July 1, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 17943 these unions concerning their collective bar­ posals for pay and benefit improvements. TOWBOAT SAFETY SENTIMENT RISING gaining objectives have complicated the Finally, and perhaps most important, under It is also good to report that sentiment negotiating process ... the agreement suggested there are no open seems to be slowly building up for another "In those years we heard complaints from ends for the duration of the contract. Under pet project of both Mrs. Sullivan and the many employers that it was becoming in­ this proposal, there would be no possibility AFL-CIO 'Maritime Committee-H.R. 156, creasingly difficult to determine costs and of 'leapfrogging' and no interminable escala­ the towboat safety bill. liabillties; that fact in turn made settle­ tion or whip-sawing among them." For several years now Mrs. Sullivan has ments more difficult of achievement; and at Mrs. Sullivan called the proposal by the introduced this bill, always with the same its worst the uncertainty, bitterness and three unions "a welcome display of wisdom number, an the AFL-CIO Maritime Commit­ divisions produced by this chain of events and concern that offers the one great hope tee has backed it to the hilt on Capitol Hill. threatened to undermine the collective bar­ for a speedy settlement between the parties." But the towboat operators' lobby has been gaining process and destroy its effectiveness "It offers," she added, "the employees the unfortunately strong enough to forestall any as a method for reaching agreement on the promise of fair improvements in their con­ action. terms and conditions of work." ditions and it offers the employers a measur­ A recent spate of river tragedies-involving Thus, she said, "a number of us who have able limit to their increased financial obli­ collisions with unlicensed towboats-appears a strong sense of concern for the American gations. These elements, it seems to me, pro­ to be helping change the apathetic climate merchant marine felt a considerable degree vide a basis for effective negotiation." that has existed. Formerly uninterested Con­ of concern about this year's contract WOULD BE TRAGIC TO IGNORE gressmen are coming to realize that the un­ negotiations." regulated towboat.s that ply American rivers Praises NMU, NMEBA and ARA. Taking Mrs. Sullivan forthrightly said that she in increasing numbers are a menace to every­ note of the accord reached by leaders of the believed "it would be tragic-for the nation body's safety on the river, particularly in NMU, National Marine Engineers Beneficial and for the maritime industry-if this pro­ the crowded estuarine areas. That they are Association and the American Radio Asso· posed procedure is not placed into actual not covered by strong Coo.st Guard regu­ ciation, Mrs. Sullivan said: practice. lations is a crying shame. Mrs. Sullivan be­ "Thus, I have been greatly heartened by "! hope most sincerely that the employer lieves and she intends to press her campaign the fact that three of the leading maritime groups will see the great benefits for them­ for H.R. 156 ever harder in light of the recent unions have recogniood these dangers and selves and for the government in accepting disasters. have taken steps to unify and simplify the this plan for unified negotiations. The mul­ It took Leonor Sullivan and ex-Senator collective bargaining process involving the tiplicity of unions, like the multiplicity of Paul H. Douglas many frustrating years to subsidized ship operators this year. employer groups, has made collective bar­ enact the Truth-in-Lending law. But it "The NMEBA, the ARA and the NMU have gaining in the merchant marine a difficult finally did come. Mrs. Sullivan believes the proposed joint negotiation with the employ­ and often frustrating process. Now we have same thing will happen with H.R. 156. ers. They have, in addition, agreed that all a chance for a better way." We of the AFL-CIO Maritime Committee three unions will negotiate with the em­ Thank you, Leonor, for laying it right on will be helping as hard as we can to help ployers on the same general set of pro- the line. Let's hope the employers listen. make it happen.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES-Tuesday, July 1, 1969 The House met at 12 o'clock noon. Seashore in the State of Texas, and for other ties of the United States, . and for other The Chaplain, Rev. Edward G. Latch, purposes. purposes; D.D., offered the following prayer: S. 1613. An act to designate the dam com­ The message also announced that the monly referred to as the Glen canyon Dam He who is faithful in a very little is Senate had passed, with amendments in as the Dwight D. Eisenhower Dam; and faithful also in much.-Luke 16: 10. which the concurrence of the House is S. 1689. An act to amend the Federal Haz­ O Lord and Master of us all, who hast requested, bills of the House of the fol­ ardous Substances Act to protect children lowing titles: from toys and other articles intended for use called us to be workers with Thee in the by children which are hazardous due to the advancement of Thy kingdom, teach us H.R. 4153. An act to authorize appropria­ tions for procurement of vessels and aircraft presence of electrical, mechanical, or thermal to understand the meaning of this time in hazards, and for other purposes. which we live with all its troubles and and construction of shore and offshore estab­ lishments for the Coast Guard; its triumphs. With this understanding H.R. 5833. An act to continue until the may there come the spirit to deal with the close of June 30, 1972, the existing suspension A CLEAR MANDATE FOR MEAN­ demanding duties of this day coura­ of duty on certain copying shoe lathes; INGFUL TAX REFORM geously, handling ourselves well in H.R.10595. An act to ·amend the act of (Mr. VANIK asked and was given per­ trouble and handling trouble for the August 7, 1956 (70 Stat. 1115), as amended, providing for a Great Plains conservation mission to address the House for 1 well-being of our people. minute.) Sustain with Thy strength those who program; and H.R. 11582. An act making appropriations Mr. VANIK. Mr. Speaker, yesterday's are in need. Inspire our people to be for the Treasury and Post Office Departments, vote on the extension of the surtax pro­ compassionate and helpful in their en­ the Executive Office of the President, and cer­ vides a clear mandate for meaningful deavor to provide assistance to those who tain independent agencies, for the fiscal year revenue-raising tax reform. seek work and who will work. ending June 30, 1970, and for other purposes. Regardless of the shenanigans em­ Grant unto us, the leaders of this free The message also announced that the ployed to shore up sagging support for land, the will and the wisdom to continue passage of extension of the tax, the to build the life of our Nation upon the Senate insists upon its amendments to the bill

CURBS ON INTELLECTUALS wire, microphones and all, under Stalin's with foreigners are stopped and questioned. The fate of a brillant young Tatar physi­ heirs. At night, the compound courtyards are flood­ cist, R. K. Kadlyev, shows how swiftly and lit. Embassies are similarly guarded. Apart­ drastically times changed. Last year, Kadiyev [From the Washington (D.C.) Post, ments and offices are frequently searched. and a colleague presented to an international June 14, 1969] Foreigners cannot travel more than 25 conference in Tbillsi startling new astro­ RUSSIA TuRNS BACK CLOCK: KGB SURROUNDS miles outside Moscow without permission, nomical and space researches confirming FOREIGNERS which must formally be requested at least and deepening Einstein's theory of relativ­ (By Anatole Shub) 48 hours in advance. Only about 100 Soviet ity. There have been few comparable dis­ cities or towns are actually open, and there coveries, anywhere, since Einstein first sug­ A typical official "public" Moscow oc­ are some, like Tomsk, which foreigners have gested the theory. Za Kommunlsm, newspa­ casion: April 22, 1969, the 99th anniversary have not seen in 40 years. per of the Dubno Atomic Research Institute, of Lenin's birth, with a "festive meeting" at You can go to some of the open cities only was proudly hailing Kadiyev's feat as recent­ the modern, Western-equipped Kremlin Pal­ by air, some only by rail, some only by certain ly as Nov. 22, 1968. ace of Congresses. routings, even when more convenient possi­ Today, Kadiyev sits in Tashkent jail, the Only a dozen foreign correspondents and b111ties exist for Soviet citizens. At times chief defendant at a secret trial of ten Tatar three dozen diplomats show up, including major cities are open to transient tourists intellectual leaders who have been struggling two Chinese who come just to stomp out but closed to resident diplomats and news­ for the return of their people to the Crimean later. The rest of the foreigners stay home men-as Leningrad was throughout March homeland from which Stalin deported them because, since the off-the-cuff Khrushchev 1969, and most of Siberia has been since. in 1944. It was to attend the trial of Kadiyev days, such occasions have been tedious and In all tourist hotels, as well as in every for­ and his comrades last month that the gruff, predictable--seen one, seen 'em all. eigner's Mos<:_ow apartment or office, there fearless Ukrainian democrat, former Maj. We walk in through the Kreinlin 's Troi tsky are microphones, not all subtly hidden. Gen. Pyotr Grigorenko, went to Tashkent­ Gate and show KGB plainclothesmen and Sometimes, the bugging produces farce. When in full knowledge that he, too, would be ar­ uniformed Kremlin guards our passes: the a recent American visitor reached his Rossiya rested. permanent identity card and the specially Hotel room and asked me about possible The KGB and MVD have decimated the issued pass for this meeting. We show the laundry and dry cleaning, a maid swltfly hardy little Moscow underground, the activ­ passes again to other security men at the appeared at the door to inquire: "Do you ist civil liberties movement led by Grigor­ Palace doors, and climb the stairs to the sec­ have anything to wash or iron?" enko and Pavel Litvinov. At the same time, ond balcony. On the way up, we pass several It ls less amusing when a visiting televi­ the better known "loyal liberals" of the hundred plainclothesmen coming down to sion producer, whom KGB men from the cultural and scientific community are being pose as workers in the audience below. We Novosti press agency are trying to blackmail successively restricted, demoralized and re­ show our passes twice mor_e to KGB ushers is told late one afternoon in the Mosco~ moved. from positions of influence-with the before reaching our seats. woods at exactly what hour we expect him reported ouster of Tvarvovsky from Novy The treat of the day is a report read by for dinner and what other guests have been Mir only the latest case in point. Ivan Kapitonov, the Party secretary for cad­ invited. Yet the Kremlin rulers have not succeeded res. Like most Soviet speeches since Stalin Telephones are tapped continuously-nor­ in establishing the kind of "order" they shaped the form, it resembles the liturgy of mally on tape, occasionally with a live moni­ seem to crave, the order which Marx in his a fundamentalist sect, with a few dubious tor. The tape ls apparently audited every time called "the peace of the graveyard." statistics to add scientific sheen. The jargon few days-judging from my wife's experi­ Instead, like the Romanov czars before them, is wearily familiar and so is Kapitonov's es­ ence in picking up the dead phone and com­ they have been sowing dragons' teeth. For sential message. plaining that the instrument was continuing with each new act of repression, they are Every day in every way everything is get­ to beep even with the receiver down. Three creating new oppositions, turning nonpoliti­ ting better, he says. We're the tops and days later, it stopped. When the monitors are cals into politicals, liberal evolutionists into utopia would be around the corner (although on, you must shout, and the other party potentially radical revolutionists. not in your lifetime) if not for the monsters, seems to be on Mars. fiends and demons in the United States, Ger­ Five months after the invasion of Czecho­ PRIVACY DIFFICULT slovakia, a young Soviet army engineer many, Israel, China, Yugoslavia, Rumania lieutenant named Ilyin boarded the crimson and most of the rest of this sinful world. All phones of foreigners and licensed Rus­ night train from Leningrad to Moscow. The ("Imperialists, revanchists, milltarlsts, de­ sians are linked into common circuits. To next day, he borrowed a police uniform from viationlsts, right and left opportunists," etc.) talk to an unofficial Russian, therefore, dis­ a relative-and on Jan. 23, 1969, inside the On stage behind Kapitonov, all the famous creet foreigners will try calling from a toll Kremlin's Borovitsky Gate, fired shots al­ "fighters for Marxism-Leninism" seem either booth-although not those near the com­ most surely intended for Brezhnev. bored or preoccupied. Brezhnev looks as pounds, which are also tapped. However, the sleepy-eyed, Kosygin as mournful, Shelepin homes and phones of suspected dissidents STil.L UNEXPLAINED as tense as ever. The so-called news of the and intellectuals generally are also bugged­ Although Ilyin's act may well be a mile­ day is provided by the Rumanian "fraternal so sometimes they will prefer calllng you stone in Russian history, Soviet officials have guests," Nicolae Ceausescu and Ion Gheorghe from an unlisted pay station. Names are not explained it to this day. Instead, tip­ Maurer, who grimly decline to applaud at­ rarely used. sters for the contending Kremlin factions tacks on themselves. (Soviet television avoids Recently, the KGB has developed a new have. from the start, been circulating two them.) system for dealing with such brazen attempts rival accounts. According to the conserva­ Yet both the Soviet rudeness and the at private life. The Russian calling you from tives, Ilyin was a Soviet Oswald, a "para­ Rumanians' silent defiance are true to form, a toll booth gets through only on the third noid" loner, and has already been, or soon and the only real interest is stimulated by or fourth try. What with busy signals and will be, officially certified as insane. Accord­ two uniformed men at the rear of the stage: dead lines, this can take ten or 15 minutes-­ ing to the reactionaries, the lieutenant from Marshal Andrei Grechko, the Defense Min­ enough time for the KGB to trace the toll Leningrad was part of a "counter-revolu­ ister, and Gen. Alexei Yeplshev, his chief booth, tap the call and put a trail on your tionary gang," with accomplices high in the political commissar. Both are animated and caller. Soviet army, MVD and elsewhere, all of excited. They talk, talk, talk, throughout the Resident foreigners are not followed so whom will soon be exposed and brought to 80-minute speech. (Are they discussing the much as they are surrounded. The indispen­ trial. May Day military parade, which ls about to sable local helpers-secretaries, translators, For their part, Russian democrats have be canceled for the first time in 50 years?) photographers, drivers, housemaids, repair­ compared young Ilyin with both the Decem­ A colleague passes me a pair of binoculars. men, movers--can only be procured through brist rebel officers of 1825 and the Populist "Can't see a thing," I say, "I'm blind." A a misnamed "Service Bureau" controlled by revolutionary terrorists of czarism's last four moment later, as the plainclothesmen below the KGB. decades. They have drawn heart from the applaud Russia superior "socialist democra­ All its employee are subject to periodic story that Ilyin, interrogated personally by cy," my friend replies: "No, we are the halt. interrogations. Many are decent people and Andropov as to why he did it, replied: They are the blind." And that is so. some fall ill after such humiliating sessions. "Chtob razbudit Rossiyu" ("To wake up The foreigner in Moscow--diplomat, corre­ A Russian helper who ls too helpful, friendly Russia"). spondent, exchange scholar or businessman­ or loyal to his foreigners ls removed from the There is absolutely no way to verify which, lives in a state of permanent disability, in­ service. Some, however, are only too eager to if any, of these stories may be true. For in flicted by the KGB. report, or invent, anything. Brezhnev's Moscow, no foreigners, and in­ Except for the highest diplomats of major The material thus assembled by the KGB deed very few Russians, ever know anything countries who have mansions and a few priv­ is often fed to the Soviet press, which is used for certain about matters of importance­ ileged permanent residents, all foreigners live to warn foreigners (and their Soviet ac­ and hardly much more about matters most in a few large segregated compounds. These quaintances) by means of abusive personal countries regard as triviail. ghettos are surrounded by high wire fences attacks. It is precisely such knowledge, on the part and patrolled 24 hours a day by KGB men Since most foreigners spend nearly all their of the Soviet peoples and the world, that in blue police uniforms. time in one compound or another, with the Stalinist system ( only partly modified Anyone who enters or leaves must pass at other foreigners, officials, semi-officials or under Khrushchev) was constructed to pre­ least one police booth, equipped with special local employes, the KGB has little need. vent. The system is stm operating, barbed telephones. Russians "unlicensed" to deal to trail them in the obvious way. How- 17960 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE July 1, 1969 ever, when a foreigner does try to break out minute talk with a medium-level official costs naming several rising apparatchiki in their of "the first circle," the secret police is ready. $50, "escort" service on trips outside Moscow late 30s and early 40s. If he tries to elude surveillance by taking a $30 to $50 a day, plus special charges. Western What are the advisers' views, then? "They cab, the KGB often has special taxis and television networks paid $500 each last month have no views either. They know less about other follow-cars, ready outside the com­ to have Novosti cameramen photograph the art, literature or music than a provincial pounds. TU-144 supersonic airliner. high school student." One young woman, who had acquired too Foreigners who regularly prime Novosti's In that case, how do the advisers know many Russian friends, was in an apparently propaganda pump are rewarded with inside what to advise Demichev? "Very simple," the ordinary taxi when it suddenly pulled over to tips--often accurate though rarely earth­ Russian replied, wiggling his nose and cock­ a curb, where two KGB men jumped in from shaking, such as when the Central Commit­ ing his ear. "They sniff the political winds." either side. They drove her to a room laden tee may be meeting next. Very often, how­ PERMISSION DENIED with food and drink, which she refused to ever, the tips are KGB plants-as when touch, and then grilled her for four hours. Novostl men last October signaled that On the other hand, Ekaterina Furtseva, She wisely left Moscow by air two days later. Kosygin was about to resign. the Minister of Culture and briefly an alter­ But even before she had left, the Moscow Similar mixed blessings are dispensed by nate Politburo member under Khrushchev, ls "fink" network was spreading the tale that Victor Louis, a Soviet citizen who does not a woman of some cultivation. A playwright she had been photographed in bed with a bother to conceal his affiliations. Nominally a recently spent three hours arguing with her Russian. correspondent of the London Evening News, for permission to accept an invitation to the THE SQUEALERS he ls also on the hard-currency payroll of West. They had both screamed and cried in perhaps half a dozen other Western bureaus Russian fashion; they had gotten on well for The finks are a special danger, which some years, she liked his writing, but the answer foreigners recognize too late. Some are in Moscow, who chalk him up as "special research services." Sad to say, apart from was no and she could no nothing about it. "licensed" Russian pseudo-intellectuals, some But why, a friend asked him, ls she not belong to the world of so-called underground information published in the Soviet press, the great majority of what emerges from the Minister of Culture? "Yes, but there are art, some are members of Moscow's perma­ others above her." nent foreign colony. For various reasons, Moscow as news from "Soviet sources" origi­ nates with either Louis or a Novosti tipster. Is a simple trip abroad such a big decision? they have chosen to aid the KGB in return "Yes, in our country it is a very big deci­ for special privileges--the ability to meet BLIND KITTENS sion-top level." foreigners, obtain hard currency, travel Ironically, however, these and other dis­ But if he likes your writing so much, why abroad, live outside the compounds. abilities imposed on foreigners are less grave at least didn't she attend the premiere of The genuine Russian intellectuals, from than those the Kremlin rulers impose on the your play? "She wanted to, but she was sad experience, know the finks better. I shall 1?oviet peoples, and on themselves. Accord­ afraid." never forget the fear which suddenly pierced ing to Khruschev, Stalin warned his heirs Furtseva afraid? If even she is afraid, who the face of novelist Vassily Aksyonov, to that without him, they would be "blind then is not afraid? whom I had just been introduced at a mam­ kittens." He was right. For Russia's Orwellian "Ah," the writer said, "at last you are moth reception, when one such person moved nightmare state not merely keeps the ordi­ beginning to understand Soviet Russia." in on us. Aksyonov excused himself quickly, nary Soviet citizen incredibly ignorant, but and I never saw him again. ends by blinding the Soviet leaders-Stalin Such, then, is the atmosphere of peace [From the Washington (D.C.) Post, June 15, in his own time, the current group even 1969] and friendship which the KGB unofficially more. provides for the foreigner. Official treatment It is not merely the inquisitorial censor­ RUSSIA TuRNS BACK THE CLOCK: DISSIDENT is scarcely better. The Soviet Foreign Ministry ship, the jamming of foreign broadcasts, the COUPLE FEELS CONSTANT KGB PRESSURE Press Department controls, rather than in­ Iron Curtain barring travel, the ubiquitous (By Anatole Shub) forms, correspondents. Its employes spend presence of the KGB and similar "adininis­ Giselle Ame.Irie is a tall, slender ta.tar most of their time minutely scrutinizing the trative measures." It ls, rather-in the opin­ beauty who would make eyes turn on Fifth correspondents' reports and whatever mate­ ion of many observers-the crude, total, Avenue, where she might be taken for rial the KGB ma.y make available. To tele­ saturation propaganda of the Big Lie and Balanchine's freshest ballerina. With her jet phoned news queries, their usual replies (if bigger silence, the atmosphere of sycophancy, black hair, fair skin, deep almond eyes and they answer the phone at all) are "read bluff, flattery and mutual self-deception in modest natural grace, she is herself, at 25, Pravada" or "we have not been informed." "higher circles" which help lead Politburo a more miraculous work of art than any she CALLED FOR WARNINGS mediocrities to accept and perpetuate such can ever create. Giselle is a painter, and has Most correspondents are . invited to the nonsense as Lysenko's biology or (lately) been painting portraits, mostly of foreigners, heavily guarded Ministry only for admoni­ Jim Garrison's Kennedy "plot." ever since her husband Andrei, 28, a dis­ tions, warnings or expul·sions. A few friendly Khrushchev had the peasant good sense to sident historian, was barred from serious collaborators from the permanent colony, venture out, to travel widely at home and work by the KGB. Giselle's portrait of Sherry however, are called in at strategic moments abroad, to elicit, even provoke contrary opin­ Thompson, the former American ambassa­ to be told "off the record" that the Warsaw ions from uninhibited foreigners. Nearly all dor's daughter, is now in the Thompson's Pact maneuvers are "strictly routine," that the men who deposed him (Shelepin may be home in Washington, a gift from his em­ reports of re-Stalinizatlon are "completely an exception) seem to be stay at-homes by bassy colleagues. false," and similar fables. choice, who prefer to sit with one another Of all the human beings we met in Rus­ Now and then the Department's sleek, around the famlliar green baize tables in the sia, Giselle touched us most deeply-es­ agile chief, Leonid Zamyatin, calls a press Kremlin and at the moldy yellow Central pecially my wife Joyce, who saw her far conference to push some particular Soviet Committee building on Stare.ya Ploshchad. more often, and whose fate crossed the line. After his statement, questions from More than half the Politburo members and Amalric's at a dramatic moment on the servile Soviet, Bulgarian, Polish and East Ger­ alternates have never spent as much as a evening of May 7, 1969. Giselle took Joyce to man correspondents are favored. Western­ month in the West in ·all their lives. two or three other studios of underground ers' questions are evaded. But when the ques­ The results of such self-inflicted blind­ artists, abstract or semlabstract. These then tion is embarrassing, the normally unflap­ ness were apparent not only in the political passed her on-in Moscow underground­ pable Zamyatin does not hesitate to rage at botch during the invasion of Czechoslovakia, railway fashion-to still other painters and the questioner, sometimes before a live tele­ but in the Middle East a year earlier-when sculptors, and to various open, allegedly vision audience. Brezhnev, Kosygin and Podgorny cruised for "private" exhibitions and abortive public News conferences arranged for officials of three days on a destroyer in the Gulf of Fin­ ones ( closed by the KGB Ininutes after they other ministries and agencies are even less land on the very eve of the war. had opened). So this story ls mainly from rewarding. Most of these bureaucrats are Czechoslovak, Yugoslav and Italian Com­ Joyce's notes, even when she is not directly less worldly than Zamyatin, begin with long munists have reported amply on the coarse­ quoted. reports largely repeating what has been in ness and cynicism of "Lyonka" Brezhnev, But first a word about Andrei. Slight and the papers for weeks, and answer only written "Petka" Shelest and some of the other lead­ frail, hollow under the cheekbones and ribs, questions, carefully screened by Zamyatln or ers. Two anecdotes from our experience illus­ nearsighted, he is smaller than his father an aide. Quite a contrast to the days when trate how, personal qualities aside, the sys­ or his grandfather, whose pictures we saw. Khrushchev regularly sought out foreign tem itself may be their worst enemy. He was born in the war years, underfed in newsmen for banter and arguments--not to A sculptor encountered at a Moscow cock­ the post-war years, orphaned at an early age, mention the revolutionary days when Lenin tail party had recently been compelled to deal had already spent two years in Siberian ex­ phoned them personally. at some length with Pyotr Demlchev, the lle-and had the coolest political mind I Central Committee secretary in charge of cul­ encountered in Russia (perhaps because an NEWS-BUYING RACKET ture. What sort of a man was Demichev, for­ ancestor came from France with Napoleon's The wretched performance of Zamyatin's eigners eagerly asked. Was he liberal, con­ Grande Armee) . office and the rising power of the KGB have serva-tJ.ve, Stalinist? We rarely talked about current events­ led to a singular Soviet racket. Desperate "He is absolutely nothing, nothing," the Czechoslovakla, will-Brezhnev-last and the Western media executives, nervous about sculptor replied. "He has no views of his own like. Nor did we talk much about the per­ domestic rivals, compete to buy news and whatever." secutions of Yuri Galanskov, Pavel Litvinov services from the Novostl agency, which Then how does he make decisions? "He and other fellow democrats. Instead, Andrei handles Soviet propaganda abroad. A 40- listens to his advisers," the sculptor said, liked to ruminate ( over Giselle's strong, hot July 1, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 17961 tea} on Russia's tragic history, the contra­ peeling plaster in the long corridor, the Allison went into her small shopping bag dictions of its culture, the indefinable es-. steamy communal kitchen -On my right, the and brought out a pretty box of chocolates. sence of the national character. bl:ack pipes and broken enamel in the bath­ "Is that all there is in there?" The girl I recall, for example, Andrei's clinical dis­ room, the loud conversations of the families turned her bag upside down. section of the classic history of Russian civ­ living behind each closed door. "All right," a KGB man said, "give us your ilization by Prof. Paul Miliukov, the Consti­ "Their room was at the far end: a bed, identification and just wait. All of you, get tutional Democrat wh9 became foreign min­ three chairs, a piano from Andrei's grand­ inside the room. You're disturbing the neigh­ ister after czarism fell in March, 1917. mother, a clothes closet, two bookcases, an bors out here. Inside!" "Miliukov proved," Andrei said, "that the old typewriter, a radio-phonograph, a small Andrei came out. "You cannot order them territorial expansion of the Russian empire desk which also served as dining table. But into the room. These are my friends and I went hand in hand, for centuries, with the once I was inside, I could look all around, up will invite them. This is still my home." He suppression of Russian freedoms. But then and down three walls at their small, fine looked at Joyce, Henry and Allison. "Please he imagined that he and his liberal friends collection of modern paintings--all by un­ do come in. Giselle will make us tea, as could fix everything simply with a Western official Russian artists, including two of always." constitution. And, when he became foreign Giselle's best--and forget the 'realism• be­ The man from the Foreign Ministry ulti­ minister, the first thing he did was reaffirm yond the door and outside the window." mately arrived and began going over the czarist claims to Constantinople!" The pressure on the Amalrics mounted same questions. Giselle brought tea, opened TROUBLE AT SCHOOL with the arrest of Pavel Litvinov and other up one of the packages of sugar, put it in friends. In Giselle's dreams each night, she a decanter and served it. The two toughs Andrei's passion for historic truth caused was a hunted animal, pursued by riflemen or were still leaning on the piano. Henry asked his first troubles. At Moscow University, he Siberian wolves. She painted more and more who they were. "They are the official witnesses produced a dissertation which showed that quickly--she did Joyce, my son Adam, Alli­ to the search." many of the cultural glories of 9th century son Kamm, daughter of the New York Times Kievan Russia had not been immaculately PREPARE DEPOSITIONS bureau chief, diplomats' wives, anyone else The man from the Ministry began trying conceived, through the unique genius of the we could send her way-to scrape up enough Slavs, but came directly from the higher to compose an official deposition for each money to escape the Moscow nightmare. of the visitors. There were arguments about civilization at Byzantium. The Party line They found a small country shack, without was just the reverse. Andrei's professor, im­ what language it would be in, and who would heat, running water or electricity, where compose it. pressed by his research, suggested that he they hoped to move for the summer. Even submit merely the dry facts and omit his "My friends," Andrei said, "I just want to there, KGB men began "asking around." But give you some advice. It is not necessary to "controversial" conclusions. Andrei refused. in Moscow, Giselle explained, the strain was The professor declined to approve the dis­ sign anything in any language if you don't simply too great. Whenever Andrei went out, want to." sertation. And.rel protested-and was ex­ she never knew if he would be "taken" and pelled from the universiJty. The man from the Ministry was irritated: never return. In the country, Andrei could "Why do we need that outburst?" When, outside the university, he began paint the roof and she would wash their associating with other young rebels, the "These are my friends," Andrei said, "I clothes in the stream and wring them out on want to inform them of their rights." KGB moved in. Andrei's room was searched the rocks. So they stocked up enough sugar, and he was exiled to Siberia, allegedly for "Are they diplomats?" flour, rice and fat to last the summer, and "No." possession of pornography. Giselle went with prepared to leave on May 8. The evening him. before, Joyce dropped in to say goodbye: "Fine," the Ministry man said, "let's search Late one winter afternoon, Giselle told "I rang the bell as usual. Andrei came to what's in their pockets." (Diplomats are im­ Joyce "how her fwther had moved to Mos­ mune from official searches, but private the door, and there was another man, too. I citizens are not.} cow after the war to find work. How the thought the other man was on his way out. parents and five children lived in one room. But suddenly the door closed behind me, and Joyce began empyting her bag-lipstick, How her mother would check if the children the man was behind me, too. 'Worst time,' hairbrush, bath lotion, cigarettes. Henry was were asleep before going to bed with her Andrei whispered. Along the dark corridor, I much calmer. ("You forget," he later ex­ father. How the Moscow children taunted wondered why. And then I opened their plained. "I grew up in Nazi Germany."} He her: 'Tatarka, Tatarka,' and stained her door--oh God! refused to be searched unless an American skirt. How, soon after she met Andrei, he "Their books and papers and records were Embassy officer came to witness the was sent away. strewn all over the floor. Giselle was by the proceedings. "She told her parents she would join him. window, all white with large frightened eyes. "All right," one of the KGB men said, "let's But he was Russian. 'If you go,' her father Seated at the desk was a stranger writing, forget the search and get on with the said, 'never come back again.' and behind Giselle was another man, half­ deposition." "She went anyhow. In Siberia, they de­ smiling. Leaning on the piano were two dirty, Some 10 minutes later, Joyce was able to cided to marry, but the license cost 1.50 sullen thugs. leave, taking Allison downstairs with her: "I rubles, and they had no money. So they "I propelled myself toward her and kissed kissed Giselle, I don't know how many times. went to a nearby kolkhoz and both worked her on the cheek. 'What's the matter?' She Andrei, with a guard walked us down the all day and earned two rubles. They were just looked around and said nothing. Andrei long dark corridor to the front door. I kissed married, and had 50 kopecks left over to buy put his arms around her shoulders . . ." him goodbye and he whispered: 'I think we'll meet again.' " sugar for their tea ..." · QUESTIONED BY POLICE For a while after they returned from ex­ "I cannot write their story," Joyce wrote So my nonpolitical American wife, who had a friend next day. "I know the broad outlines, ile, Andrei could do freelance writing, un­ come to Russia to see Oistrakh play and Pli­ signed, on safe historical and cultural sub­ the facts, but I don't know the fear they setskaya dance, was questioned by the KGB­ live with each day. How can they stand above jects. But, after he began appearing outside who was she, what was she doing there. the courthouses where other democrats were the swamp, with their shoulders back and Terrified, she 8lt first tried to conceal her their eyes full of affection? How did it ever being tried, this work was cut off. The KGB identity, then finally produced a driver's tried to get him on charges of parasitism, occur to them to try and live as two proud, license. They had said at first that they would honest human beings? And where did these or unemployment. But he found a job de­ release her once she had identified herself­ livering newspapers (salary: 22 rubles two young, slender people ever get the cour­ then made her wait until someone from the age to live every day committed to a sense of monthly} and later became secretary to a Foreign Ministry arrived. She waited outside, blind man. beauty and human dignity-with their phone under guard, in the corridor-she could not tapped and two microphones hidden in their LIVE IN OLD BUil.DING bear to see Giselle frightened and their room one little room? fu11 of police. Andrei and Giselle lived in an old, probably "I don't know yet if they were arrested or pre-Revolutionary apartment house in the "What's going on?" Joyce asked one guard "Wha,t have they done wrong?" let go. But even if they are let go this time, Arbat section-just behind the glass-fronted there will be another 'search' and another Kalinin Prospect skyscrapers (stlll not quite "You don't know?" Siberia-if not next month, then the month completed} which impress visitors with the "I know that she ls a very good painter. She did my portrait." after.'' modernity of the Brezhnev era. Like most OTHERS ARRESTED Soviet city dwellers until recently, they lived "An abstract?" The KGB man smiled cyni­ cally. Joyce felt ill. On the day the Amalrics' room was being in a "communal" apartment--where half a Suddenly the bell rang. The policemen searched. their friend, Maj. Gen. Pyotr dozen families, one small room each, share looked at each other. In came Henry Kamm Grigorenko was arrested in Tashkent--where a common kitchen and bath. Among their with his 12-year-old daughter. Joyce leaned he had gone in solidarity with Crimean Tat ars neighbors, one was tepidly sympathetic, two straight against the wall to let them by. on trial. A few days later, Ilya Gabai, a Tatar were nasty busybodies, and the woman next Henry's half-smile of recognition turned seri­ intellectual in Moscow, also was seized. door was an alcoholic. ous: "What's going on here?" A few days after that, the KGB got to work Nevertheless, the little crowded room in "What are you doing here?" one of the on Joyce. They operated through some of which Andrei and Giselle lived was an oasis agents demanded. Moscow's best-known underground artists. of taste and integrity, especially for Joyce: "We've come to say goodbye. My daughter Some may be finks but most were probably "After a while, I no longer noticed the six brought them some chocolates because her too frightened to refuse cooperation with bells on the front door of what was once a portrait was painted and she liked it." the secret police-so the initials will be used five-room apartment. I stopped noticing the "Where are the chocolates." here instead of actual names. 17962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE July 1, 1969

I was away in Yugoslavia, due back Monday noticed that it had been searched-desk [From the Washington (D.C.) Post, June 16, evening, May 19. The preceding Thursday, drawers and file cabinets open. In the eve­ 1969] the phone rang at 9 :30 a.m. In English, a Rus­ ning, yet another painter phoned. This time RUSSIA TuRNS BACK THE CLOCK: NEW STALIN­ sian voice said clearly: "Joyce, I'm D.B. We it was the wife of M., who was also a painter ISTS FAn. To BREAK THE SPIRIT OJ' SOVIET met a.t M.'s studio. I'm from Leningrad in her own right. She told Joyce that a friend, LmERALS Remember?" a girl from a western embassy, had promised (By Anatole Shub) She didn't at first. Then she recalled a to visit her studio but had not appeared. The United Nations proclaimed 1968 "Hu­ giant with long curly hair and a black beard, Could Joyce please provide her phone num­ man Rights Year," and the KGB, Russia's se­ whom she ha.d actually met at the studio of ber? After all, Mme. M. had spent the whole cret police, began its celebration early. In another painter, R., a reformed alcoholic afternoon waiting. January, two young democrats, Yuri Galans­ whose talent ha.d been destroyed. ( "When I Funny, Joyce thought, Russians never kov and Alex Ginsburg, were placed on trial. drank," R. explained, "I couldn't do any­ complain of waiting-they go anywhere and Another young man, Alexei Dobrovolsky, had thing. But since I've stopped, there seems to wait anyplace, two hours means nothing to decided after a year in prison to turn state's be no point in doing anything. I do just them. Mme. M. had been at home in her evidence, and in his testimony disclosed the enough to buy bread.'') studio-hardly a great inconvenience. And larger aims of the KGB and its political The man with the beard had left R.'s why did she use the phone, and give her full sponsors. studio with Joyce and offered to take her name and patronymic? "I was brought up to worship Stalin,'' Do­ to see M.-even better known among dip­ Saturday morning, Joyce called A. F. at 11. brovolsky said. "It was the de-Stalinlzation lomats and the collectors of Moscow's per­ Why did he have to see her so urgently? He campaign and the mistakes of Khrushchev manent colony. "Yes, I do remember," Joyce could not say. that turned me bitter against soviet power." told her caller, "you have a beard .. .'' "Must I really come before Monday?" she "I want you to see some of my own paint­ asked. TOO LATE TO GO BACK ings," D. B. said. "Well-Monday morning would be all Slowly but inexorably over the past four "Flne--sometime next week.'' right.'' (Strange-he always worked in the years, Khrushchev's successors (nearly all of "No. I go back to Leningrad Sunday. morning, and permitted visitors only after whom entered the Central Committee at Either today or tomorrow." lunch.) Joyce said she would try to make Stalin's 1952 Party Congress) have sought to Next day at one o'clock, Joyce suggested. it around noon. restore the "glories" and "security" of the "No," D. B. said in Russian, "after two. At And then the embassy girl came, pa.le and old Stalin days. They have sought to silence the Byelorussian station, Goodbye." tense: "I didn't go to Mme. M. because I the basic questions about the Soviet system Joyce put down the phone shaking: "This was followed the minute I left the compound. that Khrushchev ha.d, perhaps inadvertently, had never happened before. No painter had I tried to lose them by stopping at the bath­ raised at the 1956 and 1961 Party Congresses. ever called me to come over except L. Z., room in the Rossiya Hotel, but they followed The tempo of re-Stalinization and repression who was quite official and even allowed to go me there, too. So I decided to come home." has quickened since 1968, particularly since to Paris. No painter had ever given h1s full The girl was frightened. There had been the invasion in August of Czechoslovakia. name on the phone. To each one I wanted to a new wave of attempts to blackmail diplo­ However, most serious Moscow observers see, I ha.d to be brought by someone he mats from other embassies, and Alice--who believe it is too late, and too dangerous, to trusted. And to meet in the rallroad sta­ had recently accompanied her and Joyce to go back to full-blooded Stalinism, under tion-where in the station? and 'after two'­ a private exhibition-had just been forced which a fourth of the population, including when after two-2:15, 8 o'clock, 4? What's to leave the country. millions of Communists, perished or spent more, he had given me his address when I Joyce decided not to see A. F. at all. But long years at forced labor. The de-Staliniza­ first met him-it was a Moscow address, not later that Saturday the phone rang again. tion of 1956-64, as well as the brief "open­ a Leningrad address. And why did it have "This is D. B.''-the blackbeard who had ings to the West" symbolized by the "spirits" to be before Sunday, when Tony gets back started it all-"Why didn't you show up?" of Geneva ( 1955), Camp David ( 1959) and Monday night?" "I couldn't," Joyce replied. "I'm afraid the Mosoow test-ban treaty (1963), left in­ WARNED BY A FRIEND that, since you're leaving tomorrow for Len­ delible traces on the minds of Russia's edu­ cated younger generation. Fortunately, one of the few Russians she ingrad, I just won't be able to see your paintings." The official effort to tum back the clock trusted completely came by that day. "Don't has attracted greater attention than the go, Joyce," he said, "it's a provocation.'' "That's all right," said D. B. "I've changed considerable resistance to it, or the signs that He recalled the numerous cases in which my plans. I won't leave until Wednesday. each new repression and especially the Czech­ foreigners had been lured to interrogations, Why don't you come Monday morning some­ oslovak tragedy, have made more and more doped or drugged, photographed in compro­ time?" soviet citizens lose hope for peaceful reform poses mising contribed by the KGB, sub­ Joyce stayed home, or with trusted friends, "from above.'' In short, re-Stalinization­ jected to blackmail of various kinds. until I returned on Monday evening. The like the autocracy, orthodoxy and Russifica­ so the next day, Joyce went off to see some phone calls ceased Monday morning. Next tion of Alexander m ( 1881-1895 )-appears Americans in the morning and returned day, I was invited to the Foreign Ministry to be sowing seeds of revolution. home at 2:30. The maid said a Russian had where, on Wednesday morning I was ordered Already, the repression has begun to cre­ called four times. to leave the soviet Union within 48 hours. ate, as Czarism did a century ago, a pantheon The phone rang again soon afterward. After my departure, Joyce was under con­ of heroes and martyrs among the revolution­ This time it was A. F., one of the best-known stant, intensive surveillance unttl her own aries-most of whom were loyal critics, at "unofficial" painters-much of his work has departure with the children a fortnight most, of the regime in Khrushchev's day. been exhibited abroad. A. F. is middle-aged, later. solid, normal, sober, and a. steady worker. On June 12, the government newspaper THE TURNING POINT He paints every day from 9 to 2, and sells Izvestia, in an article signed "K. Petrov" The major turning-point was, surely, the efficiently as he paints. (probably a KGB pseudonym), accused me decision five years ago to arrest the writers "Can you come to see me?" A. F. a.sked of "carrying out antigovernment agitation Andrei Sinyavsky and Yuli Daniel, who were Joyce. among soviet citizens" by meeting with "cer­ tried and condemned to years at forced labor "Of course. How about next Monday?" tain persons whose activity is of interest to in February 1966. The criminal prosecution Joyce heard A. F. say to someone else: our investigative and judicial organs." The of Sinyavsky and Daniel took place despite "Only next Monday.'' Then, into the phone attack said I used Joyce for such meetings, protest petitions and letters signed by vir­ to her: "No, that's too late. Can't you make alluded to her visit at the Amalrics' apart­ tually every important intellectual in Mos­ it before Sunday night?" Once again, the ment and made much of her frightened brief cow-and, according to unimpeachable Sunday deadline. attempt to conceal her identity. sources, against the contrary advice of Mik­ She said she would call back Saturday "K. Petrov" also saw flt to attack as hail Suslov, the Kremlin's veteran ideologist. and let him know. A bit later, the babysitter "emigre rabble" my father, David Shub, 81, Suslov argued that the writers should be informed Joyce that the night before, there a lifelong SOclal Democrat who escaped from punished only by poll tical means-such as had been two other calls from what she Siberian exile to the United States in 1908. expulsion from the writers' union-as Boris described as "idiot painters." But A. F. was He laughed when I told him that Izvestia Pasternak had been, because of "Doctor Zhi­ hardly an idiot or a fink. had called him an "arrant Trotskyite"-for vago," in 1958. A Russian girl friend came by. "Don't go." he knew Trotsky quite well before 1917, and The Sinyavsky-Daniel trial not merely be­ she advised. detested him even more than he had mis­ gan the process of disillusion among older "But A. F. is so well known. He couldn't trusted Lenin in Geneva years earlier. loyal liberals and young writers, but created be put in the position of provoking me,'' We do not know whether Giselle and directly a revolutionary heroine of qualities Joyce mused. Andrei have safely reached their country which Western propaganda agencies with all "Why not? He's not all that famous. And shack, or have been "taken." We do know their millions, could never have dreamed of you don't know how they want to provoke that they promised to come into Moscow for finding and building up synthetically. you. It's a very easy thing to get someone, the traditional July 4 reception at the The heroine in Daniel's wife, Larissa, who even A. F., to get you to come over.'' American ambassador's residence--to which began by taking the notes on the trial of OFFICE IS SEARCHED they have always been invited ever since her husband and Sinyavsky which were sum­ Later in the day, going over to The Wash­ Giselle painted Sherry Thompson's portrait. marized for foreign newsmen at the time and ington Post office for some mall, Joyce If they are free, they will surely come. which young Ginsburg then put together, July 1, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 17963 with other documents, in the famous "white tlm>ugh the reporu; of Western newsmen in gave Larissa a job as an apprentice joiner book" on the trial. When Larissa began visit­ Moscow, beamed back to Russia by foreign in a timber factory. Her actual work was ing her husband at the Potma concentration radio. hauling lumber, six, seven and eight feet camp ( often trudging 10 miles through mud The expulsion of two Western OOITespond­ long, from the yard outdoors into the fac­ to reach it), she was quick to report mal­ enw in the pest eigiht months, and the con­ tory. The timber, wet from the snow out­ treatment of Daniel and other political pris­ tinuing hara.ssment of others, stems largely side, was twice as heavy. oners, and the hunger strikes and other ac­ from the fact that we had been reporting the LARISSA'S PROBLEMS tions they had undertaken to obtain their protesw and demonstrations of democrats legal rights. whom the regime likes to represent as "com­ Larissa did this work for four months, mon criminals" and "psychopa.ths." Believ­ from January to April, and then could not MODEST AND GENTLE ers in older creeds would consider many of go on. She had developed severe gastritis, Larissa surprised me when I first met her these people, and notably Larissa Daniel, to and a recurrence of old liver troubles. She outside the trial of Ginsburg and Galanskov. be saints. They are cel"1la.inly the finest, brav­ was losing weight rapidly. The local doctor I had expected an embittered, hard person of est people I met in Russia. told her: "You cannot go on with this work. passionate intensity, somewhat in the mold In their struggle against unequal odds, a It will kill you." She went to the local MVD, of Rosa Luxembourg or La Passionari. In­ struggle to maintain personal integrity as reported the dootor's diagnosis, and asked stead, Larissa proved to be a frail, soft-spoken well as to confront the regime's contradic­ for other work. woman of unusual gentleness, modesty and tions, the new revolutionaries have not hesi­ In the window of the local post office, La­ simplicity. tated to challenge even the meanest abuse rissa had seen a notice saying that a post­ A Swedish colleague asked her why she of Soviet laws and regulations. Yuli Daniel, man was needed for mail deliveries. The was risking trouble for herself when her hus­ in his more than three yea.rs at the Potma m.a.il sacks would be heavy, Larissa. thought, band was already suffering at Potma. Larissa ca.mp, has led one protest and hunger strike but deliveries would be only twice a day and looked at him a moment. uncomprehending. after another against illegal ill-treatment of the work would be easier than in the lum­ then shrugged her shoulders and answered fellow prisoners, denial of gua.ranteed visit­ ber yard. Alternatively, she asked for a job very quietly: "I cannot do otherwise.'' ing privileges, i.nlterference with the prison­ inside the timber factory, assembling win­ Both Larissa and Pavel Litvinov (a strong­ ers' mall, diminution of food rations, and dow frames--which was not easy, but would er, bolder person) knew they were certainly other infringements of official regulations. at least be indoors, where there was heat­ ing. The local MVD turned down both re­ risking their jobs, and possibly their free­ GINSBURG'S HUNGER STRIKE dom, in issuing their famous denunciation quests. of the Ginsburg-Galanskov "witch trial." other politice.I prisoners, condemned in When her friends from Moscow ca.me to But they could not have Uved with them­ Moscow and Leningrad in the secret trials of visit, they were shocked by Larissa's appear­ selves had they remained silent. I shall never the pa.st two years, have joined him in these ance and begged her not to resume work in forget Pavel whispering in my ear just after efforlis--ruld made their protests known, the lumber yard. They offered to support her the convictions were announced, reminding through friends still at liberty, to the United iir exile, just as they had bought the small me that Galanskov had written in his under­ Nations, Western Communist Parties and the peasant house in which she lives. But Larissa ground magazine Phoenix 66: "I know we world press. is a woman of pride. She had worked and shall lose the first battles, but I am equally Alex Ginsburg, also at Potma, began a per­ earned her own keep for twenty years, and sure we shall ultimately win the long hard sonal hunger &trike Ia.st May 16 in protest she was not now-at 38--going to change her struggle to establish democracy in Russia." against the authorities' persistent refusal ways. Besides, without work, without her offl.oially to register his common-law mar­ KNEW OF RISKS husband and 16-year old son (whom she had riag~nd thus permit the woman he loved ordered to stay in Mos~w and continue his Larissa and Pavel were equally aware of to visit him once a month, as wives and hus­ studies), life would be unbearable. There was the personal risk when they went out on bands, children and parents are authorized also the risk, although many discounted it, Red Square last Aug. 26 to demonstrate to do by Soviet law. that the authorities could further prosecute against the invasion of Czechoslovakia. They Larissa. Daniel, sentenced to Siberian exile, Larissa for parasitism or unemployment. were not alone in recognizing that the fate has made no protesw. But friends who went of Czechoslovak democratization was crucial to visit her in May were shocked by her silent FRIENDS' PLEAS FAil. for the destiny of Russia itself. Virtually the martyrdom, and impressed by her fierce in­ Larissa's friends returned to Moscow and entire Moscow intellectual community, and sistence on maintaining her dignity. sought an appointment at the central Min­ even some Intourist guides and Soviet jour­ Larissa., who h,ad already spent months in istry for Internal Affairs. They reminded nalists, placed huge hopes in the "Prague Moscow's historic Lefortovo Prison, arrived MVD officials that she was competent in four I spring"-and were profoundly distressed la.st Dec. 31 at a little settlement of 1500 languages, and requested permission for when the Kremlin decided to crush it. people called Chuna, which bad a.risen a translation work to be sent out to her from Yet the resistance of most of the intellec­ decade ago on the site of a forced-labor ca.mp Moscow. tuals, inured to fatalism and a tragic view disma.llitled under Khrushchev. Chun& is MVD officials took a typically Soviet am­ of life, was private and passive. Many re­ some 150 miles west of Bratsk, location of the biguous position. They said: "If you can find fused to sign even the vaguest statement of great hydroelectric power station publishing houses in Moscow which are will­ approval of the Krelimin's act. Yevtushenko When Larissa arrived after the slow, hard ing to sign a. labor contract with her, then sent a telegram of protest. journey across Siberia, there was no place we would make no formal objection." Larissa, Pavel and a half-dozen selected for her to stay. She was put up the first two Friends and relatives tried for a month to friends chose actively to bear witness. For nighw in the unheated MVD prison. The find a publishing house willing to consider they believe profoundly that the liberation temperature then was 50 degrees below zero concluding an agreement with a. polttical of the Russian people from despotism must centigrade (68 degrees below zero fa.hren­ exile to do translations (as Lenin and his wife begin with the self-liberation of individuals heit). had translated works by Sidney and Bea.trice from the oppressive fear through which Sta­ Lll'E IN EXILE Webb for St. Petersburg publishers). No Mos­ lin held Russia in thrall for a quarter of a In exile, which is a milder form of punish­ cow publisher dared, in May 1969, give work century. By setting examples of personal ment than forced labor, the only legal re­ to Larissa Daniel. courage as well as integrity, the new revolu­ striction on the prisoner ls on movement For the nee-Stalinist "vigilance" campaign tionaries expect, as did their forebears a outside the designated area. in the press and culture had made even century ago, to inspire or to shame others In benighted Czarist days, Lenin hunted, mild dissent in official media well nigh im­ into stepping forward-and they have. fished and wrote his most serious books in possible. The campaign to "rehabilitate" Larissa, Pavel, Gen. Pyotr Grigorenko and exile at Shushenskoe in Siberia. Trotsky, Stalin was gathering force. His former vic­ their comrades are determined, by all legal Stalin and other revolutionaries also found tims, and the dedicated opponents of his non-violent means, personally to confront exile a not altogether unpleasant experi­ dreadful heritage, responded by creating a and expose the contradictions of the Brez­ ence--and many of them managed to escape remarkable underground press of their own. hnev regime. All their activities have been some several times. designed to dramatize the contrast between Exiles today are obliged to find work with [From the Washington (D.C.) Post, the letter of Soviet law and the arbitrary, the help of the authorities--and some have Jun€ 17, 1969) unscrupulous reality of KGB-MVD practice, obtained more or less dignified employment. NEW !DEAS CIRCULATED IN SECRECY between the promises of de-Stallnization Pavel Litvinov, a physicist by profession, has ma.de at the 1956 and 1961 Party congresses been working as an electrician in a coal mine (By Anatole Shub) and a Kremlin policy striving plainly since in the Chita region. Friends say Pavel, who At the Stalin shrine in his mountain birth­ the winter of 1965-66 toward re-Staliniza.­ is 31 and physically strong, does not mind place at Gori, Soviet Georgia, a venerable tion. the work and is greatly respected by the guide told me in April, 1968, there had been The rebels' s,trategy of peaceful o:mfronta­ miners, for he ls the first "political" they 186,000 visitors the year before, mainly of­ tion is aimed only Eeoondra.rily at world pub­ have ever met. ficial delegations. However, she announced lic opinion generally, or at foreign Commu­ Larissa, however, is a. translator (English, cheerfully, "we expect many more" in the nist Parties in pa.rticular (-although it has French, Polish, Czech) and there are no future. had great influence on the Italian and French publishing houses in Chuna. Teaching The official Soviet press has certainly been Parties). The more important aim is to stir school has been prohibited to exiles, (since doing 11:'5 best to help business at the late the consciences of Soviet cl tizens--even if Czarist times) for fear that they might "in­ dictator's shrine. From pop weeklies like this must perforce be accomplished mainly fect the younger generation." So the MVD Ogonyok to elite Party manuals like Agi- 17964 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE J-uly 1, 1969 tator, the official media have been active disturbing report. Young Latvian national­ understandings between police and dissi­ (particularly during 1969) in "restoring Sta­ ists, it was said, had raided a town police dents, which seem to come straight out of lin's place" as an outstanding military strat­ station and seized several dozen ma.chine the pages of Dostoyevsky and Conrad. egist, economic planner and friend of liter­ guns. Certainly, many top KGB and GRU officers ature. "Even if the claims of the raid are exag­ know better than to believe the optimistic Victims of Stalin's terror, formally "re­ gerated," one Moscow dissident commented, pap presented in Pravda. To give but one habilitated" under Khrushchev, have been "it is interesting that they have issued auto­ first-hand example: the very day before my condemned anew, while even supporters of matic weapons to the civil police." (Only expulsion from the Soviet Union, one veteran the notorious geneticist, Trofim Lysenko, picked KGB security troops and army sol­ agent complimented me on recent articles have again received official encouragement. diers in their garrisons have had them (officially labeled as "slanderous") and de­ At the same time, the "new wave" writers before.) clared that the present leaders were "hope­ of the Khrushchev period have been under Yet, apart from the obvious opposition less," that the situation would propably get unceasing pressure--and not merely the con­ groups and the occasional sensational epi­ worse for 10, perhaps 15 years until, finally scious de-Stalinizers like Alexander Solz­ sode, three things stand out about the Soviet and suddenly, "It will all be swept away." henitsyn. resistance or civil liberties movement. He hoped thalt, with the urbanization Andrei Voznesensky, by nature no more REBELS ARE YOUNG and domestication of Russia's peasant political a poet than e. e. cummings, has not There is, first, the relative youth of the masses, the revolution would come without had a. book published in three years and active rebels. With some prominent excep­ violence--as in Czechoslovakia after Novotny has been prohibited from traveling to the tions, most of those seized or prosecuted in fell-but feared that a devastating explosion West for two years. recent years have been under 30. A high pro­ was at least as probable. Bulat Okudzhava, whose sorrowful ballads portion have been university students, and DOUBLE GAME HINTED would probably sell millions of records if the among the messages of approval received by There are, thus, grounds for believing that Kremlin permitted even one, has put poetry Pavel Litvinov and Larissa Daniel, after they the Soviet security services may already be and music aside and is writing a. novel on had condemned the January 1968 "witch engaged in the same, classic double game as the Decembrist rebels of 1825. The novel ls trial," there was even a. letter from 24 grade­ the notorious Four.th Department of the surely destined either for his desk drawer school children. czarist Okhrana-which led to police inform­ or for that unique Soviet institution, sam­ Second, there le evidence of an unusual ers assassinating numerous ministers and, izdat, or self-publishing, in which perhaps solidarity among the rebels of various kinds ultimately, to a police-financed demonstra­ three carbon typescripts by the original au­ in different parts of the vast Soviet Union, tion which set off the revolution of 1905. thor proliferate, reader by reader, into hun­ and between the active rebels and more Awareness of these complexities may well dreds of copies passed from friend to friend. cautious, "respectable" members of the explain the gingerly manner in which the Samizdat has become indispensable to Soviet scientific and cultural community. Politburo has approached the case of Lt. thinking Soviet citizens as the Kremlin rul­ F'or example, a. Moscow samizdat publica­ Ilyln, the army officer in MVD uniform who ers have turned increasingly obscurantist tion recently reported the sympathetic cri­ tr.led to shoot Brezhnev inside the KGB­ and barred access to outside sources of in­ tique by a group of Estonian engineers on guarded Kremlin gates last Jan. 23. formation. They have restricted travel abroad, academician Andrei Sakharov's 1968 blue­ The political leaders' dilemmas are mul­ cut back cultural exchange programs, pro­ print for coexistence, which they thought tiple and tortuous. Some of them were too moted suspicion of foreign tourists, and, underempha.sized moral and religious needs. deeply involved with Stalin's crimes and upon invading Czechoslovakia, resumed jam­ There are numerous other examples, such as blunders to permit de-Stalinization to de­ ming of foreign broadcasts. the appeal by 99 Moscow mathematicians, velop further, as Khrushchev had intended. Thus, samizdat, with its crowded onion­ including a dozen Lenin Prize winners, on On the other hand, other (notably Podgorny. skin pages, has come to perform the func­ behalf of their persecuted scientific col­ Polyansky and Shelepin) were themselves tions of a free press. In the last two years, league, Alexander Yessenin-Volpin (son of too closely associated with Khrushchev­ the content of samizdat publications has the great poet Sergei Yessenin). both in public de-Stallnization and behind­ been shifting radically from cultural to pure­ Third-and most intriguing-is the degree the-scenes patronage struggles-to permit ly political themes-from banned literary to which both active opposition and doubt too sharp a repudiation of the men and works to protest manifestos and translations have already begun to penetrate what Com­ measures of 1954-64. This conflict of interest of foreign anti-Communist classics. munists call the "organs"-the agencies of in the Politiburo is reproduced a thousand­ A remarkable samizdat effort was the repression such as the KGB, the MVD, the fold in Party, police and propaganda offices "Chronicle of Human Rights Year in the army and the "special" branches of the throughout the country. Soviet Union," composed and distributed as Party machine. The rollcall of rebels arrested, the repression gathered force in 1968 and prosecuted or dismissed from their posts in­ EX-PREMIERS SURVIVE early 1969. The "publishers" and "reporters" cludes not only army officers and local Com­ The broader dilemma goes beyond indi­ of its six fat issues managed to assemble munist Party and youth officials, but former v.idual ambitions. It involves what one of data and texts on arrests, searches, Party KGB investigators and the sons of serving Moscow's wisest diplomats calls "the Freud­ sanctions, trials, protests and demonstra­ KGB officers. ian blood oath" of Stalin's heirs: "Having tions in Moscow, Leningrad, Gorki, Pskov, On lower levels, the doubts of many secu­ killed the father (Stalin) and symbolically Kiev, Kharkov, Lvov, Riga Talinn Dubno, rity agents about their activities are only too sacrificed one guilty son (Berta), the remain­ Obninsk, Novosibirsk, and the Potma con­ plain. They have been expressed in numerous ing sons, to insure mutual survival, vowed centration ca.mp. dialogues with dissidents, some of which I no further bloodshed among one another." The pages of this chronicle, along with have personally over-heard. Having seen the The physical survival of four former Soviet other samizdat texts, disclose not only the pendulum swing from Stalinism to de­ Premiers-Molotov, Malenkov, Bulganin and extent of the current "vigilance" campaign Stalinization and back to re-Stalinlzation, Khrushchev-would support this analysis. but also the character of the Soviet citizens beset by conflicting demands for "vigilance" Every Soviet Communist knows that the and groups waging silent, passive or active and "socialist legality," the KGB cadres are blood purges of the 1930s-which claimed resistance to it. painfully aware that with each change at the more than 700,000 Party members and more MANY WITH REASONS top, medium-rank and lower officials have than 1000 delegates to the 1934 Party Con­ The protests of some groups come as no been made the scapegoats, while many Stalin gress-began with Stalin's demands for surprise--the strongly-knit Evangelical Bap­ intimates among the "big bosses" have physical reprisals against a few minor op­ tists, the Ukrainian and Baltic intellectuals emerged unscathed. positionists inside the party. Their opposi­ resisting Russifica.tion, Jews reacting against At higher levels, the situation is even more tion had, in turn, been stimulated by the official "anti-Zionism," Tatars struggling to ambiguous. There is sufficient evidence to harsh repressions of the security police and regain their Crimean homeland, writers de­ suspect that top intelligence and security Stalin's Party agents in collectivizing agri­ fending their comrades Sinyavsky, Daniel officials-probably in the KGB, and MVD, culture. Once the terror machine started and Solzhenitsyn, the millions of former vic­ but perhaps also in the GRU (military intel­ rolling, it spared neither Party cadres nor tims of Stallnism and their families. ligence) and "special" department of the Politburo members. Some of the episodes recently reported t.o Party Secretariat--may be protecting and Thus a return to the mass murders of the samizdat publishers have been sensational, abetting oppositional movements, under the Stalin era is probably unthinkable to nearly if difficult to verify. classic guise of infiltrating and "controlling" all ( if not necessarily all) the high Party, From Novosibirsk came word that on the them. police and army leaders. Knowing this, Soviet night of Aug. 25, 1968, slogans condemning WEST GETS PROTEST dissidents have been willing to take risks and the invasion of Czechoslovakia appeared on The uninterrupted flow of samizdat manu­ broaden their activities in the climate of the walls of public buildings in Akadem­ scripts to the West (and thereby back to what true Stalinists consider "half-meas- gorodok, the "Academic Village" in which Russia by foreign radio) is a history in it­ ures." thousands of the Soviet Union's most bril­ self. Some of the pages of that history are TOP GROWS OLDER liant scientists are concentrated. (It is in­ perfectly straightforward, as when Russian At the same time, the self-preservation in disputable that the Kremlin was unable to democrats pass their protest petitions to high office of the "Class of 1952," can soon persuade more than a handful of aging sci­ Western newsmen outside courthouses. lead to collective senescence at the top. It entists anywhere publicly to approve the But there have been numerous episodes, has prevented a rejuvenation of the Party, invasion.) involving collaboration between Soviet and police and army machines themselves. The From Riga la.st winter came an even more Western intelligence agents and informal aging Kremlin rulers can hardly appeal to July 1, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 17965 potentially unruly youthful masses for "ac­ other Party leaders had meanwhile been tour­ tions have improved-and indeed they have tion from below," in the manner of Mao Tse­ ing collective farms and canneries, urging since the famine winter of 1946--47 when tung's Cultural Revolution. They lack the another "storm" campaign to increase food Muscovites ate cardboard while dogs and cats naturally authoritative personality who production. disappeared from the streets. might stably preside over radical reforms "Moral" rather than "material" incentives The improvement has been minimal, how­ "from above," as Marshal Tito has done in were offered-incentives like the great all­ ever, compared with equally war-ravaged Yugoslavia. Union "Subbotnik," or voluntary Saturday, West Germany, or even Yugoslavia. Before In graver crises, decisive Russian rulers in last April in which the whole country worked the "Great October Socialist Revolution,'' living memory have combined political re­ a day without any wages, out of sheer, "spon­ however, admittedly backward Russia fed half pression with far-reaching economic conces­ taneous" love of the Communist system. of Europe, Faberge in St. Petersburg was sions. This was the policy of the last capable At about the same time, the Soviet press, world famous, and as Svetlana Alliluyeva czarist Premier Fyodor Stolypin, before he radio and television were exalting the glories quietly noted her father met her mother in was murdered by a double agent and Ras­ of two rockets, Venus-5 and Venus-6, which 1917 in her worker-revolutionary grandfath­ putin's inept creatures took over. Similarly in ( although the press did not say so) were er's seven-room apartment. Russians also 1921 Lenin, while suppressing political dis­ repeating the achievements of other Venus used to be a tall people, like the Swedes and sidence inaugurated the liberal NEP or New shots years ago. The new Venus rockets were Montenegrins, before Communists began Economic Policy, which brought seven pros­ timed to compete with Apollo 10, which was their agricultural experiments. perous years to which older Soviet citizens signaling the impending American victory The Soviet living standard is no laughing still look back as a golden age. in the race to the moon-a race to which matter for Soviet citizens, who must live However, the present Kremlin rulers have Kremlin blusterers cha.J..lenged the United With the reality behind the bluff contrived failed to make the serious economic reforms States in 1957, but which Soviet journalists mainly for gullible foreigners. Of all their which their advent seemed to herald. The were instructed to forget more than three economic troubles, none is so depressing and Soviet economic mess ls the fertile soil years ago. frustrating as the housing situation. Stalin's nurturing the seeds of revolution. Outside our kitchen window, meanwhile, heirs have in fact made considerable efforts, desultory construction gangs, male and fe­ compared with those of their master. [From the Washington (D.C.) Post, June male, who ha.cl been working-on and off­ 18, 1969) on a cooperative apartment house for two HOUSING PLANS LAG Yet, on the most optimistic projection of SoVIET SHOPS: VODKA, No MEAT years, seemed n,3arly about to complete the exterior of the ground floor. Soviet plans, the housing space per person in (By Anatole Shub) Nearly five years after the advent of Brezh­ 1990 will still be less than that available to The morning before the Soviet May Day nev and Kosygin, tht:i Soviet economy remains the Imperial subject of 1909. It should be weekend, with Moscow shops about to close an incredible mess, which is only partly con­ added that Soviet housing plans have not down for four days, several hundred Russian cealed by Venus shots and similar bluffs been fulfilled for 14 consecutive yea.rs. housewives and husbands determinedly clus­ which often take in even the most skeptical A majority of Russian city dwellers still tered around a counter at the showplace "su­ observers. lack even cold running water, while less than permarket" on glass-fronted Kalinin Pros­ a third of urban dwellings contain a. bath or pect. Weary sales girls ignored them. DIFFERENCE SINCE 1963 shower. (This explains why, as my wife ob­ "Tovarishchi," a woman's voice blared over In September 1963, at earthquake-shattered served, the girl who stands out in a restau­ the public address systems. "There is no more Skopje in Yugoslavia, I was impressed by rant or theater audience is invariably the one chicken. No. more chicken. I repeat, there is two huge crane-like machines, guarded by who has recently washed her hair.) no more chicken, comrades." Soviet soldiers, which Khrushchev had "uer­ The permanent housing crisis has drasti­ The crowd just stood there--some probably sonally" donated to help demolish • the cally lowered the birth rate in Soviet cities­ because they had nowhere else to go, others rubble. mainly through abstinence or frequent abor­ perhaps because they thought the announce­ Four years later in Uzbekistan, I watched tions (contraception means are not readily ment was a trick. official films of the 1966 Tashkent earthquake available) . The same morning, in the Va.lute. Gastro­ and demolition effort. Not a single one of the On the farms, meanwhile, and among the nom, or Dollar Grocery, for foreigners and towering cranes so impressively dispensed to Moslems of central Asia, the policy is "let others possessing ha.rd currency, there was Skopje was to be seen. Nor were there any them grow." Two results are that nearly half no meat at all. They had also run out of eggs. bulldozers. Instead, ruined buildings were the Soviet population ( although mainly old "What are we supposed to do all the week­ being demolished by army tanks. people and women) are still on the farms, end?" A Western housewife asked. "There's Nevertheless, I was moderately impressed while before very long a majority of the So­ plenty of vodka," a dour salesman replied. by the exteriors of the new apartment houses viet population wm be non-Russian. That afternoon, we walked along Kutzov­ (we were not permitted to go inside}-until sky Prospect near the apartment house in an elderly woman passing our official party WOMEN WORKERS which Premier Kosygin, the lifelong con­ shouted, "Why don't they tell you there are Women are "guaranteed the right to sumer goods specialist and reputed economic no lights at night?" work" in the Soviet Union, and since Stalin's time have had to do so simply to make ends reformer, is said to live. We stopped at a large PUBLICITY TEA BAGS brightly colored stand, glass fronted and meet. They are still working as hod carriers, roofed with corrugated meta.I which pro­ In Tbilisi in April 1968, the director of one street cleaners, housepainters, in heavy and claimed in cheerful lettering: "Fruits and of the Soviet Union's major tea factories light industry as well as the professions. vegetables." showed us some sample tea bags. Asked where After finishing their work, they must face There were some small apples and fresh such tea bags might be bought in Moscow, Toe chaos of shopping, although one reason carrots. The rest of the stand was occupied he admitted they were "just for publicity." for low Soviet labor productivity ls that by canned foods, most of them from Bulgaria He also proudly noted that tea consump­ many men as well as women, particularly in and other Soviet sate111te states. (The satel­ tion in Russia had increased from 50,000 to office jobs, shop on company time. There lites export mostly low-quality produce to 65,000 tons since the revolution. Reminded would not be time enough otherwise. the Soviet Union. The rest goes West because, that the Soviet population had meanwhile Educated young women, who despite the as a Bulgarian tomato picker once put it, doubled, so that by his own figures the aver­ hardship of Soviet life, insist on the experi­ "The Germans pay us, the Russians don't"). age Russian was drinking less tea than in ence of motherhood, often tend to regret it A pint can of cooked pears from Hungary, 1913, this technocrat lamely avowed that this during the baby's first few squalling years. which had to be recooked to be edible, cost was because of a mass switch to coffee. No­ The babushkas (grandmothers) who en­ 1.05 rubles. The average Soviet wage ls less body who has read the food scenes in pre­ abled Soviet mothers to swell Stalln's labor than 30 rubles a week-worth $33 at the offi­ revolutionary literature, or tried the coffee force are dying out. Nurseries are neither so cial rate of exchange, but closer to $7 judg­ in a typical Soviet Stolovoya (cafeteria) easy to enter nor so beloved by Soviet parents ing both from currency speculators and the would believe that. as official myth maintains. Household help difference in consumer prices between the It is pathetically easy for foreigners, solely is difficult to obtain, diaper service a utopian Valuta shops and normal Soviet shops. Fresh on guided showplace tours, to assemble doz­ dream. A hungry infant's midnight wan to­ tomatoes last winter cost five rubles a pound, ens of such experiences, and to laugh at the tally upsets the delicate emotional balance when available, at the collective-farm mar­ Soviet economy. Resident foreigners in Mos­ in a crowded apartment already shared by kets. cow and the privileged Valuta stores annually two generations, or with complete strangers. Yet the trouble last May Day in Moscow import several millions of dollars worth of Small wonder that in such conditions, as where the Soviet ruling class ls concentrated, consumer necessities from Copenhagen, Hel­ Yevtushenko has just observed in Novy Mir was not lack of money. There was just noth­ sinki and elsewhere. ( talking about "Spain," of course) : ing to buy. A Soviet acquaintance was quick For the tourist, there is still practically to explain the "temporary" shortages. "It's nothing Russian worth buying except the tra­ "People are so tired, so strained. only because all the out-of-towners a.re ditional vodka., caviar (unavailable for rubles, They vent their spleen on trifles, prices recently doubled) and furs (pelts Becoming each other's hangman, thronging into Moscow for food,'' she said. Forgetting who the real hangmen aire." Three weeks later, apart from the Dollar only-Soviet Socialism cannot make a decent Shop (and, probably, the special stores for coat). Yet the "sullen faces," the "dead souls" high party, KGB and army chiefs), there was SOME IMPROVEMENT of the Soviet masses are not all that different still virtually no meat in Moscow. Politburo It is customary and polite for foreigners to from the faces I saw in Czechoslovakia in agricultural specialist Dmitri Polyansky and report that, "at least," Soviet living condi- 1963, when Novotny had reduced them to _ CXV---1132-Part 13 17966 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE July 1, 1969 near-Soviet conditions. The same Czech and easing of Party pressures on farms not only been costly in other ways. Since 1950, when Slovak faces came glowlP..gly alive in the rev­ provided workers With more food, but indus­ Stalin took the measure of Mao Tse-tung, olutionary spring of 1968, when even com­ try with more raw materials. investment has been frantic in Central Asia munists came to realize that economic re­ However, the reform produced Olll.ly one­ Siberia. and the Soviet Far East. Economi~ form is impossible without major political shot results. Industrial growth rates began considerations have taken second place to change. declining early in 1968 and continue to de­ the political objective of retaining, settling cline, despite massive "moral stimulation" by and fortifying the territories seized by the [From the Washington (D.C.) Post, the Party and trade unions-"voluntary" czars from the tottering Chinese Empire and June 19, 1969] pledges to work free overtime, "spontaneous" feeble Moslem emirates. WAR MACHINE STIFLES SoVIET ECONOMY demands to speed up plan fulfillment, and Hundreds of thousands of Russians and the like. (By Anatole Shub) Ukrainians have been settled in Central Asia, FARM CHANGES Ten yea.rs ago, Russia's greatest mathe­ while tens of thousands of Komsomol "vol­ matical economist, Leonid Kantorovich, ob­ Both managers and workers recognized unteers" are dispatched annually to Siberia. thait, whenever they did aohleve good results, and the Far East. (Still, more leave than served that, With Russia's natural resources, stay.) efficient management would raise output the Party bosses mised their norms 8llld tar­ anywhere from 30 to 50 per cent. gets in customary Sta.J.,imst fashion. Thus, Tremendous dams, factories and mines This was probably deliberate understate­ the ''technocra-ts," Brelllhnev, Kirllenko, Ko­ have been opened in these areas-in defiance ment: Russia. is fertile and rich in miner..ls sygin and Podgomy have now l·a.nded in vir­ of both climate and cost--while "historic" and its growth rates in the la.st two decades tually the same rut as the "hare-brained" Russia, the Ukraine and Byelorussia. have of czarism match any attained under Com­ Khrushohev in the early 1960s. been relatively neglected. More efficient Sovi­ munism. The changes in agriculture were partly et peoples, such as the Armenians, Estonians In September, 1967, two yea.rs after Brezh­ real, to a larger extent promises, to a grea.t and Latvians, do not reap special rewards nev and Kosygin had made impressive prom­ extent pure propaganda. In any case, whait­ but instead pay the freight for heroic dreams ises of agricultural and industrial reform, a. ever the Politburo's collective intentions may of Asian empire. In recent yea.rs, the Krem­ group of newsmen was allowed to meet have been in 1965, Brezhnev's record gra.1n lin leaders have been pressing their East harvest of 1966 politically spea.klng, as briefly With Prof. Kantorovich at his Mathe­ was, European satellites, too, to help pay for de­ matical Institute in Akademgorodok, outside much of a disaster a.s Khrushchev's previous veloping Soviet Asia. Novosibirsk, in Siberia.. Patiently, the father record "virgin land" harvest had been in 1958. Still another hallmark of Russia's unre­ of Soviet linear programing explained the lt encouraged the champions of Shablon, or formed war economy is the Stalinist insist­ work of his institute which, he noted care­ Party diota.tion of the planting of every la.st ence on auta.rchy, or complete self-sufficiency fully, was not directly tied to the economy. poppy seed, to believe they could resume in strategic materials. Although Brezhnev His institute, Kantorovich disclosed, did comma.nddng and exploiting the farmers in and Kosygin have been shopping for Western work out "theoretically" optimal plans for the same old way. consumer-goods equipment, foreign trade is ~he economy. However, he admitted, actual Despite warnings by Dmitri Polyansky and fundamentally regarded With suspicion, and economic plans were "not always" based on others in 1967, promises of new fertilizer and plays less Of a role in the Soviet economy such "theoretical" models. The economists' machinery were largely ignored. The im­ today than in 1929-not to speak of imperial recommendations often ran into "local in­ proved "guaranteed" farm-price structure Russi.a, which was part of the world mru-ket. terests." became irrelevant in the wake of Party de­ mands for "voluntary" over-fulflllment and Dll.EMMAS Il.LUSTRATED Kantorovich and his team had also ana­ In a excellent new study, "Economic Re­ lyzed the price structure. Their findings, he "socialist competition." All notions of liberalizing the basic struc­ form in the Soviet Union," a British special­ said, had been "ta.ken into account" before ist, Michael Ellman, illustrates the dilemmas the price revisions of July 1, 1967. ture of Soviet agriculture were shelved in­ definitely. Besides, as Shelepin's followers to which Kremlin "do it yourself" policies Asked whether the new prices "reflected" lead: the Institute's findings, the tactful profes­ gleeful noted, the rash abandonment of sor hesitated, then replied: "Let us say that Khrushchev's pet crop, corn, produced a fod­ "For example, the Soviet Union is going they approach the best theoretical plans." der shortage. The hog population of the a.head with the development of copper and nickel m.1nlng near Norilsk-a town by the In other words, the scientists knew what to Soviet Union began declining more than do, but the politicians were still far from two years ago, and last Winter the early Arctic Ocean. Because of the inclement cli­ doing it. slaughter of cattle and other livestock mate, both building and labor costs are very The next day, a. young Siberian electrical began. high. The town is more than 1000 miles from engineer partly explained why, when it ca.me Yugoslav and other Ea.st European econ­ the nearest railway, and the ore will have to to the industrial reform, we should "not omists noted at the time that the limited be transported either by air or in shipping take so seriously what is in the newspapers." changes promised by Brezhnev and Kosygin convoys led by an atomic-powered icebreaker. The engineer gave two examples. The first were doomed from the start, even had the Clearly the nickel and copper produced in was the matter of direct contacts between promises been kept. For the Soviet economy this way Will be extremely expensive. enterprises, a "change" of which Moscow fundamentally remained (in the words of "The economists say, leave things to press a.gents were then ma.king much. the late Polish Communist, Oska.r Lange) market forces. Then the Soviet Union will "Even before the reform," the engineer "a suigeneris war economy," in which all re­ import copper from Chile and export manu­ said, "the enterprises knew each other's sources are administratively marshaled to factured goods, and this is the rational thing problems at lea.st as well as Gosplan (the maximize military strength, political repres­ to do. It so happens, however, that a major state planning commission). It would have sion and ambitious foreign policies. policy of the Soviet government is self-suffi­ been impossible to operate otherWise." A conservative estimate is that 60 percent ciency in nonferrous metals (basically for His second example was the highly pub­ of Soviet industry works directly for the miltary reasons). You can't simultaneously licized reduction in the number of target military. (Such estimates are imprecise be­ rely on market forces and pursue this objec­ figures handed down by Moscow planners. cause of the "two-track" Soviet price struc­ tive." "All that means," the engineer commented, ture; thus, a ruble is worth only about 25 Ellman estimates that half the Soviet na ­ "is that we in the factories, rather than they cents in consumer goods, but buys $2.50 tional income is allocated to non-economic in the ministries, do the arithmetic-but worth of military hardware.) Armaments projects, such as defense, space and non­ the arithmetic itself is pretty much the production is only pa.rt of the economy's ac­ economic investments. Many would consider same.'' cent on defense. The Soviet army maintains this estimate conservative. In any event, to He expla.ined toot-with 90 per cent of re­ some 400,000 occupation troops in Eastern reform such an economy, mere mechanisms sources centrally allocated, prices and basic Europe, even fewer (before the recent Of the classical economic type are clearly wage scales- fixed, and taxes and v&1.ous other buildup) on the Chinese frontier. Thus two­ inadequate--"politics must take command " charges ooming "off the top"-tihe rel.aitively thirds or more of the 2.5 million Soviet to use Stalin's phrase. Both the Yugosla;s fewer figures stlll determ1ned nearly all the soldiers are garrisoned in and around Soviet and Czechoslovaks, whose economies had others which had been left to the enterprises cities--often in the same barracks as the never been so deformed as that of Stallnists to decide. Some, but not much, extra money czarist regiments before them and for the Russia, discovered in their turn that purely would be available, if everyone worked more same purposes. ' economic reform was a pipedream Without productively, for bonuses, plant improvement DRAINS ON ECONOMY basic political change--freedom at home opening to the world. ' and workers' housing. The cost of the KGB and other "organs" Such modest tinkering wiJth mechanisms with their millions of informers is impos­ In Soviet cities in Siberia, the Caucasus and cost-acooulllting methods produced fa­ sible to estimate, but it is certainly huge. and central Asia. as well as in Russia. proper vorable results in the early Brezh~v-Kosy­ The vast Soviet propaganda. machine, per­ I heard officials, factory managers, mayors gin years, for reasons 1ibiat were largely ex­ haps 90 percent of its costs subsidized, is and economists describe their recent achieve­ traneous. Many believed that the changes another great drain on the economy. Sub­ ments with pride, then sigh the identical re­ announced in 1965- would be only the begin­ version and propaganda abroad, including frain: "Of course, we could do a great deal ning, not the full extent of the reform. direct support of most fraternal" commu­ m ore were it not for the international sit­ Introduction of the changes coincided With nist Parties, a.re probably as costly as the u ation." the entry of the postwar generation into the better publicized Soviet "foreign aid" The "international situation" is another labor force. Considerable Western machinery to the Vietnamese Communists Arabs and name for a Kremlin foreign policy which, was imported, on favorable credit, in the cli­ other clients. - ' although as cautious in tactics as stalln's re­ mate of politice.J. deten.te. And the temporary The strategic bias of the economy has also mains fundamentally aggressive. July 1, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 17967 (From the Washington (D.C.) Post, June 20, army reserves for a series of maneuvers in photograph of "Palestine liberation fighters," 1969] Eastern Europe which has yet to end. with an enthusiastic caption to match. Most SOVIETS SHARPEN STRUGGLE WITH WEST The Soviet leaders rebuffed Western ap­ Soviet media continue to hail the "libera­ peals to discuss mutual troop reductions in tion fighters" although there have been oc­ (By Ana.tole Shub) Central Europe, which would be easy to ob­ casional notes of criticism. When Nikita. Khrushchev visited the United serve and therefore enforce. They agreed As for the "moderate" Col. Nasser, the States in 1959, Soviet news media devoted cryptically to "talk about talks" on limiting Yugoslav Communists who were his best mi111ons of words and hundreds of pictures the missile race after 16 months of American friends for 15 years, have come to the reluc­ to reporting his voyage and his Camp David prompting and a.s a diplomatic prelude to the tant conclusion that he is now in the Krem­ talks with President Eisenhower, whom invasion of Czechoslovakia. There has been lin's pocket, and that Soviet influence in Khrushchev publicly described a.s "a man of no sign from the Kremlin that such talks, Cairo is directed toward maintaining Middle peace." An hour-long color film on Khru­ which could last years, might be substan­ Eastern tensions indefinitely, rather than shchev's trip was stlll being shown in Soviet tively productive. promoting a settlement with the hated Zion­ movie houses, and in Soviet cultural centers MASSIVE VIETNAM PROGRAM ists. a.broad, four years later. In no other area, however, has Kremlin When Alexi Kosygin went to Glassboro, In Vietnam, which Khrushchev had largely intransigence been as clear as in Central N.J., to meet with President Johnson in 1967, ignored, his successors mounted a massive Europe. Even before the occupation of however, the Soviet press reported the meet­ program of arms aid, estimated at $1 b11lion Czechoslovakia anct the Brezhnev doctrine of ing in two-paragraph items on inside pages. annually. Kremlin support of Hanoi's cause "limited sovereignty" accompanying it, No photographs were used, and there was was partly designed to undermine the pro­ Krushchev's successors deliberately enforced no further mention of the Glassboro talks American feelings of the Soviet population­ and maintained a ha.rd line in Germany. once they had ended. a design abetted by the Johnson Administra­ The contrast was not merely a. measure tion's recourse to bombing. DISAFFECTION SETS IN of Kosygin's relatively modest place in the However, Soviet intervention in Vietnam The entry of Willy Brandt's Social Demo­ Soviet power hierchy. It symbolized the basic was also conceived as a means for achieving crats into the Bonn government (December, change in policy since Khrushchev's fall in "unity of action" with the Chinese Com­ 1966), which offered Moscow the best oppor­ October 1964. munists in the "struggle against imperial­ tunity in years for serious negotiations to re­ The name of the old policy, which provided ism." Brezhnev, Suslov, Shelepin and Kosygin duce tensions, served only as a pretext for the title for the official collection of Khrush­ pursued this will o'the wisp for nearly two Brezhnev and Walter Ulbricht to up their chev's speech, was "Peaceful Economic Com­ years, until Mao Tse-tung finally purged his ante. Moscow's harsh stance on the German petition with Capitalism." The name of the pro--Soviet faction by means of the Cultural question, as much as anything else, has new policy, defined in numerous Kremlin Revolution. Soviet-bloc aid to Hanoi, and provoked the disaffection of the Rumanian, documents since 1965, is "Sharpening the propaganda aimed at ma.king an American Yugoslav and Italian Communists-who fear International Class Struggle." It is a. basically disengagement as humillating as possible, that the main beneficiaries will be Franz­ hostile, intransigent policy, limited ma.inly continued long after Peking had advised Josef Strauss as well as the neo-Nazis, and by the Soviet leaders• respect for American Hanoi to "rely on its own forces." that the Kremlin wants it that way. nuclear might and fear of Communist China.. East European Communists of various Krushchev, it will be recalled, was over­ While Soviet diploma.ts in Western coun­ shadings have long believed that both the thrown after ( and, in large part, because) his tries constantly "reassure" their interlocutors extent and nature of possible Soviet influ­ son-in-law Alexei Adzhubei had arranged for that Kremlin actions are "defensive" and ence on Hanoi have been grossly misjudged him to visit West Germany. Krushchev, per­ "conservative," the Soviet press directs a. by Western wishful thinkers. They consider haps realizing that Russia could no longer daily torrent of abuse and hatred at the Brezhnev's influence in Vietnam to be much afford to fight on two fronts, was attempting Kremlin's various adversaries and critics. It less than that exercised by Stalin over the to relax tensions in the West even as he also glorifies the very "irresponsible" ele­ Yugoslav, Albanian and Greek guerr11la drove toward an irrevocable break with ments-whether Vietcong terrorists, Arab movements in World War II, which was very China. Brezhnev and Suslov publicly at­ guerrillas or East Berlin Wall Sentinels-­ little. Nor is Soviet influence, such as it is, tacked Krushchev's plans to "sell out" East whom Russian diplomats abroad seem to be necessarily benign. When President Johnson Germany even before they conspired success­ "disavowing" {although nearly always in pri­ announced a limited bombing halt over North fully to depose him. vate). Vietnam in April, 1968, Soviet media at­ The new Kremlin rulers, after failing to Ironically, the new Soviet policies have tacked his offer of negotiations as a fraud for achieve "unity of action" with Peking seemed caused greater alarm among lifelong Com­ three days-until Ho Chi-Minh surprised to assume that internal disorder in China munists-whether in Bologna, Belgrade, them by accepting it. would permit them to continue "sharpen­ Bucharest or Peking-than in bourgeois As for the current Vietnamese peace nego­ ing the international class struggle" against chanceries. One reason may be that these tiations, a growing body of opinion holds the "Western imperialists, German revanch­ Communists know Brezhnev, Suslov, Kirilen­ that, insofar as any outside power might af­ ists, Israell aggressors" and "anti-Socialist ko and Shelest personally-and, as a Yugo­ fect the outcome, the road to success in elements and counter-revolutionaries" in slav joked recently, "To know them ls to Paris lies through Peking-in the framework Eastern Europe. Brezhnev, after occupying suspect them." of a larger accommodation with China. This Czechoslovakia and threatening Rumanla However, so far as the West is concerned, view remains to be tested with anywhere the and Yugoslavia with various Warsaw Pact the problem may lie in the eye of the be­ seriousness accorded since 1965 to the Krem­ maneuvers, actually had fewer troops on the holder. As a shrewd Western observer put it lin's allegedly peaceful desires in Southeast Chinese frontier at the beginning of 1969 last fall, "We are handicapped by the profes­ Asia. than Krushchev had garrisoned there fl ve sional and emotional vested interest which WASHINGTON PREVAILED UPON years ago. a whole generation of diplomats and oplnion­ In the Middle East, Khrushchev's succes­ SOVIET REPRISAL RAID makers has acquired in detente-just as we sors precipitated the May 1967 crisis by The March 1 Chinese ambush on Chenpao were crippled, when the Russian situation spreading the false report that Israeli troops Island in the Ussuri (few neutral observers was really open after Stalin's death, by a were about to attack Syria. They cheered the doubt that the mudspit ls Chinese under in­ generation of. cold-warriors." withdrawal of United Nations border forces ternational law) appeared to shock the There is a curious symmetry between John and Col. Nasser's closure of the Tiran Straits. Kremlin rulers, who had been having their Foster Dulles's frustration of Churchill's bid They rejected various international efforts to way in previous frontier skirmishes and had for a summit meeting in the spring of 1953, avert war, including Gen. de Gaulle's pro­ been massing their armed forces on the west­ and Lyndon Johnson's insistent pursuit of posal for immediate Big Four talks. ern and southwestern "fronts." The March 1 one after the Soviet invasion of Czecho­ Since the Arabs' defeat, Soviet diplomats Ussurt incident may have represented Chi­ slovakia last fall. In both cases, preconceived have been trying to persuade Washington to nese fulfillment of obligations to the hard­ ideas and domestic politics, rather than deliver what the Kremlin itself is unable to pressed Rumanians who (despite general dis­ Soviet reality, were decisive. compel, namely, Israeli withdrawal and ac­ belief} continued to insist throughout the Soviet actions since October 1964, in fact, ceptance of the pre-1967 status quo. How­ tense winter of 1968-69 that Peking would speak more clearly even than the aggressive ever, the diplomats' "re~nable" words deter Moscow from attacking their country. "theoretical" articles recently penned by Gen. {which rarely appear in the Soviet press) The second Ussurl incident, on March 15, Alexei Yepishev, Marshal Matvei Zakharov contrast with the activities of the Soviet is generally believed to have been a massive and other Kremlin hawks, who speak of military and the KGB. The military have Soviet reprisal raid, aimed at demonstrating World War III with virtual relish. moved advisers, instructors, warships and to Peking Russia's superior fire-power and Khrushchev's successors moved swiftly to hardware into the area on an unprecendented the Kremlin's political determination to intensify the arms race, seeking not only scale, while the KGB has been at work among use it if necessary. However, the Soviet "vic­ "first-strike" nuclear capability but the ca­ Arab guerrillas. tory" in the second Ussuri battle failed either pacity to intervene in limited wars by land, Early last spring, Western diplomats pro­ to calm the unbelievable anxiety of the sea and air. They accelerated rocket produc­ fessed themselves encouraged when an article Soviet population with regard to China tion, began building an anti-missile system, in Sovietskaya Rosslya contained a phrase {based on ancestral memories of Genghis experimented with orbital bombs, raised new which vaguely criticized "irresponsible ele­ Khan's Golden Horde) , or to remove political units of fleet marines and paratroopers, ments" among the guerrillas. The very next doubts in Oommunist circles as to the moved an expanded Soviet fleet into the morning, Trud, organ of former KGB chief wisdom of the entire Soviet "two front" Mediterranean and (last summer) mobilized Shelepin, published a "heroic" quarter-page policy. 17968 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE July 1, 1969 Some of these doubts came to the surface ment, two "juniors," Dmitri Polya.nsky and to discuss "implementation of the resolutions in a curious sequence a fortnight later when Klrll Mazurov, balanced each other. of the April Plenum" at which the first two a Moscow celebration of the 50th anniversary During the last year and a half, however, speakers were the heads of the local KGB of the Communist International was held a single, continuous, traumatic experience-­ and MVD (police), followed by cultural more than three weeks late, behind closed the Czechoslovak crisis which began in commissars. doors. Soviet Party Secretaries Mikhail Suslov November, 1967-ha.s gradually shattered all Yet the failure to publish Brezhnev's and Boris Ponomarev, as well as East German the neat Soviet Party forms as well as the speech, even in "lacquered" form, immedi­ Party chief Ulbricht, were among the speak­ prior calculations of individual and "col­ ately raised questions as to whether he had ers. All the speeches were heavily censored, lective" leaders. been the leader or the led. A terrible row that and Ulbricht's was held up two days before As the crisis developed and climaxed with Brezhnev had with Marshall Tito on April publication in Pravada or Neus Deutschland. the invasion of Aug. 20, 1968, signs began to 28 could hardly have improved his position. Ulbricht left Moscow without any public appear of both a vacuum of power and a A few days later, two semiretired senior indication that he had seen Brezhnev, al­ struggle for power at the top--with effective marshals, Ivan Koynev and Kiril Moskalenko, though it developed later that he had seen influence frequently appearing to pass out­ both considered "Khrushchevites" in their him for five hours. side the constituted Party bodies, to the day, went off to tour Czechoslovakia. The tone Despite the secrecy, censorship and arcane marshals of the Soviet army and the shadowy of the Soviet press, starting with the Red Communist jargon, it seemed clear that a.gents of the KGB. Army paper Krasnaya Zveda, began to turn Ponomarev at least had been criticizing, and In recent months, with industrial growth positive toward the Czechoslovak reformers. Ulbricht firmly defending, the hard line of rates tumbling, meat shortages proclaiming Kosygin went to Karlovy Vary and Prague, "confrontation" toward West Germany. the failure of post-Khrushchev farm policies, and the result was a compromise which Suslov's published remarks were cryptic the battles on the Chinese frontier casting stabilized the situation during May and June. (perhaps because they were the most heavily the fundamentals of post-1964 foreign policy Part of the compromise was Prague's agree­ censored), but they contained at least one into doubt, the struggle for supremacy ap­ ment to Red Army maneuvers on Czechoslo­ verbal concession to Ulbricht's critics. Brezh­ pears to have intensified within and among vakia soil in June--and, as it turned out, nev's position may be gauged from the fact the various ruling Soviet institutions. July as well. that East Berlin officials began spreading WESTERNER'S VIEW Yet pressure from the hardliners con­ reports of his lmminent overthrow and No firm conclusions can be drawn about tinued, and advocates of a "strong hand'' Neues Deutschland began cropping him out the outcome of the struggle, but most un­ were doubtless encouraged by developments of official photographs. biased observers tend to share the view ex­ in the United States, the power their more The apparent quarrel with Ulbricht took pressed by a seasoned Western ambassador cautious colleagues feared most. President place against the background of secret ex­ last September: "A traumatic experience like Johnson's political abdication that the mur­ ploratory talks between Soviet and West Czechoslovakia cannot be without conse­ ders of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert German diplomats, in which the Russian quences on the Soviet leadership. It remains Kennedy were dramatic evidence of domestic negotiators had finally "untied the package'' to be seen whether those consequences will unrest, overshadowing for most Americans of long standing political demands on Bonn, take eight months to develop, as after the the issues in Prague. conceded the need for better arrangements Hungarian revolution in 1956, or two years, In June, the Soviet government mounted in in divided Berlin, and seemed to require only a.s after the Cuban missile crisis in 1962." a series of "atmospheric" gestures toward the a political green light from the Kremlin to It all started quietly when Brezhnev who United States---Bratislava the forms prescribed in Party statutes. They thlllt Brezhnev had given a long report, and meeting with the Pact allies, to which She­ held frequent Central Committee meetings that the first speaker after him was Ukrain­ lest (whom the Czechoslovaks had consid­ in 1965 and managed to hold the 23d Party ian leader Pyotr Shelest, a spokesman for the ered most offensive at Cierna) and Suslov Congress in March, 1966, which revamped backwoods element in the Party machine. (whom they thought most conclllatory) ac­ the Politburo, Secretariat and Central Com­ other noted reactionaries ( such as Nikolai companied the troika. Although Ulbricht Inittee in conformity with their "general Gribachev of the writers union) also spoke, and Gomulka made plain their displeasure line." and the brief resolution of the April plenum with the Soviet Politburo's conduct at Within the top bodies, the ambitious proclaimed a campaign of "vigilance" against Cierna (Gomulka: "I thought we settled Alexander Shelepin was gradually deprived ideological enemies everywhere. "Vigilance" everything in Warsaw"), Brazhnev brought of some of his posts and powers. During the had also been the main slogan during Stalin's them around, or thought he did. anniversary year 1967, Brezhnev gradually purges. elbowed a.side Premier Alexei Kosygin and Although the Moscow national newspapers EVENTS MOVE SWDTLY President Nikolai Podgorny, who remained (scrutinized by thousands of resident for­ The Czechoslovaks belleved that the Cierna representational figures in what seemed to be eigners and overseas experts) remained vague and Bratislava meetings had successfully re­ a ruling triumvirate, or troika. about how the Plenum resolution was being solved the crisis. So did everyone else who In the Party Secretariate, Brezhnev's asso­ implemented, in Baku, where I happened watched the happy rel,axed scene at the ciate, Andrei Kirllenko, balanced the wily to be a fortnight later, the local newspaper Bratislava railroad station when the Soviet veteran Mikhail Suslov. Inside the govern- made it amply clear. It reported a meeting leaders departed for home next day, Aug. 4. July 1, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 17969 Brezhnev and Suslov seemed particularly re­ population and the outside world as a sign From the government bureaucracy, the story lieved and friendly. On returning to Russia, of the regime's over-all weakness. was that Ilyin was an insane loner and the troika immediately went off on holiday­ BREZHNEV'S REPORT would soon be certified as such. From the Brazhnev and Podgorny to Pitsunda on the KGB, the word was that he was part of a There were no personnel at the Black Sea; Kosygin to a forest villa in the changes "counter-revolutionary gang," with high ac­ October Plenum. Instead, Brezhnev gave a re­ Moscow region. complices in the army and elsewhere, who port on the international situation (which What happened between Aug. 4 and 15, would soon be tried. when the leaders suddenly returned to Mos­ was never published) and a wordy, moo..ning­ cow and (Aug. 16) ordered the invasion, less report on farm policy (whicth was pub­ LENINGRAD SUSPECTED remains a crucial mystery. Some believe that, lished and might easily have been delivered Suspicion again descended on unhappy in the absence of the troik1:1., Politburo hard­ by the deputy minister of agriculture at a Leningrad, whose Party leaderhip had al­ liners had mobilized an apparent majority provincial meeting) . ready suffered two terrible purges-one after of Secretariat functionaries, provincial bar­ Shortly afterward, Shelest accompanied the murder of Sergei Kirov in 1934, another ons and powerful vested-interest spokesmen Brezhnev to the Polish Party Oongress in in the "Leningrad case" following the sud­ (such as the KGB "professionals" and the Warsaw, where the major objective was to dent death of Andrei Zhdanov in 1948 (ot notables of cultural and press censoi:ship )­ insure the survival of Gomulka and defeat which Kosygin had been the most proininent and that Brezhnev and Podgorny, summoned supporters of the suspected Polish national­ survivor). · from Pitsunda, went along to avoid a Central ist (and reputed Slhelepin associate), Gen. Dissidents and intellectuals reported a new Committee showdown which might have Mieceszlaw Moczar. At Warsaw, Shelest hov­ crackdown in the city starting in February, risked their own positions. The Central Com­ ered over Brezhnev in a manner that recalled and there were rumors that there had been mittee did not meet, and the decision was how Defense Minister Marshal Malinovsky arrests in Ilyin's army garrison. The city taken by what Soviet informants called an had hovered over Khrushchev at the abortive on the Neva was closed to resident Moscow "enlarged" session of the Politburo and Paris summit conference of 1960. foreigners throughout the month of March, Secretariat. The apparent comproinise reached at the although guided Intourists (mainly Finns October Plenum produced marked lightening Others believe that the decisive influence escaping "dry" regulations in search of vodka of the atmosphere in Moscow during Novem­ unlimited) were permitted. was exerted by the marshals of the Soviet ber, December and early January. A quick, army, who had not been inVited to Cierna apparently routine Central Committee March 1, there came the first Ussuri in­ or Bratislava. The marshals, many of them Plenum was held in December, just before cident on the Sino-Soviet frontier. The Polit­ (like Defense Minister Grechko and his chief the traditional Supreme Soviet sess.ion, to buro majority did not revise the "two front" deputy, hard-nosed Marshal Ivan Yakubov­ approve the 1969 Economic Plan. Soon after­ policy. The Kremlin decided to boycott the sky) former proconsuls in East Germany or ward, Kosygin and others went off on Chrlst­ Pugoslav Communist Party Congress which Poland, may have been successfully lobbied m,as holiday. was opening March 10, and ordered their by Ulbricht and Gomulka. In mid-January, the situation began to satellites and dependent parties to do like­ These two expl,anations do not exclude turn again. In Czechoslovakia, trade union wise. (The order came after two Bulgarian each other. What seems most unlikely, how­ strike threats foiled the first attempt to oust "advance men" were already in Belgrade, and ever, is that the Soviet reversal had been Smrkovsky, and this was followed almost a Mongolian delegation ha.d reached Moscow produced solely by even ts in Prague--such as immediately by the even greater drama of on route.) the varying welcomes accorded to Tito, Ul­ Jan Palach's suicide and funeral. Neverthe­ A Warsaw Pact summit meeting had been bricht and Rumanian leader Ceausescu, or less, Soviet advocates of restraint in Prague scheduled (after the first Ussuri episode) to new misconduct by the Czechoslovak press appeared to be holding their own. There was open in Budapest on March 17, and deputy (which had become progressively more care­ no new intervention in Czechoslovakia, de­ foreign ministers and other lower-level of­ ful and self-disciplined since April, and espe­ spite the new "provocations." Western diplo­ ficials were already at work there when the cially since the Warsaw letter). mats reported that the Palach affair had second Ussuri battle took place on March INVASION OPPONENTS shaken the self-~surance of Soviet govern­ 15. As the Red Army struck, it became known ment in much the sa~e wav as the Viet­ Next day, on Margaret Island in the Dan­ almost immediately, in Moscow, Prague, Bel­ cong's 1968 Tet offensive had. dismayed offi­ ube, Brezhnev and Kosygin attempted, in grade and elsewhere, that at least four senior cial Washington. bilateral talks, to rally their allies. By several Soviet figures-Kosygin, Suslov, Shelepin, However, other agencies of the Soviet ap­ accounts, Brezhnev was obsessed by the Ponomarev-b.ad argued against the inV'8.Sion, paratus were plainly restive. KGB sources Chinese threat, nervous, quick to flare. But mainly on tactical grounds. Some sources began planting long:, detailed accounts of Rumania's Nicolae Ceausescu refused even placed Polyansky among their number. Their Kosygin's health, declared that his continued to discuss any Warsaw Pact commentary on absence was a result of illness, and said that, China, as his subordinates had already made counsels of caution acquired new force when clear. the KGB botched the political coup which even if he did not resign soon, most of his was to accompany the Soviet army's unop­ work would be turned over to Mazurov, Poly­ CONCESSIONS MADE posed occupation. ansky and others. Moscow movie houses Instead, the Soviets-in the person of Mar­ Czechoslovak passive resistance, the po­ began showing a lo.ag film on Polyansky's shal Ivan Yakubovsky, the Warsaw Pact com­ litical confusion it was sowing among the ini­ visit to Korea the previous September. mander-made some concessions to satellite tial units of Russian soldiers, and the fear KREMLIN GATE INCIDENT complaints about the- Russian-dominated that resistance might turn active, brought On Jan. 23, there oaime the still-mysterious Pact organization. The changes were largely about the Moscow "compromise" of Aug. 26. incident inside the Kremlin's Borovitsky cosmetic, but the Rumanians professed The KGB released Dubcek, Smrkovsky and Gate. KGB agents next morning spread the themselves pleased. They were even more at la.st "the Gal:ician Jew" Frantisek Kriegel word that someone had fired on the Soyuz pleased by the Budapest declaration on Euro­ (the epithet is actually attributed to cosmonauts, returning for a festive Kremlin pean security, the mildest document on the Brezhnev or Kosygin), who had been meeting. That afternoon Foreign Ministry German question ever signed by Brezhnev seized like common criminals and seemed to officials said the assailant was a "paranoid." and Kosygin. face the fate of Imre Nagy and other Hun­ The Tass news agency announced that eve­ Ulbricht and Gomulka, overridden were garian revolutionary leaders imprisoned and ning, however, that it had been "a provoca­ not pleased at all-and neither, as varying finally executed in 1958. tion." subsequent Soviet press coverage showed, The Soviet leaders maintained unity in A day later, a Mongolian Communist said were hardline elements in Moscow. the difficult weeks which followed, but he had witnessed the seizure of the would-be Ulbricht made his way to the seat of power toward the end of October there were new assassin, who had been in MVD ( civil po­ soon afterwards, invited by the Soviet Insti­ signs of trouble. KGB agents of the Novosti lice) uniform. Asian diplomats, non-Com­ tute of Marxism-Len1n1sm (headed by one­ press agency and other Soviet journaJJists munist, also claimed to have witnessed the time Suslov rival and near-victim Pyotr Fed­ close to the Party Secretariat began phoning scene from afar. All foreigners, and some So­ oseyev) to attend a delayed anniversary meet­ Western contacts that a Central Committee Viet sources as well, agreed that the intended ing of veterans of the Communist Interna­ Plenum would be held shortly, at which the target was almost surely Brezhnev. The cos­ tional. A curious sequence ensued, which resignations of Kosygin "and perhaps oth­ monauts' press conference failed to clear up appeared to indicate a high-level conflict ers" would be accepted. Colleagues who re­ the mystery. The Foreign Ministry seemed over policy toward West Germany. The con­ ceived such calls had the clear impression most anxious to throttle any speculation flict has yet to be resolved. of an effort to stimulate the "bandwagon" linking the assassination attempt to Kosy­ Meanwhile, in Prague, popular demonstra­ psychology of accomplis1hed fact, so often gin's continued absence. tions had followed the Czechoslovak hockey decisive in Communist politics. Kosygin men Then, from sources close to the MVD, came team's victory over the Soviet team in the in the government denied knowledge of such word that the seized man had been an army first of two matches in a world championship reports. engineer, a lieutenant named Ilyin, who had tournament at Stockholm. There had been On the very morning of the Plenum, Oct. come down from Leningrad and borrowed no violence after the first hockey game, as 30, the rumor-spreaders all called their con­ the police uniform from a relative in Mos­ there had been no violence among the self­ tacts to say that- plans had changed. Their cow. No Soviet sources ever attempted to disciplined Czechs and Slovaks throughout line was that Brezhnev, while willing to let deny this account. Complete official silence the momentous events of 1968. Kosygin go, had informally polled important thenceforth blanketed the case. However, when the Czechoslovak team won Central Committee members. A majority of However, toward the end of February, two the second match, 4 to 3, new demonstration these believed that Kosygin's departure at contradictory versions again began to spread, in Prague was marred by unidentified ele­ this juncture w<;>uld be taken by the Soviet parallelin~ the conflict of the first few days. ments, who sacked the Aerofl.ot office several 17970 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE July 1, 1969 hundred yards away from the demonstra­ band finished playing the Soviet national "Sooner or later, they must make a choice," tion's center at the statue of St. Wenceslas. anthem, Brezhnev, into the open microphone Westerners, East European Communists and Next day, Czech Minister of the Interior before him, asked: "What happens next?" Soviet intellectuals have been saying for a Grosser quickly announced that demonstra­ decade. tors had also been violent in other towns, [From the Washington (D.C.) Poot, June 22, Nevertheless, the Brezhnev Politburo has and had actually pelted Soviet army barracks 1969) thus far not made any such choice. This with rocks at Mlada Boleslav and elsewhere. TOP SOVIET SHAKEUP IN 1970 LIKELY evasion of the "clear alternatives" has been The Prague government reproved Grosser for (By Anatole Shub) largely made possible (in my opinion) by the making such an announcement before there sentimental, irrational blindness of both had been an official inquiry. Whither Russia? The question has tor­ Washington and Peking to the move-Amer­ mented Russia's finest minds, and the most MAY HAVE BEEN STAGED ican-Chinese cooperation-which might force perceptive foreign observers, since the times the Kremlin from check to mate. Weeks later, Western newsmen in Prague of Pushkin and Gogol, the Marquis de Cus­ said they had been unable to find anyone tine and Dumas pere, nearly a century and A SPATE OF CRISES who had actually seen the damage at Mlada a half ago. It continues to torment Russians The current Soviet crisis is political, diplo­ Boleslav or elsewhere in the provinces. Euro­ and foreigners today, and largely for the matic, economic and cultural-but it has pean newspapers have charged that the Aero­ same reasons: been crystallizing these last two years into flot incident in Prague was a. staged provoca­ A vast land, one-sixth of the earth's sur­ a crisis of leadership, and to some extent a tion organized by the KGB. face, which is part of Europe but not wholly crisis of political institutions. To summarize Whatever happened, it was enough to European in spirit. bluntly (although that is always danger­ bring Marshal Grechko personally on the A profoundly spiritual people wi-th a tragic ous), the Brezhnev leadership has been scene within 24 hours, joined shortly after­ view of life, relatively indifferent to the ma­ rocked by one failure after another: defeat wards by Deputy Foreign Minister Vladimir terialism of the West, fundamentally anar­ in the Middle East, revolution in Czecho­ Semyonov. There was no representative of the chistic and suspicious toward authority of slovakia., collapse of economic reform, slow­ Party Politburo or Secretariat, even though any kind. ing industrial growth rates, new crisis on the envoys• ma.in business was to secure the Groot, scattered peasant masses ( or sons the farms, restiveness among intellectuals, ouster of Dubcek as Party Secretary and of peasants herded into the rottless anonym­ disaffection among youth, accelerated dis­ Smrkovsky from the Party Presidium a.t an ity of an imported industrial civilization), integration of the world Communist move­ impending meeting of the Czechoslovak Cen­ and a brilllant inte.Uectual aristocracy torn: ment, the re-emergence of China on the tral Committee. In all the long series of So­ between Europe and ancestral traditions, be­ world scene (with a resonant new anti-Soviet viet-Czech negotiations going back to No­ tween Western scientific, technical and es­ slogan-"the new Czars"-in place· of the votny's fall, it was the first time the Soviet thetic values and belief in Russia's unique­ nunappealing sectarian condemnations of Politburo and Secretariat were not repre­ ness, in its special spiritual mission. "revisionist renegades"). sented-except for the period when Vassily Autocratic, centralized government un­ In attempting to manage these crises, Kuznetsov, the First Deputy Foreign Min­ checked by established, autonomous groups, Brezhnev and his Politburo colleagues have ister, was negotiating the agreement on classes a.nd instittutlion.s-rulers trapped in revealed many a disagreement (the zig-zags "temporary" stationing of Soviet troops, the vicious circle of external expansion and over Czechoslovakia in the past 18 months which Kosygin came later to approve and domestic repression, ea.oh justifying and furnish the clearest example) . They ha.ve sign. intensifying the other. seen (whether or not they wished it so) much Grechko's presence appeared to be a. sign An imperial power strong enough to men­ effective decision-ma.king pass to the ap­ of the groWing independence-in matters ace, inhibit and frustrate the West, but not pointed bureaucrats of the party secretariat which vitally concerned them--of the mar­ strong enough to dominate it. and a.way from the elected, supposedly sover­ shals. He may conceivably have been guided A power driven to expansion and self­ eign Central Committee. Numerous policy from a.far by Brezhnev, who had always been assertion in Asia., yet at least semi-conscious statements have been issued in the name linked with the Soviet "military-industrial that adventure in the Orient could trigger of the Central Committee although that body complex" and had never been known before, disaster for the Whole fragile structure has not, in fact, been meeting. as Party leader, to have denied the marshals of empire. anything. However, even this possibility At the same time, the Politburo leaders Cruelty and suffering, venality and self­ and the party machine generally have yielded raised the question of who was using whom. lessness, suspicion and deep loyalties, rash Foreign Communists in Moscow were the considerable power, in matters which affect outbursts and unusual patience, profound in­ them, to the army and the KGB, neither of most openly shocked by Grechko's role, and sight and incredible incompetence, the ter­ the failure to observe Party form. which is under quite the firm control that rible psychological gulf between "us" and Khrushchev seemed to exercise over both MARSHALS' SECOND MOVE "them," rulers and ruled, elite and masses­ between 1958 and 1963. It is largely immate­ This was the second assertion of the mar­ these and many other extremes and contra­ rial (although a fascinating mystery) how shals' power in two years. Grechko himself dictions of Russian character and life, trans­ the marshals and the KGB professionals ac­ had succeeded the late Marshal Malinovsky muted into high art by Gogol, Tolstoy and quired this power-whether through their as Defense Minister in 1967 after more than Dostoevsky, persist into our time, and have own initiative or through the readiness of a week of struggle, during which Party been reflected in the poetry of Akhmatova, Brezhnev and other politicians to anticipate spokesmen were telling foreign newsmen Pasternak, Voznesensky and Okudzhava, the military and police demands and thus assure that the new man would be a civilian, Dmitri prose of Alexander Solzhenitsyn. The eternal continued support against political rivals. Ustinov. quality of "the Russian problem" ls dram­ (Among the current Politburo members, It would seem reasonable to assume that atized almost daily in the Soviet Union­ Brezhnev, Kirilenko and Voronov have fre­ Soviet Party functionaries, who had gone as, for example, in the bitter political strug­ quently expressed their support for the "mill­ through that previous struggle, were as dis­ gles which recently accompanied new pro­ tary-industria.l complex" while Suslov, Pel­ turbed as foreign Communists by Grechko's ductions of plays written by Chekhov and she, Shelepin and Mazurov have ea.ch passed Prague mission and the rise in military in­ Gorky 60 years ago. important years in KGB operations.) fluence it portended. In some ways, it is easier to speculate about While the Defense Minister was detained the immediate future of the Soviet Union­ A MEDIOCRE NO. 1 in Czechoslovakia, and Yalrubovsky was in as difficult as it is to discern the relevant The real authority of the current leaders, Bulgaria supervising Pact maneuvers, prepa­ facts--than to contemplate where and how individually and collectively, is thus consid­ rations had begun for the traditional May _it wm all end, if indeed it does "end," in erably circumscribed-more so, in fact, than Day m111tary parade through Red Square. On some resolution or synthesis of the great con­ that of any previous leadership in Soviet his­ or about April 15, with both marshals still tradictions and dilemmas which Russian his­ tory. Despite sporadic attempts to build a abroad, the preparations suddenly ceased. tory and the alien rule of dogma.tic Marxism "cult" for Brezhnev, he has simply not caught Western military attaches began wondering ( a German ideology in origins and essence) on, either among the population or within what had happened, but their Soviet officer have brought about. It is easier to visualize the party machine (where, according to Com­ contacts would give no reply. the alternatives in 1970 than the range of munist observers, Suslov and Shelepln each, Then Party and KGB spokesmen began possibilities in 1984. for different reasons, enjoy greater respect). spreading word that the military parade Yet, even in discussing the shortrange fu­ Despite Brezhnev's cautious "centrist" ma­ would definitely be canceled, although they ture, Westerners are frequently driven to neuvers and efforts to involve his colleagues never satisfactorily explainec\ why. Nearly a conclude, "It cannot go on this way"-but in responsibility for controversial measures, week of confusion and speculation followed. it can and often does. Changes and choices the party Genera.I Secretary, as "No. l," can Foreign ministry and other government offi­ which in the West would be "inevitable" and hardly continue indefinitely to avoid ac­ cials refused to confirm or deny the reports. "inescapable" in a. matter of days, weeks or months have, all too often 1.n Russian and countability for the failures of the past two Defense Ministry officials said: "We don't yea.rs. Most Moscow Kremlinologists suspect know yet." The parade was finally canceled, Soviet history, been evaded for years and and a purely civillan demonstration arranged. even decades. that Brezhnev has retained power as long as Nevertheless, atop the Lenin Mausoleum on For ten years now, to cite only the most he has mainly through the support of the May Day, Politburo and Secretariat members, obvious example, it has been clear to West­ "military-industrial complex" and because of packed closely together in two rows, divided erners that the Kremlin "cannot go on indef­ the general recognition of his mediocrity. the reviewing stand with Grechko, Yakubov­ initely" waging political war on two fronts, Brezhnev's very mediocrity is a kind of sky and other bemedaled marshals and gen­ against the West and against China, and on asset in view of the widespread fear that era.ls, who had plenty of room. When the both fronts with signal la.ck of success. Shelepin, with his drive, intelligence and July 1, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 17971 relative youth (50), could emerge as the sin­ by some party leaders to hold it in connec­ apparatus and the KGB. After the dread gle "strong man" who might make a clean tion with the centennial of Lenin's birth, Czar's death, his son Fyodor and, at first the sweep of the aging "class of 1952" and shake April 22. In either case, the congress date usurper Boris Godunov maintained a sem­ Russia upside down. must be fixed, and preparations begun, at blance of stability for nearly two decades. Kosygin, who was the only one of the 11 least six months in advance-that is, this But the sufferings of the population, the Politburo members to command tangible re·· September or October. conflict between the new oprichnina and the spect outside party circles, among Soviet in­ The congress is of paramount interest to old nobles, the passions of religious sectarians tellectuals and managers as well as abroad, all elements in the party for two crucial rea­ and the intervention of neighboring princes appears in the last two years to have largely sons. It should decide on the basic elements ultimately brought on the chaotic "Time of forfeited the influence he commanded in of the next five-year economic plan ( 1971- Troubles" when the Russian state disinte­ 1965. He has been faulted for wea.kness--for 75). It will also choose a new party Central grated completely and Polish soldiery briefly his inability to check the witch-hunt among Committee, which in turn traditionally in­ occupied the Kremlin. intellectuals, his failure to prevent the in­ volves changes in the Politburo, secretariat Many Moscow intellectuals today fear that vasion of Czechoslovakia. and, most impor­ and Soviet government. a new "Time of Troubles" may be upon Rus­ tant, his silent acceptance of the emascula­ Obviously, the younger ( 40-to-55) leaders sia sooner rather than later--and the Brezh­ tion and collapse of economic reform. both in the Kremlin and the provinces have nev regime seems quite sensitive to the par­ As one Soviet intellectual put it: "If Kosy­ a strong interest in holding the 24th con­ allel. For the onset of the "Time of Troubles" gin could not even save the project dearest gress on schedule or earlier-for it is they is the theme of one of Russia's greatest works to his heart, and on which he staked his who stand to advance. On the other hand, of art, the opera "Boris Godunov," with public reputation, what good is he to any­ the senior leaders of the "class of 1952" Pushkin's verse set to Mussorgsky's somber one?" (The answer may be that in the last would appear to have an equally valid in­ melody. In the final act of "Boris Godunov," two years Kosygin, like Soviet caviar, has terest in putting off the congress as long as rebellious peasants attempt to lynch a fatu­ been a commodity mainly for export to the possible, or at least until they have managed ous landowner named Khrushchev. West--=-a symbol of "reassurance" useful in to compose the disagreements among them­ The other Khrushchev, who ruled the calming Washington and London. But selves and present a common front to am­ Soviet Union until 1964, did not censor the Polyansky would do as well for this purpose.) bitious young outsiders. reference to his operatic namesake. It took the insecurity of Brezhnev and his colleagues THE LARGER QUESTIONS In any case, the congress cannot, without serious consequences, be put off much be­ to make Pushkin's Khrushchev, as well as It is largely pointless to speculate on the yond the end of 1970, because of the necessity their own former leader, an "unperson." possible ups and downs of individual lead­ to adopt the 1971-75 economic plan-and ers, for there are bigger questions involved: Soviet economic plans not only involve the Will the rivalries within the Politburo and total allocation of nation.a.I resources but WHAT SO PROUDLY WE HAILED secretariat prove more decisive than the thereby shape Russia's diplomatic and mili­ sentiment that its members must now "hang The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under a tary posture. Profound disagreement over previous order of the House, the gentle­ together" rather than separately against the these basic nations.I priorities was already army, the KGB or ambitious provincial apparent long before the present leadership man from New York (Mr. FARBSTEIN) is barons in the Central Committee? Will crisis began in 1968. recognized for 20 minutes. change, whenever and however it comes, in­ The 23d party congress, in March, 1966, Mr. FARBSTEIN. Mr. Speaker, in volve merely a reshuffle of the same old cards these troubled times for our country, I (Kirilenko or Suslov instead of Brezhnev; adopted "directives" for the 1966-70 plan, Podgorny or Voronov in place of Kosygin) but subsequently, no formal five-year plan am so moved by an advance copy of an or a change of generations (Shelepin, Mazu­ was formally enacted by the government and advertisement that is to appear in Time rov, Polyansky)? Can such changes involve Supreme Soviet ( as had always been the magazine that I would like to bring it to major reversals of basic policy, or is the practice) . Instead, in December of ea.ch year, the attention of my colleagues. struoture of the Soviet ruling class so ossi­ one-year target figures were announced. It is heartening to come upon such a fied as to permit only another victory (as in The leaders could conceivably go on this sorely needed reminder of the greatness 1954, 1957 and 1964) of a heterogeneous "left­ way, but it would inevitably be taken as a that wa.s--and must again become-­ right" coalition-followed by continual com­ sign of weakness and disunity as well as a promises and zigzags which satisfy neither breach of party statutes, state law and Soviet America's promise. The advertisement hard-line sectarians nor liberal reformers? Communist tradition. Besides, powerful follows: wm the new men, old or young, civilian or forces-individuals and groups, as well as WHAT So PROUDLY WE HAILED military, continue to restrict Soviet politics the objective facts of life-6l'e acting to While most of us began a long week-end to the self-perpetuating inner Kreinlin cir­ compel a more fundamental reconsideration playing, sleeping or sitting in the sun . . • cles, or summon support from broader social of national priorities. and t:K>me of us were hating, baiting and groups and the Soviet population at large? For these and other reasons, I would be tearing America down . . . 40,000 people in There is, as yet, no clear answer to any much surprised if the Kremlin leadership Denmark gathered on a hillside to celebrate of these questions. Most Moscow observers has not changed considerably 18 months our Fourth of July. tend to be pesslmistic, stressing the inertia hence, and not at all surprised if the shake­ Hundreds of thousands of other Danes of the ruling class as a whole and the polit­ up came this summer or fall. watched the ceremonies on television. (A ical apathy (or fear) still governing most of The longer-range perspective is much turn-out equivalent to 2 million Americans the Soviet population. However, all Moscow more painful to contemplate. Michel Tatu assembled. in one place, and perhaps 20 mil­ observers agree that the outcome could be of Le Monde, by far the most astute Moscow lion watching TV.) affected, in a surprising manner, by myriad correspondent of the postwar era and a most The Danes have been doing this for 57 variables inside and outside the country. discerning analyst since his departure from years. Because they venerate what so proudly There is no lack of inflammable tinder; the Moscow in 1964, has expressed his belief that we hailed: The pride. The principle. The spark to light it might come from almost the Soviet Union has already entered a "pre­ unity. anywh~re, at any time. revolutionary" phase of development. I agree, When the Nazis went foraging for Danish Since the invasion of Czechoslovakia, primar1ly because none of the current Soviet Jews, other Danes hid them. All of them. many observers have believed that a change leaders or ruling institutions has shown any When they took hostages and offered to in the leadership might very well follow the sign of movement toward a guided evolution swap them for Jews, the Minister of Defense anticlimax of the world Communist unity (in the Yugoslav, Czechoslovak or some other announced, "There is no point ln exchanging conference, for which Brezhnev had been indigenous manner). one Dane for another." pushing since 1966 ( despite the skepticism Quite the contrary. And the issue of The occupation told King Chrlstia.n to or­ of Suslov and others). However, other ob­ Stalin's mass murders, and responsibillty for der all Jews to wear yellow arm-bands. He servers feel that the importance of the inter­ them, continues to torment Soviet society. asked all Danes to wear yellow arm-bands. national Communist movement to the Krem­ There is, furthermore, a basic contradiction "I shall be the first to wear one," he sa.td, lln has been considerably exaggerated in the between the qualities, attributes and in­ "And I consider it the highest order of Den­ West. Such observers note that the invasion terests required by the jungle world of the mark." of Czechoslovakia was undertaken, with Uttle party machine and those required by the peo­ No one in Denmark thought this wa!I re­ hesitation, despite express, face-to-face ple. mark.able. All Danes simply, and successfully, warnings from Italian, French, Rumanian, The question, however, is how long the defended. all Danes. lsn 't that what our Dec­ Yugoslav, Austrian and other Communist "prerevolutionary" phase may last-a decade, laration of Independence was about? leaders that such action would doom efforts a generation or even longer. I am inclined Isn't that why Denmark honors our Fourth at genuine unity. to be gloomy, but such matters of tlming of July? And isn't that something to think are totally unpredictable. The decisive about before the next long week-end? AN AUTUMN DECISION catalyst might be anything from a border war My own hunch-it can be no more than with China to a riot in a Moscow butcher that-is that the showdown may be pre­ shop. GENERAL LEAVE TO EXTEND cipitated by the issues involved in calling As he grew older, the late Josef Stalin came and holding the next Communist Party con­ more and more to admire the figure of Ivan Mr. PATTEN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unan­ gress. According to the party statutes, the the Terrible, the cruel, mad, 16th century imous consent that all Members may be 24th congress should be held in or before tyrant whose private opnchnina was the permitted to revise and extend their re­ next March. A strong case may well be made forerunner of both the Communist Party marks on the 1-minute speech made t.o- 17972 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE July 1, 1969 day by the gentleman from California Operation Breadbasket pressing for economic stayed for varying a.mounts of time. So total (Mr. HAWKINS). power in Chicago or Charles Evers's cam­ was the lack of communications between the paign for black political power in the South. two sides that Mr. Moynihan was able to say The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there Abernathy came to Washington last week that the meeting went well, while Abernathy objection to the request of the gentleman with a list of 10 demands for the Adm1nis­ called it one of the most "fruitless and point­ from New Jersey? tra.tion ranging from a nation-wide welfare less" he had ever amtended. There was no objection. system and a $250,000m. expa.nison of the After the White House meeting neither Mr. food-stamp programme to wipe out hunger, Nixon nor his Vice-Pres!dent came over to to ending the war in Vietnam and giving the Indian Treaity Room to see those who DR. ABERNATHY'S VISIT TO votes to 18-year-olds. He planned to take hiad been discussed, but Mr. Moynihan, Mr. WASHINGTON, D.C. his followers to see congressional leaders, the Volpe, the Secretary of TrM1Sporta.tion, and President himself, and the individual heads Mr. Romney from the Housing Department (Mr. EDWARDS of California asked of the Departments of Housing, Labour, Agri­ were on h.and for a singul&rly patronising and was given permission to extend his culture and Health, Education and Welfare. and ill-Judged encounter. Mr. Volpe the ex­ remarks at this point in the RECORD and Congressional leaders were receptive and Governor of Massachusetts, who made his to include extraneous matter.) available, but the very first day mustrated pile in the road-building business, detailed the weakness and hopelessness of the week's the number of 1:mporta.nit appointments he Mr. EDWARDS of California. Mr. undertaking. Abernathy was an hour and a had missed thait morning and told the poor Speaker, earlier this year, Dr. Ralph quarter late for his meeting with the liberal how well he understood their problems. He Abernathy and representatives of the Democratic Study Group and by the time he knew that Jobs were not enough without Poor People's Campaign traveled to appeared in the House Judiciary Committee raipid transit to get to them and he in.tended Washington to meet with Members of room a number of Congressmen had gone. to provide it, but they must remember the Congress and the administration to dis­ Those who had waited passed the time in Democram had been in for eight yea.rs, so cuss a list of 10 demands. These demands banter and in-group jokes and exuded an what could be expected of him after only 8¥:z atmosphere of well-dressed, well-fed bon­ months? Mr. Romney then talked about in­ ranged from improved welfare adminis­ homie in sad contrast to Abernathy's troop flation and assured his audience that the tration and expansion of the food stamp of notably 111-dressed, 111-fed and cross fol­ cities were number three on the President's program to an end to the Vietnam war. lowers. The Congressmen gave polite and list of priorities. "Why not number one?" While in Washington, Dr. Abernathy close attention to the flood of speeches. inquired an incredulous young bla.ck girl. and the representatives of the poor ap­ Heavy, resentful welfare mothers from North­ Romney left amid appeals from Abernathy peared before a meeting of the Demo­ ern slums told the stock horror stories of that his followers should not turn on one rat.s and of "the cold beans,, leftover peas of the few cabinet members who had both­ cratic study group, where, with extreme I serve my children", while emaciated, des­ ered to come and see them. dignity, they outlined the problems that perate men begged for "factories for the Abernathy got the silence he asked for, confront them daily. Dr. Abernathy re­ South". At the end of the meeting the Con­ as he always does from his followers. Dur­ ceived a sympathetic hearing from mem­ gressmen somewhat self-consciously joined ing the week more than one reporter tried bers of the DSG, but he and his followers hands and, swaying in time with their vis­ to rattle him with questions about a bid did not fare so well elsewhere. In fact, itors, sang We Shall Overcome before be­ from ·eoretta. King for the SCLC leadership their meeting with President Nixon and a coming busy men again, hurrying away in and each time he replied with dignity th.rat handful of Cabinet members was fraught the little automatic electric trains which run she was his 'sister' and a power struggle under the Capitol. The poor people trailed was inconceiviable. But each time he relied, with misunderstanding and a lack of back across neatly-clipped lawns to their as he always must, upon his acknowledged concern by the executive branch. headquarters in the United Methodist Build­ position as the dead Martin Luther King's Victoria Brittain, the able Washington ing, buoyed up presumably by the idea that best friend. The real powers of SCLC-Jack­ correspondent for the New Statesman, of "tomorrow we're going to see the President". son, Andrew Young, James Bevel, Hosea London, has written an incisive account But a 22-yeair-old White House aide sport­ Williams-have never publicly or privately of Dr. Abernathy's visit. It is particularly ing a crisply starched light-blue suit and a criticized Abernathy. But one bitter voice Che Guevara-style moustache was the near­ from the ranks last week shouted at the explicit in describing the complete failure est thing to Richard Nixon produced for them leader: "Nixon better come out a.nd talk to of communication between the adminis­ on Tuesday morning, though the President us-not you." And in the Indian Treaty tration and representatives of the Poor did see Aberlllathy himself. Mr. Nixon's rep­ Room a woman said quietly: "Abernathy People's Campaign. I commend Miss resentative sat chummily on a table in the doesn't even live with us ... how can he tell Brittain's article to my colleagues and Indl;a.n Treaty Room to introduce his col­ Nixon what my llfe is like?" Aberna.thy's insert it in the RECORD at this point: leagues from various governm.ent ciepart­ well-pressed denim overalls for going to Jail menrts, all of whom he said wa-e anxious to have become a joke, and his usual get-up is NIXON SNUBS THE POOR explain to the poor whrat was being done for a good grey silk suit, often wittb. a tastefully (By Victoria Brittain) them a.nd then to listen to speciflc oom­ ma.tching tie. Towards the end of last week, "Three months of Vietnam spending would plad.DJm. His boyish chairm was lost on his when a bLack depression had settled upon give them all they're asking for and more" audience, who declared loudly thait they had almost everyone connected with the Oam­ said a liberal Oongressman after Chapter not the slightest interest in talking to him pa.ign, Abernathy bobbed up at a party given Two of the Poor People's Campaign began or his friends, and could they please see the by Sena.tor George McGovern, looking, as one in Washington last week. The week was a boss. The mood of the room became s•teadilY dispirited coworker said "unbearably slick." depressing charade-liberal Congressmen uglier and only Hosea Williram.s, the bearded were moved but not to action; nothing was orator of SCLC, could get a hearing. lit is a decided, nothing was changed. The present mark of the change in SCLC thait he did it U THANT: ARAB CHAMPION PAR impotence of the Southern Christian Leader­ by a skillful use of revolutionary rhetoric: EXCELLENCE ship Conference, victor of the great civil " ... our women sell their boc:Mes for food ... rights battles of Selma and Montgomery, when I was in the Department of Agriculture (Mr. PODELL asked and was given the weakness of its leader Dr. Ralph Aber­ I knew tha,t food surpluses were tipped into permission to extend his remarks at this nathy, and the capacity for indifference of the sea while our people stla.rved . . ." Wil­ point in the RECORD.) the White House were crudely displayed all liam's beard jutted out over his blue over­ week. alls, his eyes blazed, but his voice was de­ Mr. PODELL. Mr. Speaker, U Thant Resurrection City, a week-long encamp­ liberately lulling his audience to the point is rapidly emerging as a fervent cham­ ment of poor people in Washington last year, where he could say: "But revolution would pion of the Arab cause in their struggle was Phase One of the Campaign and although oe p1ay1ng lt 1.ne1r way; we're going to win to destroy Israel. Utilizing his post as it was far from a total success it at least this one nonviolently." Secretary General of the United Nations, achieved a certain notoriety. Its Major Jesse Across the lawn in the White House Mr. he increasingly uses his office and that Jackson from Chicago added one touch of Nixon listened to Abernathy and his ha.lf­ international organization to assail glamour to a cast of otherwise bedraggled dozen representatives of the poor, but re­ characters, while in the shell-shocked state fused to allow his departmental heads to Israel on any pretense. Sadly enough, the of the black community following the death meet the group individually. Advised by his United Nations is the loser, as his prej­ of Martin Luther Kir:.g the SCLC leaders supposedly liberal ex-Kennedy aide, Mr. Pat­ udice grows more blatant and his efforts held a united front. A year later everything rick Moynihan. Mr. Nixon clearly decided more distasteful. His campaign against is different-the Campaign has had little that the 1969 Poor People's Campaign was to Israel is measurably harming the cause press coverage. Jesse Jackson is now so well be played down. The noisy, abusive con­ of the United Nations among significant known and so busy that he could make only frontations with wbdch the Democrats had elements of our country's population. a. token one-hour visit to Washington on placated the poor were not to disturb the the first day of the Campaign, Abernathy is comfortable offices of their Republica.n suc­ The latest chapter makes a travesty of more ponderous and less well supported by cessors. Abernathy was given this one oppor­ the U.N.'s championship of human the SCLC powers, while SCLC itself, with tunity to put his case to the Adminlstra­ rights, for he has used and abused that its ill-organised bands of poor people, seems tion-Sal by granting the Paul School of Theology (Methodist), Kansas show disrespect for elders and love chatter selective conscientious objector status, in place of exercise. Children are now ty­ City, Mo.) rants, not the servants of their household. on February 27 I introduced a bill to One of the most misunderstood of young They no longer rise when elders enter the clarify the definition of conscientious Americans is the "draft dodger" (more ap­ room. They contradict their parents, chatter opposition to military service in a par­ propriately called the "draft exile")-the before company, gobble dainties at the table, ticular war for future inductees. And on young man who has gone to Canada to escape cross their legs, and tyrannize their teachers." April 23 I introduced another bill to pro­ the draft. Just as many of our ancestors fled The truth is that my generation can learn vide a "second chance" for those already compulsory military training in 19th century much by listening to the young. They are in exile, imprisoned, or presently being Europe, so these young men, some with their not captive to the same habits of thought 'prosecuted. families, have fled the United States today into which we tend to drift. They bring new to take residence in Canada. For years we energy and idealism to the scene of human Most recently, I was most pleased and have praised those who rejected Napoleonic, affairs. They are the cutting edge of the fu­ encouraged that the New York Times, in Prussian or other types of European militar­ ture. Their words are often worth listening to its editorial of June 23, raised this point ism-but today's draft exile is accorded little and their attitudes frequently refreshing. of conscience and the difficulties our praise. There is of course this difference: That they sometimes do not seem to listen Nation has experienced because of our many of our ancestors fled conscription as well should be no cause for undue alarm. present selective service system which such, whereas many who have gone to Can­ Mark Twain wrote some years ago: ''When ada have done so because they are unWilling is unable to accommodate those who be­ to participate in a particular war, the war I was a boy of 14, my father was so ignorant lieve the war in Vietnam is "unneces­ I could hardly stand to have the old man in Vietnam. around. But when I got to be 21, I was as­ sary, immoral, and unjust." The New There a.re many more draft exiles in Can­ tonished at how much he had learned in York Times urges that we get on in ada than there are recognized conscientious seven years." changing the draft laws and provide al­ objectors doing alternative service or draft Surely there was a bit of Twain and a lot ternative service for those people now resisters who have gone to prison. Because of perspective in the person who put the fol­ banished from the land which we like to they are so numerous and bcause they are lowing notice on the bulletin board of a pub­ cut off from family, friends, church and think of being the land of the free. country, these exiles deserve the concern and lic school: "In the event of Atomic or Nu­ In addition to the June 23 New York clear attack on this nation, the prohibition support of other Americans. The problem lies Times editorial which follows, I should at the door of the churches and of the un­ against Prayer in this school will be churched "liberals," who before World War suspended." like to submit for printing the very good article by John M. Swomley, Jr., "Draft II fought to secure rights for religious ob­ Exiles in Canada" on this same subject. jectors to all war but have not sought legal recognition of the nonreligious objector and PRESSURE BUILDS FOR SELECTIVE [From the New York Times, June 23, 1969] CONSCIENCE the selective objector. THE SELECTIVE CONSCIENCE According to a survey by the Southern (Mr. KOCH asked and was given per­ One of the most potent points of conflict Ontario Committee on War Immigrants, ap­ mission to extend his remarks at this between this nation and its youth today is a proximately 15,000 ma.le Americans of draft point in the RECORD and to include ex­ selective service system that is widely re-­ age have arrived in Canada. since 1964 and traneous matter.) garded as grossly unjust. Although there have a;pplied for landed immigrant status. have been some encouraging moves toward These figures are based chiefly on Canadian Mr. KOCH. Mr. Speaker, on February reform of the draft in the current Congress, immigration statistics but a.re supported by 9 I wrote to the President and urged that including President Nixon's plan for ran­ independent data.. For example, the Toronto by Executive action he grant exemption dom selection of 19-year-olds, most proposals antidra.f,t program handles nearly 20 cases from military service to young men con­ avoid an issue that is at the heart ot the each day. Ontario has the largest population scientiously opposed to the Vietnam war. difficulty for some of the nation's finest of draft exiles, but there are also large And as a corollary, I urged that men who young men-the problem of selective con­ groups in Montreal and Vancouver. have been convicted of draft evasion or scientious objections. Before 1964 the number of Americans There are many youths today who do not emigrating to Canada was increasing at a those who have fled the country to avoid object to the principle of selective service, rate of about 1 per cent per year. In 1964 military service in Vietnam be given an provided the system of selection is fair; who the rate of increase was 7 per cent and in opportunity to prove that they were con­ do not object to being drafted to fight for 1965 21 per cent, according to statistics in scientiously opposed to the war at the their country in time of national danger or Canada's quarterly immigration bulletin. No time they were called for induction. This to work constructively for it in peacetime, one knows for certain how many emigres are 17978 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE July 1, 1969 motivated by a desire to escape the draft. is economic domination. Therefore an Ameri­ behind when you cross the border . . . the Neither are there any figures on millta.ry de­ can who is critical of his own government's truth is that Canada is a nice place to be." serters. However, a knowledgeable informant behaviour usually merits the esteem of some­ To show that Canada is more than just a whom I interviewed in Canada says that there one who himself is struggling for a greater haven for people in trouble, the manual lists are many such deserters, most of whom a.re degree of 'real liberty.' " As the manual of 35 universities, about a hundred occupations "underground" and probably will not take up the Toronto group puts it: " ... the toughest in strong natll.onal demand, a.nd statistics landed immigrant status until after the Viet­ problem a draft resistor faces is not how to which prove that Canada is ahead of the nam war is over. Apparently, they are rela­ immigrate but whether he really wants to. United States in standard of living, with tively safe, since so far the Royal canadia.n And only you can answer that . .For yourself. more telephones, refrigerators, washing ma­ Mounted Police has not cooperated with the That's what Neuremberg was all about." chines, cars and TV sets per household than F.B.I. in pursuing them. Most draft exiles apply for "landed immi­ its neighbor. The American draft exile, according to Jim grant status"-that ls, lawful admittance to In 1967 the Evangelism and Social Service Cairns of the Southern Ontario Committee Canada tor permanent residence. A landed Board of the United Church, Canada's largest on War Immigrants in Hamilton, Ontario, immigrant who has lived in Canada for any Protestant denomination, voted an appro­ is "white middle class, liberal a.nd college five out of any eight years has acquired priation to help the draft exiles. Later, how­ oriented." They are assisted almost entirely "domicile" and is eligible to apply for Cana­ ever, the churoh announced that the money by Americans living in Canada. Almost all dian citizenship. Since Canada, unlike the would not be disbursed, since "it would im­ workers in the 23 antidraft programs or cen­ United States, does not require aliens to ply interference in the affairs of another ters operating in Canada are themselves register, a landed immigrant is not obliged country." After a public controversy a num­ Americans or former Americans who feel an to report periodically to the Canadian au­ ber of ministers formed a committee and obligation to help others who want to resist thorities. But those who, for one reason or some congregations decided "to raise the the draft. another, consider landed immigrant status money that the church as a whole had de­ clined. to contribute." Other a.id has come JI undesirable can enter Canada by obtaining a "student entry certificate," which is grant­ chiefly from the Quakers and Unitarians and The results of a questionnaire published from university faculty and student groups. in American Draft Exiles, a sociological study ed on a year-to-year basis and can be re­ newed. The chief problems of the draft exile are by Robert Akakia, reveals that only 13 per loneliness and frustrated desire to return cent of the exiles are pacifists, though 44 Under the new immigration regulations of October 1967, visitors to Canada may apply home to visit his family. Some also find it per cent are opposed to all types of war; the difficult to adjust to Canada's more conserva­ rest are for the most part selective objectors. for immigrant status or a student certificate after they have entered the country. Appli­ tive, formal culture. Yet these problems ca.n One hundred per cent described themselves be surmounted. Draft exiles generally indicate as opposed to the war in Vietnam and 85 cants qualify for immigrant status if they can compile 50 out of a possible 100 "assess­ that the step taken in going to Canada is per cent as opposed to the draft itself. Nine­ their first political act; it makes them think, ty-three per cent also indicated that they ment units." For example, a job offer counts for ten units; occupational skill, for ten and like all dramatic acts is a maturing considered the U.S. the main aggressor in process. the war, and 56 per cent that they believe units; age status from 18 to 35 years, for ten units. Each successful completed year of Exile for whatever reason should not be the U.S. should be defeated. If these results, idealized or romanticized.. Most young based on a sample of 200 draft exiles in the formal education and each year of appren­ ticeship or professional, vocational or other Americans who choose exile simply think it Toronto vicinity, are representative, they preferable to a possible five years in prison; show that the draft exile is not a draft training brings one unit, up to a maximum of 20. Five units each are granted for ability to some indeed are not sure that they have the dodger in any usual sense but is ideological­ inner strength to stand prison life. As I have ly motivated. The opening statement of wel­ read, write and speak English and French fluently. Even before 1967, about 70 per cen1 discovered in counseling draft-age Ameri­ come in the "Manual for Draft Age Immi­ cans, all drastic actions are motivated. by grants to Canada," written by a Toronto law­ of all draft exiles had no trouble in obtain­ ing immigrant cards, according to Robert a mixture of idealism, realism, courage and yer, ma.kes the same assumption: "Even fear. But no adult can indict these young though circumstances and not choice has Akakia. Fifteen per cent had some difficulty, and the other 15 per cent "a great deal of men as lacking understanding or courage made Canada your haven, we are happy to or loyalty. At 18 or 20, these qualities are at welcome you. Those of us providing service difficulty." The new unit system makes the process stm easier. College-trained people a different level than at 35 or 40. Exile today to the Anti-draft Programme assume that may be a mistake, but on the other hand your opposition to the war in Vietnam stems generally have no difficulty finding work, but high school boys have to hunt for unskilled it may be the door of opportunity and serv­ from principle and that you are likely to be­ ice, as it was for many Europeans in the 18th come outstanding citizens." jobs, though the antidraft committees usu­ ally are able to secure employment for them. and 19th centuries who cazne by faith and The age range of draft exiles is 17 to 28, necessity to an unknown land. With 21.6 years the median. Their financial Apparently all who intend to become draft assets averaged $460 prior to immigration exiles must have a birth certificate or similar (Mr. PRICE of Illinois asked and was and $250 on arrival. "Contrary to popular paper; a high school or college diploma; pass­ given permission to extend his remarks myth," wrote Robert Akakia, "draft exiles are port photos; and at least $250. Letters of recommendation and college transcripts have at this point in the RECORD and to in­ only slightly sympathetic to the hippie clude extraneous matter.) phenomenon. With respect to a control group also proved helpful. survey of college seniors, draft exiles turn Landed immigrant status does not entail renunciation of American citizenship, and in out to be relatively unsympathetic." FREEDOM BECOMES ILLEGAL-IT As to religion, answers to the questionnaire fact the manual for draft age immigrants indicate that 37 per cent consider themselves does not recommend such renunciation. For (Mr. RARICK asked and was given per­ atheists (in the sense of not believing in a one thing, giving up one's U.S. citizenship mission to extend his remarks at this supernatural being); 22 per cent are agnostic; before acquiring citizenship in another coun­ try simply means that one is stateless, with point in the RECORD and to include ex­ 16 per cent have a belief in God; and 26 per traneous matter.) cent view the question of the existence of a no rights to travel or re-enter the United supernatural being as meaningless. States. Actually a small number of young Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, last Tues­ draft exiles, after a year or more in Canada, day, June 24, on page 16901 of the CON­ m have returned home--often because they GRESSIONAL RECORD, I commented that On its part, Canada has not officially want to witness publicly for their convic­ the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth opened its borders to young Americans of tions against war. Circuit had ruled freedom of choice in draft age, nor has it offered them political IV asylum. But since it has no draft law and ls school assignment illegal because free­ But the young men who have gone to dom had failed to produce some mystical largely opposed to conscription, its policy is Canada only after receiving their draft in­ one of neutrality toward draft resisters. Thus duction notices are obviously in violation of goal of racial quotas. General Mark Clark was simply denied his re­ the law and cannot return to the United Judge E. Gordon West, one of the dis­ quest when, on April 12, 1967, he asked the States--even for family emergencies-with­ trict judges who, under the earlier Jeffer­ Canadian embassy in Washington to help re­ out risking imprisonment. When a draft son case, March 29, 1967-see CONGRES­ turn all the "draft dodgers." Again, Cana­ exile's father died in 1967, two F.B.I. agents SIONAL RECORD, volumne 113, part 10, dians on the antidraft programs are not try­ showed up at the funeral! Those, however, ing to persuade Americans to flee the United page 12660-had upheld freedom of who can prove that they received landed choice, was overruled and reversed. In States, although many of those Canadians immigrant status before the date of their think (as one antidraft executive put it) that induction notice may meet different treat­ complying with the appellate court's "the U.S. is sick and becoming a mllitary­ ment. Possibly, if they are granted Canadian mandate, Judge West made his objec­ oriented state." Their purpose is rather to as­ citizenship before attempting return to the tions and feelings a matter of record. sist young Americans who reached their own U.S., they will be dealt with like any other In his reasons Judge West commented: decisions and to make them feel welcome in Canadian citizen; but there is no legal cer­ They cite no legal authority for their con­ Canada. A letter from a French-speaking cit­ tainty in this regard. clusion because, indeed, they could find none. izen of Quebec published in a bulletin of The Toronto manual cited above points the Montreal Council to Aid War Resisters out that Canada is not the end of the world The trial judge also quoted from the states: "Many French-Canadians are anti­ so far as schools, jobs, housing, etc., are appellate court's decision that the "free­ America.n, for many reasons, among which ooncerned. "You do not leave civilization dom of choice plan, as a matter of law, is July 1, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 17979 not working." To which Judge West and after noting the complete and total ab­ As a matter of what law? The only law queried: sence of any evidence whatsoever, in every cited in support of this statement is two of one of these cases, to the effect that there the Fifth Circuit's own prior decisions, Henry As a matter of what law? The only law was a single pupil who had not been per­ v. Clarksdale Municipal Separate Sch. Dist., cited in support of the statement is two of mitted to attend the school of his choice, or -- F. 2d -- (CA 6-1969) and Adams v. the Fifth Circuit's own prior decisions. that there was a single pupil who had, by Mathews, 403 F. 2d 181 (CA 6-1968). Con­ It is a tragic era in America when ju­ coercion or otherwise, been denied the op­ spicuously missing from the Court's citation dicial machinery, established to protect portunity to make a free, unfettered choice, of authority is any reference to the Civil or that a single pupil was, because of any Rights Act of 1964 itself which specifically freedom-the constitutionally secured state-imposed rule or policy, attending an provides: rights of the individual-from tyranny, inferior school because of his race or color, "Sec. 401. uses its raw power to destroy that free­ this Court held that the freedom of choice "(a) • • • dom. plan was, in fact_and in law, working in the "(b) 'Desegregation' means the assignment We are reminded of warning from the most democratic way possible and that thus of students to public schools and within such past. Piero Calemendrei, a lawYer in Italy all constitutional requirements were being schools without regard to their race, color, who saw fascism come into power, and met insofar as assignment of students was religion, or national origin, but 'desegrega­ concerned in these school systems. The man­ tion' shall not mean the assignment of stu­ author of "Procedure and Democracy," date o:( Green is simply that there must be dents to public schools in order to overcome says: an end to a "state-imposed/' dual system of racial imbalance." (Emphasis added.) In periods of rapid social change the judge schools-that "state-imposed segregation" in "Sec. 407. (a) • • • provided that nothing performs a clearly political function. For schools must be removed. During the hearing herein shall empower any official or court each case that comes before him he chooses before this Court on these cases, counsel for of the United States to issue any order seek­ the solution that appears to him the most plaintiffs readily conceded, as indeed they ing to achieve a racial balance in any school valuable for the cause of the revolution; he must, that there is no "state-imposed/' segre­ by requiring the transportation of pupils or seeks inspiration from his partisan senti­ gation in any of these schools. Realizing their students from one school to another or one ments or resentments. inability to show any "state-imposed" segre­ school district to another in order to achieve gation in these schools, plaintiffs then relied such racial balance, • • • ." Andrei Vyshinsky, the Soviet diplomat entirely on their contention that freedom of choice itself was unconstitutional This con­ I have, in prior decisions concerning these and author of official commentaries on cases, cited the above authority several times the Soviet legal system states openly that tention is, of course, refuted by Green itselt wherein it is stated: in support of the proposition that any order the judicial process is one of the institu­ "We do not hold that 'freedom of choice' such as the one the Court of Appeals now tions of political struggle, first for the can have no place in such a plan. We do not mandates me to issue is contrary to law, success, then for the defense, of the So­ hold that a 'freedom-of-choice' plan might purely and simply. I reiterate that this is cialist revolution. of itself be unconstitutional, although that still my belief. There is, in my opinion, no argument has been urged upon us. Rather, authority in the law for this Court to issue Calemendrei also makes mention of a such an order. There is, to my knowledge, similar phenomenon in Nazi Germany all we decide today is that in desegregating a dual system a plan ut111zing 'freedom of no law or constitutional provision whatso­ when section 2 of the criminal code was choice' is not an end in itself." ever which could possibly be construed as modified in 1935 permitting German Thus it is clear to this Court that freedom authorizing this or any other Court to ig­ judges to convict persons not only for of choice is not unconstitutional. Indeed, it nore the above quoted congressional man­ actions classified by law as crimes, but is the very essence of the democracy which date. It is my sincere belief that all con­ also for actions that the law did not con­ the Constitution was designed to protect. If stitutional and statutory mandates are rec­ the freedom of choice plan has, in fact, ognized and complied with when all stu­ tain, which the judge personally held to dents, regardless of race or color, are, in be "contrary to the healthy sentiments of eliminated a "state-imposed" system of segregated schools, then it cannot be said fact, allowed to attend the school of their the German people." that the "freedom of choice" plan is being free choice. There has been no showing of Mr. Speaker, when judges without used as an "end in itself." Where the unre­ any kind in these cases that such is not the law-in fact, violating the law--can de­ futed evidence shows, as it does in these case in all of the school districts here in­ clare freedom illegal on the strength of cases, that there is no longer any "state­ volved. It seems to me that the time has their personal beliefs as to what con­ imposed" dual system of schools remaining, come for the Federal Courts to cease ex­ stitutes a healthy environment for the and that an unfettered freedom of choice is perimenting with the public school systems enjoyed by all pupils, regardless of race, of this country. They have displayed quite American people, a judicial revolution is color, religion or national origin, then I say clearly their lack of expertise in the field of in progress in the United States. that regardless of the resultant makeup of school administration. The time has come Mr. Speaker, Judge West's reasons in the student bodies of these schools, the man­ for the Courts to allow the schools to oper­ civil actions No. 2357 and No. 3253 follow dates of the United States Constitution, the ate in accordance with the law as it is, and my remarks: Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the decision not force them to operate in accordance with in Green have been met. the personal decrees of Judges, unsupported [Civil action No. 3257) In reversing these cases and remanding by either constitutional mandate or congres­ WELTON J. CHARLES, JR., ET AL. V. ASCENSION them to this Court for the entry of the order sional legislation. PARISH SCHOOL BOARD, ET AL. which this Court, pursuant to that mandate It also seems to me that it is time for the WEST, Chief Judge: must now enter, the Fifth Circuit Court of Courts to recognize the separation of powers These eight school cases have been re­ Appeals makes the following statement: so carefully spelled out in the United States manded to this Court by the Fifth Circuit "Also the district court erred in holding Constitution, and to relinquish, once and for Court of Appeals with specific instructions that segregation which continues to exist all, the law-making powers to the Congress as to the decree that must be entered herein. after the exercise of unfettered free choice where, under the Constitution, they rightly This Court had previously held that the is 'de facto' segregation and as such consti­ belong. It is not a question of whether or not freedom of choice plan under which these tutionally permissible." the constitutional rights of all students are schools were being operated met all con­ They cite no legal authority for their con­ being protected. Constitutional rights are stitutional and other legal requirements. The clusion because indeed they could find none. not necessarily what the Court thinks they Court of Appeals disagreed. A decree will, of The "de facto" segregation referred to ts, should be. They are rather what the Con­ course, be entered in accordance with that under the present state of the law as enacted stitution itself declares them to be. The mandate, but because of the strong, and by Congress, clearly permissible as is indi· statutory enactments of Congress also be­ sincere feeling of this Court that the man­ cated by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, here­ come the law of the land unless and until date is both ill advised and legally wrong, inaner referred to. As clearly evidenced. by such enactments a.re declared to be violative I feel impelled to make my objections and Green, it 1s only "state-imposed" segrega­ of the Constitution. There has been no in­ reasons therefor a matter of record. tion which violates the mandates of the dication as yet that the Civil Rights Act of All eight school systems here involved are United States Constitution. It ts not a ques­ 1964 as enacted by Congress is, in whole or presently operating under the so-called Jef­ tion of what I think the law ought to be, or 1n part, unconstitutional. On the contrary, ferson Plan, devised by and imposed upon what the Court of Appeals thinks it ought its validity has been reaffirmed many- times these school systems by the Fifth Circuit to be, it ts rather what the Congress has by the highest Court of the land. One of Court of Appeals in August of 1967. After declared it to be. these provisions, as set forth above, clearly less than two years of operating under that The Court then makes the rather amazing llmlts the definition of "desegregation" and plan, it was attacked, not by the plaintiffs statement that: clearly forbids this Court or any other Court herein, but by counsel for said plaintiffs, as "If under an existent plan there are no from issuing orders designed to require the not complying with the requirements of whites, or only a small percentage of whites, transfer of students from one school to an­ Green v. School Board of New Kent CO'Unty, attending formerly e.11-Negro schools, or only other for the purpose of bringing about a 391 U.S. 430, 88 _8 . ct. 1689, 20 L. Ed. 2d 716 a small percentage of Negroes enrolled in racial balance in the student bodies of the (May, 1968), because of the fact that 1t was formerly all-white schools, then the plan, respective schools. This provision has never based primarily on the principle of freedom of as a matter of law, 1s not working." (Em­ been held unconstitutional, and therefore choice. After hearing arguments of counsel, phasis added.) this Court, and all other Courts, should be 17980 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE July 1, 1969 bound by that enactment. Any order issued [Civil action No. 3253) declared Woronock a town and changed by this Court or any other Court in con­ SHARON LYNNE GEORGE, ET AL., V. C. WALTER its name to Westfield. Uneasy treaties travention of that provision is, in the opin­ DAVIS, PRESIDENT, EAST FELICIANA PARISH were made with the Indians of the area. ion of this Court, an invalid order and one SCHOOL BOARD, ET AL. However, since Westfield remained the which of necessity usurps the power of Con­ ORDER gress. edge of civilization on the frontier for 50 There is no requirement in the law, as em­ Pursuant to the ma.ndate of the Fifth years, Indian uprisings remained a seri­ bodied in the Constitution of the United Circuit Court of Appeals handed down in ous problem. In 1676, Major Pynchon States or as enacted by Congress, save for these cases on May 28, 1969: urged Westfield citizens to move to the court-madf: law of this Circuit, that It is ordered that each defendant school Springfield. He said: boa.rd involved herein shall promptly submit there be no all-white schools or no all-negro Westfield must join with you and totally schools. Congress specifically ordained that to the Office of Education, United Stwtes De­ partment of Health, Education, and Welfare remove to you, for 'tis impossible to hold "desegregation" shall not mean the assign­ both towns. ment of students to public schools in order (H.E.W.), a detailed plan of their existing to overcome racial imbalance. The Courts method of operation, including their method The people of Westfield refused to give should be bound by those declarations of of student and faculty assignment, staff as­ up their homes and bravely prepared for Congress. It is not a question of what the signment, transportation procedures, and their method of handling all other matters attack. In the end, it proved a wise deci­ Court thinks the law should be. It is a ques­ sion since most of Springfield was burned tion of what Congress has said the law is. pertaJning to school activities, and each The constitutional rights of all pupils defond.ant school board shall, within thirty in Indian raids. must be protected and they are indeed pro­ (30) days of the date of this order, develop, Ten years after the incorporation of tected in the best possible way by the pro­ in conjunction and cooperation with the Westfield, Edward Taylor arrived from visions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as experts of such office and submit to this Harvard to be the town minister. He enacted by Congress. An honest, unfettered Court a new plan of operation for each served as the spiritual and educational freedom of choice protects the rights of all school system involved herein, to become ef­ leader of the people of Westfield for over pupils regardless of the resultant makeup fective with the commencement of the half a century. Little did anyone suspect of the student bodies involved. Under the 1969-70 school year, which said plan shall clear language of the Act, students have no insure the operation of each school system that he would be acclaimed in the 20th more right to have integrated classes than on a unitary, non-discriminatory basis, and century as the greatest poet of Colonial to have segregated classes. But they do have sh-all meet the standards required by the America. a right not to be denied access to classes or holdings in the erase of Green. v. County Many of Westfield's citizens served schools of their choice because of their race, School Board of New Kent County, 391 U.S. their country both in the French and color, religion, or national origin. This was 430, 88 S. Ct. 1689, 20 L. Ed. 2d 716; Raney Indian War and in the Revolutionary the clear intent of Congress when it passed v. Board of Education, 391 U.S. 433, 83 S. Ct. 1697, 20 L. Ed. 2d 727; and the holding War. The most famous of these was Gen. the Civil Rights Act and this intent was William Shepard, who is depicted on the clearly recognized by the United States Su­ of the United States Fifth Circuit Court of preme Court in Green when it said over and Appeals as enun-:}iated by them on May 28, face of the tricentennial commemorative over again that it was a "state-imposed" 1969, in the decision in which the mandate medals as the idealized figure shown on dual system of education that was consti­ to issue this order is contained, -- F . 2d the seal of the city of Westfield. tutionally objectionable. The Federal Courts --, giving due consideration to the prac­ In 1808, Joseph Jokes founded the in­ should be bound by these constitutional and tical and administrative problems of each dustry that made Westfield famous­ congressional mandates. If the law, as en­ defendant board. Such plan, if agreed upon whipmaking. He began by making stocks acted, is not sufficient to adequately protect by the defendant board in question and and lashes in his home and his business the rights of all citizens, then the Congress, H.E.W., will be approved by this Court, sub­ and not the Courts, should change it. ject to the right of the plaJntiff to file ob­ eventually grew to become the earliest in­ I once again make the observations con­ jections or suggested amendments thereto dustry in Westfield. In fact Westfield is tained herein because I am sincerely dis­ within ten (10) days from the date such still known today as the "Whip City." turbed over what I believe to be a serious plan is filed. The major whipmaking companies have breakdown in the separation of powers be­ If in any instance an agreed plan is not expanded into the production of other tween the legislative and judicial branches forthcoming pursuant to this order, the de­ items such as riding crops, dog leashes, of our Government. I make these observa­ fendalllt board or boards shall file its rec­ golf clubs, and fishing lines. tions because I fear for the very future of ommended plan, and plaintiffs may also file The real beginning of industrial de­ the public school system in this Country if a recommended plan, all within the thirty the Federal Courts, who have so clearly dem­ (80) day period commencing with the date velopment in Westfield occurred with the onstrated their ineptness at running public of this order, after which this Court will, opening of the Western Railroad in 1841. school systems, persist in their present pol­ with or without a hearing, proceed to enter Westfield industries began producing icy of governing school boards by personal its decree or to enter such other order or cigars, paper, boilers, radiators, organs, decree rather than simply requiring them orders as it may deem necessary. and bicycles. to administer the schools in accordance with In executing the foregoing order, all par­ In 1911, Westfield was brought to na­ the clear language of the law as enacted by ties are directed to proceed without delay Congress. in order that the new pla.n may be completed tional attention. Prof. Lewis B. Allyn of The decree which I have been ordered to and approved by the District Court no later the State Normal School began his cru­ enter in these cases will be entered only be­ than July 25, 1969, as required by the man­ sade to establish Federal laws prohibit­ cause of the mandate directed to me by the date of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. ing adulteration of foods. Because of Pro­ Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. I fervently Baton Rouge, Louisiana, June 9, 1969. fessor Allyn's work, Westfield became hope, however, that the school boards in­ J. GORDON WEST, known as the "Pure Food City." volved will seek redress from these orders U.S. District Judge. Two other natives of Westfield became from both the Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States. I believe a full re­ prominent in government. Frederick Gil­ view of this entire matter by the Congress WF.8TFIELD TRICENTENNIAL lett was elected to the U.S. House of Rep­ and by the Supreme Court of the United resentatives in 1892 and served as Speak­ States is long past due. The issue is clear and (Mr. CONTE asked and was given per­ er for 6 years. In 1925, he was elected to serious. The issue is simply whether or not mission to extend his remarks at this the Senate. In total, he served 38 con­ the Federal Courts, by judicial decree, shall point in the RECORD and to include ex­ secutive years in Congress. be allowed to continue to substitute their traneous matter.) Joseph B. Ely was also a Westfield version of what they think the law ought to Mr. CONTE. Mr. Speaker, this year is be fore what the legislative branch of the native who served in government. He was Government has decreed it to be. an important one to the residents of elected Governor of Massachusetts in It is an unpleasant task indeed for a Judge Westfield, Mass., because it marks the 1930 and served his State for two terms. of a t)istrict Court to have to take such 300th year since the incorporation of I have only given a brief sketch of the serious issue with the pronouncements of Westfield as a town. Westfield's anniver­ rich history of Westfield. Westfield his­ Appellate Courts. But since I believe it to be sary week is June 29 to July 6, and so it tory is a fine one-one which her citizens my duty to interpret the law as I understand is :fitting for me to commemorate West­ can well be proud of. And so, Mr. Speak­ it to be, I would be remiss in my duty if I field at this time. er, I hope my colleagues will join me in did not make a record in these cases of what I believe the law to be. The first settlers arrived in Westfield praising Westfield's past achievements Because, and only because of the mandate as early as 1640 when Governor Hopkins, and in sending best wishes as she em­ directed to me by the Fifth Circuit Court of Connecticut, established a trading barks on her fourth century. of Appeals, the order attached hereto will be house at Woronock. In 1647, the general No one could better express the senti­ entered in each of these eight cases. court of Massachusetts, insisting that ments of the people of Westfield as they Baton Rouge, Louisiana, June 9, 1969. Connecticut had no right to the area, look both back with pride and forward July 1, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 17981 with anticipation, than Gordon Hawkins, While those issues were actively dis­ The high point of the international sup­ author of the dedicatory poem in West­ cussed in the United Nations, my sub­ port for the Dec.ade proposal came in Decem­ ber of la.st year when the United Nations field's tricentennial volume and there­ committee held a series of hearings and General Assembly at its Twenty-Third Ses­ fore, Mr. Speaker, I would like to include issued two reports entitled, respectively, sion took steps towaird carrying out the Dec­ it at this time: "The United Nations and the Issue of ade proposal. On December 17, 1968, Resolu­ This lovely, elm-bowered, ancient town Deep Ocean Resources," and "The tion 2414 (XXIII) endorsed the concept of a A vital component of that great whole Oceans: A Challenging New Frontier." coordinated long-term progra.m of oceano­ Thrut is America! ... This city, proud A key element in the disposition of this graphic research and requested the Sec­ In its rich heritage of men who dared issue by the United Nations was a pro­ retary-Gener.al to present a comprehensive Risk all, for freedom and for liberty! outline of the scope of this program to the posal, advanced by the United States, Economic and Social Council and to the Gen­ Our city, in it.s green, encircling hills for an International Decade of Ocean eral Assembly. On December 21, 1968 the At confluence of rushing mountain stroo.ms Exploration for the 1970's. Genel'al Assembly also adopted Resolution Was founded by such men and served by Cosponsored by 28 nations, and en­ 2467 (XXIII) welcoming "the concept of an such dorsed by the 23d U.N. General Assembly Internatlonia.l Decade of Ocean Exploration to Th,roughout long centuries of stress and be undertaken within the framework of .a toil- on December 21, 1968, this proposal is long-term programme of research and ex­ Yet, centuries of building and croo.tion presently in the process of being ploration." Proposed by the United States Not of a town alone, but of a nation implemented. the Resolution was co-sponsored by 28 na­ Upholding principles that make lit great I know that my colleagues in Con­ tions. It invited member states to develop Which the progenit.ors envisioned here. gress are very much interested in this their proposals for contributions to the Dec­ Those settlers, of good Anglo-Saxon stock entire subject. For this reason, I would ade and to submit them to the Intergovern­ Were brave and stalwart men who greatly like to place in the RECORD a report mental Oceanographic Commission for the dared which I received recently from Dr. development of the program. The tribulations of an untamed Land- Efforts are now moving forward to plan a Edward Wenk, Jr., executive secretary long term and expanded program of ocean Who first found shelter at the Cellar side of the National Council on Marine Re­ Above the fertile meadows and the fields research and exploration, including the Dec­ That challenged them to build their homes sources and Engineering Development, ade. Thd.s task of setting national and inter­ and town. describing the world reaction to the In­ national goals, establl&hing priorities, identi­ ternational Decade of Ocean Explora­ fying capabilities, objectives, milestones, How tenuous the fate of that small place tion proposal and the steps which have timing and end products will be a continuing Alone in the vast wastes of wilderness, and lengthy process. In February the Inter­ Safe only in raw courage of those men been taken thus far to carry out its governmental Oceanographic OommisSlion's To face t he starkest dangers of those years; intent: Bureau and Consultative Council, at its 9th The savage Iroquois, the numbing cold NATIONAL COUNCIL ON MARINE RE­ meeting, initiated the first steps in this proc­ Of winter winds, the dreaded catamdunt, SOURCES AND ENGINEERING DEVEL- ess by establishing an Intergovernmental The poisonous sepents and the prowling OPMENT, Working Group to prepare a report setting wolves, Washin gton, June 12, 1969. forth proposals for the long term and ex­ And sicknesses that stalked like beasts of Hon. DANTE B. FASCELL, panded program. The Working Group will prey House of Representatives, meet in Paris from June 16 to 21. But deadlier! ... And yet they faltered not, Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, on the international scientific Those men and women of that early time DEAR MR. CHAIRMAN: Thank you for your level a Joint Working Party on the SclenM And sent brave answer to the General Court, letter of May 15 expressing your interest in tlflc Aspects of International Ocean Re­ Refusing to abandon the new town! oceanography and inquiring about the in­ seaTch, sponsored by the Advisory Commit­ Oh whfllt a glorious heritage ls this ternational response to the United States tee on Marine Resources Research of the To come down to us through three hundred proposal for the International Decade of Oce­ Food and Agriculture Organization, the Sci­ years! an Exploration. International support for the entific Committee on Ocean Research of the Decade concept was evident soon after the International Counoil of Scientific Unions Yet, in the course of those three centuries U.S. proposed the undertaking on March and the World Meteorological Organization Oa.me other men from numerous lands 8, 1968. Within a few months five United Na­ convened in late April in Italy to make rec­ abroad- tions bodies had considered it and expressed ommendations on the scientific content of Men of the selfsame stature, valiant men support. They were the Economic and Social the long term and expanded program in­ Who harbored the same visions in thetr souls Council, the ad hoc General Assembly Com­ cluding the Decade. Who thirsted, too, for freedoms all denied mittee on the Seabed, the Bureau and Con­ A number of nations have now indicated In their old homelands; made this town sultative Council of the Intergovernmental that their national planning for the Decade their home Oceanographic Commission, the Executive ls going forward. Among them are the And put their strength and spirit to the task Committee and the Commission for Maritime Soviet Union, France, Germ.any, Argentina Of building, not alone this town and city Meteorology of the World Meteorological Or­ a.nd Italy. But the great Commonwealth and greater ganization and the Council of the Food and At this time we are able to say that the in­ nation Agriculture Organization. tern.ationa.I community has favorably re­ Of which Westfield ls such a vital part, other bi-lateral discussions with other na­ ceived the concept of the International Dec­ As are all villages and towns and cl ties tions also underscored broad international ade of Ocean Exploration. The concept now That make America the strong and free! interest in the Decade. In consultations with is in need of a sharper focus and further Thus, many ethnic groups in harmony more than 40 nations, a variety of interests planning so that Governments could decide Have tolled in a creative brotherhood, and capabilities to participate in ocean ex­ on the extent and character of their sup­ Unprecedented in all foreign lands, ploration emerged, with universal approval of port, individually, To fashion this fair city as it stands the concept of a broad, collaborative effort Sincerely, Proudly in this, its Tercente;mial year! to explore the oceans. EDWARD WENK, Jr. Proud of its past, but forward looking, too, This same interest was expressed to me Assuming its earned pla.ce in these new days during my talks with officials of other govern­ Of growth and progress never known before ments in Washington and in Moscow, Lon­ LEAVE OF ABSENCE And sharing miracles achieved by man don, Bonn and Oslo last year when I ex­ In his perpetual, upward-seeking quest-­ plored the Decade concept in some detail By unanimous consent, leave of ab­ A modern city in a modern age, during an official visit abroad. In Moscow, I sence was granted as follows: Linked to its past, but strong in future hope! discussed the Decade with representatives of To Mr. WOLFF Cat the request of Mr. five different Soviet organizations and found ALBERT), for today and the rest of the a strong similarity of interest for expanding week, on account of illness. THE INTERNATIONAL DECADE OF our knowledrge of the oceans and for enhanc­ OCEAN EXPLORATION ing ocean resource development. In London, Bonn, and Oslo, similar common interests SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED (Mr. FASCELL asked and was given were identified, and the importance of ex­ permission to extend his remarks at this panded oceanic efforts to science, to economlc By unanimous consent, permission to point in the RECORD and to include development and to international under­ address the House, following the legis­ extraneous matter.) standing were recognized. lative program and any special orders Mr. FASCELL. Mr. Speaker, as chair­ Also general agreement was evident on the heretofore entered, was granted to: need to strengthen 1nternat1onal planning the oceans and ocean resources. tiftc research. Mr. GoNZALEZ, for 10 minutes, today. 17982 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - HOUSE July 1, 1969 Mr. FARBSTEIN, for 20 minutes, today. S. 1613. An act to designate the dam com­ servation Center, Mescalero, N. Mex., oper­ (The following Members Cat the re­ monly referred to as the Glen Canyon Dam ated. by the Bureau of Indi&n Affa.irs, De­ quest of Mr. WEICKER), to address the as the Dwight D. Eisenhower Dam; to the pa.ritmen t of the Interior, under an inter­ Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. departmental agreement with the Office of House and to revise and extend their re­ S. 1689. An act to amend the Federal Economic Opportunity pursuant to the Eco­ marks and include extraneous matter:) Hazardous Substances Act to protect chil­ nomic Opportunity Act of 1964; to the Com­ Mr. ASHBROOK, for 15 minutes, today. dren from toys and other articles intended mittee on Elduca.tion and Labor. Mr. AsHBROOK, for 10 minutes, on for use by children which are hazardous due 907. A letter from the Secretary of the July 2. to the presence of electrical, mechanical, or Treasury, transmitting a report on the status Mr. CONTE, for 1 hour, on July 8, to thermal hazards, and for other purposes; to of foreign credits by the U.S. Gorernment eulogize the late Honorable William H. the Committee on Interstate and Foreign agencies and by international lending agen­ Bates, and to revise and extend his re­ Commerce. cies in which the United States has member­ ship, as of December 31, 1968, pursua.Illt to the marks and include extraneous matter. provisions of section 634(f) of the Foreign ENROLLED BILL SIGNED Assistance Act of 1961, as a.mended; to the EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS Oommittee on Foreign Affa.l.rs. Mr. FRIEDEL, from the Committee on By unanmious consent, permission to House Administration, reported that revise and extend remarks was granted that committee had examined and REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON PUB­ to: found truly enrolled a bill of the House LIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Mr.NEDZI. of the following title, which was there­ Under clause 2 of rule XIII, reparts of Mr. AsPINALL, to revise and extend his UPon signed by the Speaker: committees were delivered to the Clerk remarks on the conference report on S. H.R. 11069. An act to authorize the ap­ for printing and reference to the proper 1011. propriation of funds for Padre Island Na­ calendar, as follows: Mr. SAYLOR, to revise and extend his tional Seashore in the State of Texas, and Mr. DENT: Committee on House Adminis­ remarks on the conference rePort on S. for other purposes. tration. House Concurrent Resolution 66. 1011. Concurrent resolution providing for the (The following Members Cat the re­ printing as a House document of certain quest of Mr. WEICKER) and to include BILL PRESENTED TO THE maps and indexes relating to Vietnam and extraneous matter:) PRESIDENT the Asian Continent (Rept. No. 91-337). Mr. BURKE of Florida. Mr. FRIEDEL, from the Committee Ordered to be printed. Mr. DENT: Committee on House Adminis­ Mr.HARSHA. on House Administration, reparted that tration. House Concurrent Resolution 208. Mr.DENNEY. that committee did on this day present Concurrent resolution authorizing the print­ Mr.MizE. to the President, for his approval, a ing of additional copies of parts 1, 2, and 3 Mr. STEIGER of Wisconsin in two in- bill of the House of the following title: of the publication entitled, "Subversive In­ stances. H.R. 8644. An act to make permanent the fluences in Riots, Looting, and Burning" Mr.BUSH. existing temporary suspension of duty on (Rept. No. 91-338). Ordered to be printed. Mr. TALCOTT. crude chicory roots. Mr. DENT: Committee on House Adminis­ Mr. ASHBROOK. tration, House Concurrent Resolution 209. Concurrent resolution authorizing the print­ Mr.HUNT. ing of additional copies of the committee Mr. UTT. ADJOURMENT print "The Analysis and Evaluation of Public Mr.ZWACH. Mr. PATI'EN. Mr. Speaker, I move Expenditures: The PPB System" (Rept. No. Mr. BOB Wn..SON. that House do now adjourn. 91-339). Ordered to be printed. Mr. HALPERN. The motion was agreed to; accord­ Mr. DENT: Committee on House Adminis­ (The following Members Cat the re­ tration. House Concurrent Resolution 291. ingly (at 1 o'clock and 2 minutes p.m.) , Concurrent resolution to provide for the quest of Mr. PATTEN), to revise and ex­ the House adjourned until tomorrow, tend their remarks and to include ex­ printing of inaugural addresses from Presi­ Wednesday, July 2, 1969, at 12 o'clock dent George Washington 1io President Rich­ traneous matter:) noon. ard M. Nixon; with amendment (Rept. No. Mr. EILBERG. 91-340). Ordered to be printed. Mr. YATRON in two instances. Mr. DENT: Committee on House Adminis­ Mr. CORMAN in five instances. EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, tration. House Concurrent Resolution 294. Mr. DINGELL in two instances. ETC. Concurrent resolution authorizing the print­ ing as a House document of a representative Mr. GoNZALEZ in two instances. Under clause 2 of rule XXIV, executive Mr. PowELL in four instances. sampling of the public speeches of former communications were t.a.ken from the President Dwight D. Eisenhower (Rept. No. Mr.KOCH. Speaker's t.a.ble and referred as follows: 91-341). Ordered to be printed. Mr. EDWARDS of California in five in- 903. A letter from the Secretary of the Mr. DENT: Committee on House Admin­ stances. Army, tramsmitting a draft o! proposed legis- istration. House Resolution 409. Resolution Mr. RARICK in four instances. 1a,tton to amend titles 10, 32, and 37, United authorizing reprinting-of "Panel on Science Mr. NEDZI in three instances. States Code, with respect to accountab111ty and Technology 10th Meeting--SClence and Mr. McCOJUl,{ACK. a.ind responslblUty for U.S. property, and for Technology and the Cities, Proceedings Be­ Mr. RYAN in five instances. other purposes; to the Oommittee on Armed fore the Committee on Science and Astro­ Mr. PICKLE in three instances. Services. nautics"; with amendment (Rept. No. 91- Mr.BENNETT. 904. A letter from the chairman of the 342). Ordered to be printed. 01,ty Council of the D1str1ct of Columbia, Mr. DENT: Com.mtttee on House Admin­ Mr.MINISH. transmitting a dra.tt of a proposed amend­ istration. House Resolution 410. Resolution Mr. GALIFIANAKIS in two instances. ment 1io a pending bill rels.tlng to the D.C. authorizing reprinting of "Technical Infor­ Mr. HENDERSON in two instances. Tra.nsi:t System, Inc., which would provide mation for Congress" (Rept. No. 91-343). Mr. MANN in six instances. for cancellation of the franchise of the D.C. Ordered to be printed. Mr. LoNG of Louisiana in two in­ Transit Systems by no later than 1 year after Mr. DENT: Committee on House Adminis­ stances. the date of enactment, or at an earlier time tration. Senate Concurrent Resolution 21. Mr. DIGGS in four instances. if adequaite service ls not provided, or if the Concurrent resolution to print additional company begins w dispose of essen.rtlal a.ssei1:8 copies of parts 1 and 2, thermal pollution, of the company; t.o the Oommlttee on the 1968 hearings (Rept. No. 91-344). Ordered SENA TE BILLS REFERRED District of Columbia. 1io be printed. 905. A letter from the Comptroller General Mr. YOUNG. Committee on Rules. House Bills of the Senate of the following of the United states, tr.ansmlittlng a report Resolution 461. Resolution for consideration titles were taken from the Speaker's on the effectiveness and administration of of House Joint Resolution 247, joint resolu­ table and, under the rule, referred as the community action program under title tion relating to the administration of the II of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, national park system (Rept. No. 91-345). follows: as a.mended, in the Grand Rapids, Mich., Referred to the House Calendar. S. 980. An act to provide courts of the area, Office of Economic Opportunity; to the Mr. ANDERSON of Tennessee: Committee United States with jurisdiction over con­ Committee on Elduootion and I.Abor. on Rules. House Resolution 462. Resolution tract claims against nonappropriated fund 906. A letter from the Comptroller General for consideration of H.R. 471, a bill to amend activities of the United States, and for other of the United States, transmitting a report section 4 of the act of May 31, 1933 (48 Stat. purposes; to the Committee on the on the effeotiveness and a.dmintStra.tlon of 108) (Rept. No. 91-346). Referred to the Judiciary. the Eight Canyon Job Oorps Civt.lla.n Con- House Calendar. July 1, 1969 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 17983

Mr. SISK: Committee on Rules. House By Mr. LONG of Louisiana: By Mr. SIKES (for himself, Mr. Resolution 463. Resolution for consideration H.R. 12553. A bill to direct the Secretary FuQUA, Mr. BENNETT, Mr. HALEY, Mr. of H.R. 6508, a bill to provide assistance to of Commerce to reopen the Weather Bureau CHAPPELL, Mr. FASCELL, Mr. ROGERS the State of California for the reconstruc­ Station at Alexander, La.; to the Committee of Florida, Mr. BURKE of Florida, Mr. tion of areas damaged by recent storms, on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. PEPPER, Mr. CRAMER, Mr. FREY, and floods, landslides, and high waters (Rept. No. By Mr. MESKILL: Mr. GmBONS) : 91-347) . Referred to the House Calendar. H.R. 12554. A bill to provide for orderly H.R. 12564. A bill to rename a pool of the Mr. MATSUNAGA: Committee on Rules. trade in footwear; to the Committee on Ways Cross-Florida Barge Canal "Lake Ockla­ House Resolution 464. Resolution for con­ and Means. waba"; to the Committee on Public Works. sideration of H.R. 11702, a bill to amend the By Mr. MINSHALL: By Mr. TEAGUE of Texas (by re­ Public Health Service Act to improve and H.R. 12555. A bill to amend the Internal quest): extend the provisions relating to assistance Revenue Oode of 1954 to increase from $600 H.R. 12565. A bill to provide for the ap­ to medical libraries and related instrumen­ to $1,200 the personal income tax exemptions pointment of a layman as Deputy Chief Med­ talities, and for other purposes (Rept. No. of a taxpayer (including the exemption for ical Director of the Veterans' Administra­ 91-348). Referred to the House Calendar. a spouse, the exemptions for a dependent, tion; to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs. and the additional exemptions for old age By Mr. THOMSON of Wisconsin: and blindness); to the Oommittee on Ways H.R. 12566. A bill to amend the sman and Means. Business Act to make crime protection in­ PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS By Mr. NICHOLS: ' surance available to small business concerns; Under clause 4 of rule XXII, public H.R. 12556. A bill for the relief of the living to the Committee on Banking and Currency. descendants of the Creek Nation of 1814; to H.R. 12567. A bill to amend the Commu­ bills and resolutions were introduced and the Committee on Interior and Insular Af­ nications Act of 1934 to prohibit the grant­ severally referred as follows: fairs. ing of authority by the Federal Communi­ By Mr. ANDERSON of Illinois: By Mr. PODELL: cations Comxnission for the broadcast of pay H.R. 12548. A bill to amend the Commu­ H.R. 12557. A bill to amend the provisions television programs; to the Committee on nications Act of 1934 so as to prohibit the of the Public Health Service Act which relate Interstate a.nd Foreign Commerce. granting of authority to broadcast pay tele­ to student loans so as to provide for the By Mr. WYDLER: vision programs; to the Committee on Inter­ making of direct loans to U.S. citizens study­ H.R. 12568. A bill to amend the Commu­ state and Foreign Commerce. ing in foreign schools; to the Committee on nications Act of 1934 so as to prohibit the By Mr. DINGELL (for himself, Mr. Interatate and Foreign Commerce. granting of authority to broadcast pay tele­ LENNON, Mr. PELLY, Mr. DOWNING, H.R. 12558. A bill to amend the Tariff vision programs; to the Committee on Inter­ Mr. KEITH, Mr. KARTH, Mr. DELLEN· Schedules of the United States with respect state and Foreign Commerce. BACK, Mr. ROGERS of Florida, Mr. to the prohibition on the importation of cer­ By Mr. DENNEY: POLLOCK, Mr. HANNA, Mr. GOODLING, tain fur skins; to the Committee on Ways H.J. Res. 802. Joint resolution authorizing Mr. LEGGETT, Mr. MCCLOSKEY, Mr. and Means. and requesting the President to issue an­ ANNUNZIO, Mr. FREY, and Mr. H.R. 12559. A bill to repeal the prohibition nually a proclamation respecting children's BIAGGI): on the importation of certain fur skins; to block parades in celebration of the anniver­ H.R. 12549. A bill to amend the Fish and the Committee on Ways and Means. sary of the Declaration of Independence; to Wildlife Coordination Act to provide for the H.R. 12560. A bill to amend the Internal the Committee on the Judiciary. establishment of a Council on Environmen­ Revenue Code of 1954 to allow teachers to By Mr. McKNEALLY: tal Quality, and for other purposes; to the deduct from gro88 income the expenses in­ H.J. Res. 803. Joint resolution proposing Committee on Merchant Manne and Fish· curred in pursuing courses for academic an amendment to the Constitution of the eries. credit and degrees at institutions of higher United States relative to equal rights for By Mr. EDWARDS of California: education, and including certain travel; to men and women; to the Committee on the H.R. 12550. A bill to amend the Federal the Committee on Ways and Means. Judiciary. Hazardous Substances Act to protect chil­ By Mr. QUILLEN: By Mr. DON H. CLAUSEN (for him­ dren from toys and other articles intended H.R. 12561. A bill to equalize civil service self, Mr. CONTE, Mr. MCDADE, and Mr. for use by children which a.re hazardous due retirement annuities, and for other purposes; WYMAN); to the presence of electrical, mechanical, or to the Oommittee on Post Office and Civil H. Res. 460. Resolution to amend the Rules thermal hazards, and for other puposes; to Service. of the House of Representatives to create a the Committee on Interstate and Foreign H.R.12562. A bill to amend the Civil Serv­ standing committee to be known as the Com­ Commerce. ice Retirement Act to extend to employees mittee on the Environment; to the Com­ By Mr. HARSHA: retired on a.coount of disability prior to Oc­ mittee on Rules. H.R. 12561. A bill to amend chapter 44 of tober l, 1956, the minimum annuity base title 18, United States Code, to exempt am­ established for those retired after that date; munition from Federal regulation under the to the Committee on Poot Office and Civil PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS Oun Control Act of 1968; to the Committee Service. Under clause 1 of rule XXII, private on the Judiciary. H.R. 12563. A bill to am.end section 8338, By Mr. HOGAN: title 5, United States Code, to correct in­ bills and resolutions were introduced and· H.R. 12552. A bill to direct the Commis­ equities applica,ble to those employees or severally referred as follows: sioner o.f the District of Oolumbla to estab­ members separated from service with title By Mr. DUNCAN: lish an Ambulance Service Corps in the Dis­ to deferred annuities, and for other pur­ H.R. 12569. A bill for the relief of Mrs. trict of Columbia; to the Committee on the poses; to the Committee on Post Office and George Mooney; to the Committee on the District of Columbia. Civil Service. Judiciary.

SENATE~Tuesday, July 1, 1969 The Senate met at 11 o'clock a.m. and service to our fellow citizens. Give Thy S. 1531. An a.ct for the relief of Chi Jen was called to order by the President pro higher wisdom, we beseech Thee, to the Feng. tern.Pore. President of the United Staites, to those L. The Chaplain, the Reverend Edward in Congress assembled, a.rid to all whom EXECUTIVE MESSAGF.S REFERRED R. Elson, D.D., offered the following we have set in authority over the Nation. prayer: In Thy holy name. Amen. As in executive session, the President Almighty God, from whom cometh pro tempore laid before the Senate mes­ every good and perfect gift, we give Thee sages from the President of the United thanks for life and thought, for work MESSAGES FROM THE PRESI­ States submitting sundry nominations, DENT-APPROVAL OF BILLS which were referred to the Committee and love, for high craftsmanship and on the Judiciary. noble art, for pairent.s and friends, for Messages in writing from the Presi­ (For nominations this day received, see patriots and prophets, for teachers and dent of the United States were com­ the end of Senate proceedings.) statesmen; for this Nation rich in oppor­ municated to the Senate by Mr. Leonard, tunity and promise, and all the many one of his secretaries, and he announced blessings for which we gratefully praise that on June 30, 1969, the President had MESSAGE FROM THE HOUSE Thy bounteous providence. Enable us to approved and signed the following a.cits: live every day in the spirit of gm.titude, S. 1104. An a.ct for the reliet ot Thi Huong A message from the House of Repre­ and to use each hour and every faculty Nguyen and her minor child, Minh Linh sentatives, by Mr. Bartlett, one of its in repayment of Thy goodness and in Nguyen; ·and reading clerks, announced that the House