became a stronger military power, Fred felt a certain amount of guilt at having helped build them up. I think it bothered him a lot.”

In 1958, Fred Koch became one of the original members of the John Birch Society, the arch-conservative group known, in part, for a highly skeptical view of governance and for spreading fears of a Communist takeover. Members considered President Dwight D. Eisenhower to be a Communist agent. In a self- published broadside, Koch claimed that “the Communists have infiltrated both the Democrat and Republican Parties.” He wrote admiringly of Benito Mussolini’s suppression of Communists in Italy, and disparagingly of the American civil-rights movement. “The colored man looms large in the Communist plan to take over America,” he warned. Welfare was a secret plot to attract rural blacks to cities, where they would foment “a vicious race war.” In a 1963 speech that prefigures the Tea Party’s talk of a secret socialist plot, Koch predicted that Communists would “infiltrate the highest offices of government in the U.S. until the President is a Communist, unknown to the rest of us.”

Koch married Mary Robinson, the daughter of a Missouri physician, and they had four sons: Freddie, Charles, and twins, David and William. John Damgard, the president of the Futures Industry Association, was David’s schoolmate and friend. He recalled that Fred Koch was “a real John Wayne type.” Koch emphasized rugged pursuits, taking his sons big-game hunting in Africa, and requiring them to do farm labor at the family ranch. The Kochs lived in a stone mansion on a large compound across from Wichita’s country club; in the summer, the boys could hear their friends splashing in the pool, but they were not allowed to join them. “By instilling a work ethic in me at an early age, my father did me a big favor, although it didn’t seem like a favor back then,” Charles has written. “By the time I was eight, he made sure work occupied most of my spare time.” David Koch recalled that his father also indoctrinated the boys politically. “He was constantly speaking to us children about what was wrong with government,” he told Brian Doherty, an editor of the libertarian magazine Reason, and the author of “Radicals for Capitalism,” a 2007 history of the libertarian movement. “It’s something I grew up with—a fundamental point of view that big government was bad, and imposition of government controls on our lives and economic fortunes was not good.”

David attended Deerfield Academy, in Massachusetts, and Charles was sent to military school. Charles, David, and William all earned engineering degrees at their father’s alma mater, M.I.T., and later joined the family company. Charles eventually assumed control, with David as his deputy; William’s career at the company was less successful. Freddie went to Harvard and studied playwriting at the Yale School of Drama. His father reportedly disapproved of him, and punished him financially. (Freddie, through a spokesperson, denied this.)

In 1967, after Fred Koch died, of a heart attack, Charles renamed the business Koch Industries, in honor of his father. Fred Koch’s will made his sons extraordinarily wealthy. David Koch joked about his good fortune in a 2003 speech to alumni at Deerfield, where, after pledging twenty-five million dollars, he was made the school’s sole “lifetime trustee.” He said, “You might ask: How does David Koch happen to have the wealth to be so generous? Well, let me tell you a story. It all started when I was a little boy. One day, my father gave me an apple. I soon sold it for five dollars and bought two apples and sold them for ten. Then I bought four apples and sold them for twenty. Well, this went on day after day, week after week, month after month,

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 34 / 45 year after year, until my father died and left me three hundred million dollars!”

David and Charles had absorbed their father’s conservative politics, but they did not share all his views, according to diZerega, who befriended Charles in the mid-sixties, after meeting him while browsing in a John Birch Society bookstore in Wichita. Charles eventually invited him to the Kochs’ mansion, to participate in an informal political-discussion group. “It was pretty clear that Charles thought some of the Birch Society was bullshit,” diZerega recalled.

DiZerega, who has lost touch with Charles, eventually abandoned right-wing views, and became a political- science professor. He credits Charles with opening his mind to political philosophy, which set him on the path to academia; Charles is one of three people to whom he dedicated his first book. But diZerega believes that the Koch brothers have followed a wayward intellectual trajectory, transferring their father’s paranoia about Soviet Communism to a distrust of the U.S. government, and seeing its expansion, beginning with the New Deal, as a tyrannical threat to freedom. In an essay, posted on Beliefnet, diZerega writes, “As state socialism failed . . . the target for many within these organizations shifted to any kind of regulation at all. ‘Socialism’ kept being defined downwards.”

Members of the John Birch Society developed an interest in a school of Austrian economists who promoted free-market ideals. Charles and David Koch were particularly influenced by the work of Friedrich von Hayek, the author of “The Road to Serfdom” (1944), which argued that centralized government planning led, inexorably, to totalitarianism. Hayek’s belief in unfettered capitalism has proved inspirational to many conservatives, and to anti-Soviet dissidents; lately, Tea Party supporters have championed his work. In June, the talk-radio host Glenn Beck, who has supported the Tea Party rebellion, promoted “The Road to Serfdom” on his show; the paperback soon became a No. 1 best-seller on Amazon. (Beck appears to be a fan of the Kochs; in the midst of a recent on-air parody of Al Gore, Beck said, without explanation, “I want to thank Charles Koch for this information.” Beck declined to elaborate on the relationship.)

Charles and David also became devotees of a more radical thinker, Robert LeFevre, who favored the abolition of the state but didn’t like the label “anarchist”; he called himself an “autarchist.” LeFevre liked to say that “government is a disease masquerading as its own cure.” In 1956, he opened an institution called the Freedom School, in Colorado Springs. Brian Doherty, of Reason, told me that “LeFevre was an anarchist figure who won Charles’s heart,” and that the school was “a tiny world of people who thought the New Deal was a horrible mistake.” According to diZerega, Charles supported the school financially, and even gave him money to take classes there.

Throughout the seventies, Charles and David continued to build Koch Industries. In 1980, William, with assistance from Freddie, attempted to take over the company from Charles, who, they felt, had assumed autocratic control. In retaliation, the company’s board, which answered to Charles, fired William. (“Charles runs it all with an iron hand,” Bruce Bartlett, the economist, told me.) Lawsuits were filed, with William and Freddie on one side and Charles and David on the other. In 1983, Charles and David bought out their brothers’ share in the company for nearly a billion dollars. But the antagonism remained, and litigation continued for seventeen more years, with the brothers hiring rival private investigators; in 1990, they walked past one another with stony expressions at their mother’s funeral. Eventually, Freddie moved to Monaco, which has no income tax. He bought historic estates in France, Austria, and elsewhere, filling them with art, antiques, opera scores, and literary manuscripts. William founded his own energy company, Oxbow, and turned to yachting; he spent an estimated sixty-five million dollars to win the America’s Cup, in 1992.

With Charles as the undisputed chairman and C.E.O., Koch Industries expanded rapidly. Roger Altman, who heads the investment-banking firm Evercore, told me that the company’s performance has been “beyond phenomenal.” Charles remained in Wichita, with his wife and two children, guarding his privacy while supporting community charities. David moved to New York City, where he is an executive vice- president of the company and the C.E.O. of its Chemical Technology Group. A financial expert who knows Koch Industries well told me, “Charles is the company. Charles runs it.” David, described by associates as

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 35 / 45 “affable” and “a bit of a lunk,” enjoyed for years the life of a wealthy bachelor. He rented a yacht in the South of France and bought a waterfront home in Southampton, where he threw parties that the Web site New York Social Diary likened to an “East Coast version of Hugh Hefner’s soirées.” In 1996, he married Julia Flesher, a fashion assistant. They live in a nine-thousand-square-foot duplex at 740 Park Avenue, with their three children. Though David’s manner is more cosmopolitan, and more genial, than that of Charles, Brian Doherty, who has interviewed both brothers, couldn’t think of a single issue on which the brothers disagreed.

As their fortunes grew, Charles and David Koch became the primary underwriters of hard-line libertarian politics in America. Charles’s goal, as Doherty described it, was to tear the government “out at the root.” The brothers’ first major public step came in 1979, when Charles persuaded David, then thirty-nine, to run for public office. They had become supporters of the Libertarian Party, and were backing its Presidential candidate, Ed Clark, who was running against Ronald Reagan from the right. Frustrated by the legal limits on campaign donations, they contrived to place David on the ticket, in the Vice-Presidential slot; upon becoming a candidate, he could lavish as much of his personal fortune as he wished on the campaign. The ticket’s slogan was “The Libertarian Party has only one source of funds: You.” In fact, its primary source of funds was David Koch, who spent more than two million dollars on the effort.

Many of the ideas propounded in the 1980 campaign presaged the Tea Party movement. Ed Clark told The Nation that libertarians were getting ready to stage “a very big tea party,” because people were “sick to death” of taxes. The Libertarian Party platform called for the abolition of the F.B.I. and the C.I.A., as well as of federal regulatory agencies, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Department of Energy. The Party wanted to end Social Security, minimum-wage laws, gun control, and all personal and corporate income taxes; it proposed the legalization of prostitution, recreational drugs, and suicide. Government should be reduced to only one function: the protection of individual rights. William F. Buckley, Jr., a more traditional conservative, called the movement “Anarcho-Totalitarianism.”

That November, the Libertarian ticket received only one per cent of the vote. The brothers realized that their brand of politics didn’t sell at the ballot box. Charles Koch became openly scornful of conventional politics. “It tends to be a nasty, corrupting business,” he told a reporter at the time. “I’m interested in advancing libertarian ideas.” According to Doherty’s book, the Kochs came to regard elected politicians as merely “actors playing out a script.” A longtime confidant of the Kochs told Doherty that the brothers wanted to “supply the themes and words for the scripts.” In order to alter the direction of America, they had to “influence the areas where policy ideas percolate from: academia and think tanks.”

After the 1980 election, Charles and David Koch receded from the public arena. But they poured more than a hundred million dollars into dozens of seemingly independent organizations. Tax records indicate that in 2008 the three main Koch family foundations gave money to thirty-four political and policy organizations, three of which they founded, and several of which they direct. The Kochs and their company have given additional millions to political campaigns, advocacy groups, and lobbyists. The family’s subterranean financial role has fuelled suspicion on the left; Lee Fang, of the liberal blog ThinkProgress, has called the Kochs “the billionaires behind the hate.”

Only the Kochs know precisely how much they have spent on politics. Public tax records show that between 1998 and 2008 the Charles G. Koch Charitable Foundation spent more than forty-eight million dollars. The Claude R. Lambe Charitable Foundation, which is controlled by Charles Koch and his wife, along with two company employees and an accountant, spent more than twenty-eight million. The David H. Koch Charitable Foundation spent more than a hundred and twenty million. Meanwhile, since 1998 Koch Industries has spent more than fifty million dollars on lobbying. Separately, the company’s political-action committee, KochPAC, has donated some eight million dollars to political campaigns, more than eighty per cent of it to Republicans. So far in 2010, Koch Industries leads all other energy companies in political contributions, as it has since 2006. In addition, during the past dozen years the Kochs and other family members have personally spent more than two million dollars on political contributions. In the second

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 36 / 45 quarter of 2010, David Koch was the biggest individual contributor to the Republican Governors Association, with a million-dollar donation. Other gifts by the Kochs may be untraceable; federal tax law permits anonymous personal donations to politically active nonprofit groups.

In recent decades, members of several industrial dynasties have spent parts of their fortunes on a conservative agenda. In the nineteen-eighties, the Olin family, which owns a chemicals-and-manufacturing conglomerate, became known for funding right-leaning thinking in academia, particularly in law schools. And during the nineties Richard Mellon Scaife, a descendant of Andrew Mellon, spent millions attempting to discredit President Bill Clinton. Ari Rabin-Havt, a vice-president at the Democratic-leaning Web site Media Matters, said that the Kochs’ effort is unusual, in its marshalling of corporate and personal funds: “Their role, in terms of financial commitments, is staggering.”

Of course, Democrats give money, too. Their most prominent donor, the financier George Soros, runs a foundation, the Open Society Institute, that has spent as much as a hundred million dollars a year in America. Soros has also made generous private contributions to various Democratic campaigns, including Obama’s. But Michael Vachon, his spokesman, argued that Soros’s giving is transparent, and that “none of his contributions are in the service of his own economic interests.” The Kochs have given millions of dollars to nonprofit groups that criticize environmental regulation and support lower taxes for industry. Gus diZerega, the former friend, suggested that the Kochs’ youthful idealism about libertarianism had largely devolved into a rationale for corporate self-interest. He said of Charles, “Perhaps he has confused making money with freedom.”

Some critics have suggested that the Kochs’ approach has subverted the purpose of tax-exempt giving. By law, charitable foundations must conduct exclusively nonpartisan activities that promote the public welfare. A 2004 report by the National Committee for Responsive Philanthropy, a watchdog group, described the Kochs’ foundations as being self-serving, concluding, “These foundations give money to nonprofit organizations that do research and advocacy on issues that impact the profit margin of Koch Industries.”

The Kochs have gone well beyond their immediate self-interest, however, funding organizations that aim to push the country in a libertarian direction. Among the institutions that they have subsidized are the Institute for Justice, which files lawsuits opposing state and federal regulations; the Institute for Humane Studies, which underwrites libertarian academics; and the Bill of Rights Institute, which promotes a conservative slant on the Constitution. Many of the organizations funded by the Kochs employ specialists who write position papers that are subsequently quoted by politicians and pundits. David Koch has acknowledged that the family exerts tight ideological control. “If we’re going to give a lot of money, we’ll make darn sure they spend it in a way that goes along with our intent,” he told Doherty. “And if they make a wrong turn and start doing things we don’t agree with, we withdraw funding.”

The Kochs’ subsidization of a pro-corporate movement fulfills, in many ways, the vision laid out in a secret 1971 memo that Lewis Powell, then a Virginia attorney, wrote two months before he was nominated to the Supreme Court. The antiwar movement had turned its anger on defense contractors, such as Dow Chemical, and Ralph Nader was leading a public-interest crusade against corporations. Powell, writing a report for the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, urged American companies to fight back. The greatest threat to free enterprise, he warned, was not Communism or the New Left but, rather, “respectable elements of society”—intellectuals, journalists, and scientists. To defeat them, he wrote, business leaders needed to wage a long-term, unified campaign to change public opinion.

Charles Koch seems to have approached both business and politics with the deliberation of an engineer. “To bring about social change,” he told Doherty, requires “a strategy” that is “vertically and horizontally integrated,” spanning “from idea creation to policy development to education to grassroots organizations to lobbying to litigation to political action.” The project, he admitted, was extremely ambitious. “We have a radical philosophy,” he said.

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 37 / 45 In 1977, the Kochs provided the funds to launch the nation’s first libertarian think tank, the Cato Institute. According to the Center for Public Integrity, between 1986 and 1993 the Koch family gave eleven million dollars to the institute. Today, Cato has more than a hundred full-time employees, and its experts and policy papers are widely quoted and respected by the mainstream media. It describes itself as nonpartisan, and its scholars have at times been critical of both parties. But it has consistently pushed for corporate tax cuts, reductions in social services, and laissez-faire environmental policies.

When President Obama, in a 2008 speech, described the science on global warming as “beyond dispute,” the Cato Institute took out a full-page ad in the Times to contradict him. Cato’s resident scholars have relentlessly criticized political attempts to stop global warming as expensive, ineffective, and unnecessary. Ed Crane, the Cato Institute’s founder and president, told me that “global-warming theories give the government more control of the economy.”

Cato scholars have been particularly energetic in promoting the Climategate scandal. Last year, private e- mails of climate scientists at the University of East Anglia, in England, were mysteriously leaked, and their exchanges appeared to suggest a willingness to falsify data in order to buttress the idea that global warming is real. In the two weeks after the e-mails went public, one Cato scholar gave more than twenty media interviews trumpeting the alleged scandal. But five independent inquiries have since exonerated the researchers, and nothing was found in their e-mails or data to discredit the scientific consensus on global warming.

Nevertheless, the controversy succeeded in spreading skepticism about climate change. Even though the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration recently issued a report concluding that the evidence for global warming is unequivocal, more Americans are convinced than at any time since 1997 that scientists have exaggerated the seriousness of global warming. The Kochs promote this statistic on their company’s Web site but do not mention the role that their funding has played in fostering such doubt.

In a 2002 memo, the Republican political consultant Frank Luntz wrote that so long as “voters believe there is no consensus about global warming within the scientific community” the status quo would prevail. The key for opponents of environmental reform, he said, was to question the science—a public-relations strategy that the tobacco industry used effectively for years to forestall regulation. The Kochs have funded many sources of environmental skepticism, such as the Heritage Foundation, which has argued that “scientific facts gathered in the past 10 years do not support the notion of catastrophic human-made warming.” The brothers have given money to more obscure groups, too, such as the Independent Women’s Forum, which opposes the presentation of global warming as a scientific fact in American public schools. Until 2008, the group was run by Nancy Pfotenhauer, a former lobbyist for Koch Industries. Mary Beth Jarvis, a vice-president of a Koch subsidiary, is on the group’s board.

Naomi Oreskes, a professor of history and science studies at the University of California, San Diego, is the co-author of “Merchants of Doubt,” a new book that chronicles various attempts by American industry to manipulate public opinion on science. She noted that the Kochs, as the heads of “a company with refineries and pipelines,” have “a lot at stake.” She added, “If the answer is to phase out fossil fuels, a different group of people are going to be making money, so we shouldn’t be surprised that they’re fighting tooth and nail.”

David Koch told New York that he was unconvinced that global warming has been caused by human activity. Even if it has been, he said, the heating of the planet will be beneficial, resulting in longer growing seasons in the Northern Hemisphere. “The Earth will be able to support enormously more people because far greater land area will be available to produce food,” he said.

In the mid-eighties, the Kochs provided millions of dollars to George Mason University, in Arlington, Virginia, to set up another think tank. Now known as the Mercatus Center, it promotes itself as “the world’s premier university source for market-oriented ideas—bridging the gap between academic ideas and real-world problems.” Financial records show that the Koch family foundations have contributed more than thirty

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 38 / 45 million dollars to George Mason, much of which has gone to the Mercatus Center, a nonprofit organization. “It’s ground zero for deregulation policy in Washington,” Rob Stein, the Democratic strategist, said. It is an unusual arrangement. “George Mason is a public university, and receives public funds,” Stein noted. “Virginia is hosting an institution that the Kochs practically control.”

The founder of the Mercatus Center is Richard Fink, formerly an economist. Fink heads Koch Industries’ lobbying operation in Washington. In addition, he is the president of the Charles G. Koch Charitable Foundation, the president of the Claude R. Lambe Charitable Foundation, a director of the Fred C. and Mary R. Koch Foundation, and a director and co-founder, with David Koch, of the Americans for Prosperity Foundation.

Fink, with his many titles, has become the central nervous system of the Kochtopus. He appears to have supplanted Ed Crane, the head of the Cato Institute, as the brothers’ main political lieutenant. Though David remains on the board at Cato, Charles Koch has fallen out with Crane. Associates suggested to me that Crane had been insufficiently respectful of Charles’s management philosophy, which he distilled into a book called “The Science of Success,” and trademarked under the name Market-Based Management, or M.B.M. In the book, Charles recommends instilling a company’s corporate culture with the competitiveness of the marketplace. Koch describes M.B.M. as a “holistic system” containing “five dimensions: vision, virtue and talents, knowledge processes, decision rights and incentives.” A top Cato Institute official told me that Charles “thinks he’s a genius. He’s the emperor, and he’s convinced he’s wearing clothes.” Fink, by contrast, has been far more embracing of Charles’s ideas. (Fink, like the Kochs, declined to be interviewed.)

At a 1995 conference for philanthropists, Fink adopted the language of economics when speaking about the Mercatus Center’s purpose. He said that grant-makers should use think tanks and political-action groups to convert intellectual raw materials into policy “products.”

The Wall Street Journal has called the Mercatus Center “the most important think tank you’ve never heard of,” and noted that fourteen of the twenty-three regulations that President George W. Bush placed on a “hit list” had been suggested first by Mercatus scholars. Fink told the paper that the Kochs have “other means of fighting [their] battles,” and that the Mercatus Center does not actively promote the company’s private interests. But Thomas McGarity, a law professor at the University of Texas, who specializes in environmental issues, told me that “Koch has been constantly in trouble with the E.P.A., and Mercatus has constantly hammered on the agency.” An environmental lawyer who has clashed with the Mercatus Center called it “a means of laundering economic aims.” The lawyer explained the strategy: “You take corporate money and give it to a neutral-sounding think tank,” which “hires people with pedigrees and academic degrees who put out credible-seeming studies. But they all coincide perfectly with the economic interests of their funders.”

In 1997, for instance, the E.P.A. moved to reduce surface ozone, a form of pollution caused, in part, by emissions from oil refineries. Susan Dudley, an economist who became a top official at the Mercatus Center, criticized the proposed rule. The E.P.A., she argued, had not taken into account that smog-free skies would result in more cases of skin cancer. She projected that if pollution were controlled it would cause up to eleven thousand additional cases of skin cancer each year.

In 1999, the District of Columbia Circuit Court took up Dudley’s smog argument. Evaluating the E.P.A. rule, the court found that the E.P.A. had “explicitly disregarded” the “possible health benefits of ozone.” In another part of the opinion, the court ruled, 2-1, that the E.P.A. had overstepped its authority in calibrating standards for ozone emissions. As the Constitutional Accountability Center, a think tank, revealed, the judges in the majority had previously attended legal junkets, on a Montana ranch, that were arranged by the Foundation for Research on Economics and the Environment—a group funded by Koch family foundations. The judges have claimed that the ruling was unaffected by their attendance.

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 39 / 45 “Ideas don’t happen on their own,” Matt Kibbe, the president of FreedomWorks, a Tea Party advocacy group, told me. “Throughout history, ideas need patrons.” The Koch brothers, after helping to create Cato and Mercatus, concluded that think tanks alone were not enough to effect change. They needed a mechanism to deliver those ideas to the street, and to attract the public’s support. In 1984, David Koch and Richard Fink created yet another organization, and Kibbe joined them. The group, Citizens for a Sound Economy, seemed like a grassroots movement, but according to the Center for Public Integrity it was sponsored principally by the Kochs, who provided $7.9 million between 1986 and 1993. Its mission, Kibbe said, “was to take these heavy ideas and translate them for mass America. . . . We read the same literature Obama did about nonviolent revolutions—Saul Alinsky, Gandhi, Martin Luther King. We studied the idea of the Boston Tea Party as an example of nonviolent social change. We learned we needed boots on the ground to sell ideas, not candidates.” Within a few years, the group had mobilized fifty paid field workers, in twenty-six states, to rally voters behind the Kochs’ agenda. David and Charles, according to one participant, were “very controlling, very top down. You can’t build an organization with them. They run it.”

Around this time, the brothers faced a political crisis. In 1989, the Senate Select Committee on Indian Affairs investigated their business and released a scathing report accusing Koch Oil of “a widespread and sophisticated scheme to steal crude oil from Indians and others through fraudulent mismeasuring.” The Kochs admitted that they had improperly taken thirty-one million dollars’ worth of crude oil, but said that it had been accidental. Charles Koch told committee investigators that oil measurement is “a very uncertain art.”

To defend its reputation, Koch Industries hired Robert Strauss, then a premier Washington lobbyist; the company soon opened an office in the city. A grand jury was convened to investigate the allegations, but it eventually disbanded, without issuing criminal charges. According to the Senate report, after the committee hearings Koch operatives delved into the personal lives of committee staffers, even questioning an ex-wife. Senate investigators were upset by the Kochs’ tactics. Kenneth Ballen, the counsel to the Senate committee, said, “These people have amassed such unaccountable power!”

By 1993, when Bill Clinton became President, Citizens for a Sound Economy had become a prototype for the kind of corporate-backed opposition campaigns that have proliferated during the Obama era. The group waged a successful assault on Clinton’s proposed B.T.U. tax on energy, for instance, running advertisements, staging media events, and targeting opponents. And it mobilized anti-tax rallies outside the Capitol—rallies that NPR described as “designed to strike fear into the hearts of wavering Democrats.” Dan Glickman, a former Democratic congressman from Wichita, who supported the B.T.U. tax, recalled, “I’d been in Congress eighteen years. The Kochs actually engaged against me and funded my opponent. They used a lot of resources and effort—their employees, too.” Glickman suffered a surprise defeat. “I can’t prove it, but I think I was probably their victim,” he said.

The Kochs continued to disperse their money, creating slippery organizations with generic-sounding names, and this made it difficult to ascertain the extent of their influence in Washington. In 1990, Citizens for a Sound Economy created a spinoff group, Citizens for the Environment, which called acid rain and other environmental problems “myths.” When the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette investigated the matter, it discovered that the spinoff group had “no citizen membership of its own.”

In 1997, another Senate investigation began looking into what a minority report called “an audacious plan to pour millions of dollars in contributions into Republican campaigns nationwide without disclosing the amount or source,” in order to evade campaign-finance laws. A shell corporation, Triad Management, had paid more than three million dollars for attack ads in twenty-six House races and three Senate races. More than half of the advertising money came from an obscure nonprofit group, the Economic Education Trust. The Senate committee’s minority report suggested that “the trust was financed in whole or in part by Charles and David Koch of Wichita, Kansas.” The brothers were suspected of having secretly paid for the attack ads, most of which aired in states where Koch Industries did business. In Kansas, where Triad Management was especially active, the funds may have played a decisive role in four of six federal races.

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 40 / 45 The Kochs, when asked by reporters if they had given the money, refused to comment. In 1998, however, the Wall Street Journal confirmed that a consultant on the Kochs’ payroll had been involved in the scheme. Charles Lewis, of the Center for Public Integrity, described the scandal as “historic. Triad was the first time a major corporation used a cutout”—a front operation—“in a threatening way. Koch Industries was the poster child of a company run amok.”

During the Clinton Administration, the energy industry faced increased scrutiny and regulation. In the mid- nineties, the Justice Department filed two lawsuits against Koch Industries, claiming that it was responsible for more than three hundred oil spills, which had released an estimated three million gallons of oil into lakes and rivers. The penalty was potentially as high as two hundred and fourteen million dollars. In a settlement, Koch Industries paid a record thirty-million-dollar civil fine, and agreed to spend five million dollars on environmental projects.

In 1999, a jury found Koch Industries guilty of negligence and malice in the deaths of two Texas teen-agers in an explosion that resulted from a leaky underground butane pipeline. (In 2001, the company paid an undisclosed settlement.) And in the final months of the Clinton Presidency the Justice Department levelled a ninety-seven-count indictment against the company, for covering up the discharge of ninety-one tons of benzene, a carcinogen, from its refinery in Corpus Christi, Texas. The company was liable for three hundred and fifty million dollars in fines, and four Koch employees faced up to thirty-five years in prison. The Koch Petroleum Group eventually pleaded guilty to one criminal charge of covering up environmental violations, including the falsification of documents, and paid a twenty-million-dollar fine. David Uhlmann, a career prosecutor who, at the time, headed the environmental-crimes section at the Justice Department, described the suit as “one of the most significant cases ever brought under the Clean Air Act.” He added, “Environmental crimes are almost always motivated by economics and arrogance, and in the Koch case there was a healthy dose of both.”

During the 2000 election campaign, Koch Industries spent some nine hundred thousand dollars to support the candidacies of George W. Bush and other Republicans. During the Bush years, Koch Industries and other fossil-fuel companies enjoyed remarkable prosperity. The 2005 energy bill, which Hillary Clinton dubbed the Dick Cheney Lobbyist Energy Bill, offered enormous subsidies and tax breaks for energy companies. The Kochs have cast themselves as deficit hawks, but, according to a study by Media Matters, their companies have benefitted from nearly a hundred million dollars in government contracts since 2000.

In 2004, Citizens for a Sound Economy was accused of illegitimately throwing its weight behind Bush’s reëlection. The group’s Oregon branch had attempted to get Ralph Nader on the Presidential ballot, in order to dilute Democratic support for John Kerry. Critics argued that it was illegal for a tax-exempt nonprofit organization to donate its services for partisan political purposes. (A complaint was filed with the Federal Election Commission; it was dismissed.)

That year, internal rivalries at Citizens for a Sound Economy caused the organization to split apart. David Koch and Fink started a new group, Americans for Prosperity, and they hired Tim Phillips to run it. Phillips was a political veteran who had worked with Ralph Reed, the evangelical leader and Republican activist, co-founding Century Strategies, a campaign-consulting company that became notorious for its ties to the disgraced lobbyist Jack Abramoff. Phillips’s online biography describes him as an expert in “grasstops” and “grassroots” political organizing. The Kochs’ choice of Phillips signalled an even greater toughness. The conservative operative Grover Norquist, who is known for praising “throat slitters” in politics, called Phillips “a grownup who can make things happen.”

Last year, Phillips told the Financial Times that Americans for Prosperity had only eight thousand registered members. Currently, its Web site claims that the group has “1.2 million activists.” Whatever its size, the Kochs’ political involvement has been intense; a former employee of the Cato Institute told me that Americans for Prosperity “was micromanaged by the Kochs.” And the brothers’ investment may well have paid off: Americans for Prosperity, in concert with the family’s other organizations, has been instrumental in

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 41 / 45 disrupting the Obama Presidency.

In January, 2008, Charles Koch wrote in his company newsletter that America could be on the verge of “the greatest loss of liberty and prosperity since the 1930s.” That October, Americans for Prosperity held a conference of conservative operatives at a Marriott hotel outside Washington. Erick Erickson, the editor-in- chief of the conservative blog RedState.com, took the lectern, thanked David Koch, and vowed to “unite and fight . . . the armies of the left!” Soon after Obama assumed office, Americans for Prosperity launched “Porkulus” rallies against Obama’s stimulus-spending measures. Then the Mercatus Center released a report claiming that stimulus funds had been directed disproportionately toward Democratic districts; eventually, the author was forced to correct the report, but not before Rush Limbaugh, citing the paper, had labelled Obama’s program “a slush fund,” and Fox News and other conservative outlets had echoed the sentiment. (Phil Kerpen, the vice-president for policy at Americans for Prosperity, is a contributor to the Fox News Web site. Another officer at Americans for Prosperity, Walter Williams, often guest-hosts for Limbaugh.)

Americans for Prosperity also created an offshoot, Patients United Now, which organized what Phillips has estimated to be more than three hundred rallies against health-care reform. At one rally, an effigy of a Democratic congressman was hung; at another, protesters unfurled a banner depicting corpses from Dachau. The group also helped organize the “Kill the Bill” protests outside the Capitol, in March, where Democratic supporters of health-care reform alleged that they were spat on and cursed at. Phillips was a featured speaker.

Americans for Prosperity has held at least eighty events targeting cap-and-trade legislation, which is aimed at making industries pay for the air pollution that they create. Speakers for the group claimed, with exaggeration, that even back-yard barbecues and kitchen stoves would be taxed. The group was also involved in the attacks on Obama’s “green jobs” czar, Van Jones, and waged a crusade against international climate talks. Casting his group as a champion of ordinary workers who would be hurt by environmentalists, Phillips went to Copenhagen last year and staged a protest outside the United Nations conference on climate change, declaring, “We’re a grassroots organization. . . . I think it’s unfortunate when wealthy children of wealthy families . . . want to send unemployment rates in the United States up to twenty per cent.”

Grover Norquist, who holds a weekly meeting for conservative leaders in Washington, including representatives from Americans for Prosperity, told me that last summer’s raucous rallies were pivotal in undermining Obama’s agenda. The Republican leadership in Congress, he said, “couldn’t have done it without August, when people went out on the streets. It discouraged deal-makers”—Republicans who might otherwise have worked constructively with Obama. Moreover, the appearance of growing public opposition to Obama affected corporate donors on K Street. “K Street is a three-billion-dollar weathervane,” Norquist said. “When Obama was strong, the Chamber of Commerce said, ‘We can work with the Obama Administration.’ But that changed when thousands of people went into the street and ‘terrorized’ congressmen. August is what changed it. Now that Obama is weak, people are getting tough.”

As the first anniversary of Obama’s election approached, David Koch came to the Washington area to attend a triumphant Americans for Prosperity gathering. Obama’s poll numbers were falling fast. Not a single Republican senator was working with the Administration on health care, or much else. Pundits were writing about Obama’s political ineptitude, and Tea Party groups were accusing the President of initiating “a government takeover.” In a speech, Koch said, “Days like today bring to reality the vision of our board of directors when we started this organization, five years ago.” He went on, “We envisioned a mass movement, a state-based one, but national in scope, of hundreds of thousands of American citizens from all walks of life standing up and fighting for the economic freedoms that made our nation the most prosperous society in history. . . . Thankfully, the stirrings from California to Virginia, and from Texas to Michigan, show that more and more of our fellow-citizens are beginning to see the same truths as we do.”

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 42 / 45 While Koch didn’t explicitly embrace the Tea Party movement that day, more recently he has come close to doing so, praising it for demonstrating the “powerful visceral hostility in the body politic against the massive increase in government power, the massive efforts to socialize this country.” Charles Koch, in a newsletter sent to his seventy thousand employees, compared the Obama Administration to the regime of the Venezuelan strongman Hugo Chávez. The Kochs’ sense of imperilment is somewhat puzzling. Income inequality in America is greater than it has been since the nineteen-twenties, and since the seventies the tax rates of the wealthiest have fallen more than those of the middle class. Yet the brothers’ message has evidently resonated with voters: a recent poll found that fifty-five per cent of Americans agreed that Obama is a socialist.

Americans for Prosperity, meanwhile, has announced that it will spend an additional forty-five million dollars before the midterm elections, in November. Although the group is legally prohibited from directly endorsing candidates, it nonetheless plans to target some fifty House races and half a dozen Senate races, staging rallies, organizing door-to-door canvassing, and running ads aimed at “educating voters about where candidates stand.”

Though the Kochs have slowed Obama’s momentum, their larger political battle is far from won. Richard Fink, interviewed by FrumForum.com this spring, said, “If you look at where we’ve gone from the year 2000 to now, with the expansion of government spending and a debt burden that threatens to bankrupt the country, it doesn’t look very good at all.” He went on, “It looks like the infrastructure that was built and nurtured has not carried the day.” He suggested that the Kochs needed “to get more into the practical, day- to-day issues of governing.”

In 1991, David Koch was badly injured in a plane crash in Los Angeles. He was the sole passenger in first class to survive. As he was recovering, a routine physical exam led to the discovery of prostate cancer. Koch received treatment, settled down, started a family, and reconsidered his life. As he told Portfolio, “When you’re the only one who survived in the front of the plane and everyone else died—yeah, you think, ‘My God, the good Lord spared me for some greater purpose.’ My joke is that I’ve been busy ever since, doing all the good work I can think of, so He can have confidence in me.”

Koch began giving spectacularly large donations to the arts and sciences. And he became a patron of cancer research, focussing on prostate cancer. In addition to his gifts to Sloan-Kettering, he gave fifteen million dollars to New York-Presbyterian Hospital, a hundred and twenty-five million to M.I.T. for cancer research, twenty million to Johns Hopkins University, and twenty-five million to the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, in Houston. In response to his generosity, Sloan-Kettering gave Koch its Excellence in Corporate Leadership Award. In 2004, President Bush named him to the National Cancer Advisory Board, which guides the National Cancer Institute.

Koch’s corporate and political roles, however, may pose conflicts of interest. For example, at the same time that David Koch has been casting himself as a champion in the fight against cancer, Koch Industries has been lobbying to prevent the E.P.A. from classifying formaldehyde, which the company produces in great quantities, as a “known carcinogen” in humans.

Scientists have long known that formaldehyde causes cancer in rats, and several major scientific studies have concluded that formaldehyde causes cancer in human beings—including one published last year by the National Cancer Institute, on whose advisory board Koch sits. The study tracked twenty-five thousand patients for an average of forty years; subjects exposed to higher amounts of formaldehyde had significantly higher rates of leukemia. These results helped lead an expert panel within the National Institutes of Health to conclude that formaldehyde should be categorized as a known carcinogen, and be strictly controlled by the government. Corporations have resisted regulations on formaldehyde for decades, however, and Koch Industries has been a large funder of members of Congress who have stymied the E.P.A., requiring it to defer new regulations until more studies are completed.

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 43 / 45 Koch Industries became a major producer of the chemical in 2005, after it bought Georgia-Pacific, the paper and wood-products company, for twenty-one billion dollars. Georgia-Pacific manufactures formaldehyde in its chemical division, and uses it to produce various wood products, such as plywood and laminates. Its annual production capacity for formaldehyde is 2.2 billion pounds. Last December, Traylor Champion, Georgia-Pacific’s vice-president of environmental affairs, sent a formal letter of protest to federal health authorities. He wrote that the company “strongly disagrees” with the N.I.H. panel’s conclusion that formaldehyde should be treated as a known human carcinogen. David Koch did not recuse himself from the National Cancer Advisory Board, or divest himself of company stock, while his company was directly lobbying the government to keep formaldehyde on the market. (A board spokesperson said that the issue of formaldehyde had not come up.)

James Huff, an associate director at the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, a division of the N.I.H., told me that it was “disgusting” for Koch to be serving on the National Cancer Advisory Board: “It’s just not good for public health. Vested interests should not be on the board.” He went on, “Those boards are very important. They’re very influential as to whether N.C.I. goes into formaldehyde or not. Billions of dollars are involved in formaldehyde.”

Harold Varmus, the director of the National Cancer Institute, knows David Koch from Memorial Sloan- Kettering, which he used to run. He said that, at Sloan-Kettering, “a lot of people who gave to us had large business interests. The one thing we wouldn’t tolerate in our board members is tobacco.” When told of Koch Industries’ stance on formaldehyde, Varmus said that he was “surprised.”

The David H. Koch Hall of Human Origins, at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History, is a multimedia exploration of the theory that mankind evolved in response to climate change. At the main entrance, viewers are confronted with a giant graph charting the Earth’s temperature over the past ten million years, which notes that it is far cooler now than it was ten thousand years ago. Overhead, the text reads, “HUMANS EVOLVED IN RESPONSE TO A CHANGING WORLD.” The message, as amplified by the exhibit’s Web site, is that “key human adaptations evolved in response to environmental instability.” Only at the end of the exhibit, under the headline “OUR SURVIVAL CHALLENGE,” is it noted that levels of carbon dioxide are higher now than they have ever been, and that they are projected to increase dramatically in the next century. No cause is given for this development; no mention is made of any possible role played by fossil fuels. The exhibit makes it seem part of a natural continuum. The accompanying text says, “During the period in which humans evolved, Earth’s temperature and the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere fluctuated together.” An interactive game in the exhibit suggests that humans will continue to adapt to climate change in the future. People may build “underground cities,” developing “short, compact bodies” or “curved spines,” so that “moving around in tight spaces will be no problem.”

Such ideas uncannily echo the Koch message. The company’s January newsletter to employees, for instance, argues that “fluctuations in the earth’s climate predate humanity,” and concludes, “Since we can’t control Mother Nature, let’s figure out how to get along with her changes.” Joseph Romm, a physicist who runs the Web site ClimateProgress.org, is infuriated by the Smithsonian’s presentation. “The whole exhibit whitewashes the modern climate issue,” he said. “I think the Kochs wanted to be seen as some sort of high- minded company, associated with the greatest natural-history and science museum in the country. But the truth is, the exhibit is underwritten by big-time polluters, who are underground funders of action to stop efforts to deal with this threat to humanity. I think the Smithsonian should have drawn the line.”

Cristián Samper, the museum’s director, said that the exhibit is not about climate change, and described Koch as “one of the best donors we’ve had, in my tenure here, because he’s very interested in the content, but completely hands off.” He noted, “I don’t know all the details of his involvement in other issues.”

The Kochs have long depended on the public’s not knowing all the details about them. They have been content to operate what David Koch has called “the largest company that you’ve never heard of.” But with

2014, Sept 06 SATURDAY HISTORY CALL 44 / 45 the growing prominence of the Tea Party, and with increased awareness of the Kochs’ ties to the movement, the brothers may find it harder to deflect scrutiny. Recently, President Obama took aim at the Kochs’ political network. Speaking at a Democratic National Committee fund-raiser, in Austin, he warned supporters that the Supreme Court’s recent ruling in the Citizens United case—which struck down laws prohibiting direct corporate spending on campaigns—had made it even easier for big companies to hide behind “groups with harmless-sounding names like Americans for Prosperity.” Obama said, “They don’t have to say who, exactly, Americans for Prosperity are. You don’t know if it’s a foreign-controlled corporation”—or even, he added, “a big oil company.” ♦

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