WikiLeaks Document Release http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 February 2, 2009

Congressional Research Service Report RL32723 Zimbabwe Lauren Ploch, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division

September 26, 2008

Abstract. This report describes the current situation within Zimbabwe and the policies adopted by key countries and institutions in the international community. Scenarios for Zimbabwe’s future are outlined. http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 Foreign Affairs, Defense, andTrade Division Updated September 26,2008 Analyst inAfrican Affairs Order Code RL32723 Zimbabwe Lauren Ploch http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 overre how to has restricted access tofood,already scar suppressed freedomofspeech repressive by itscritics, bolster itspower. Summary 2008 Elections andImplicationsfor U.S. Policy ev elections andothercurrent June most recentelections,in Marchand since 2002. Thisreportprovidesbackground oneventsleading uptothe country's ag targeted sanctions enforced has States Zimbab Secretary haslabeled ofState U.S. States andsomeotherform human of elections in2000andciting abuses damaging tothe continent and urged democratic reforms. Following controversial liberation leader.However,someAfrican require foodaidin2008.Dete contributed toa sharp dropinlife expectancy, and five millionare expected to government asabaseofMDCsupport.Th demolition ofthousandshomesandbusin viewed as ille his ruleandre-electionaspresiden party lostitsmajority inthe National Assembly. Mugabe has repeatedly extended when,forthe firs March 29,2008elections, challenge the ruling party. Reports ofpolitical violence rose sharply after Zimbabwe's The ruling partyelection. take hassince referendum failed,andtheMDC ofwhite-ownedland uncompensated seizure made government officialsimmune have le would against a2000referendumthat Change (MDC).Thenewparty surprised in 1999totheformationof led and 1990s after a long liberation war. Rising infla emigrate toneighboring c than 85%. A widely criticized urban inflation roseabove11,000,000%in2008,a will become Prime Minister, and cabinet positionswillbe divided among the parties. arrangement aimedatresolving thepolitical Mugabe MorganAfrica, signed leader apower-sharing andMDC Tsvangirai others. OnSeptember15,2008,afterse among President Robert Mugabe’s government President RobertMugabe’s Zimbabwe’s prospectsappeared promis President Mugabe hasenjoyedPresident consider decreas has Zimbabwe’s economicoutput gitimate by andth theUnitedStates spond, sp spond, ountries, creating asubsta lit intotwo factions in2005,hampering itsability to and itshumanrights record er allies of the government became vocal critics.The vocal er alliesofthegovernment became and assembly, andmany c ents, pleaseseeCRSReport RL34509, riorating conditions in the riorating conditionsin won nearly half the seat Zimbabwe tion and unemploymenttion breddiscontentinthe t in the June 2008 runoff election hasbeen 2008runoff t intheJune cleanup programcleanup in n numerous,oftenundemo ainst top Zimbabwe officials andassociates officials Zimbabwe top ainst from prosecution,andallowedthe from ce, inoppositionareas.TheMDC,divided theoppositionMovementforDemocratic many withitsinitialsuccess,campaigning we an“outpostofty leaders havecometoseehisconductas 2008.Forfurtherdiscussion ofthose standoff. Aspartofthe deal, Tsvangirai e adult HIV infectionrateof18%has e adult nd unemployment isestimatedatmore for redistributionto ing in1980,asitgained independence esses in poor urban areas, seenby the urban esses inpoor galized thepresident’scontinuedrule, t timesinceindependence,theruling able popularity inAfricaasaformer rights and the rule oflaw,theUnited the and rights veral weeksofnegotiations inSouth has been seen as autocratic and hasbeenseenasautocratic ed dramatically since1998,official e UnitedNationsSecretary-General, . ntial burdenontheregion. ontend thatthegovernment is poor. The regime has The ispoor. s in the 2000 parliamentary s inthe2000 countryhave ledmany to ranny,”United andthe 2005 resulted inthe black farmers. The farmers. black cratic actionsto Zimbabwe: http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 International Perspectives ...... 29 The Economy Humanitarian Situation ...... 17 Political Situation Background Developments Leading tothe2008Elections Contents Other International PerspectivesU.S. Policy ...... 34 ...... 30 The Military andtheEconomy “Look East”Polic The Mining Industry andNationa Attempts toReviveAgriculture Industry The IMF and the WorldHIV/AIDS Bank ...... 25 ...... 24 Zimbabwe’s Food Crisis Operation Political Violence The MovementInternal ZANU-PF Struggles 2005 SenateElections forRestrictions onPolitical Freedoms Democratic Change (MDC)Parliamentary Elections2005 ...... 13 U.S. AssistanceU.S. SupportforAfrican Diplomacy Congressional Response ...... 32 Sanctions ...... 30 Food asaPoliticalWeapon? Operation ViolationsContinued EvictionsandOperation The International Response of DomesticPolitical Motivations? and InternationalOpposition DefianceAgainst aBan onProtestsandRallies Law ...... 21 Division intheOpposition TreasonOrigins Charges...... 14 of the MDC ...... 13 ElectionCharges Observers...... 9Election-Related of Election Rigging Violence ...... 8 ...... 7 PowerMarch 2008Elections SharingSouth AgreementMarch 2007Arrests African ...... 5 Mediation ...... 1 ...... 5 ...... 25 Murambatsvina ...... 7 Taguta y...... 28 ...... 16 ...... 23 ...... 12 ...... 22 ...... 1 ...... 17 ...... 18 ...... 3 ...... 31 ...... 12 ...... 7 ...... 14 lization ofForeignlization Companies ...... 28 ...... 19 ...... 23 ...... 10 Garikai ...... 27 ...... 1 ...... 32 ...... 20 ...... 27 ...... 15 http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 Prospects for the Future ...... 41 List ofFigures List Figure 1. Map of Zimbabwe ...... 43 SADC...... 40 The AfricanSouthNigeria Africa...... 37 Union ...... 39China ...... 37 Commonwealth and IranEuropean ...... 35 United ...... 35 Union Kingdom...... 34 ...... 34 http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 its concern,disappointment,anddisapproval told theSouthAfrican parliament, “The S public protests instated government by inmid-February.Zimbabwean the on They arrest. ban their athree-month following police wereaccusedofviolating 4 3 2 1 jumping outtosave their lives.” Mwanawasa comparedthecountry to Levy Zambia’s President leaders, African from statements critical most of the Zimbabwe grew after the arrests, even among former allies onthe continent. In one raid ontheoppositionheadquarters. Tsvangirai wasdetained again, withothe ( Defiance" sectionbelow).Opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai which one oppositionsupporter was shot the March 11,2 and that the talks failed tocreate a level playing field priortothe elections. held onMarch29,2008.Humanrights activists by many asrepressivepriortothecount Zimbabwe andtheopposition.Thetalksresu beganThabo Mbeki amedi President African Following 2007assaultby theMarch po economy continuestocollapse,andth allegedly beatenattheairportwhen hetriedtoleave. theirdeparture,anda allow to refused receivemedicalto treatment fortheirinjuri arrest. Two oppositionofficialswho were arrested Election,” March 2008,andInternational CrisisGr Flawed ElectoralConditionsinZi Report RL34509, “Zimbabwe ‘A Sinking Titanic,’” Watch, See,forexample, HumanRights electi 2008 Forfurtherdiscussionofthe The oppositionofficials were The releasedintothecustody oftheirlawyersthe days after CHAHN-gih-R-EYE South African Mediation. March 2007Arrests. With officialinflationrising a Developments Leadingtothe2008Elections Africa ReportNo.138 007, crac Zimbabwe: 2008ElectionsandIm ) and several others reportedl others several and ) kdown onoppositionand civil society activists, during Zimbabwe received international media attention media for attention international received Zimbabwe , March20,2008. mbabwe's ComingGeneralElections, Zimbabwe 4 One ofSouthAfrica’s Financial Times, bove 11 million percent in2008,Zimbabwe’sbove 11millionpercent International criticismthe situation of in nother oppositionofficial, Nelson Chamisa, was es. Accordinginitially police tomediareports, ons andothercurrentevents, pleaseseeCRS ry's elections,whichwere first harmonized oup, “Zimbabwe: ProspectsfromFlawed a “a sinking Titanic whosepassengers are Titanic “a sinking outh African government wishes to express outh Africangovernment wishesto e outlook for its people remains grave. people e outlookforits r party members,onMarch28inapolice All OverAgain:Hu lice ongovernment critics,then-South and killed by po ation effort betweenthegovernment of lted in some changesregardedin tolaws lted ofthemeasuresundertakenby the were later allowed were togo toSouthAfrica argue thatthechangescosmetic were plications forU.S.Policy March22,2007. y by severebeatings received Deputy Foreign Ministers man RightsAbusesand lice (see Vol. 20,No.2(A), Vol. "Oppos . 2 1 ition 3 http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 and PoliticsinZimbabwe talking sowe dohave electi these electionsaregenuinely freeandfair elec change, fordemocratic pushed instead opposition. Mbeki,whoopposedcallsforregime the and Zimbabweangovernment efforts. SouthAfricanPresidentThaboMb Mugabegovernment andthatBritain should same timesuggestingcountries thatwestern summit, theSADCleadersresolvedtoprom disappointing by humanrights activ Zimbabwean president,whowasin attenda reforms. Reports suggest tough that inprivatebeen onthe the leaders mayhave pressureonMugabe make increase to to state of heads SADC the observers expected Community (SADC)leadersconvened that hismediationhadach would beheldon March 29, political activity, the talks were aba and pressfreedom restrict seento laws ofsome amendment the to leading parties, the by Harare. to avisit Mbeki with President coincide to set protest a peaceful during beatings severe society sustained civil organization, reportedly pro-democracy On November22,2007,22membersofthe opposition. although someobserverssuggest thea responsible foraseriesofbombings targ Civil Society Organization B negotiations. violence against oppositionleaderss and Administration andtheMDCfactions an “absence ofopen politicalon dialogue.” security forces indealing withthe political 10 9 8 7 6 5 Association, Falsehood, AtWorst, A Lie in claims government's the refuted NGOForumZimbabwe Human has Rights Zimbabwe: TheNakedTruth, Volume2, Police, The government's The allegations areoutlined in reports produced by theZimbabwe Republic See,forexample, Solidarity PeaceTrust, Regime “Mbeki Rejects Change,” “Zimbabwe Crisis Deepens,” “RSA Parliamentarians “RSA Urge St PressStatement of U.S. De Given the strong statements made by some southern African leaders, many leaders, African by made strong the statements Given southern some Although the South Africa negotiations re Africa Although theSouth AccordingDepartment tohumanU.S. rights ofState,the and activists political Opposition Forces inZimbabw Forces Opposition 9 March28,2007. Harassmentofuniversity students 8 The Mugabe Administration accused the opposition ofbeing TheMugabe Administrationaccusedtheopposition , Johannesburg, July 10,2007. , August 2007, available at[http://www.hrforumzim.com]. ieved “commendableachieveme eatings During President Mbeki's November Visit,” 26,2007. partment of State Spokesman SeanMcCormack, “Zimbabwe: 2008. Despite President Mbeki's reporttoSADCleaders ons that arefreeandfair.” ons that Voice of America of Voice ronger ActionAgainst Zimbabwe,” Financial Times, ndoned afterMugabe announcedthat elections e: ATrailofViolence ists andcriticsoftheregime. CRS-2 began 2007. inPretoriaJune Destructive Engagement: an emergency summitonMarch28,2007. available at [http://www.moha.gov.zw/]. The [http://www.moha.gov.zw/]. at available tions, saying “you might questionwhether nce, buttheirpublicresponsewasdeemed ...butwehavetoget theZimbabweans eki wasappointedtomediatebetweenthe eting shops, trains,and policestations, eting shops, ttacks were an attempt to frame the ttacks wereanattempttoframe protests,” blaming the protests,” current situation shoulddroptheir sanctions against the provide funding toassistinlandreform ote dialogue withinthecountry, atthe upporters con , April6,2007. National Constitutional Assembly, a National Constitutional sulted inseveralagreements between 5 SouthernAfricanDevelopment by reportedly also police increased. April2,2007. 7 Talks between the Mugabe and nts,” Morgan Tsvangirai tinued inspite of the Opposition Forcesin Violence, Mediation, South AfricanPress 6 During the At Best a Best At 10

http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 April 18,2007. significant pre-election irregularities. The Zimbabwean government invited election sitting president resigns, isincapacitated, ordies inoffice. a presidentialcandidateandex a new bottle,”in wine butrival “old MDCleader as ArthurMutambara withdrew as secretaryexecutive the ofSADC.Oppos criticizingadministration' the of because MDC supportedthelegislation some changes seenasconcessionsto support ofMDCMPs.Thefinalversion surprise ofmany observers, Amendmentwere Bill, included which, ina tothe controversialConstitutional to resign mid-term and use parlia Mugabe may nothaveintended also proposed (ZANU-PF) toa support. with the new constituencies created inrural areas where the ruling party has stronger proposals wereaneffortto manipulate th 57, served as Finance Minister from 2000to Minister 57, servedasFinance is rumoredtohavethesupportofsevera subsequently fromth expelled in the upcoming elections. He was Mugabe intention torunagainst President Candidacy for2008Elections,” 6, 2007. 150 to 210 and the number of senators from 66 to 84. to 150 to210andthenumberofsenatorsfrom66 addition, theyin votedtobackefforts and toreducesame the time, terms forall public tofive offices years. fromsix In negotiated by PresidentMbeki,havenotch haschanged...changes inthelaw, announced inFebruary 2008that“nothing 15 14 13 12 11 resolution toholdallelections their presidentialcandidateinMa from withinhisownparty, the party’s central committeenominated Mugabe tobe prior tothe elections. Despite rumorsofdissatisfaction withMugabe’s continued rule Change (MDC Movement forDemocratic Financial Gazette, 2008. “Zimbabwe Ruling Party Accused of Radio, Zimbabwean ofreporton Text Barry Bearak, “Zimbabwe Opponent Criticizes Mbeki,” Dumisani Muleya, “Mugabe’s Latest Survival Strategy,” “Mugabe SaidPlanning to Amend Constitu In the periodpreceding theMarch2008 elec In February 2008,then-ZANU-PF senior March 2008Elections. 13 The ruling Zimbabwe African Union-Patriotic National Front party April13,2007. was passedby the pa s economicpolicies.Makonial BBC Monitoring, (presidential, pa e party andisrunning as pressed hissupportforMakoni. The two factions ofthemainoppositionparty,two The the to serve an entire term if re-elected, instead planning instead re-elected, if term an entire serve to llow the parliament toselect a new president if the ment tohand-pickhissuccessor. Manipulating Electoral Process,” rch 2007.Thecommitteealsosupporteda CRS-3 the opposition, and reports suggest that the that the opposition,andreportssuggest crease thenumberofparliamentarians from e electoral process through gerrymandering,through e electoralprocess l unnamed senior party officials. Makoni, l unnamedseniorparty officials. “Zimbabwe Ruling Party EndorsesMugabe ition leader Tsvangirai dismissedMakoni progress intheSouth Africa negotiations. tion Over PossibleMid-Term Resignation,” of the legislation, did,however,include the of ), whichsplitin2005,remaineddivided anged the behavior of the dictatorship.” angedthe behaviorof 2002andwasreportedl memberSimbaMakoniannounced his April1,2007. rliamentary, andlo rliament in September 2007 with the rliament inSeptember2007with tions, civilsociety activistsreported 12 New York Times York New an independent,although he Zimbabwe Independent, Critics contend that these Critics 14 so previously servedas Analysts suggest that cal council)atthe 15 y dismissedafter Voice of America of Voice The proposals The , February 14, April 11 , http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 He received 110 votes, beating MDC-MMP He received110 Lovemore Moyo,MP fromtheMDCTsva an thepar between theparties.When pressed fortalks leaders international andother Mbeki asPresident of anewcabinet declared illegitimate by in therunoffelectionwas victory 29,2008.Hiselectoral inaugurated onJune Mugabe as scheduled. the wasdeclared conditions for afreeandfairelectiondidnot and apresidentialstatementfromtheUnite days beforetheelection.Despitepub supporters andthelackofalevelplayin results,announcedtheNational electoral the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission(ZEC), widely criticized foritsdelayed release of needed toavoidarunoff. than the incumbent, President Robert Muga They indicated thatopposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai had r tensions, theresultsofpresidentia in the220-seatNationalAssembly, over National Assembly. TheMD election. For thefirsttime since independence, received 43.2percentandMakoni 8.3percent. Assembly, Senate,andpresidential)simultaneously. Western mediaorganizationsWestern andjournalists 40 countriesandregi observers fromover 20 19 18 17 16 other thatMugabe. anyone the police,publiclythat theyannounced w Several ofthecountry’s security servicech attempt topunishoppositionsupportersanden increased dramatically, inwhat manygovernment-orchestrateda criticswascontend months afterthefirstround.During thefollo theZEC declaredthattheruno results, toholdarunoffelection the government against President Mugabe ina second round initially objectedtoparticipa to covertheelections. allegedly barredobserversfromcountriesc “CNNDeniedPermission toCo See“FirstPollObservers inZimbabwe,” "Zim PrisonsChief OrdersOfficersto ZEC The declaredthatTsvangirai hadreceived 47.9percent of the votes, whileMugabe 2008 The "harmonized" elections wereheldfo President Mugabe delayed the swearing inofthe new parliament and the naming Zimbabwe's first"harmonized" el Although theoppositionaccusedgovernment of manipulating theresultsand 17

several countries,including theUnitedStates. 19 20 C factions, which reunite ting in a runoff, Morgan Tsvangirai agreed tostand ting inarunoff,Morgan Tsvangirai Citing the high number ofattacks against MDC ver ElectionsinZimbabwe,” liament wassworninonAugust 25,2008, lic commentsfromAfrican observer missions Vote Mugabe," Vote Reuters,February 29, 2008. CRS-4 ections wereheldon March 29, 2008. l racewerebelatedly announced onMay 2. g field, Tsvangirai withdrew from therace from g field,Tsvangirai withdrew BBC ff would not be held until June 27,three ff wouldnotbehelduntilJune ZANU-PF’s 97. After a month ofrising ZANU-PF’s 97.Afteramonth ould notrecognize an onal organizations, including SADC,but within 21days ofannouncing theinitial winner with over 85%ofthevoteand over with winner iefs, including theheadsofarmyand be, buthadfailedtogarner the 50 percent d NationsSecurity Councilarguing that wing weeks,reportsof political violence onsidered tobecriticalofitspolicies. werealsoreportedl Paul Themba-Nyathi,Paul whohadreceived of voting. While electorallawrequires While voting. of r alllevels ofgovernment (local,National , March11,2008. exist, the government heldtherunoff exist, ngirai faction,waselected asSpeaker. Assembly resultsf the ruling party lostitsmajoritythe in sure aMugabe victory intherunoff. d onApril28,won109seats CNN y deniedpermission , March25,2008. eceived more votes more eceived electoral victory by our days afterthe 18 The 16 http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 financial supportfo policies, land expropriation economic challenges, the government ofZimbabwe began toimplement aggressive critical ofthe government’s economicpolitical performance. and Facing rising ofitsurban movement andasegment spontaneous andoftenviolen to white farmers amenable toleaving their lands. seller” programwilling to recognition thatlandreformwas necessary commercial farmscruc majority ofarableland. the whiteminority, whocomposedlessthan ministries, and implementation will require major concessions fromall sides. the Zimbabwe parties are nowstruggling todetermine whowillcontrol key context, seeCRS ReportRL31229, the police, which fallsundertheMinistry of forces. Thetext control ofthearmed Mugabe,who willremainbut force,policecontrol head ofthe ofstate, wouldretain ZANU-PF willtake15positions. which of 16 ministerialpositions,three positions willbe divided among the parties. ina new unityMinister government,Tsvangirai and cabinetPrime willbecome a of frame forthedrafting andadoption arrangement aimedatresolving thepoliti negotiations overseenby Mbeki,Mugabe werearrestedwhentheyMPs arrivedfor 98 votes,including thoseofmost ZANU- 22 21 demand by the majoritygreat for the greatest challenges newgovernment AmongZimbabwe. facing was the the of majority in1979thatresultedtheestab government ofSouthernR mo in resulted decades-long civilwarthat affairs. forthe Ministers, willberesponsible will leadthecabinet,butreportssuggest For more information onZimbabwe’s land "Zimbabwe Rivals Sign Power-Shar Dissatisfaction with the pace of land the Dissatisfaction with Power SharingAgreement.Power After yearsAfter ofeconomic 21 AswasthecaseinKenya during pow r resettlement. ial tothecountry’s economy, redistribute commercial far redistribute commercial Many observersconsideredthecountry’s white-owned hodesia concludedaseriesof leading Britain andother t farm invasions. At the sa the t farminvasions.At Background sanctions byintern the Early reportssuggested thatTsvangirai wouldgain er equityer inlanddistribution. Zimbabwe Backgrounder ing Deal,"Reuters,September 15,2008. OnSeptember15,afterseveralweeksof CRS-5 the agreement, however, leaves oversightof however,leaves agreement, the that Tsvangirai, who will chairaCouncilof Tsvangirai, that lishment of the government oftheRepublic the lishment of middle class were becoming increasingly werebecoming class middle cal standoff.Theagreement outlines a time re than30,000dead,thewhiteminority rule will comefromtheMDC-Mfaction,and ofHomeAffairs, the swearing in,butwerelaterreleased. day-to-day management ofgovernment PF members of par membersof PF . Britain initiallybuyer,“willing fundeda new constitution.Aspartofthedeal, new and Tsvangirai signed apower-sharing The MDC factionsThe willreportedly take 5% of the population, owned population, the vast the of 5% reform grew andledinthe 1990sto redistribution issue and other historical other redistribution issueand er sharing negotiations in early 2008, mland, offering compensation although therewasageneral donors tobegin withdrawing me time,thecountry’s labor agreements withtheblack ational community and a , by Raymond Copson. undetermined.Mugabe liament. TwoMDC-T 22 Atindependence, http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 December 2006. expectancy fellfromanestimated56years2008. in in1990to39.7 than 18%ofadults inZimbabwe are infected byHIV/AIDS the virus,and life of Africa,”muchZimbabwe’s popula affecting neighboring count For more information, Failed StatesIndex,” see“The 2005 to2006,andtwopoints sincethen,suggesting and socialdysfunction.”conflict Zimbabwe’s military indicatorstorank countries inorde population living onlessthan$2per day. byaccompanied a sharp decline inliving standards, withmore than 80%ofthe continued formonthsafter the elections. Zimbabwe’s political difficulties have been best to stop the violence. Reports of g best tostoptheviolence.Reports March 29,2008,brought internationalc wakeof the ofsuchabusesin broad scale ha violence andhumanrights violations against supportersoftheMDC;mo employees, andtheir as farmers aswell white against attacks werenumerous there wi invoked emergencyland powerstotake moved ontoanestimated1,000white-ownedfarm Change (MDC). Within days of the vote war veterans and ruling partysupporters asavictoryseen foranewoppositi was that in its view layits in withBritain.that There constitution thatwouldallowlandseizur 25 24 23 magazine has ranked Zimbabwe thirdinits Sudan. Sources: Literacy: Languages: 1%, Whitelessthan1% groups: Ethnic expectancy atbirth: Life rate: growth Population Approximate size: Population: Unemployment: HIV Rate: Infection GDP Per Capita rate: GDP realgrowth UNAIDS Department forInternational Development (DFID), The Washington-based The Since then,thecountry’s problemsha In 2000,thegovernment heldarefere 25 Observers confrontingdifficulties are Zimbabwe concerned arethe that CIA Factbook; Economist World Intelligence Unit; UNAIDS

, ReportontheGlobalAIDS Epidemic2006 Total Population: English (official),Shona, Sindebele 12.4 million African98%(Shona82%,Ndebele14%,other2%), 80% : $158 Slightly larger thanMontana 18.1%(adults,aged 15-49) -6.1% Foreign Policy Foreign 39.7years 0.568% 90.7%; ries anddeterring investorsfromtheregion. Zimbabwe ataGlance Zimbabwe Male: re than30peoplewerekilled. magazine uses12economic,and social,political, CRS-6 overnment-orchestrated ferendum was rejectedby 55%ofvotersand ve accompaniedelectionssince2000. The ondemnation, but little consensusonhow but ondemnation, tion is now dependent on food aid. More tion isnowdependentonfoodaid. 94.2%; 23 the most recent general elections, held on held general recent elections, most the es without compensation, a responsibility es withoutcompensation,a ranking on theindexdropped14 pointsfrom on party, theMovementforDemocratic index offailedstates index r oftheir“vulnerability toviolent internal Once touted as a potential “breadbasket asapotential Once touted thout compensation.During thistime ve deepened. Substantialpolitical ve deepened. andanumber oftribaldialects. the country’s situationhasdeteriorated. ndum to approve changesapprove tothe to ndum Female: s, and,monthslater,thePresident Foreign Policy Foreign , andCIA Country Profile:Zim 87.2% , CIAWorld Factbook , behindSomaliaand human rights abuses , May/June 2007. , May/June

Mixed andAsian 24 Foreign Policy babwe, . http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 President Mugabe himself has grown withinthe party. internal competition,a also suffered divideduntilaftertheMa remained party (MDC), splitovertacticalissuesin2005,a fair.” Thecountry’s mainoppositionpart judgedhave elec international observers on press and other political freedoms, left little need forviolent repression. limitations harassment ofcivilsociety andthepoliticalopposition, combined with and fair,” and that there were some incidents ofviolence. Critics suggest that state the 2000and2002elections,ma preceded which violence surrounding the2005elec political of the storiesthatdidappear covered ontelevisionorinthe Legislative Elections,”March8,2005. independent candidate. rather than elected). The MDC won41seat TheMDC elected). than rather 150-member parliament, and alleging government effort them in2000and2002,werec 28 27 26 a Paris-basedorganization th mediawasse the state-run supporters suggest voterssimply lostfa climate ofintimid the alleged useof food distributionsby the leaving little time tocampaign. Violence againstvoters inpastMDC elections, and 2005 electionbecauseitdelayedthe in a 57 seatsinitsfirstelections.Someobserve Parliamentary Elections2005 human rights asacovertopushforregime change. a “propaganda war” backedby Britain a basic freedoms.Thegovernmentrestricting Critics citehigh leve under increasing scrutiny fromhumanrights ReportersWithoutBorders, “No LetupinAbusive Weeks Three MediaTactics Before Moyo, Jonathan former Information Mini “Imperialists Can’t Preach Human Rights,” Election-Related Violence. The MDC’s representationin Zimbabwe heldlegislative elections Zimbabwe hasbeenruledsinceinde ation may havealsodiscourag ls of corruption, politicalviolence,andstrictly of enforcedlaws ls taking 108 seats (of these,30ar taking 108seats were typically disparaging. verely limited,according toRe Political Situation at supportspressfreedom. ontroversial, with the oppositiondisputing theresults with ontroversial, s to deny a fair race.ZANU- Herald parliamenthaddeclinedsince2000,whenitwon Although most observersagree thatthelevel Although most CRS-7 , the government-controlled newspaper,and , thegovernment-controlled nd someobserverssuggest oppositionto ith inMDCpromises. Opposition accessto decision to participate until December 2004, December decision toparticipateuntil nd the United States, using States, United democracynd the and tions since2000tobe“farfromfreeand pendence by ZANU-PF, whichhascome in 2005. The elections,likethosebefore rch 2008elections.Theruling party has ster, left ZANU-PF and wasster, leftZANU-PF electedasan and y, the Movement forDemocraticChange ruling party tosecurevotes,andageneral nd despiteattempts The Herald, rs argue thattheMDCdidnotdo as well s, andoneseatwenttoanindependent. contends its detract contendsits activists, both at home and abroad. activists,bothathomeand tions was significantly less thanthat ny argue theelectionwasnot“free ed MDC support. Government ed MDCsupport. January 19,2007. January e appointedby thePresident 28 26 porters Without Borders, porters Without PF retainedcontrol of the TheMDCwasrarely Manyand domestic at reconciliation,the ors haveengaged in 27 http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 victims ofviolence. See[http://www.hrforumzim.com]. forumri producesmonthly reportsonthehuman South AfricanBar. Chairmans oftheBar ofEngland andWalestheIrish Bar, andViceChairman ofthe investigativean teamDecember toZimbabwe Councilsent 2004.The which included the votefortwocandidatesaddedto reported. Once the resultscamein, turnout voter in whichtheZEC announced turnout total. This createdasuspicionth turnout total.This by staffed Court anElectoral a to andcreated vote, deeply judiciary.”compromised residency biased retained re employZEC powersto the securitygranted Act forces, Electoral the improvements, democracyto theU.S.-based advocacy According performance. past by its discredited considered many Commission, which before theelection,leaving many of pres “independent” ZEC, appointedbythe prior Act (ZEC) ActandtheElectoral Communitygovernment (SADC),thethepassed Zimbabwe Electoral Commission to democraticprotocols underand laws that many cons political system isundemocraticbecauseel ‘Inconsistent’ with Constitution,” principle ofseparation powers.“Zimba appointment ofcommissioners totheelectora theattorney-general,justice, andthejustic Againstdecision gave thearguments theoppositionfurther legal recourse. ofthechief rights organizations, reportedmorethan Nevertheless, theZimbabweRi Human 32 31 30 29 wasrigged. the election psychological and physicalof combination intimidation and threats ofviolence.” judicial appointmentsandforcedthe over thelegal system ina2004report,su of BarristersandAdvocatesdescribedextens constituencies, whichZANU-PF candidates redistricting ofthreeurbanseatshe shifts arisingattributed topopulationfrom ZANU-PF. The2004gerrymandering of designed tointimidatetheoppositionand Freedom House,“Country Report:Zimbabwe,” NGOForum, Zimbabwe Human Rights Although none of the 2005 results wereov 2005 Althoughthe noneof International CouncilofBarristersandAdvocates, Charges of ElectionRigging. Charges The MDCchallenged theresultsofnum The Mugabe government has employed other legal tactics seen by as critics 32 Theirallegations focusedon established by theSouthe quirements for voters,denied ider biased infavor of the ruling party. In response The Financial Gazette CRS-8 Many Zimbabwean analysts the argue that ghts NGOForum, acoalitionof17human ZANU-PF candidate won ineachcase,but candidate ZANU-PF Political Violence Report, March ld by the MDC intothree new rural MDC ld bythe bwe Court Rules 2005 Electoral Legislation bwe CourtRules2005Electoral removal of impartial judges “throughremoval ofimpartial a to the2005elections.However,new to 300 assaultsinthepre-electionperiod. gether theinitialZEC-reported exceeded e minister, thecourtruledthatjudicial group FreedomHouse,“despitesome ggesting theruling party hasinterfered in produce a political landscapefavorableto a produce erturned, a2006Zimbabwean supreme court at additionalvoteshadbeengiven tothe l court was unconstitutionalandviolated the the preparations totheoldElectoral the preparations ident, wasonly establishedtwomonths its landreformprogram, resultedinthe ections are administered by institutions ections areadministered won in2005.TheInternational Council constituencies, whichthegovernment ive effortsby ZANU-PF to gain control erous 2005races in court,claiming that totalsbeforethevoteresultswere ghts situationinZimbabwe andassists Freedom intheWorld 2006 The State of Justice in Zimbabwe , July 27,2006. , July several largely ruraldistricts rn African Development rn African most expatriates the right . 2005. The 29 30 31

, http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 stabilitywhole.” notonlya as inZimbabwe, butalsoregion inthe will go a long way incontributing ofdemocracyconsolidation tothe and political of Zimbabwe have expressed their willinan impressively instructive manner that mana well credible, holding ofapeaceful, South AfricanDeputy PresidentMlambo-Ng De Leading African team. Southern the observers wereinvited,and and 6000observers fortheelection itself. humanrights35 andcivicof groups basedin Post the election,isavailable failed, onmostaccounts,toensurea TheZLHRsupporters. opposition reportc reported theuseofPOSA,MOA,and AIPPA allegations focusedonlarge numbers of vot final talliesweredue the an indicationofvoterturnout,andthedisc According tothe ZEC, they had initially re ZANU-PF candidatesduring thetabulati 37 36 35 34 were similar discrepancies inother districts. 33 a reportcriticalofthe2002election,wa ParliamentaryForum, which consists of Both statementsreceivedsubs did notcoincidenum total withthe counting processmany at pollingstations, and that insome cases the total voter tally the opposition.Theobserverscontendedth by intimidation,“politicizati no incidents ofovert political violence, butnoted the pre-election period was marked seriouscredibility threatoverall tothe ofthe electoral process.” Their reports cited cited alackoftransparency surrounding Network (ZESN), werecriticaloftheelec Zimbabwe Lawyers forHumanRights (Z away foralleged registration problems. had “unanimously agreed that the elections were credible, legitimate, free and fair.” South Africa’sparliamentary ZESN, ZESN, “The RealFraudinZimbabwe,” “The “Zimbabwe’s Enabler;South Africa reportoftheZLHR,a The localhuman rights The ZEC eventually haltedthereleaseoftu , April4,2005. The Mugabe regime placed limits onforeig Election Observers. Report onZimbabwe’s2005GeneralElection, at [http to poorcommunicationsfromruralareas.Otheropposition Russia wastheonlysend a Europeancountryto asked on offooddistribution,”andalackmediaaccessby observer mission was quoted sayingwas mission observer thatthedelegation Many domestic election observers, such as the Manyas domesticelectionobservers,such ://www.zlhr tantial criticism intheinte Washington Times ber ofvotescastforthecandidates. Falls Short asMonitorofDemocracy free andfairelectoralprocess.” CRS-9 velopment Community (SADC)delegation, s notinvitedtoobservethevote. Zimbabwe, deployedlong-term 260 observers .org.zw]. legislators fromtheregion andhadissued LHR) andtheZimbabwe ElectionSupport tions. During thepre-electionperiod,they repancies betweenthos oncluded, “Zimbabwean authoritieshave ged and transparent election.Thepeople gedand organizationobserversfor thatdeployed44 on phasetopreventMDCvictories. voter registration asa“significant and leased earlyleased totals coming intoprovide ers in contested areasreportedly contested ers in turned cuka congratulate throughout the election period against throughout theelectionperiod ey were restricted accesstothevote eyrestricted were rnout totals, soitisnotknownifthere rnout n observersfortheelection.NoU.S. , April6,2005. April ZESN, 2005.The acoalition rnational press.TheSADC d Zimbabwe on“the e initialfigures and 36 34 35 ,” Washington Theheadof Both groups

33 37 http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 in Zimbabwe Rule Out Fair Elections,” [http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2005/44141.htm]. Secretary ofStateC observers andU.S.Embassy staffwhowe 40 39 38 dissent and influence political developments include the following: about human rights inZimbabwe. Laws th Freedoms onPolitical Restrictions felt by oppositionpoliticalpartieswhoc noted concernthat“theelect U.N. Secretary-General KofiAnnancomme MISA, Secretary-General Annan’s statement is statement The ofSecretary Rice,ma Western governments condemned the elections. Based on reports from domestic from reports on Based condemnedtheelections. governments Western ! ! Legislative actionsintheZANU-PF-do collapse toemigrate weredisenfranchised. Zimbabweans who have beenforcedbyof thenation’seconomic and millions of assembly wasconstrained;food was us tilted inthegovernment’sfavor. Theindependentpress was muzzled; freedom electoralplaying free and fair.The not fieldwas heavilywas election process Although thecampaign the peaceful, andelectionday itselfwasgenerally confidence” in the security forces, and prohibits false statements false security the in confidence” forces,andprohibits orc false” aboutthepresident to deemed statements prohibits Act(MOA). Offences Miscellaneous (Codification andReform) Act (“Criminal Law Code”) Law Criminal the (POSA), Act Security and Order Public The countered thatAIPPA encour Daily News be officially accredited. The g licensed, andthat all journalists (AIPPA). a AccesstoInformation The communication anywherecommunication inthe world.” society civil and media overthe control ofstate instruments legal effective most AIPPA “oneofthe is that hasstated (MISA) police raided their office. The Media Institute ofSouthern Africa Bloomberg News,andthe Press, three Zimbabwean correspondents fortheAssociated Annual Report, April2003-March2004 Annual This 2002 Act requires thatallmediaservicesbe This2002Act , theonly remaining indepe ondoleezza Riceissuedthefollowingondoleezza statement: oral processhas not countered Times Voice Of America (VOA) America Of Voice CRS-10 ages responsiblejournalism. overnment, citing AIPPA, closed available at[http://www.un.org/News/ossg/]. de on April 1, 2005, is available online at available de onApril1,2005,is , includingcorrespondents, foreign onsidered to“undermin(e)public be “abusive, indecent, obscene,or indecent, be “abusive, onsider theconditionswereunfair.” nd Protection of Privacynd Protection Act of of London, fledZimbabweLondon, after of at criticscontendhavebeen used to quiet re allowed toobservetheelection,U.S. re allowed ed as aweapontosway hungry voters; nded the election’s lackofviolence but 38 ; “MediaInstitute SaysRestrictionsPress ndent daily, in2003. In 2005, minated parliament raisedconcerns minated parliament POSA,alsoenactedin2002, 40 Thegovernment has thesenseofdisadvantage , April5,2004. , andthe The 39 http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 email, andtelephonecommunica allow the governmentwould tomonitorall Internet,Communicationswhich Bill, other legislation that itc analysts contendbreach international hum subsequently passed constitutional several amendmentscontroversial which some of Assembly, giving thepartypower the 2007. and approvedinJune the ParliamentaryLegal (chairedCommitteeby an MDCMP),butwas later revised against thecountry. charged thatthey lobby plannedto abro leadershavehadtheirpasspor union and MDC Zimbabwe. officials, leave to right Journalists, the andrestricts State” of the whenmovement itisin“the of freedom public interest”economic“the interests orin Zimbabweof AmendmentAct(No.17)allo 43 42 41 to both AIPPA and POSA.suggestCritics the amendments did not adequately amendment alsorevivedtheupperhous evict farmersandresettle former farmownerstooccupy nationaliz Gazetted Land (Consequentia acquisition ofagricultural landby thestat “Title Deeds to4,000Farms “Title Nullified,” Solidarity PeaceTrust, POSA,see[http://www.kubatana.net/docs/legisl/posa060203.doc]. the of text the For The opposition has had limited success in success The oppositionhashadlimited In the 2005electionsZANU-PF wonovertw The SouthAfrica-led SADC ! thousands ofpoliticalopponentsa thousands state. the to prejudicial Peoples’ Rights hasrecomme onHumanand activities andfunding. TheAfricanCommission powers toinvestigate groups a the government, and a “probe team” ofintelligence officers has wide They the activitiesofdomesticNGOs. to limit that thegovernment hasusedthePVOAct,enactedin2002, Act. (PVO) Organizations Voluntary Private The gatherings. may police” the necessaryassisting use“all force” to stop unlawful and wasoftenusedwithPOSAag “conduct likely criminalized peace,” MOA tocause abreachofthe criticizing thePresidentinapublic meetings anddemonstr public transferred tothe new Criminal Law Code. 42 In 2006many offencesunderPOSAandMOAwere 43 The act also preventsact land The owners fromchallenging the Policing theState ontends wouldrestrictfreed thelandwithoutcompensation.Theconstitutional Criticssuggest therevisionsarecosmetic. l Provisions) Act in late 2006,making itillegallate for in l Provisions)Act 41 The measure has been used in the arrest arrest the of hasbeenusedin Themeasure tions for threatstonationa tions negotiations led in January 2008toamendments CRS-11 nded thatitberepealed. The Herald, e oftheparliame , December 2006. nd demand documents related to related nd demanddocuments to amendtheconstitution.Theparliament ainst activists. Police and“persons Police activists. ainst ations. Zimbabweans overheard ations. an rights standards.The2005Constitution ts revokedundertheact;government ad forsanctionsormilitary intervention ed land and allowing the government to the ed landandallowing e. It paved the way for the passage of for way e. Itthe paved place havealsobeen jailed. The nd in police action to break up nd inpoliceactiontobreak ws thegovernment tolimittheright to arerequiredtoregister with preventing ZANU-PF from passing o-thirds oftheseats in the House September 23,2005. oms. TheInterception of nt, theSenate. l security, wasstalledby Critics suggest http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 advance basicfreedoms." AIPPAthe amendmentsto as "dwelling …oninconsequential issues which willnot court orders allowing the events. The Media InstituteSouthern Africaof dismissed MDC rallieswerelikewisebl defied apolicebanwerereportedly tear-g notification oftheevent,inaccordancew a January 2008MDC"freedom march" that Media AlertUpdate country should have a womaninthepost. countryhave should the that Mnangagwa but decided president, wascaught offguard whenMugabe that position wouldlikelyto selection have campaigned actively forthepositionof speaker ofthe parliament veteran and a political long touted as Mugabe's heir, presiden next the 2007 proposaltoextend 2005 SenateElections address humanrights concerns 45 44 hadbeenservingleader, asMinister Mujuru,aveteran of president. vice second Zimbabwe's as office and shewassworn into inevitablyelected, was Mujuru, by the ruling party’s central committee. authority tocheckthepoliticalambitions relinquish hispost.Many observerssuggest Despite hisage, PresidentMugabe isre struggle that transformed the political sceneinternal by party revealing divisions. ZANU-PF2004 posts wasvacantpriortothe should heleaveoffice,butMugabene has country’sserve the to twovicepresidents possible military coup.Undertheconstituti struggle succession ora aviolent experience ofpower,Zimbabwe could transfer ademocratic to lead not did elections the if analystssome concernthat expressed a matter of intense interesttoanalysts fo ZANU-PFInternal Struggles the opposition,whichsplitpriortoelectionoverwhetherboycott thevote. of thereasonsforlowturnoutmay have elected; ZANU-PF gained theoverwhe marked by recordlowvoterturnout. Conditions inZimbabw Media Institute of Southern Africa, “AIPPA,Africa, Southern MediaInstitute of POSA, BSA Amendments Signed intoLaw,” Human Rights Watch, Prior totheDecember2004partyPrior conf In Mugabe’s hasbeen succession advancedage, ofPresident view presidential Elections tothenew66-seatSenate , January 12,2008. , January e's ComingElections, All OverAgain:HumanRights 45 ocked in the period preceding the 2008 runoff, despite runoff, the periodpreceding the2008 in ocked andwerenotimplemented. of Water ResourcesandInfrastructure.of Water CRS-12 lming majority ofseats. Observers suggest one the liberationwarandawomen's movement 26MDCcandidates Of r severalyears. Priortothe2008elections, portedly innorushto ingoodand health ith thechanges who to Supporters POSA. of hisparty members. assed and beaten with assed andbeaten as acting president until the next election, as acting president untilthenext Vol. 20,No. 2(A), March2008. Vol. tial elections to 2010,butitwasdefeated elections tial ver doneso.Oneofthevice presidential were held in September 2005, and were were heldinSeptember2005,and ZANU-PF's second vice president.His ZANU-PF's second Mugabe'sJoice choicefortheposition, assuredhisappointme hehasusedthecountry’s anti-corruption on, thepresidentmay designate one of beena lack of solidarity on thepartof erence, EmmersonMnangagwa,then wasblockedby policedespiteprior party conference,setting offapower Abuses and Flawed Electoral Flawed Abuses and 44 They forexample, cite, who ran,sevenwere Mugabe endorseda batons.Numerous nt as nationalvice http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 taking acentralroleinguiding thecount w reallied appears tohave plagued others.Mugabe’s ownchoice untai candidate, analysts beacompromise to a potentialsuccessortoMugabe. Makoni, Mujuru covertly backedanotherZANU-PF blocking theproposal attheparty’s nationa Mujuru hasbeenvocalinhisdisapproval supported Mugabe’s proposed term extensi elections. left thepartyindependent andranasan convention, allegedly tostra convening anunsanctionedmeeting of and for picking spatswith other ZANU-PF MoyoMoyo. wasfiredinearly 2005forhi a numberofhisbackers,including the in theregion by elevating anumberof center of opposition tothegovernment, alt wh The eventsofthe1980shelptoexplain is believedtoha which 1980s, regimealleged opponent of he ledthepurge Mnangagwa's viability asapresidentialc which reportedly felt that itsturntocontrol the reins ofpower had come. king-maker. Mnangagwa wasseenasare Mujuru,hasbeenoneofMugabe'sof Joice the country'sthe capital.Retir are clan oftheShonapeople,who Zezuru and clandivisions.Mugabe andmany ke measures alleged, several leaders of the ofthe alleged, leaders measures several party a repressive actionsagainst the parliamentary election; some MDC president,andunionpresidentGi the ZCTU secretary general, Morgan and inurban areas churches Zimbabwe’s 1999, theMDCwasformedonthistrade of TradeUnions(ZCTU) organized a numbe the Congress frequent, Zimbabwe more became againstregime leaders corruption As poverty movement. deepenedinZimbab Change(MDC) Democratic for The Movement According Mujurucamps initially toreports, neithernor the Mnangagwa Mnangagwa’s powerwasreduced following the eventsof2004,aswasthat The outcomeofany succession struggle may The MDC proved formidableinthe 2000referendumandinthe proved The MDC Origins oftheMDC. ed Mujuru,aZezuruGeneral Solomon"Rex" andhusband ith Mugabe,the party’sleadingith 2008electioneffortsand tegize onways ofderailing contend their successmay their contend The MDCparty the rose Zimbabwe from labor ve resultedinthedeathsof20,000Ndebelecivilians. CRS-13 Tsvangirai (CHANG-gerai), born in 1952, as Ndebele toparty andgovernment posts. nd itssupporters.Among theretaliatory for hissuccessorisunknown.Mnangagwa for bson SibandaasMDCvicepresident. . In Februaryelected members 2000,MDC ontender washamperedbyaccusations that MDC, including Tsvangirai himself,were Tsvangirai MDC, including ry’s security forcesinrecentmonths. former ministerofinformation,Jonathan former in 2005.Heretainedhisseatthe2008 dominant inawideareaencircling Harare, Mnangagwa supporters before the party Mnangagwa supportersbefore hough Mugabe hassought togain support on. Once astrong Mugabe ally, Solomon official,Simba Ma y Bulawayo haslong been regarded asa l conference.Somehavesuggested that pivotalin been have and isrumoredto y party and clan officials are from the from yare party officials andclan nted byscandals thathave thecorruption s sharp-tongued defensesoftheregime presentative of the large Karanga ofthe clan, presentative union basewithsupportfrommany in leaders. Hedeeply angered Mugabe by andwasregarded advisors closest asa a technocrat, was considered by some a technocrat,wasconsidered we in the late 1990s late we inthe r of strikes and protests. Inprotests. September r ofstrikesand s inprovincesof be affectedby thecountry'sethnic the Mujuru candidacy. Moyo have prompted a range of have promptedarange koni, over his wife as koni, overhiswife Matabeleland inthe , andallegations of http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 faction wouldbeeffective unlessthey c larger supportbaseandthebacking ofth charges and denounced the beatings. Althoug chargesbeatings. anddenouncedthe attacked herasknownfollowers of the former and severalotherMutambar behind aviolentJuly 2006assaultonMember was faction Tsvangirai the that wereallegations press, and there the in each other to ArthurMutambara,anotedstudentlead as the leader ofonefaction,whileNcube as theleader and fieldedcandidatesinthe stayencourage expulsion to voters their accept The refusedto home. Ncube faction 26 seniorofficialsfromtheparty. He overruled thevoteand,reportedly inviolat party’s nationalcouncilvoted weresubsequentlycharges dropped) (the Ncube,whohad Welshman also been accuse opposed by agroup ofMDCpoliticiansle lead to elections, andvowedinstead Tsvangirai argued that participating inthe Senate wouldlegitimize previous “rigged” were “meaningless” andsuggested “a waste oftime and resources,” the elections divided onwhether toparticipate. Su participate “underprotest,”butdidnot be could substantial electoralreforms Tsvangirai supportedaboycott, arguing th participate wouldhandcontrolofparlia party ofany influence parliament. inthe next Some reportedly felt that a refusal to members questioned thisstanceongrounds th thegovernment tookstepstoassure unless thatthepartydecided wouldnotpartic todefeatstrategy the Mugabedivided inits government. MDCofficials initially on claimsthatheurged violenceto August 2005,thegovernment droppedasec Tsvangirai may betriedagain because video andthe “suspect” state unconvinc stated thattheevidencehadbeen per observers inviewoftheregime’s showed him calling forthe treason charge basedonavideorecordedin Mugabe inthe2002presidentialelections. ranagainstleader MDC the weeksbefore two andcharged treason arrested with Both factions heldpartyBoth conferences In the months prior to the 2005 Senate elections, the MDCwasonceagain the In themonthspriorto2005Senateelections, Division intheOpposition. Treason Charges. On October15,2004,Tsvang On “elimination” of Mugabe. unreliable. Thegovernment can unreliable. appeal the verdict, and Senate race, althoughSenate they gained only sevenseats. a supporters. Stevenson identified theyouthsa supporters.Stevensonidentified who 33-31 to participate in the election, butTsvangirai election, the 33-31toparticipatein bring downthegovernment in2004. In theMDCbecameincreasingly late2004, CRS-14 the oppositionthrough massaction.Hewas announced theboycott,countrythe touringto the law does not prohibit double jeopardy.double Inthe lawdoesnotprohibit ceived influenceoverthecourts.Thejudge doaswellinpreviouspolls. pported ould resolvetheirdifferences andreunite. ipate inthe2005parliamentary campaign, e ZCTU, someobserverssuggested neither implemented. The party dideventually er inthe1980s. The two factions attacked ceded controlofthe at the elections shouldbepostponeduntil in early 2006;Tsvang , andGibsonSibanda.In October,the ment toMugabe ona “silverment platter.” Canada, whichthe ion oftheparty’s constitution, expelled afreeandfairelection.Severalparty ing, withthewitnesses produced by the ond treason charge thathadbeen based d by thegovernment oftreasonin2003 labor leader,butTsvangirai denied the at non-participation ofParliament(M h hisfactionwasre d bysecretary-general, theparty’s by some civil society groups who The verdict surprised many irai wasacquittedofa government claimed “pro-senate” faction P) Trudy Stevenson irai wasconfirmed ported tohavethe would deprivethe http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 and he appeared in court on March March and heappearedincourton human rights reportssuggest thatTsvangir during ademonstrationprot supporters atpolice.Thefollowing day,stones shot andkilledoneopposition members oftheoppositionandcivilsociety, by meeting bothTsvangirai attended and Mutambara, arresting an estimated 50 several hundredcivicactivists arrested. Thebanwasannouncedthree days Bulawayo wassimilarly dispersed, cannons tobreakuptheevent.Arally his presidential campaign at a rally in Hara FebruaryHigh Courtdecision 18,despitea coincided withanincreasein public activity by theoppositionandcivicgroups. On including South AfricaandZambia, issued toengagecitizens inpeaceful assembly.” notingcriticizedthat “suchban,and the actions violate the basic democratic right of Ki-moon alsocondemnedthe“reportedbea 2007. The ban was lifted on June 29,2007. banwasliftedonJune 2007. The and “Mugabe toIntensify FoesVow Action,” creates only suffering for the country.” political ralliesandpublicdemons has been shown that the regime ofRobert the has beenshownthat Riceissuedastr Condoleezza considerable criticismfrom many world leaders. U.S. Secretary of State February 22,2007,theZimbabwean govern 50 49 48 47 46 opposition andcivicleadersalsoreportedly sust on several civilian targets and a Harare police station. government contende hearing.TheZimbabwean court their reportedlyat prosecutors appear to failed custody the lawyers into werereleased oftheir onMarch14after protestors Zimbabwean Opposition Leaders,”onMarch 13,2007. “Zimbabwe Opposition LeaderTaken toHospital From Court,” “Rally Ban a Fatal Govt A Statement issuedby theSpokesman of Statement of U.S. Secretar “Zimbabwean Police‘Fire-Bombed,’” On March 11, 2007, police broke up a SaveZimbabwea Campaign prayerup On March11,2007,policebroke Opposition Defiance Against a Ban onProtestsandRallies. Ban Opposition DefianceAgainst a The March11incidentspurredinte 46 The MDC filed an appeal with th with anappeal filed TheMDC d that the MDC incited violence and was responsible forattacks responsible andwas violence incited MDC the d that the people ofZimbabwe.” the ssault onSocialContract,” y ofStateCondoleezza Rice,“C supporter afterMDCyouth ong again statement,saying,community “Theworld , according topressreports. trations inHarare“due CRS-15 policearrestedanestimated240oppos BBC the U.N.Secretary GeneralonMarch 12,2007. and numerousoppositionsupporterswere 13 showing signs ofheadtrauma. 13 esting the March 11 crackdown. Media and esting theMarch11crackdown.Media re, policereportedly us , March15,2007. planned by the Mutambara factionin Mutambara plannedby the Washington Post, ai wasseverely beaten while in custody, Mugabe isruthless ting of those leaders in policecustody”leaders ting ofthose 50 ment announced a three-month banon three-month a ment announced allowing Morgan Tsvangirai tolaunch later,andpolices rnational media a statements ofconcernregarding the statements including bothMDCleaders.Police including SeveralofZimb ained injuriesafter their arrest.The e HighCourt toliftthee ban, which Zimbabwe Independent, 49 U.N.Secretary-General Ban 48 all forImmediate Releaseof reportedly began throwing to thevolatilesituationin March13,2007. CNN, ubsequently arrested ed batons and water ed batonsand ttention anddrew and repressive abwe’s neighbors,abwe’s March 13, 2007, March March2, 47 Other On ition http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 members oftheopposition,studentleaders, members fo useofexcessive “state-sanctioned that abuse ofhumanrights, whichincreased reported that Zimbabwe’s g conducted aparticularlyconducted violentcrac to useforce.” to when thepolicesay… beating move, saying, yes “Somepeoplearenowcryingassaulted, you foulthatthey getwere a impact of inflation onthecountry’s citiz Congress ofTradeUnions(ZCTU), whohad Survey ofPoliticalRightsandCivil Liberties Political Violence Kuf President John incident, andGhanaian 56 55 54 53 52 51 comments that“might beinte inZimbabwe announced“aprofoundsenseofdismay”(UNCT) over Team protesters. veterans, Mugabe warned that hissecurity pullthe trigger”“will forces against Zimbabwean citizens.In August 2006,dur Amnesty International has been similarly critical: repressi most of theworld’s years.recent H in Freedom According to “veryevent embarrassing.” at “Zimbabwe Press Review for25Sep06”, DOS,“Zimbabwe,” Freedom House,“Country Report:Zimbabwe,” “Zimbabwe LeaderFaces Growing Condemnation,” SeeMugabe’s statement inanarticle by “Threat Mugabe,” Amnesty International (AI), “Zimbabwe,” Mugabe receivedinternati President Mugabe has repeatedly condone international non-governmental organizations. humanitarian effortsby theUNandbycontinued toobstruct localand authorities. Thegovernmentbythe to worsen,planned with noeffectivesolution destroyed aspartofOperationMurambatsvina (RestoreOrder)in2005 continued defenders in custody. The situationthousandsof of people whose homes were accusedoftorturing humanwere rights engage inpeacefulprotest.Police curtailed. Hundredsofpeoplewerearrest assembly andassociationcontinuedtobe poverty.expression, Freedom of continued to humanThe rights situation Human rights groups havedocumented 55 A month later, in an incident caught on video, Zimbabwean Amonthlater, police inan incident caught onvideo, 56 SubsequentmassZCTU pr Country ReportsonHum New York Times York New 51 overnment has "engaged in thepervasiveandsystematic ve statescontinuedunabated.” rpreted as condoning theuseofforce andtorturetodeal onal attentionforhisstatement;theU.N.Country from thegovernment-owned newspaper, CRS-16 , August 16,2006. kdown against leadersoftheZimbabwe enry. Mugabe sanctionedthepolice action, significantly during theyear"and contends ouse, “Zimbabwe’s descent into the ranks the ouse, into descent “Zimbabwe’s BBC Monitoring Africa, rce increased, and security increased, forcestortured rce Annual Report2007 . ing Heroes’Day, aholiday honoring war uor, thenchairmanoftheAU,called deteriorate, inacontextofescalating otests werenotheld. numerous accounts ofpoliticalviolence numerous ed forparticipating orattempting to if you don’tmove,you invitethepolice an RightsPractices2007 andcivilsociety activists,”in2007. planned acivicprotestto highlight the Freedom in the World 2006:TheAnnual d police and military brutality against 54

Associated Press, 52 The State The Department State . September 25, 2006. March 15, 2007. March15, . The Herald 53 http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 abduction/kidnapping. incidents of torture,509incidents of assa politi in marked increase incidents ofpoliticallymo of torturefromJanuary through Decembe independent investigation intothe allegations ofpolice brutality. caseagainst whoheardthe and the Hararemagistrate ZCTU the leaders ordered an Torture Conditions inZimbabwe's see [http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issu to investigate questionsrelating totorture. 2007. estimated 2.1million(intotal,almost20%of Zimbabweans hadbeenrendered homeless markets.Byand informal housing demolition program aimed at destroying allegedly suchstructures, as illegalurban “Restore(variously Order”as or“Clean Outthe Filth”), translated a massive opposition supportersrosedramatica government tolerance" wouldtakea"zero a the that officials banning andassurancesby Act suchacts security Amendment bydemonstrations itscitizens.” with peaceful 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 Operation played intheattacksandat"cava andbeatingthe May oflawyer 2007detention TheGeneva-basedInternationaviolence. Nevertheless, reports suggest that police stillplay inpolitical a significantrole to suppressprotestswithviolenceor policesecurity and rightsactivistswhich inferforces, could affect their willingness events of March2007. of oppositionsupportershavebeen“more Zimbabwe NGOForum, Human Rights Zimbabwe NGOForum, Human Rights postof The Rapporteur was created by “U.N.Slams PresidentMugabe,” Formore information, see theMi Watch, Rights Human “Zimbabwe Leaders Accuse The Zimbabwe HumanRights NGOForum reports that therewere586incidents In May 2005,the Government of Some reports suggestgovernment the may have increasing difficulty paying its 58 hasrepeateda2005 request for ani Murambatsvina 60 Humanitarian Situation Humanrights activistssugge All OverAgain:HumanRight 61 Coming GeneralElections, cal violencefromthe2006,during whichtherewere368 AnddespiteprovisionsinthenewElectoralLaws tivated abduction/kidnapping. d ofAbducting Opponents,” ssion's reportat[h Zimbabwe Independent, Zimbabwe initiated Operation lly aftertheMarch2008elections. early July 2005,anestimated700,000urban lier responseofZimbabwean authorities." es/torture/rapporteur/index.htm]. CRS-17 the U.N.Commission onHuman Rights in1985 Political ViolenceReport,December 2006. Political ViolenceReport,December 2007 mandate, ForinformationRapporteur’s onthe ult, and11incidentsofpolitically motivated l Commission of Jurists, which investigated Jurists, of Commission l conduct otheralleged r 2007, 855 incidents of assault, and19 of r 2007,855incidents pproach toviolence,reportsofattackson nvitation fromZimbabwe toinvestigate, or unemployed by theoperation,and an thepopulation)wereindirectly affected systematic and widespread” sincethe systematicwidespread” and s, expressed shockattherolepolice s, expressed 57 TheU.N.SpecialRapporteuron ttp:// Vol. 20,No.2(A),March2008. Vol. st that abductionsandbeatings s AbusesandFlawedElectoral www.icj.org]. September 29,2006. 59 New York Times, York New Thesefigures suggest an rights violations. rights Murambatsvina 62 March 29, March . 63

http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 million were directly affected. a survey by theindependent researchfirm agency,directlyaffect foundthat840,000were 16% worked in the formal sector. formal the 16% workedin sector communal while 44%workedinthe of the labor force was estimatedinformally tobe employed priortoMurambatsvina, from trading ontheblackmarket.Given displaced inhabited the urban “slums”prio who settledonfarmsduring the had noruralhometowhichthey couldreturn. those whose homes weredestroyed to“ret the eventreportedly arrestedforty thousa suggest thenumbersofthosea sources, 70% of the country’sthe urbanpopul of sources, 70% Commission that initiated the campaign was established inorder tocontravene the oratpunishingcrisis thereputed urba a politicalmoveaimedeitheratpreven the disputed2005parliamentaryafter elec activity and stemming the black market trade inforeign currency. country’s urbanareas the City,” ridding designed torestoreprogram the capital city toitsformer image as “the Sunshine 70% wereinvolvedininformal approximately 76%losttheir source ofincome. Country Report,”2003. Tibaijuka, Zimbabwe, of OperationMurambatsvina, by the demolitions. 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 100,000. many2002 electionsalsoforced fromthei homes, and many fledtourbanareas to estimated 400,000blacklaborers forcibly removed from their homes.Asa on thelivelihoodofitscitizens.For many, U.S. Committee forRefugees andImmigrants, “World Refugee Survey, Zimbabwe 13. Tibaijuka, International, ActionAid The U.N. Special Envoy on HumanSettlements Issues in Zimbabwe Anna Kajumulo “Clean Up Commendable,” 34. Tibaijuka, DOS,“Zimbabwe,” A survey by ActionAid International, a Political Motivations? Political Operation Murambatsvinahashadase 68 Report oftheFact-FindingMissionto August 2005. In 2004, 64 Country ReportsonHum These are considered “low-end estimates,” and some reports andsome estimates,” “low-end Theseareconsidered under a new phase of land resettlement, an estimated 500,000 The ImpactofOperationMura July 2005. The Herald Thegovernment describedMurambatsvinaasa ffected mayffected higher. bemuch trading priortothedemolitions. 70 on commercialfarmslost 2000 invasions wereevicted. 2000 invasions Ofthose living intownsand cities, an estimated CRS-18 ting massprotestsoverthegrowing economic find work.Politicalviolencesurrounding the , May 23,2005. n support base of the MDC. The Harare The n supportbaseoftheMDC. Afrobarometer reported thatanestimated 2.7 reported Afrobarometer Netherlands-based international development nd forallegedly illega result ofthe2000land reform program, an tions, manywere demolitions contendthe the collapse oftheformaleconomy, 40% urn totheirruralorigins,” although many r homes,reportedly displacing morethan of illegal structuresthatfostercriminal r tothedemolitions,making theirliving vere impactonthenation’seconomy and ed and1.2million indirectly affected,while (including the agriculture(including industry), and this wasnotthefirsttimethey hadbeen an RightsPractices2005. Zimbabwe to Assess TheScopeandImpact 67 ation may havelo 66 Police and military whocarried out mbatsvina/Restore Orderin their livelihoods and/or 65 Accordingsome to l activities,andtold 71 69 Launched shortly st shelter,while Many ofthese http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 stop the evictions and allow unimpeded access for humanitarian assistance: accessforhumanitarian unimpeded andallow evictions the stop statement condemning Murambatsvina, ca Secr discussion, albeitinaclosedsession. to debateonthereport.The Security Councilstirredcontroversy as Perspectives,” below).Thepresentation c own envoy,from prevented buthewas authority of the elected Cityelected Council,of authoritythe of 74 73 72 avoid being closeddownorevicted.” groups wereoperating ina “c organizationsassistingaffectedthose from by the demolitions, and suggested that the reportalsodescribedpoliceprev The comprehensive report, afact-finding missiontothecountry, sheissueda demolitions. Following Settlements Issues inZimbabwe toinvestigate the humanitarian impact ofthe as DirectorofUN-HABITAT, Executive U.N. Secretary-General KofiAnnan authorities, and between the former and civil society.” andlocal Government between of dialogue lack a and fear by characterized mistrust, that “was Murambatsvina implemented ina highly polarized political climate governance arerefl in of thisbreakdown prior tothethat event. theydemolitions the The implicationsof informed not were areas (many areMDC-controlled) ofwhich affected by havereported Murambatsvina Withthe exception ofHarare,protest. the local authorities ofthein other resigned occurred, theHarareCommissionwasreappoi supposedtobeheldwithin90days,was according tolaw,butwhennoelection did nothavetheauthor Commission the found in of Local Government,waschallenged in 2003underPOSAforholding apublic in April2004,alongMD with19 mayorMDC politicianHarare,an whowas electedof by fired was 80%ofthe vote, Ibid., 54. Ibid., 7. Ibid., 7. international legal frameworks. repeated cases,withdisregard toseveral provisionsin ofnationaland manner,w indiscriminate andunjustified andtoclamp down onalleged illicitactivities, wasstructures carriedoutinan Order, while purporting totarget illegal dwellingsOperation Restore and Response. The International legalityThe oftheHarareCommission, manypoorest citizens, as700,000ofZimbabwe’s through “Operation Murambatsvina” hasdoneacatastrophic to as injustice whichconcluded: majority ofSecurity Counc limate offear”andpractic C-allied city counc 73 74 CRS-19 The Chairman of the African Union sent his sent Union African ofthe TheChairman International reaction was highly critical. onducting anassessment(see“International China, Algeria, Benin, and Russiaobjected named Tanzanian-bor ected by theUnitedNations,whichfound whichtheMDCheldmajority. The a November2003higha courtruling that enting civil society civil enting andhumanitarian meeting withoutpriorstateapproval. ith indifferencetohuman suffering and, etary-General Annanalsoissuedastrong lling on thegovernment ofZimbabwe to of the U.N. envoy’s report to the U.N. the to of theU.N.envoy’s report theU.N.SpecialEnvoy onHuman nted. Theremaining MDCcouncillors which wasappointedby theMinister ity to firethemayor. Anewelection illors, after having beenarrested illors, il membersvotedtoallow its 72 ing “‘self-censorship’to n AnnaTibaijuka, http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 have significantlybe ev clear thousands,” noting “thereisno of concern inOctober2005overthegovernment’s until permanenthousing becameavailable. displaced providing from the with temporary Nations, United shelters, such astents, hasrepeatedly Zimbabwe alleges that pr permitted to erect approxima facilities. in thesecampsweredescribedasdire,ofte reportedly against theirwill,topolice thousandofthosema several evictions, Political ViolenceReport,October 2007 as Civic Mindedness:OperationMurambatsv [http://www.un.org/apps/sg/ August 30,2006. recommendations. didlittletorespondtheU.N.envoy’s government the Zimbabwean 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 of the ruling party. newlyo often builthouseshavebeenmore actually beencompleted, and, insteadofgo original target of5,275homeswillbemet. and thegovernment’s budg materials building would allegedly createtensofthousands with homeless wastobebuilt (LiveKuhle” also knownas“Hlalani announced anewhousing scheme, Operation government declarationstothecontrary. AI, “Zimbabwe: fortheVic NoJustice U.N. See,forexample, Zimbabwe Human Rights Secretary-General’s The statement, ma See the AI report;Solidarity Peace Trust, AI, “Zimbabwe,” October31,2005 statement The isava Continued Evictions andOperation Continued In responsetointernationalcriticis , UnitedNationsConsolidated 78 In keeping withthe findings ofth relief andreconstruction. create conditionsforsustainable humanitarian operations,and of emergencynow exists,allowunhinderedaccessfor that the Governmentfor theiractions... must recognize thevirtual state who orchestratedthisill-advised policy are held fully accountable evictions and demolitions immediately, and to ensure that those I callontheGovernmenthuman tostoptheseforced suffering. indiscriminate actions,carriedout Annual Report2007 76 81 Reports suggest that for Thegovernment deniestheseallegations. nefitted these groups.” sgstats.asp?nid=1589]. tely 2,300shelters,afracti publicfunds.Theambiti 75 AppealsProcess(CAP) 2007, . CRS-20 -run “transit camps” in late 2006.Conditions in camps” -run “transit . ilable at[http://www.un.org/News/ossg/]. tims ofForcedEvictions,” September 2006. de on July 22, 2005, is available onlineat de onJuly 22, 2005, isavailable idence thatsubsequent NGOForum ,“P ohibited aidorganizations, the including Well), new housingWell), forthoserendered de homelessweretaken,insomecases of new homes, but given theshortage of of newhomes,but ccupied by soldiers,police, and members m of Murambatsvina, the government m ofMurambatsvina,the withdisquieting indifferenceto 77 ina OneYearLater,”November2006 and n lacking shelter, water, or basic latrine n lacking shelter,water, Meltdown: Murambatsvina One Year On, One Year Meltdown: Murambatsvina 79 Reports suggest that few houses have houses few Reportssuggest that Secretary-General his Annan expressed As was the case Aswas the during the initial ing to victims of Murambatsvina, the ingof tovictims Garikai TheUnitedNationswassubsequently etary problems,itishighly unlikely the e U.N.report,Amnesty International rejection of U.N. assistance to “tens to assistance rejectionofU.N. Garikai ced evictionscontinued,despite , in June 2005.Under , inJune on oftheirtarget of40,000. ous reconstructionprogram olitical RepressionDisguised . Many observerssuggest Governmentefforts July 2007. Garakai 80 , http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 Murambatsvina. Among theU.N. repor comments ofitsExecutive Directorcanbe [http://www.iciss.ca/report-en.asp]. at available is report violations ofhumanitarian norms whilerespec “reconcil[e] theinternational community’s re CommissiononInte International RL31495, cfm?article=95]. community shouldrespondtowhatsome (ICC), as defined by ArticleSt 7ofthe Rome a organizations haveraisedquestions 85 84 83 82 IBA made the following statement: oftheZCTU leadersinSe beating the violence against itscritics.Responding to the demolitions,butalsoforth to related governmentZimbabwean tobebrought organizations, including theInternational Ba regional, and national legal frameworks. Several domestic and international a legal analysis ofMurambatsvinaincludes The report through international and Formore seethe information onthe“Responsibility to Protect,” UnitedStates isnotpartyRome The to the InstituteMugabe ofWarandPeaceReporting,of Urged,” “Prosecution January 20,2006. The IBA The iscomprised ofBarAssociati Violations ofDomestic and violence inZimbabwe. is requiredby boththeUnitedNations which constitutescrimes against humanity not an isolatedincident,but Zimbabwean Government toaccount...thetortureof trade union activists is underscores theurgent needfor inte This violations of international law are sanctioned atthehighest level inZimbabwe. Mugabe’s statements addtothe weight Community. Union PeerReview Mechanism, andin such astheUNCommission onHuman Rights, oritssuccessor,theAfrican with human rights concerns in Zimbab inquiry/inquest. internationalcommunity The shouldthen continue to be engaged negligence leading toalleged deaths,ifso confirmed by an independent internal who orchestratedthiscatastropheand those all prosecute to Government the community encourage should international assistance oftheUnited Nations a suffering sections ofitspopulationserious might bedifficulttosustain,theGovernment ofZimbabwelargeclearlycaused Although a case forcrime against humanity 83 andwhetherthereisa“responsibility toprotect” U.S. PolicyRegardingtheInte 85 part of adangerouspart andillegal system ofrepression

andInternationalLaw. rvention andStateSovereignty CRS-21 rnational CriminalCourt ptember 2006, the Executive Directorofthe ptember 2006,theExecutive bout howZimbabwe andtheinternational ons and Law Societiesaroundtheworld. The Law ons and t recommendations,theenvoy suggests: we inconsensusbuilding politicalforums e government’s alleged supportofpolitical Statute. For moreFor information,Statute. seeCRSReport nd theinternationalcommunity. The PresidentMugabe’s commentssupporting of evidence that torture and other serious other of evidenceand thattorture atute ofthe Internationalatute Criminal Court foundat[http and the African Union to end impunity and theAfricanUniontoend have termed“crimesagainst humanity,” rnational and regional actiontoholdthe those whomay havecausedcriminal before theICC, notonly forviolations the Southern African Development theSouthernAfrican sponsibility to actinthefaceofmassive sponsibility r Association(IBA),for the havecalled thatmust nowberedressed with the ting the sovereign rightsting ofstates.”The thesovereign in international law. Decisivein action underArticle7oftheRome Statute ://www. 84 , by Elsea. Jennifer ibanet.org/iba/article. those by affected Human rights , whichaims to Report onthe 82 http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 me tothegovernment.” emanated from the politburo [the ruling part ruling emanated fromthepolitburo[the State Security Minister has claimed, todowiththe operationdecisions “All the areas. significantlyab limitedthepopulation’s severe cropfailure, stand empty.now attr needs Experts food the country thatonceheldstrategic grai Behind Zimbabwe’s “Zimbabwe — Drought andComplex Emergenc that Murambatsvinaevicti and“morerecent food insecureasaresultof Murambatsvina. Zimbabwe, Crisis inSouthernAfrica:BackgroundandIssues Because Zimbabwe isnota signatory of th 90 89 88 87 86 impact ofHIV/AIDS. FoodCrisis Zimbabwe’s in Zimbabwe’s rule oflaw. to thoseseeking remedyprocess due or of thecountry’s judicialsyst ignored thecourtorderand forcibly move Harare suburb were given atemporary stay In onesuch victims onseveraloccasions. although Zimbabweancourts, humanri the evictions. The victims, inmostcases, lack the financial resources to seek redress in relatedtoOper crimes responsible for architects ofthe operation.” Evidencesuggestsimplementation. itwa was nocollectivedecision-making with collectively responsibleforwhathashappe Envoy foundth U.N. would bemade.The referral a such unlikely is it suggested sustain,” to anICC be“difficult casewould Security Councilmemberstotheenvoy’s resolution would be neededforany referral factors, including prolonged drought, fl stemming fromacombin years, in recent UnitedNations, foodcrisis,seeCRSReportRS21301, Formoreregion’s information onthe Seeanexcerptfrom South-Africawebsite based 76. Tibaijuka, ActionAid International, ActionAid Several SouthernAfricancountriesha ofZimbabwe hasyet toprosecutethosewhomight be The government 90 USAID Food Prog andtheWorld August study 2005.This suggests upto54%ofthecountry may have become 2006 CAP Mid-Year Review 2006 CAPMid-Year 89 Cleanup Operation,” butsomesuggest Murambatsvinaandothergovernment policies 88 Zimbabwe has been particularly 87 The ImpactofOperation Mura 86 em to protect itscitizensor According to one mediasource,though, Zimbabwe’s CRS-22 n reserves three times n reservesthree compensation, suggests afundamentalcrisis BBC MonitoringAfrica oods, poor economicperformance,andthe poor oods, ons ” increasedvulnerability,ons according toits d the group to a transit camp. The inability The d thegroup toatransitcamp. ation Murambatsvinaorthesubsequent Amore USAID recent ility to feed itself, particularly in urban ibute thisfoodinsecurityunexpectedly to e Rome Statute, aU.N.Securitye RomeStatute, Council ation ofweather-re ned,” but cautioned that case,inNovember2005,residentsofa to theICC. Giventheobjectionsofsome ve sufferedfromchronicfoodinsecurity of eviction byeviction of theHigh Court,butpolice ghts lawyers haverepresentedgroupsof s basedonimproperadviceby afew respecttoboththeconceptionand y’s and innercabinet] were sent through , June 2006. , June report itself, which as stated above reportitself,whichasstated y Situation Report #2,”Fiscal Year2007. ySituation at “TheGovernmentofZimbabwe is ZimOnline , by CharlesE.Hanrahan. ram predictthatoverfivemillion their property, ortoprovide in“Ex-Ethiopian Leader Said hardhit. Grain silos across mbatsvina/Restore Order in the population’s annual , February 20,2006. lated andman-made study alsoconcluded “itappearsthere The Food http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 have causedshortages for producers reportthatthecontrolshavecr controls in2007may furtherrestrictpr expertise. farmland havenoagricultural reportedly forced toflee seized commercia are reportedly inshortsupply. Thousa arethemainreasonforreducedfoodproduction. program the farmingto sectordisruptions believe resultingthat fromMugabe’s land seizure redistributed landnotbeing redistribution program isrepor country’s 4,500commercialfarm food aid to vulnerable groups continue food aidtovulnerable needs assessmentandlater and wouldnotneedfoodaid. surplus observers inrecentyears by repeatedly agencies suggesting the n of theRighttoFood assistance in2008andearly 2009. country’s population,willneedfood the Zimbabweans, morethanathirdof 96 95 94 93 92 91 chargedenies. thegovernment tosuspectthatfoodisbeing usedas apoliticalweapon, leads many observers deploy military forcesthroughout th government suggest Operation armyeven bruta to supporttheirfamilies,and market at sell grow farmers to vegetable, cashcropssmall-scale andother fruit, of the have been numerousfarmillegal reports equipment, oftheof seizure the destruction the distribution,butalsoproductionof command agriculture system, inwhichthe Grain Marketing Board, led by military officers, the government a established agricultural production needs. With food di the government’s farmre Operation On theland takeovers inZimbabwe, seeAI, USAID, "Zimbabwe —Complex Emergenc “Mugabe WordforWord,” AI, Solidarity PeaceTrust, “Zimbabwe: Mother ofAllFarming The Seasons,” Although drought ispartly toblame fo Food asaPoliti Operation Zimbabwe: PowerandHunger. Taguta (or “Eat Well”), amoveseenby (or“EatWell”), Taguta. , October15,2004. Operation Taguta/Sisuthi cal Weapon? eed forassistance, food Pr the latest farming season. In late 2005, theZimbabwean government2005, In established late settlement policies halted generalhalted foodaiddist actively farmed.Tractors a Sky News Sky 95 tedly plagued by inefficien Taguta to wasusedbyexcuse an as thegovernment Despiteassessmentsby s have nowbeentakenove 91

96 e country tocontrolthepopulation. , May 24,2004. CRS-23 In 2004, the government stopped a U.N. food InU.N. a stopped 2004,thegovernment oduction —thecountry's seedand fertilizer The Mugabe regime’sThe stanceonfoodaid declaring thecountrydeclaring wasrunning amaize food. Sincetheprogram’s inception, there nds of experienced farm workerswere farm nds ofexperienced military wouldberesponsiblefornotonly Thegovernment's Zimbabwe: Powerand l farms,andmany ofthosewhonowhold eated "unrealistic prices," which inturn eated "unrealistic prices,"which d), despiteindepe stribution already underthecontrolof y SituationReport#3," r thecountry’s foodshortages, analysts lity against farmers.Somecriticsofthe , April2006. had failedtomeetthecountry’s had many asanacknowledgment that IRIN 93 esident Mugabe confounded , October25,2007. nd other inputs to production nd otherinputsto ribution by donors(targeted multiple international donor cies, withlarge portions of r; the government’s land r; ndent estimatesthat 92 introduction ofprice Nearlythe all of Hunger —Violations FiscalYear2008. 94 http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 December 6,2006. assistance untilD allow theFood World Program (WFP) and its implementing partners to provide using foodtoturnZimbabweans away fromtheruling party. by runoff. 2008 NGOspriortothe maintained tight controloffooddistributi finally acknowledged serious candidates politicizedfooddistribution turned away.Two 2005courtrulings suppor required thoseinlinetoshowa party government fooddistributions.In somear ofthe ruling partyreported instances holding campaign rallies inconjunction with ZANU-PF.for During pastelections, of distributinggovernment foodonly the in Foreign Disaster Assistance(OFDA) suggestedmillion wouldrequire assistance. 4.8 101 100 99 98 97 HIV which a in Africa Saharan prevalence hamstrings thestruggling industry. of infectedagricultural workersto ade others. TheAIDShaving a is epidemic infected withHIV themselves,leaving country’s of many medicalprofe ofthe To compoundthisproblem,the patients. of hospitaladmissionsareAIDS-related, l The epidemicisalsocausing aseverest are orphans (primarily attributable to AIDS), the highest percentage inthe world. almo Fund (UNICEF) that estimates Children’s HIV/AIDS. One infive Zimbabweans isHIV positive. The United Nations HIV/AIDS in DOS,“Zimbabwe,” More DieofHunger inBulawayo,” Bulawayo,”7, 2005;“10MoreDieofHungerin “ZANU-PF FoodCrisis,” Admits AI, “Govt Delays StallWFPFoodDistribution,” Referencetotherulings, made by Judges Nicholas NdouandRitaMakarau, canbefound “Zimbabwe HasHighest Percentage ofOrphansintheWorld,” Critics likePiusNcube,former Catholic Although itsinfectionrate Inof itspoliticalandeconomic midst the Zimbabwe: Power Zimbabwe: Power ecember of that year. ofthat ecember Country ReportsonHum and Hunger, food shortages, butdelayed insigning agreement to remainshigh, Zimbabwe istheonly country inSub- Institute forWar andPeaceReporting Zimbabwe Standard . 99 and USAID, and The government has accused aid agencies Thegovernment hasaccusedaid of CRS-24 card —andMDCsupporte quately contributeto crippling effectontheeconomy- theinability rain on the country’srain onthe healthcare system; 75% civil rights groups andtheoppositionhave and used violence against the opposition. the and usedviolenceagainst 98 ssionals. Ofthosewhoremain,many are Zimbabwe torelyfrom uponassistance economic crisishasresultedintheexodus eas, government officials distributing food ons, untilitsbanonthedistributionofaid Reports suggested that the government nd incidenceratesha areaswherepeoplewouldagree tovote eaving few beds or resources for other eaving fewbedsorresourcesfor ted theseclaims,finding thatZANU-PF ArchbishopofBulawayo, haveaccused Financial Gazette an RightsPractices2005 Zimbabwe Standard crisis,Zimbabwe isbeing ravaged by st one quarter of Zimbabwe’s children Zimbabwe’s of quarter one st 97 2004 AnnualReportfortheOffice of In March2005,thegovernment , February 15,2005. food productionfurther , December 13,2006. , March7,2005;“14 ve declined.While rs werereportedly Associated Press (London),March . 100 101 , http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 the WorldBank's “Country Brief”onZimbab mortality rates also play rate. also decreasedprevalence rates the in arole mortality International Monetary Fund (IMF) lendi could reversethecountry’s mayfamiliesseparation of to anlead increasealso inunsafe behavior, sexual which behind nowreportedly rely onremittances fromfamily abroad. economic refugees are notentitled topolitical asylum. Many ofthose who remain the country becauseofeconomichardship therapy (ART)by 2010.Despitethiscommitment,accesstoARTislow. Mugabe announcedinZimbabwe’s commitment introduce tofinance ato tax HIV/AIDS programs (3%ontaxablePresident income). government claimssignificant resolvetofi behavior, suggestreports ofchanges evidence sexual in 107 106 105 104 103 102 1998. since Product (GDP)hasdeclinedover50% Bank andthe World The IMF of thetotalpopulation,or now living outsidethecountry. TheTrus by clergy fromZimbabwe over three and SouthAfrica, millionZimbabweans are ZimbabweansAccording totheSolidarity insearchofwork. Trust,founded Peace in living standardsfortherurala themostcomm patients to inARTmaysuggest thisdisruption lead toincreased resistance inHIV-positive onlyleaving many foodinsecurebut not Murambatsvina reportedlyan displaced treatment tobe effective, butwithmalnut ARTmustmaintain healthytaking limiting diets forthe itsimpact. Patients EPI05_21Nov05_en.pdf]. Speech available at[http Zimbabweans, arereceiving ART. Other figures aremorethe Un conservative— See, for example, Simon Robinson,“GreatLeapBackwards,” Solidarity Peace Trust, 40. Tibaijuka, AIDS,” “ZimbabweansBeat Pledge toRedoubleEfforts “Launch ofthe2005AIDS Epidemic Update,”November 21,2005. Piot, Dr.Peter UNAIDS, Dubbed “theworld’sfastest shrinking led toa The turmoilinZimbabwehas For thosewhoareabletoaccesstreatme AIDS EpidemicUpdate, An AccountoftheExodus 60%-70% ofproductiveadults. decreasing prevalencerate. on medication,Nevirapine. The Economy ://data.unaids.org/Media/Speeches02/SP_Piot_ December 2007. CRS-25 nd urban poor, and a massive exodus of andamassiveexodus nd urbanpoor, estimated 80,000 infectedwithHIV/AIDS,estimated t calculates that this amounts to 25%-30% t calculatesthatthisamountsto ng hasbeensuspendedsince2000dueto we, available at[h severe economiccont rition rates high, few are able rition rates tobenefit.few high, ght thedisease. The country wasthefirst economy,” Zimbabwe’s GrossDomestic alsowithoutaccesstoART.Experts oftenfacedifficultconditionsbecause ited Nationsestimates that10%,or1in10 nt, thecountry’s economiccrisisis of a Nation’s People of aNation’s to universal access to antiretroviral touniversalaccess 107 105 World Bank World andthe 106 ttp://www.wo The displacement and Thedisplacement VOA, Time 102 Those forced to leave Thoseforcedto thecountry’s high raction, asharpdrop December 1,2006. , May 29,2005,and 103 , November 2004. Zimbabwe’s rldbank.org]. 104 http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 “Zimbabwe: MillionsnoLonger Millionaires,” exchange rate shortages. rate exchange million. at roadblocks forholding currency overand the seized individual limit a reported $40 Z (companies wereallowedtoexchange million (USD$1000)oftheoldnotesw Individuals wererest their oldcurrency. of Zimbabwe’s economicpros the interestsofZANU-PF. held foreign exchange arebeing used to criticsHowever,thatmaintain hismeasures tofight corruption and discover illegally move waswelcomedby some,sinceGono a troubledcommercialbank,as face steeprisesinthepricesoffoodandnon-fooditems. dubbed the IMF a “political instrument” “political dubbed theIMFa IMFdebt hasbeenasource ofcons avoid compulsoryIMF. withdrawalfromthe in 2006tosettleotheroutst 2005 and$9million countrymilli $119 estimated stillowesan trading inforeign currency inan attempt tolower prices. government. the according to known as“littleheroes,”inaneffort zeros inan effort tomitigate inflation. 2006, Gonodevaluedthecountry’s currency, the government hasrefusedto without significant changes ingovernment spending. is inextremelysupply. short TheIMF sugge nonpayment ofarrears, and fo 114 113 112 111 110 109 108 to theAfricanDevelopmentBank. Zimbabwe also owes an estimated $409milliontotheWorldBank and $300 million Washington Post, 2006. 2004. “Mugabe’s 82 See,forexample, “A Zimbabwean Busi “Bag ofBricks: Hyperinflation inZimbabwe,” “MuchAdoAboutMoney,” Committed“Countryis toUprooting All Forms ofCorruption,” IsMission Save to ZANU-PF, “Gono’s Economy,” the Not IMF, In December2003,Mugabe selectedGideonGono,credited with turning around Zimbabwe iscurrently borrowing fromthe IMF, restricted from towhich the govern Under “OperationSunrise,”the 111 Regional EconomicOutl Analysts suggest thedevaluation nd February 24,2006. Birthday BlastatZimbabwe,” 112 109 In lateSeptember2008, Regardless ofGono’seffort 110 IRIN, reign currency foressential devalue the official exchange rate. Instead, rate. exchange June in official the devalue pects remainbleak.Ignoring theadviceof the IMF, ook: Sub-SaharanAfrica, Zimbabweans weregiven only 21 days to exchange governor oftheReserveBank ofZimbabwe. governor The August 18,2006. iderable speculation inthe media. CRS-26 to combat corruption and money laundering, to combatcorruptionand nessman,His Farms Seized, Takes onMugabe,” damagegovernment $5 billion). Police arrested more than3,000 arrested $5 billion).Police ricted fromexchanging morethanZ$100 on. Thegovernment paid$120millionin was regarded as asuccessfultechnocrat. sts thattheinflationratewillnotreverse ithout clearance from tax authorities ithout clearancefromtax African Business, Thesourceofthefundsused to pay the and “monster”forregime change. ment printed new“rebased”currency, printed ment the Zimbabwe dollar,removing three has done little to reverse theforeign has donelittletoreverse Business Day The Economist anding arrearswiththeFund andto 108 September 2006. Zimbabwe began officially Zimbabweans continue to s, internationalassessments imports, particularly fuel, LiquidAfrica , February 21,2006. opponentsandfurther October2006. , August 26, 2006,and The Herald 113 Mugabehas , December 3, , August 24, 114 http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 2007. of Zimbabwe's winter wheat crop. wheat of Zimbabwe's winter households acrossthecountry inordertodi to cancel rightgovernment reservesthe institutions mayaccept the new leasesto be reluctantas collateral, given that the supply South cutsfromMozambique, currently lessthan500whitefarmersleft and mining sectors by sectors and mining reports. 50%,accordingsome asmuch to Zimbabwe's the economicwoes,cutting Attempts Industry Agriculture toRevive 118 117 116 115 2007;thelegislation becamelawinMarch2008.TheZimbabwe September to approve similar plans totake a majorityall foreign-owned sharein businesses in share.Par their majority was modified,allowing firmsthat proposal After industry officialscauti part government, andminesthatrefusedto of second largest reserves currenc foreign half ofZimbabwe’s total continued tobring much-neededincome into Zimbabwe. Mining accountsforalmost Companies The Mining Industry and Nationalization of Foreign complete only when there was “not a single white onthe farms.” many after Mugabe declared in Julyhisthat 2005 land reform program would be came as a shock to and among thewhich initial recipients were 19white farmers, productivity. Thegovernment began todist farms. Asa result, few commercial farmers were able to find the capital to maintain were unable touse their land as collateral toobtain bank loans toinvest intheir strategy,reform land in theresulted abolitionwhich ofland tenure,farmers was that Oneoftheuni constitutional amendment. security oftenureforfarmerswilling Crisis” section, above),theadministration systemindustry (see“Food agriculture through theintroductionofacommand local blackinvestors;25%ofthatshar government announced plans to take a 51% share of all foreign-owned mines for platinum producers Anglo Platinum, respectively. These South A The largest mining operations in the country are controlled by Impala Platinumby and largest The mining operationsinthecountry arecontrolled “Power Cuts Halt Harare Factories,” “ZimbabweFour Hours toRation aDay,” Electricity forHomes to “In Reversal, Mugabe Seeks WhiteFarmers,” The government also announcedin2007its The government also While thecountry’sWhile agriculture i In addition tothe government’s attempts torevive itsflagging agriculture . liament may considerthele platinum, behindSouthAfrica. oned thattheplanwould de 116 More recent electricity shortages, caused by shortages, electricity Morerecent Business Day CRS-27 to cultivate land nationalized in the2005 to cultivatelandnationalized the leaseifitdeemsfarmunproductive. ndustry founders,itsmining industry has frican-owned companies are theworld's largest production capacity ofthemanufacturing Africa, and Zambia, havecompounded Zambia, Africa, and has introducedlong-term leasestoprovide e would be acquired atnocost to the acquired be would e withtheirshares would be expropriated. y revenues.Zimbabwe hastheworld's ribute 99-yearribute leases inNovember2006, inZimbabwe. Somesuggest financial invested incommunity projectstokeep vert itsdwindling supplies forirrigation ntended sideeffectsofMugabe’s 2000 UPI, , October29,2007. intentiontorationelectricity to December 17,2006. gislation in2008.They voted ter foreign investment, the 118 In early 2006,the 117 Reuters 115 There are There , May 10, http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 RL30751, Zimbabwe’s military operations inthe DRC. named ina2003U.N.reportforpr Zimbabwe hasbeenpreviously linkedto governmentclaimsthe as dismissed a has western attempt topromote regime change. the allegations are proven,Zimbabwe’s le smuggledalong withrough stonesfromZimb fromtheDemocratic “blood diamonds” designed topreventtradeinconflictdi werereleas miners of the to illegal mining, selling their goods on theblackmarket.According toreports,most the collapseofformaleconomy, many legal small-scale miners,c an estimated20,000illegal miner needed foreign investment. the government reportedly spentmorethan$20 that loyalty ofthesecurity forcesmay co (investment) andem applied toevery be company,not law will butrather “on the basis ofcapital governmentnot expropriate foreign-owned insiststhat itwill companies and that the 122 121 120 119 country’s security forces The Military andtheEconomy nation moves toward regularizing relations withthe international community.” infancyits and that thetraditionalmarketof FarEast “the that administration warned the in the centralbankgovernor ofexacerbating Budget, Finance,andEcono economy’s PortfolioCommitteeon slide.In December2006,theParliamentary Mugabe’s efforts have been criticized by his own party as insufficient toaddress the trade opportunitieswithAsia country’sthe economiccrisis,Mugabe for Policy East” “Look Monitoring Africa “Militarization of State Firms Cause forWorry,” “Zimbabwe: Parliamentary Body Urges State to‘Normalize’ Trade Tieswith West,” Zimbabwe isasignatory oftheKimberly Pr “Zimbabwe ClarifiesNationalization Legislation,” The Kimberly Process, an international government certification scheme The government hastakenstepstocr Critics contendthatPresid Blaming theUnitedStates,Kingdom, andother western governments Diamonds andConflict: Backgr , December 8, 2006. ployment levels.” ed afterpaying fines. through patronage andbribery. onfiscating gold, diamonds,emeralds,andgold ore. Since mic Development, chaired by a ZANU-PF accused MP, , particularly, China. ent Mugabehas boughtent thecontinued loyalty ofthe s inlate2006,including CRS-28 119 ound, Policy,andLegislation, ofiting fromillicitdiamondtradeduring me ataheavyeconomy.Inthe 2006 costto Critics arguedetersfurther much- law the amonds, has investigated allegations that amonds, hasinvestigated ackdown on illegal mining. Police arrested gal couldbebanned.The diamondexports of thecountry’s unemployedresorted have conflictdiamonds;seniorofficialswere ocess. Formore information, seeCRSReport Republic ofCongo (DRC)havebeen the West should not be neglected as the as should notbeneglected theWest flation with “quasi-fi has sought toengender investment and destinations be viewed as a market in asamarket beviewed destinations 120 abwe into South Africa for export. Ifabwe intoSouthAfricaforexport.

Zimbabwe Independent million tomillion purchase new cars for Financial Times Dubbed the“Look East”policy, 122 several hundredreportedly Someobserverssuggest scal activities”and , March11,2008. by NicolasCook. , May 26,2006. BBC 121 http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 with treason. army aretired including andcharged men, were arrested five captain, least At him. her husbandwerebehindthec anyplot. Other sources the of knowledge Mnangagwa,president. whohasreportedly long sought succeedMugabe,to denied which allegedly aimed to remove Mugabe and toinstall Emmerson Mnangagwa as Solomon Mujurumay havebeenpl officiallywere accusedofi Mujurus andpoli force, air members ofthearmy, by several senior military officials. Unconfirmed reports suggest that as many as 400 that month,Zimbabwean intelligence offici the Zimbabwe RevenueAuthority (inch or formermilitary officerscurrently contro military officerswhohavebeenappointed ofthegovernment highlight a critics purchases fromChina,including $240millioninfighter jets. continueObservers tospeculate on how the government willpay foritsmilitary reportedly receivedanalmost300%pay ra militarypolice, intelligenceand officers. The security forces and civil service also 125 124 123 solidarity against AmericanandEur Commission onSustainable Development in countries interests andthatpolitical concludingAfrican leaders that the Zimbabwe situation isdamaging toAfrica’s Aligned nations generally. withsome however, This ischanging toan extent, struggle, Non- andamong the anti-colonial the of leader a and statesman elder government hasenjoyed sympathy considerable asan viewed is wherehe Africa, in intended topressure the Zimbabwe governme opposition toMugabe’sexpressed methods Zimbabwe’s persistent crises. In general, Western nations and institutions have and severalhaveserved commission, thestaterailway,Ma Grain the of foodandmight have to soldiers weredissatisfiedwiththeirlowsa parliamentary hearing inmid-2007,theDefe running outoffundsto be may government “Army Investigates Reports ofCoupPlot,” “Five Accused ofPlotting President,” Coup toTopple “SoldiersGoHungry,” In additiontoallegations oflanda The international community The international has As theeconomy continuestocollapse, supported Zimbabwe in itssu 124 The accused denied the charges.Mnangagwa the Theaccuseddenied Neither northe International Perspectives intheSenateandam Financial Gazette and economicreformsareneed suspend training ifnew oup attemptandusedMnanga aced underhousearrestforalimitedtime. CRS-29 opean opposition.AUmemberstateswere nvolvement, although so nd housing handouts tosecuritynd housinghandouts personnel, significant numberofcurrentandformer , May 23,2007. ccessful bidtochairtheUnitedNations laries andthattheforces were running out to civiliangovernment positions. Current suggest Mujuruand VicePresidentJoice ce may havebeeninvolvedintheplan, been dividedonhowtorespond SW RadioAfrica l the Ministries of Energy andIndustry,Energy of l theMinistries als reportedly uncovere arge of tax collection), the electoral the collection), arge oftax nse Secretary reporte rketing Board, and theparksauthority,Board,rketing ise to counter recorddesertionrates. counter to ise nt for reforms. In contrast,theMugabe May 2007, allegedly toshowAfrican maintain itssecurity forces.During a bassadorial postsabroad. of rule, and have pursuedpolicies have of rule,and there have been signs therehavebeen thatthe funds werenotreleased. The Herald, ed. Nevertheless,African , June 14,2007. , June gwa's nametodiscredit me reportssuggest June 16,2007. June dly suggested that d a coup plotled 123 Later 125

http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 at [http:// seeU.S.Department ofState, information, the elimination oftrafficking, todo so.For butismaking moreefforts significant Trafficking inPersons:The U The sanctionsareintendedtopunishthos and humanrights abuses. caseofba now becomeatextbook State forAfrican Affairs, wasof similarly critical, suggesting that Zimbabwe “has personal responsefromMugabe. and Opportunity Act(AGOA) because and andtheiraffiliates, members ZANU-PF toward Zimbabwe include the impositionof Key oflaw. policy rule for the ofU.S. elements respect of recordandlack rights told theSenateForeign country’sthe poor andstrengthen civilsoci democracy, restore to effort African andth that Zimbabwe “outposts wasoneofsix States stoodwiththeoppressedpeoplethere. U.S. Policy a morerecent2008AUSummitinEgypt, desp unablea tocome conclusion to onhowtoaddress Zimbabwe’s political situation in 130 129 128 127 126 designation. to combat trafficking, and Zimbabwe was moved froma “Tier 3” to a “Tier 2” In 2007, the StateDepartmentfoundthat Z Protec under theTrafficking Victims crime of to beinviolation non-humanitarian government-to-governme items andservicestothecountry.U. The sanctions against Zimbabwe, withthe ex crisis onsanctions fromthe west. The Unit free orfair. AU, SADC,andthePan-African 11, 2005. others wereCuba,Burma, Iran, NorthKorea, andBelarus. 28, 2005. A Tier 2 rating means that the government A Tier2ratingthe meansthat Forinformation onhuman trafficking a CaseofBadGo aTextbook “Zimbabwe DOS, “Zimbabwe’sat MugabeOut Lashes Targets 6‘OutpostsofTyranny,’” “Rice President Bush hasannually The United Stateshasbeencriticalof United The Sanctions. www.state.go 130 Zimbabwe isnoteligible fortr

The Mugabe administration hasroutinely blamed its economic administration TheMugabe v/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2007/]. Relations Committeeduringhe s relateds tohuman trafficking and was subject to sanction .S. andInternationalResponse 127 renewedU.S.sanctions Parliamentthatfoundth Thomas Woods, then-Deputy ThomasWoods, Assistant Secretary d andillegitimate tion Actof2000(P.L. 106-386)forFY2007. Rice,BlairatCampaign Launch,” CRS-30 nd related legislation, see CRS Report RL30545, Report nd relatedlegislation, seeCRS Trafficking inPersonsReport 2007, of tyranny” worldwide and that the United S. government has,however,cancelledall support forSouthAfricatospearheadan still doesnotmeet theminimum standards for imbabwe was“making significant efforts” e responsibleforZimbabwe’s difficulties ception of a ban on transfers ofdefense ception ofabanontransfers e provisionofassistanceintendedtohelp Washington Times ety. Secretary of its poorrecordof theMugabehuman regime foritspoor targeted sanctionsagainst high-ranking ed States doesnotcurrently havetrade States ed nt aid.In Zimbabwe2006, wasfound ade benefitsundertheAfricanGrowth 126 vernance, U.S.OfficialSays,” February ite electionobserverreportsfromthe Theseremarksprovokedanangry government.” r 2005confirmationhearing, , by ClareRibando. against ZANU-PF leaders. at the June runoff was not runoffwas at theJune State Condoleezza Rice State Condoleezza , January 19,2005.The , January economic management 128 AFP , February available 129 http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 Vice PresidentSimonVice Muzenda, hasdied. Clinton has introduced S. S.Con.Res. 25,introducedby SenatorBar and civilsociety activists.In 2007, June Lantos, condemning the Zimbabwean government’s recentactionsagainst opposition House ofRepresentativespassedH.Con.R African regional bodiestoinves and economiccrises.”Th food humanitarian di “humanitarian a the resolutiontermed passed H.Res. 409inDecember2005,condemning Operation Murambatsvina, which policies intheZimbabwe Democracy a December 2007. to go beyondState, previousauthority Secretaryorder the Secretary the Treasury,also with ofthe allows consultation of in assets of128individuals the block 2005 to firms andfarmswereadde and inApril2005following th parliamentary elections, in February 2002pr todemocracychallenges hearings on in haslikewiseheld Africa Zimbabwe inJulyon 2008. The HouseSubcommittee Foreign Re 2001 TheSenate Zimbabwe on African Affairsheldahearing democracy and governance inZimbabwe. The activities Senate Subcommittee on appropriations bill(P.L. 109-102).Th 1254, whichwasincludedinthefinalve the ZimbabweanFeingold government. (D-WI) Senator Russ introduced S.Amdt. influenceto advocateits use further Administration actionthat the by the IMF against a travelban.Inand sanctions the109 in Zimbabwe. Thislegislation called 107-99), which them. processes or institutions,” inactionsorpolic who “haveengaged States by 75 high-ranking Zimbabwe officials andMugabe’s Grace. wife, byStates 75high-ranking Zimbabwe officials or executive Inan 2003,thePresidentissued are alsobanned,as with suchindividuals a multi-party democracy.” Persons whobenefit financially frombusiness dealings undermine orinjureZimbabwe formulat who Robert Mugabe... andothers Statesby United in 2003,bantraveltothe without harmingat theZimbabwepopulation 132 131 The textofthisannex toEO13288 The Seventy-seven individuals arenamed inth Congressional Response. The 110 132 President Bush added an additional 38names tothe travel ban listin th Congress has been active on Zimbabwe. OnApril17,2007,the Congress hasbeenactiveonZimbabwe. criticized “economic mismanagement” and their immediatefamily members, 1500,the S d in2004,andthelistwasfu lations Committeehelditsmostrecenthearing on e parliamentary elections. ’s democratic institutionsorimpedethetransition to tigate theimpactofdemol Congress made clearitsoppositiontoMugabe’s can befound at [http th CRS-31 Congress, the U.S. House of Representatives of House Congress, theU.S. upport for Democracyupport a and block theproperty for consultationsw nd EconomicRecovery 2001(P.L. Actof ies toundermineZimb e executive order (EO 13288),butoneofthese, executiveorder e saster thathascompoundedthecountry’s es. 100, sponsored by100, es. RepresentativeTom is amendment provided $4millionfor provided is amendment are thespousesofpeopleineithergroup. and 33entities.ThePresident’sexecutive e, implement,orbene Zimbabwe: in June 2000priortothe Zimbabwe: inJune rsion oftheFY2006 foreign operations ior toZimbabwe’s presidentialelections, “seniormembersofthegovernment of ack Obama.SenatorHillary Rodham the Senatepassedpa e resolution alsocalledontheU.N.and ’s politicalandeconomic crisis in June der freezing assetsheldintheUnited large. Theinitialsanctions,imposed rther expanded inNovember rther expanded ://www.whitehous “undemocratic practices” andany personsassisting ith alliesoneconomic of additionalpersons nd Human Rights in itions and requested fit frompoliciesthat abwe’s democratic rallel legislation, rallel e.gov]. 131 Nine http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 supplemental assistance willbe supplemental State DepartmentstatedinitsFY2008 Cong FY2008. TheAdministration requested$45.4millionforFY2009. The million in Z for assistance $23.2 millioninbilateral assistancesince2002.In additi disaster aidand aid totheZimbabweanfood people,supplying in more than$500million democracy.by to Zimbabwe return to states African reiterated SouthAfrica’spositi “coalitiona ofthe willing”formation of todeal withZimbabwe. Ambassador Frazer then-Ambassador toSout and for Africa which didnotoccuruntil2007.In 2004,thecurre time thathewouldbeabletobring international armsembargo, urging theUn sponsored by Representative Ileana Ros- resolu the violenceandcalling forapeaceful the HouseMembersof Congressional The HousepassedH.Res.1230,sponsoredby installed. government is ademocratic recovery event and economic the in package against the Mugabe regime, and encouraged the creation ofa comprehensive political arms supported callsforaninternational intimidation, andapeacefultransitionto the immediate release ofthe presidentialpolitical results,the an violence end to and April 25,theSenate passed Some have written toBush letters Administration officials orAfrican leaders. On Administration surrounding the2008electi democracy andhumanrights programs inthecountry. Actof2007,whichwould Zimbabwe 134 133 of achieving reform inZimbabwe. Mbeki’s “quietdiplom to accede andwould Zimbabwe issue onthe role alead was stepping back from States tosomethattheUnited suggested seeking aZimbabwe solution.Thestatement Africain2003,hepraisedthework South for the United States tosever diplomatic ties withZimbabwe. intr also Representative TomTancredo legislation calling ontheZimbabwe g runo June the to national unity. Prior Zimbabwe and to encouragingparties the August 25,2004. “US Seeks ‘Coalition’ toForce Zimbabwe Regime Change,” “BushBacks Mbeki onZimbabwe,” U.S. Assistance. Several Members of Congress issued statements highly ofthe ofCongress statements MugabeSeveral issued Members critical U.S. SupportforAfrican Diplomacy. The United States remains the leader inhumanitarian relief acy” Africa”section, (see“South S.Res. 533,introducedby Kerry, SenatorJohn calling for on ofleverage, and insisted requested ifelectionsare 133 Mbeki reportedly Mbeki that Bushat assuredPresident about talks between ZANU-PF and the MDC, the about talksbetweenZANU-PF and The Guardian CRS-32 oduced legislation, H.Con.Res.387,calling oduced ff, Representative Adam Schiff introduced Schiff Adam ff, Representative imbabwe inFY2007 andanestimated $22.9 on tofoodaid,theUnitedStatesprovided Black Caucus, among others, condemning Blackothers, Caucus,among Lehtinen, was also passed, calling for an authorize upto$10millionsupport h Africa,Jendayi calledforthe Frazer, ited Nationstodeploy aspecialenvoyto embargo andothertargeted sanctions discuss thecreationofagovernment of overnment to postpone theelection. postpone overnment to ressional Budget that (CBJ) Justification ons andtheongoing political violence. of ThaboMbekiasthe“pointman”in tion tothepoliticalcrisis.H.Res.1270, democratic rule.Theresolutionalso democratic RepresentativeDonaldPayne andall During President Bush’s visitto nt U.S.AssistantSecretary of State (London) July 10,2003. (London)July 134

held during thefiscalyear below) asthebestmeans moreneededtobedone The Independent (UK), http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 September 24,2006. Christopher Dellsaid, President William Lucy, wa of the U.S.Coalition led ofBlack(CBTU), by Trade Unionists AFL-CIO Vice used intheFY2009 request,whichstates, that result in the election of 137 136 135 against the government may be refused entry to Zimbabwe. government using Chinese jamming equipment. People (VOP)havehadtheirbroadcasts with UK-based Shortwave (SW) Radio Africa and the Dutch-fundedVoice of the independentelectroni of principal source Studio 7,adaily program onshortwaveand broadcasting stations.USAID provides fundi news, andtheZimbabwean government c ability ofjournalists and independent newspapers toprovide alternative source for assistingMurambatsvinain reliefand efforts. Legalthe limit restrictionsto continue and human rightsdemolitions violations duringdocumenting Operationthe society process. USAID legislative andthe ensuring at aimed programs of a variety forAIDSPlan Relief. Challenge Account program, norisitafo Zimbabwe isnotamong thecountrieselig “EU Demands ProbeintoCongress Union Attacks,” ofTrade Demands “EU DOS’s Department ofState,FY was regarded asaliberatorofhispeopleisanoppressor. is and ofitsfearthetruth....There vicious beatings isitselfanexample oftheZimbabwean government’s repression to de transparent attempt Unions.... This Trade of Congress Zimbabwe the by demonstrations suppressed plannedpeaceful is theresultofevents of13September, when security forcesbrutally Clearly,the Zimbabwe government’s deci ofhaving suspected a“bias” travelers warnsthat Department State The U.S. USAIDdemocr local continuestosupport human rights abuses. audiencesoneconomic mismanagement,regional politicalmanipulation, and scenario, theUnited States will promote a maintaining pressureontheGOZ to assist thedemocratic oppositiontosurviv programming... will bereassessedtodetermine themost promising courseto If elections do notoccurin2008,orif Consular InformationSheet 2008 Foreign OperationsCongre a "reform-minded" government. s expelled fromthecountry.s expelled Then-U.S.Ambassador forZimbabwe isavailable at[http://travel.state.gov/]. CRS-33 increasing acknowledgment that a man who elections continue the statusquo,FY2009 continue elections reform. Additionally, under ano-changereform.under Additionally, cus countrycus forthePresident’s Emergency c mediainthecountry.” Studio7,along mediafreedomandstrengthening civil ontrols all domestic radio and television and ontrols all domestic radio periodicallyby the Mugabe interrupted continuing dialogue with domestic and sion not tohonorthedelegation’s visas partners werereporte flect internationalattentionfrom the AM radiothatUSAI ible to participate in the Millennium the ible toparticipatein e and to deepenitsvoice,to thereby and e ng for VoiceofAmericatobroadcast ng for acyadvocates inZimbabwe through ssional Budget Justification. 137 135 136 Similar language was In 2006,adelegation Zimbabwe Standard, D describes as “the D describesas dly instrumental in http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 February 26,2005. the travel ban in2005toatte travel the beneficiaries oftheZANU-PF, anarms emba February 2007.CurrentEUsanctions in recently andhavebeenrenewedyearly,most target leaders, 35Zimbabwean in to of Zimbabwe inFebruary 2002. These “ Zimbabwe’selite andtheirspousesafte against Mugabe’s regime. TheEUimpos Knighthood he receivedin1994. unacceptable." Britain's QueenElizab "completely riggingsituation the2008electionsandcalling thepolitical embargo government accusing against Zimbabwe, of arms the an international speech to theHouseofCommons,British December 2007EU-AfricaSummitto protest Mu to providehumanitarianassistan Minister GordonBrown hasmaintained divine powertoruleZimbabwe andBrita that man inNumber 10Downing Street, Mugabe said the upcoming“kill once electionwould and forall the machinations of and itdeclinedtoinviteZimbabwe totheFranco-Africa Summitin2007. opposition beforeZimbabwe can improve relations with the international community, major role. Nevertheless, France has publicly Frenchextending influenceinsouthernA Francemaythat of seeengagement asameans Zimbabwe Cynics with suggest of Mugabe ratherthanisolationwouldpr Mugabe for avisitin2005.France justified regimeBritain orother EUmembers, than and itlifted travel restrictions against and bury Mr.Blair andtheUnionJack.” feet 12 feetbut just six Other International Perspectives 139 138 Minister Tony Blair, a persistent critic. Speaking at his81 suchfunds.Mugabeto release wasextr September 2008powersharing agreement, it With and theruleoflawisreturned. payto Zimbabwefor partsofanorderly Zimbabwe. Concurrently, theUKmainta PF and close affiliates ofthe party. Britainhumanitarianprovideaid continues in to trav TheUKhasimposed asset freeze. oftheZANU-PF affiliates members and European Union,theBritish Parliament “France,US Zimbabwe-UK Say ‘No Di “Zimbabwe’s Mugabe Marks 81 European Union. France has generally been seen as favoring more engagement with the Mugabe engagementFrance hasgenerallyfavoring the more as with seen been United Kingdom. In 2002, in conjunction with the United States andthe InStates 2002,inconjunctionwiththeUnited The European Unionwas among the firsttotake action nd the funeral of Pope John Pa nd thefuneralofPopeJohn ce tobenefitZimbabwe’s poor. st Birthday With Attack on Opposition, Blair,” Birthday WithAttack CRS-34 land redistributionprog el bansonover100 members of the ZANU- r pulling the EU election observer team out team r pulling theEUelectionobserver emely hostiletowardformerBritish Prime his predecessor’s position,boycotting hispredecessor’s the in.... OnMarch31,wemust dig agrave not Mugabe remaining inofficeunder the eth strippedMugabe ofanhonorable light” sanctionswereupgraded by theEU ovide a quicker path to easing the crisis. ovide aquickerpathtoeasing the clude a travel ban on 130membersand ban clude atravel regime, aswellanarmsembargo andan ed targeted sanctionson19membersof targeted ed Prime MinisterGordonBrown called for frica, where it hashistorically frica, where nothada imposed targeted sanctionsonleading imposed targeted who forsomereasonthinkshehasthe spute, CallforInternal Dialogue,” ins itswillingness toreleasefunds rgo, and Mugabean assetfreeze. defied is unclearwhether Britain will concede the moveby arguing that the inclusion stressed the need for dialogue with the with stressed theneedfordialogue gabe's attendance.In anApril23 ul II.continues TheEU st birthday celebration, ram ifMugaberetires 138 Current Prime Current (continued...) 139

AFP BBC , http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 2003. Elections,” March14,2002.Availa ordered riotgear, watercannons,armore ordered neighbors wouldneedsuchanairforce. analysts astowhy acountry thatf fi Chinese $240 millionpurchaseoftwelve governments continuetoenforceanarms Western most as years, recent in attention considerable haveattracted Zimbabwe rights, accountability,anti-corruption. and attached”that Western governments mighthuman require,commitmentsto as such controlling interest inthecountry cell phoneindustry, aswell aconcessions majoras draw forBeijing, and Chinese firmsareplaying the in roles Commonwealth and ruling outany furthe Africa.Mugabe respondedbysouthern withdrawing Zimbabwe fromthe then committed tohis policy ofquiet diplomacy, and by other governments in stronglywasdecision the criticized by SouthAfrica’sby Presidenthad Mbeki, who suspend to voted Zimbabwe members, African other indefinitely. occasion, Onthis African countries.Ininfluential D Mugabe byagainst abody thatincluded suspension wasthefirstpublicaction that Zimbabwefro wouldbesuspended tothevote,consisting ofAustra respond trading partnerandits during theliberationstruggle, Chinaisre the needs of its growing population.Al and 1960stogainlooks now global influence, Zimbabwe’s economy. China,whichbecameactiveonthecontinentin Mugaberegime, ChinaandIran strengthen value inAfricaandworldwide. suspension by abody including many A Zimbabwe fully outsidetheboundsofitsinfl speculated, asresult, a that the Commonw of the electors.” of the conditions inZimbabwe didnotadequately March 2002presidentialelectionin the to 143 142 141 140 139 Zambia andNamibia have likewise purchased K-8s from China. Monitoring Africa, Defense capabilities. analysts describetheK-8 with light asatrainerjet ground attack Quietly “Beijing CoolsRelationsWithMugabe,” “Mugabe Rules Out Zimbabwe’s Return totheCommonwealth,” “Commonwealth Observer Group’sPrelim (...continued) Some criticsworry China’s China andIran. Commonwealth. 140 July 21,2006. July Consequently, aspecialco largest investor. While many While westerngovernme The Commonwealth of Nations sent ateamofobservers TheCommonwealthofNations intelevision,radio,and investment inZimbabwe comeswithoutthe “strings ble at[http:// ’s only electricity generator. ecember 2003,theCommonwealth,including 19 CRS-35 aces no immediate external threat from its threat aces noimmediateexternal 142 ongtime ally ofZANU-PF, whichitbacked Many observersseeZimbabwe’splatinum m theCommonwealthforoneyear.m The embargo against thecountry. Zimbabwe’s r discussionsora possible return. lia, SouthAfricaandNigeria, determined d vehicles,andAK-47riflesfromChina. 143 frican membershadimportantsymbolic Zimbabwe, andthegroup found“thatthe ported to be Zimbabwe’s secondlargest Zimbabwe’s ported tobe ed ties and deepenedtheirinvolvementin allow for the free expression of freeexpression the forthe will allow inary ReportonZimbabweaninary Presidential ealth’s actionhadbackfiredby placing Reports indicate that Zimbabwe also Zimbabwe that indicate Reports Armsagreements betweenChinaand toAfricafornaturalresourcesmeet www.afrol.com]. ghter jetshasdrawnquestionsfrom uence. Others argued thatindefinite argued uence. Others mmittee appointedtomonitorand Financial Times power generation. Chinaholds nts havemovedtoisolatethe , June 5,2007. , June AFP , December, 16, 141 Some 1950s http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 May 4,2007. Cools and China“Beijing Seeking Allies,” that return(fromZimbabwe).” and thing: areturnontheirinvestment one day,the advisor pointsout,“Attheendof in 2005,littlefinancial IranDespite may expectations. notmeethis Zimbabwe. a pipeline fromthe nearest port,Beira,through fuel inbulk Mozambique to by roadfromSouthAfrica;thecountry ha refinery,years40 built agoto process Iranian crude. MostofZimbabwe’s fuel comes toZimb also providetechnicalassistance indus and mining commitments fromIranIranian fordirectand aid assistance toitsenergy, agriculture, an ally inIran. During a 2006visitto (reportedly thelargest loantoZimbabwe $200 millionbuyer Chinatopromoteagricultural creditloanfrom production are happy hasonce again Zimbabwe that believeZimbabweans“We haveevery righ President Mahmoud Ahmadineja sanctions against theMugabeAdministra U.N. effortstocondemnZimbabwe for $2 billionloanmeanttorevivethecountry’s flagging economy. the that reports 1999), Chinahasdismissed was deemedunworthy ofsignificant investment. shortage,million forgr receivedascant$6 request assistancetodealwiththecount way by China’s growing economic role inZimbabwe. arms purchases. Some observers suspect that the are acquisitions covered insome speculation; DefenseMinistry How impoverishedZimbabwe couldpayfor 148 147 146 145 144 interference by foreign governments. thereasonsfo “appreciates government have offereddiplomaticsuppor Monitoring Africa, “ChineseEnvoy SupportsZimbabwe’s Land Reforms,” “Zimbabwe, China to Negotiate $2Billion Dollar Loan Deal,” “ChinaAid‘Snub’ to EnableSouthAfrica Excerptfrom SouthAfrica-based website EIU, Government “The from isto Buy MoreJets China,”September 15,2006. InIr spiteofMugabe’sof assurances In thefaceof Western condemnation a In additiontoinvestment BBC MonitoringAfrica August 1,2005. tries. Reports indicate that Iran or one of the Gulf countries may assistance appears to have b appears tohave assistance on Mugabe China in Africa,” and economic assistance, assistance, and economic officials have admitted to being in arrears for the 2005 the for have admittedtobeing inarrears officials 145 t. A Chinese official visiting in 2004 said that his that t. AChineseofficialvisiting in2004said Likewise,Mugabe, traveling toBeijing in2005to d expressed supportduring d expressed 148 CRS-36 Tehran, PresidentMuga , November 23,2006. China playeda lead role intrying toquiet Murambatsvina, and has vetoedproposed Murambatsvina, andhas toExtractConcessionsfrom Zimbabwe,” r thelandissue”andwasopposedtoany ZimOnline ain importsreportedly because Zimbabwe since western donors ceased lendingceased in sincewesterndonors ry’s foreign exchange shortfall andfuel ry’s foreign exchange shortfall anian assistance,someobservers suggest t to defend their s to defendtheir t whether itsChinaor Iran, investors want anagreement signed by the two countries s insufficient foreign currencys insufficient toimport taken control over its resourcesandwe taken controloverits countries were negotiatingwere amuchlargercountries they donotseemtobelievethey canget tion by theSecurity Council.Iranian abwe torevivethecountry’s only oil nd isolation,Zimbabwe hasalsofound arms fromChinaisa subject of much 146 in “Zimbabwe Leader‘Frantically’ een provided.Asoneeconomic Although Mugabe didsecurea 144 AFP International HeraldTribune Zimbabwe’s Asianpartners

, November 2,2004. overeignty andland.We AFP Mugabe’s visit,saying be reportedly secured 147 , December 22,2006 BBC , http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 Nicolas Cook. developments inthecountry were“not tellingZimbabwe, journalists ataGe UmaruYar’Adua,hasexpressed president, newspaper accusedtheNigerian presidentof funding the MDC. elections, met again Obasanjo withTsva visitors onapersonaltourof delegation inthe Nigerian capital. TheZimbabwe Nigerian leaderthe then took long Commonwealth, andin2004,hehelda tactics ofanumber(Western programme support thelandredistribution 153 152 151 150 149 sharpmigration increase and ha inillegal such leverage collaps — state of effects leverage. Atthe samesubstantial time, SouthAfrica mustweigh the unintended Zimbabwe’s largest trading partner, many consider SouthAfrica ina positiontoexert supplies, hasnotbeenabletodomore transport links tothe outsi Zimbabwe’s powerfulthanneighboringmore Zimbabwe white farmers, and thismay ha because least of not his itself, ownedbymoves lands to seize comparatively wealthy gratitude. Mugabe enjoys considerable itslong struggle againstAfrica, during whiteminority rule,creating abondof in South shelterparty tothe African National Congress (ANC),nowthe ruling President Mugabe isunderstandableonanum Some analysts pointoutthat Mbeki’s playingwith Mbeki acriticalrolein Zimbabwe drewcriticismfromsomeforitsslowpace,alt trade, andinvestment. capabilitiesAfrica’s forresolving itsownproblems inexchange forincreased aid, for Africa’s Development (NEPAD).NEPADisan initiative aimed at demonstrating consequences ofthe Zimbabwe situation forthe credibility of the New Partnership tomediatethecountry’s crisis attempted presidential election inZimbabwe, Nigeria’ November 15,2004. “Hotfootfrom Harare,” SA,Nigeria, “The and MDCConnection,” “Nigeria Rolls Out Red Carpet forTsvangirai,” September SeeCRSReportRS21353, “Iran Slams SactionsAgainst Zim,” Nonetheless, many have been dissatisfied that South Africa, which isimmensely South that dissatisfied been many have Nonetheless, South Africa. Nigeria. Although anobserverteamfromNigeria endorsed the2002 Former President Thabo Mbeki’s “quiet diplomacy” “quiet toward Mbeki’s Thabo President Former 150 Africa Confidential ObasanjosupportedZimbabwe’s suspensionfromthe New Partnership for(NEPAD), Africa’s Development his farm—anunusualprivilege. ve constrainedMbekiaswell. ) governments against Zimbabwe.” AllAfrica, the September 2008 powersharing agreement. CRS-37 rman-African summitinOctober2007that popularity around Africa and in South Africa popularitySouth in aroundAfricaand e across itsnorthernbordercouldproducea in conformity withtheruleoflaw.” reluctance to openly confront or condemn or reluctance toopenly confront to improve the Zimbabwe situation.As toimprovetheZimbabwe ngirai, andthe government-owned Herald de world, as well as over its electricity asoverits as well de world, . Hewasreportedly ve asubstantialimpactonSouthAfrica. The Herald, , Vol. 48, No.24,November, Vol. 30,2007. discussion withTsvangirai andanMDC s former president, Olusegun Obasanjo, Olusegun president, s former , and which has extensive controlover , andwhichhasextensive ... We strongly... We condemnthebullying his ownconcernwiththesituationin November 22,2006. ber ofgrounds. Mugabe lentaidand November 6,2005. houghboth sides credit 152 concerned about the concerned about Zimbabwe Standard 151 Thecountry'snew After the 2005 After the 149 153 by , http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 BBC MonitoringAfrica 5, 2004. June 22,2007. June for workersandhumanrights.” quiet diplomats,” and “we willnotkeepto respectlead mumwhen freedom not does “wearenot remarked, leader One COSATU violence. ofpolice incidents the after when COSATUmemberstraveledtoHara forcibly fromZimbabwe twice,fi expelled democracy and human rights against the apartheid regime.” democracy apartheid the against rights andhuman tointernationalmuch owed solidarity so when SouthAfricans were fighting for ondemocracy attacks massive and human rights, especially who those from coming thegovernmentCOSATU criticized fora“d union the in since theMDChasitsroots A certain sympathy ofCOSATUtoward the MDCmay onthe part be inevitable, Africa’s powerfullaborconf statement following theMarch2007arrest have African TradeUnions(COSATU), Leon, Tony andeventheANC’sally, opposition leader theCongress ofSouth President NelsonMandela Mbeki thatheshould“keepaway” from to prevent thecountryprevent fromslipping to South African diplomatshave neededto andprestige influence the with source fromwhichtorepay theIMF dues. political reforms,thenegotia and economic Africangovernmerumors thattheSouth Africa forfuel,food,andelect from theFund fordebtpayment arrears, been unsuccessful untilrecently. In 2005,as for negotiations withtheoppositionandaco strategy andanexit forMugabeincentives exchange in offerofeconomic Mbeki’s Zimbabwean government and the MDCtogether future. todiscuss Zimbabwe’s violence throughout SouthAfrica. Zimbabwean andotherAfricanimmigrants2008, becametargets ofxenophobic Some estimatethatthreemillion Zimbab 158 157 156 155 154 hopeforMbeki’smediaobservers expressed ICG, ICG, “South Africa Ends‘s‘Silence’onZimbabwe “WeAre Not Quiet Diplomats,” “Zimbabwe Pays PartofIMF Debt,” MichaelWines,“Influx from Zimbab Mbeki’s Zimbabwe policiesdrewcritic Mbeki’s Defenders of President Mbeki’s approach have argued that he is the only the is he leader approachhaveargued Mbeki’s that Defenders ofPresident Throughengagement, hispolicy PresidentMbekirepeatedlyof brought the Zimbabwe: Anothe , March14,2007. r ElectionChance , Nobel laureate Archbishop Desmond Tutu,former Archbishop , Nobellaureate ederation, strongly opposed thequietdiplomacy policy. already madea contribution in Zimbabwe — helping ricity,addr aswellto 156 When the Mbeki government issued a terse initial Daily MailandGuardian Atleast60werekilled. intoanarchy in2002,forexample. Washington Post, Both,” we toSouthAfricaTests CRS-38 movement. COSATUde weans have fled into the country.weans havefledintothe sway and Mbeki that Mugabe. claim Some interference inZimbabwe’s affairs. 155 the country requestedaloanfromSouth rst in2004andmorerecently inlate2006, nt would make any loanconditionalon nt wouldmake , 14. been vocaldetractors.COSATU,South re to express their support for the ZCTU the theirsupportfor re toexpress isgraceful” response, tions stalledandMu mmitment to free and fa mmitment tofreeand tion rolewhenthePresidentandMorgan In early 2006speech,Mugabe warned theIMF Zimbabwe threatenedtoexpel , UrgesHarare, ‘toRespect Rule ofLaw,’” of MDC and civilsocietyand activists, MDC of ism fromwithinhiscountry; former September 2,2005. ess theIMF payments. Amid (Johannesburg), November (Johannesburg), 157

legations havebeen gabe foundanother “in theface of such ir electionshave New York Times York New 154 158 In May In Some , http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 2004. 2005. logjam,” intounlockthis move said “Ireally imagine thatthe leaders inAfricashould the March2008elections,Zuma did not call president oftheANCinDecember 2007. as waselected elections, next the in ANC the represent to candidates possible Former Motlanthe. Kgalema President havebeenaddressed.” election violence-free like things a free andfairelectioninZimbabwe” and a way sothat the elections will not be free and fair.” He insisted that “there willbe conferencehe had that “no reason tothinkthat anyone inZimbabwe willmilitate in democracyof inZimbabwe inMarch2005,whenhetoldapress supporters report at the summit,however, and declared itwouldkeep itscontents secret until gravity ofthesituation.” has but as“amonster,” president resigned 2008,hasb inlateSeptember should the 2008powersharing agreement falter.Mbeki,who Mbeki’s successor, Mbeki’s diplomacy. exaggeration.” ofZimbab Secretary description Rice’s President Mbeki’sefforts tomediate. hewelcomed that meeting the after said diplomacy past, ofquiet the been in critical Tsvangirai metinOctober 166 165 164 163 162 161 160 159 abuses, presscensorship,and Zimbabwe in2002,reportedly criticized from the African CommissionforHuman and People’s Rights (ACHPR)that visited indicating achange initsapproach. The to becirculatedatitsannualsummit, and fair. In July 2004,whenthe AU allowe In 2002,anOAUobserverteamlabeled Muga Organization ofAfricanUnityhave (OAU), (London), November 26,2006. RL31697, “AUReport Slams Erosi “Zuma RatchetsUpRhetoricOver Zimbabwe,” “AfricaShowsImpatience onZimbabwe “I’mISympathyHavebut Mugabe, No for WhatHeHasDone,” Formore onchallenges information to a possibleZuma presidency, seeCRSReport “Mbeki Criticizes U.S Over Zimbabwe,” “Mbeki Pays Polls TributetoZimbabwe, WillBe Free andFair,”Says “Tsvangirai Changes onMbeki’s Tune QuietDiplomacy,” The future ofSouthAfrica’s policy by toward Zimbabwedetermined maybe The African Union. 164 South Africa:CurrentI and called for African leaders to “assist” Mbeki as mediator, as mediator, “given Mbeki “assist” the to leaders forAfrican andcalled 161 These remarks have left critics questioning the substance behind 165 on ofRule Law,” 2004, after Tsvangirai’s acquitta The African Union (AU) and its predecessor, the predecessor, (AU)andits Union TheAfrican compromising the judiciary. ssues andU.S.Relations, defended Mbeki’squietdiplomacy. CRS-39 159 een temporarily succeededby ANCDeputy some believedthere Deputy President Jacob Zuma, among the Jacob Deputy President Crisis,”Reuters,April22, 2008. But MbekistunnedtheMDCandmany that “things likeaccessto the public media, BBC 114-page report, preparedby adelegation 162 we as anoutpostoftyrannyas we as“an d areportcriticaloftheMugabe regime Zuma has referred tothe Zimbabwean the Zimbabwe government forpolice Zimbabwe the for Mbeki to step down as mediator, but mediator, as for Mbekitostepdown been supportiveofMugabe inthepast. Zimbabwe Independent , February 22,2005. be’s election victory legitimate, free, Financial Times by LaurenPloch. 160 Business Day Earlier, hehadtermed Earlier, 166 l. Tsvangirai, whohad gional body might be The AU tabled the TheAUtabled The SundayTelegraph , April22,2008. , July 16,2004. , July AFP 163 , October 29, , October Following , March2, http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 initiative, a vital partforAfrica’sPartnership ofthe New Development (NEPAD). Zimbabwe damages the credibility ofthe African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) ortocondemnhumanrights abusesin resolutions ACHPR AU toactonthe people outthere willstoptaking usseriously.” warned, “If wecontinuetothrowoutevery resolutions onZimbabwe tarnishesthein International Press Institute (IPI), suggest that the AU’s repeated rejection ofACHPR procedural flaws.” were rejectedby the AU’s CouncilofMini prevent its release. its prevent the Zimbabwean governmentand technicalities used procedural to regulations Zimbabwe has had a chance to respond in de in respond Zimbabwe hashadachanceto 172 171 170 169 168 167 SADCapproved new electoralMauritius, principles and guidelines forallin its to condemntheactionsofPresidentMu well as cultural and economic ties, and the as experience, historical by Zimbabwe to common arelinked a Community (SADC) and deportedhim,accusing theenvoy of The Zimbabwean government prevente envoy his Asylumas SeekersinAfrica, Nyanduga, RapporteuronRefugees Special access tothecountry. In 2005, AU Commission ignored itsdetractorsandfreque substantial policy changes towardMugabe's theAUmayfrom criticism ha rights compliance.” close toAfricanheadsof alotofpressureonZimbabwethis - exert ACHPR resolutionwashailedby humanrigh fact-fi second a and expression” to allow “government ofZimbabwethe torespect Partnership forAfrica that promotes pressfreedoms standards. andjournalistic global network ofeditors,media executives Criticizing Zimbabwe’s Record onHuman Rights, PressFreedom,” April 4,2006. IPI is a July 20,2006. “Harare Raps African Un information ontheAPRM and NEPAD,seeCRSReportRS21353, Forfurther “Mkapa HasaLong ShotatMoving ‘BadBoy’ Mugabe,” International Institute, Press “IPI Disappoi “African Union Slams Hu “It’s theVery LeadersWhoAre Denying Justice,” thePeopleTheir Some observersandintern SADC. ZANU-PF failShould toabid Many ofthe14membersth 167 169 168 TheACHPRpassedaresolution in December 2005calling on

’s Development(NEPAD) But likethepreviousreport,secondmission’sfindings state, observes and condemns such defiance ofhuman state,observesandcondemnssuchdefiance ion Human Rights Body,” man Rights Record,” ntly deniesthosewhomight becriticalofthe regime ve littleeffect,unlessitisaccompaniedby more ational humanrights organizations suchasthe e by the terms of the power sharing agreement, CRS-40 d Nyanduga fromconducting hisassessment “western collusion and agenda adoption.” “western collusionandagenda gabe’s regime.At itsAugust 2004summit to investigate OperationMurambatsvina. and leading journalists in overand leading 110countries journalists sters in2006becauseof“irregularities and is the first timesuchasignificant body,the is so thefundamentalrights andfreedomsof nding missiontoenterthecountry. The tegrity of the body.tegritythe AsoneAUofficial of organization hasbeenseenasdisinclined human rights report that comes before us, before human rights reportthatcomes nted By African Union’s Slow Progress in administration.Zimbabwe hasroutinely tail. According tosomemediareports, ts advocates, whosuggested, “Thiswill , by NicolasCook. 170 , Internally and DisplacedPersons, IRIN, IPIsuggests also that refusalofthe e SouthernAfricanDevelopment Chairman Alpha Konare sent Tom Chairman AlphaKonaresent U.S. FedNews January 3,2006. January AllAfrica , July 6,2005. , July , August 25,2006. Financial Gazette, New 171 172 http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 Mission, issued on June 30,2008. Mission, issuedonJune political stakeholders toward a negotiated solution. represent the willofthe people all ofZimbabwe,"among and called fordialogue 2008 June election observermissiontothe after the SADCsummit,President Mbeki was nominated as mediator. SADC's and incident, the discuss to Harare to Jakaya traveled President Kikwete Tanzanian following thearrestof March 2007, policies, including theburdenplaced onthecountry Inrefugees. by Zimbabwe’s Botswana hasspokenoutinthepaston undermining economicgrowth intheregi SouthernAfricanlead own countries. they ontheir crisis ofZimbabwe’s do appear increasingly impact the concernedwith elections wasconsideredbythe of critics above, theSADCobserverdelegation’s andaccess.Asnoted ofmovement freedom observers SADC pledged allow to actions takenby thegovernment since1997. considerable responsibility forZimbabwe Mugabe 2008runoff. asPresidentaftertheJune missions. for SADCobserver democraticZimbabwe,in particularly reforms since they laid outdetailed guidelines have inpressing its agreement arediscussed, itremainsunc 2008 they have been largely ineffective. Asthe implementationdetails ofthe September measures toreversetheeconomicdownturn, member nations. 176 175 174 173 school feeshasrisenexponen school attendancehasreporte recovery. ProspectsforZimbabwe’s young country of living continuetorise,andthe items, nottomention medici comparatively cheap South African imports. African South comparatively cheap re encountered inimplementing economic for Zimbabwe’s difficulties economicdrought, problems, including recurrent Foundation), June 2003. Foundation), June SADC Summit, Mauritius,August 2004). Teddy BrettandSimon Winter,“Ori Preliminary Statement Presentedby theH ICG, SADC PrinciplesandGuidelines Although Mugabe’s neighboring leadersha The future ofZimbabwe, inthe shortterm, remains grave. Inflation and the cost Zimbabwe: Anothe 173 Analysts were hopefulthattheserulesmight motivatemeaningful economicpoliciesunder Prospects fortheFuture r ElectionChance nes or doctors. Analystsnes ordoctors. ha 174 dly droppeddramaticallysince 2000,andthecostof tially. Many families are una Thesignatory countries Governing Democratic Elections GoverningDemocratic gins oftheZimbabwe Crisis,” CRS-41 Tsvangirai andotheroppositionmembers, Available at[h ers blamedZimbabwe for andSwaziland Mugabe administration on. Jose MarcosBarricaoftheSADCObserveron. Jose regional problems attributed to Mugabe’s to regional problemsattributed on at a SADCSummitinLesotho in 2006. ’s agriculture industry’s showslittlesign of ’s problems on thepoliciesadoptedand on ’s problems , 13. favorable reportforZimbabwe’s 2005 favorable est generation are e forms, and industrialcompetitionfrom forms, runoff foundthattheelection"did not lear how much influencetheMDCwill The government has taken some fiscal some Thegovernment hastaken but ashyperinflation a unity government. 176 Atthe same time, analysts place ve not singled himoutfor criticism, 175 Botswana refused torecognize ttp:// ve citedanumberofreasons , including Zimbabwe, are www.iss.co.za]. ble toaffordbasicfood qually grim. Primary Focus to bedisappointing. continues torise, (Adoptedby the (Helen Suzman (Helen http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 fleeing toSouthAfrica. strike severaltimesinrecentyears. Ov security forces.Thec servants andits to dwindling resources fromwhich with itself Kenya, increasingly havebecome andZambia, critical. forexample, hispoliciesonth consider theimpactof Likewise, theAfricansolidarity onwhich financial supportcoulddwindl investors. While President Mugabe’s allies may maintain their diplomatic solidarity, desperately deterred turn in neededforeign reports, according to has, which law, 177 path towardrecovery. its willingness toworkwith moderate el credible alternativetoZANU- and a unified opposition’s role inZimbabwe’s politicalfu th acceptable compromiseisreached.Should governments may consider tightening sanctions orother punitive measures until an considerable concessionsfrombothsides. support fortherecentpowersharing d situation isnowat a critical juncture. The international community has expressed increasingly isolatedfollowing itself Science Monitor, “Zimbabwe Army’s DesertersUnders The country'sdecline, its GDPcontinues The governmentThe ofRobert Mugabe has displayedof little respectrule forthe As Zimbabwe’s economy continuesto April25,2007. 177

e iftheyinvestments. donotseeareturnontheir CRS-42 the2008elections,country’s political core Country’s Economic Troubles,” ements andputthecountry's economythe on ountry's teachersanddoctorshavegone on er 1,000 soldiers have er 1,000soldiershave eal, but its implementation will require eal, butitsimplementationwill Mugabeha hasrelied eir owncountries.Nigeria, Botswana, PF, whileatthesame ture may dependonitsability to present Should it stall or collapse, foreign collapse, Shoulditstallor collapse and its government hasfound drawtomaintainsupportfromitscivil e unity government beestablished,the and Mugabe's innercirclehasfound s wanedascountries reportedly deserted, timedemonstrating Christian http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32723 Source: MapResources.Adaptedby CRS. Figure 1.MapofZimbabwe CRS-43