Broad Band Over Power Lines

BROAD BAND OVER POWER LINES

By EBAA ABD ALGADER ALGAILI DISHAIN INDEX NO .084001

Supervisor Ustaz. Mohamed Elnourani

A REPORT SUBMITTED TO University of Khartoum In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of B.Sc (HONS) Electrical and Electronic Engineering. (communication engineering )

July 2013

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY

I declare that this report entitled “ PROAD BAND OVER POWER LINES” is my own work except as cited in the references. The report has not been accepted for any degree and is not being submitted concurrently in candidature for any degree or other award. Signature: ______

Name: ______

Date: ______

االهداء

إلى من علمني النجاح والصبر

إلى من افتقده في مواجهة الصعاب

الى من علمني وعانى الصعاب ألصل إلى ما أنا عليه...ابى

إلى من تتسابق الكلمات لتخرج معبرة عن مكنون ذاتها

الى من لم تمهلنى الدنيا ألرتوي من حنانها.. أمى

إلى من كانوا يضيئون لي الطريق

ويساندوني ويتنازلون عن حقوقهم

إلرضائي والعيش في هناء ....إخوتي

إلى كل من علمني حرفاً وأصبح سنا برقه يضيء الطريق أمامي

III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Unlimited praise for Allah as the number of his creatures, the gratification of himself, the weight of his throne, and the extension of his words.

I would like to express my deepest sense of gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Mohamed Alnourani for his continuous advice, systematic guidance, encouragement and great efforts through the course of this project.

I am deeply grateful to my project partner, Yousif Asim Seed Ahmd for his hard work, real team spirit, continuous support, the unforgettable times we have spent and all good things I have learned from him .

I am deeply grateful for my father, and family members who encouraged me and supported me.

Finally many thanks for all people who encouraged and supported me during my university study.

Contents

Declaration :...... I

Dedication: ...... II Acknowledgement: ...... III Contents: ...... IV Abstract: ...... V VI ...... :المستخلص List of Figures : ...... VII List of Tables: ...... VIII List of Abbreveartions: ...... X CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Overview: ...... 1 1.2 Problem Statement: ...... 2 1.3 Motivations: ...... 2 1.4 Project Objectives: ...... 2 1.5 Thesis Layout:...... 3 CHAPTER TWO : LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 4 2.1 Introduction: ...... 4 2.2 Power Supply Networks: ...... 5 2.3 Broadband PLC : ...... 6 2.4 PLC Access Networks: ...... 6 2.4.1 Structure of PLC Access Networks: ...... 6 2.4.2 In-home PLC Networks:...... 8 2.4.3 PLC modem: ...... 9 2.4.4 PLC base/master station: ...... 10 2.4.5 Repeater: ...... 11 2.5 Electromagnetic Compatibility of PLC Systems: ...... 12 2.5.1 Definition of EMC Terms: ...... 12

2.5.2 EMC Disturbance Classification:...... 14 2.6 Modulation Techniques for PLC System: ...... 15 2.6.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing: ...... 15 2.6.2 Generation of OFDM Signals: ...... 16 2.7 Similar papers and researches: ...... 19 2.7.1 Ethernet over Low-Voltage Power Line Communication Networks A Security Analysis and Audit of the HomePlug 1.0 Standard: ...... 19 2.7.2 Broadband Over Power lines (BPL) for Indian Telecom Network: ...... 19 2.7.3 The Future of Broadband Over Power Line: ...... 19 2.7.4 Analysis of the Competitiveness of Broadband over Power Line Communication in Korea: ...... 19 2.7.5 Broadband Over Power Lines A White Paper: ...... 20 CHAPTER THREE : METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN: ...... 21 3.1 Introduction: ...... 21 3.2 PLC Hardware: ...... 21 3.2.1 Power line modems: ...... 21 3.2.2 Phase Detectors (Corinex Diagnostics Kit): ...... 24 3.2.3 Ethernet cables (crossover cables): ...... 24 3.3 In-Home AV Network Topology: ...... 25 3.3.1 Public Network : ...... 26 3.3.2 Private Network : ...... 26 3.4 Single-Network Scenarios: ...... 26 3.4.1 Local Area Network using two AV200 powerline Ethernet Wall Mounts: ...... 26 3.5 Software tools: ...... 28 3.5.1 VLC streaming media server: ...... 28 3.5.2 Wireshark Network analyzer program: ...... 28 3.6 Powerline modem Design: ...... 30 3.6.1 MAX2982: ...... 30 3.6.2 MAX2981: ...... 31 CHAPTER FOUR : IMPLEMENTAION AND RESULTS: ...... 31 4.1 Introduction ...... 32 4.2 Network implementation: ...... 32

4.3 Video Streaming over power line: ...... 35 4.4 Wireshark Analysis software: ...... 37 4.4.1 Ping signals: ...... 37 4.4.2 Ethernet conversations: ...... 38 4.4.3 Video streaming: ...... 39 4.5 Discussion: ...... 41 CHAPTER FIVE : CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...... 40 5.1 Conclusion: ...... 42 5.2 Limitations : ...... 43 5.3 Recommendations : ...... 43 5.4 Future work : ...... 43 References: ...... 43

VII

Abstract

This project is based on the technology of data exchange through electrical power lines. The main point of this project is the design of the device which performs the broad band over power lines which called power line modem (PLM) and use it in video streaming , and discuss the broadband PLC access systems and their network components. So there is no new cabling or infrastructure, instead leveraging the long established power grid provided by electrical companies. and In-Home BPL modems utilize the existing house wiring to provision a Local Area Network (LAN) that can be used throughout the home. By applying this project the cost and expenditure in the realization of new telecommunications networks is reduced . and providing Internet Services by means of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocols, which can support voice, data, and video services.

The testing of broadband over power lines was done by video streaming over power line network, using VLC program and the Wireshark Network analyzer program was used for analysis of network. and the results seem to be sufficient, and there was a delay problem.

VIII

المستخلص

هذا المشروع مبنى على تقنية تبادل البيانات عبر خطوط الطاقة الكهربائية. الفكرة األساسية للمشروع هي تصميم الجهاز الذي يقوم بنقل البيانات عبر خطوط الكهرباء والذي يسمى بمودم اإلتصال عبر خطوط الكهرباء و إستخدامه في التطبيقات التي تحتاج لعرض نطاق عالي, وهنا تم اإلختبار بإرسال الفيديو و مناقشة أنظمة الوصول ذات النطاق العريض و مكونات شبكة اإلتصال الخاصة بهم. لذلك ليس هناك حاجة إلى كابالت جديدة أو بنية تحتية، وبدل ا من ذلك اإلستفادة من شبكة الكهرباء التي تقدمها شركات الكهرباء, وفي المنازل استخدام أجهزة المودم باالستفادة من األسالك الكهربائية لتوفير شبكة االتصال المحلية التي يمكن استخدامها في جميع أنحاء المنزل

بتصميم المشروع يتم تقليل التكاليف والنفقات النشاء شبكات االتصاالت السلكية والالسلكية الجديدة , وتوفير خدمات االنترنت عن طريق بروتوكول اإلنترنت، الذى يمكن أن يدعم الصوت والبيانات، وخدمات الفيديو

تم اختبار كفاءة اداء الشبكات عبر خطوط الكهرباء با رسا ل الفديو و مراقبة و تحليل اداء الشبكة بواسطة محلل شبكات , و تم الحصول

على نتائج دلت على كفاءة المشروع .كما وجدت بعض العيوب مثل التاخير .

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1 : Structure of Electrical Supply Networks ...... 5 Figure 2-2 : Structure of a PLC Access Network ...... 7 Figure 2-3 : Structure of a PLC in Home Network ...... 9 Figure 2-4 : Functions of the PLC Modem ...... 10 Figure 2-5 : Function of the PLC Base Station ...... 11 Figure 2-6 : Function of the PLC Repeater ...... 12 Figure 2-7 : PLC Network with Repeaters ...... 12 Figure 2-8 : Different Areas of Electromagnetic Compatibility ...... 13 Figure 2-9 : OFDM Symbol Presentations in the Frequency Domain ...... 16 Figure 2-10 : Basic OFDM Transmitter ...... 17 Figure 3-1 : The Corinex AV200 Powerline Ethernet Wall Mount ...... 22 Figure 3-2 : The Corinex AV200 Powerline Ethernet Wall Mount LEDs ...... 23 Figure 3-3 : Corinex Diagnostics Kit ...... 24 Figure 3-4 : Ethernet Cable ...... 25 Figure 3-5 : Crossover Connection for Ethernet Cable ...... 25 Figure 3-6 : Local Area Network Using Two AV200 Powerline Ethernet Wall Mounts ...... 27 Figure 3-7 : Extended Network ...... 27 Figure 3-8 : VLC Home Screen ...... 28 Figure 3-9 : Wireshark Home Page...... 29 Figure 3-10 : Typical Powerline Application Circuit ...... 30 Figure 3-11 : Typical Analog Front-End Operation Circuit ...... 31 Figure 4-1 : Modems are Plugged Into the Sockets ...... 33 Figure 4-2 : Setting PC IP Address ...... 34 Figure 4-3 : Ping Signal to PC with IP (192.168.4.1) ...... 34 Figure 4-4 : Setting Capturing Device for sever ...... 35 Figure 4-5 : Destination Port for Streaming ...... 35 Figure 4-6 : Server IP Address and Streaming Port Number ...... 36 Figure 4-7 : Picture for live Streaming Over Powerline ...... 36 Figure 4-8 : Packages Binging Request and Its Reply (when PC with IP Address 192.168.4.1) ...... 38 Figure 4-9 : Ethernet Conversations Between PC and PLC Modem ...... 39 Figure 4-10 : Streaming Received Packages ...... 40 Figure 4-11 : Streaming Sent Packages ...... 40

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3-1 : Technical description of Corinex AV200 Powerline Ethernet Wall Mount ...... 23

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

PLC power Line Communication. EMI/C ElectroMagnetic Interference/Compatibility IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. LAN Local Area Network WAN Wide Area Network. BS Base Station. GUI Graphical User Interface.

PCAP Packet Capture (computer network administration field). QoS Quality Of Service. AP Access Point EP End Point

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition FM Frequency Modualtion. OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. BPL Broad band Over Power Lines DSL Digital Subscriber Line PLM Power Line Modems TCP Transport Control Protocol IP Internet Protocol CFS Carrier Frequency Systems RCS Ripple Carrier Signaling

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview:

Broadband over Power Lines (BPL) is a term used to describe the use of existing electrical lines to provide the medium for a high speed communications network. Power Line. Communications (PLC) is achieved by superimposing the voice or data signals onto the line carrier signal using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. There are two main categories of BPL: in-house and access. In-house BPL is broadband access within a building or structure using the electric lines of the structure to provide the network infrastructure. HomePlug is an alliance of several vendors of in-house BPL products. which has authored a standard for device compliance. Products conforming to the Home Plug standard have been commercially available. An adapter which connects an existing router (which accepts the in-coming broadband from Cable or DSL) to the electric lines of the house. Other computers in the building can then connect to the network simply by attaching their computer's network card to an adapter plugged into a wall outlet. Access BPL is the use of the electrical transmission lines to deliver broadband to the home. Access BPL is considered a viable alternative to Cable or DSL to provide the 'final mile' of broadband to end users. A BPL coupler placed at the pole converts the transmission medium from fiber (originating at the substation) to medium voltage power lines. Broadband signals traverse the medium voltage power lines, bypassing transformers, with repeaters placed every mile along the transmission path. At the final pole, a BPL wireless device can deliver the broadband to home-installed BPL wireless receivers, or, the signal can be sent to the individual homes via the low-voltage electrical lines and made available through any BPL wired receiver[1]. The aim of this project is design of power line modem and using it in video streaming and discuss of the broadband PLC access systems and their network components. and analyze of plc network using analyzing program .

1.2 Problem Statement:

The usage of telecommunications systems has increased rapidly. so there is a need for the development of new telecommunications networks and transmission technologies. The direct connection of the customers/subscribers is realized over the access networks, and the costs for realization, installation and maintenance of the access networks are very high and longer time is needed for paying back the invested capital . An alternative solution for the realization of the access networks is offered by the PLC (Power Line Communications) technology using the power supply grids for communications. PLC systems applied in the access area that ensure realization of telecommunications services with the higher QOS requirements are called “broadband PLC access networks”.

1.3 Motivations:

The power lines are spreaded in large areas in Sudan and used for transferring the electricity only ,and Sudan is a poor country ,so by using broadband over power lines ,the costs for realization, installation and maintenance of the access networks will be reduced .

The local area networks in home and small offices by using in home plug will be less cost and more availability.

1.4 Project Objectives:

The objective of this project can be summarized as follow :

 Study of the possibility and feasibility of power line communication as a solution of

sending and receiving data .

 Design of power line modems.

 Using the power line modems in different applications like video streaming .

 Analyzing the plc network using Wire shark Network analyzer program .

1.5 Thesis Layout:

The thesis is organized as follows :

Chapter 2 (Literature review): this chapter introduces the history of the BPL and BPL's networks and their components and PLC modem. Chapter 3 (Methodology and design): This chapter describes the tools, requirements, implementation, analysis and verification of the system design plan. Chapter 4 (results and discussion): This chapter describes the implementation of the tests, the results obtained from the design described in chapter 3 and the discussion. Chapter 5 (Conclusion): this chapter contains the conclusions and recommended future work.

CHAPTR TWO LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction:

Power Line Communications is the usage of electrical power supply networks for communications purposes. In this case, electrical distribution grids are additionally used as a transmission medium for the transfer of various telecommunications services. The main idea behind PLC is the reduction of cost and expenditure in the realization of new telecommunications networks. High- or middle-voltage power supply networks could be used to bridge a longer distance to avoid building an extra communications network. Low-voltage supply networks are available worldwide in a very large number of households and can be used for the realization of PLC access networks to overcome the so-called telecommunications “last mile”. Powerline communications can also be applied within buildings or houses, where an internal electrical installation is used for the realization of in-home PLC networks. The application of electrical supply networks in telecommunications has been known since the beginning of the twentieth century. The first Carrier Frequency Systems (CFS) had been operated in high-voltage electrical networks that were able to span distances over 500 km using 10-W signal transmission power. Such systems have been used for internal communications of electrical utilities and realization of remote measuring and control tasks. Also, the communications over medium- and low-voltage electrical networks has been realized. Ripple Carrier Signaling (RCS) systems have been applied to medium- and low-voltage networks for the realization of load management in electrical supply systems. Internal electrical networks have been mostly used for realization of various automation services. Application of in-home PLC systems makes possible the management of numerous electrical devices within a building or a private house from a central control position without the installation of an extra communications network. Typical PLC-based building automation systems are used for security observance, supervision of heating devices, light control, and so on.

2.2 Power Supply Networks:

The electrical supply systems consist of three network levels that can be used as a transmission medium for the realization of PLC networks (Fig. 2.1):  High-voltage (110–380 kV) networks connect the power stations with large supply regions or big customers. They usually span very long distances, allowing power exchange within a continent. High-voltage networks are usually realized with overhead supply cables.  Medium-voltage (MV) (10–30 kV) networks supply larger areas, cities and big industrial or commercial customers. Spanned distances are significantly shorter than in the high-voltage networks. The medium-voltage networks are realized as both overhead and underground networks.  Low-voltage (230/400 V, in the USA 110 V) networks supply the end users either as individual customers or as single users of a bigger customer. Their length is usually up to a few hundred meters. In urban areas, low-voltage networks are realized with underground cables, whereas in rural areas they exist usually as overhead networks [2].

Figure 1 : Structure of Electrical Supply Networks

2.3 Broadband PLC :

Broadband PLC systems provide significantly higher data rates (more than 2 Mbps) than narrowband PLC systems. Where the narrowband networks can realize only a small number of voice channels and data transmission with very low bit rates, broadband PLC networks offer the realization of more sophisticated telecommunication services; multiple voice connections, high- speed data transmission, transfer of video signals, and narrowband services as well. Therefore, PLC broadband systems are also considered a capable telecommunications technology. Current broadband PLC systems provide data rates beyond 2Mbps in the outdoor arena, which includes medium- and low-voltage supply networks (Fig. 2.1), and up to 12 Mbps in the in-home area. Some manufacturers have already developed product prototypes providing much higher data rates (about 40 Mbps). Medium-voltage PLC technology is usually used for the realization of point-to-point connections bridging distances up to several hundred meters. Typical application areas of such systems is the connection of local area networks (LAN) networks between buildings or within a campus and the connection of antennas and base stations of cellular communication systems to their backbone networks. Low-voltage PLC technology is used for the realization of the so-called “last mile” of telecommunication access networks. Because of the importance of telecommunication access, current development of broadband PLC technology is mostly directed toward applications in access networks including the in-home area. In contrast to narrowband PLC systems, there are no specified standards that apply to broadband PLC networks[2].

2.4 PLC Access Networks:

2.4.1 Structure of PLC Access Networks: The low-voltage supply networks consist of a transformer unit and a number of power supply cables linking the end users, which are connected to the network over meter units.

A powerline transmission system applied to a low-voltage network uses it as a medium for the realization of PLC access networks. In this way, the low-voltage networks can be used for the realization of the so-called “last mile” communications networks.

The low-voltage supply networks are connected to medium- and high-voltage networks via a transformer unit (Fig 2.2). The PLC access networks are connected to the backbone communications networks (WAN) via a base/master station (BS) usually placed within the transformer unit. Many utilities supplying electrical power have their own telecommunications networks linking their transformer units and they can be used as a backbone network. If this is not the case, the transformer units can be connected to a conventional telecommunications network. The connection to the backbone network can also be realized via a subscriber or a power street cabinet, especially if there is a convenient possibility for its installation (e.g. there is a suitable cable existing that can be used for this purpose at low cost). In any case, the communications signal from the backbone has to be converted into a form that makes possible its transmission over a low-voltage power supply network. The conversion takes place in a main/base station of the PLC system.

Figure 2 : Structure of a PLC Access Network

The low-voltage supply networks are connected to medium- and high-voltage networks via a transformer unit .The PLC access networks are connected to the backbone communications networks (WAN) via a base/master station (BS) usually placed within the transformer unit. Many utilities supplying electrical power have their own telecommunications networks linking their

7 transformer units and they can be used as a backbone network. If this is not the case, the transformer units can be connected to a conventional telecommunications network. The PLC subscribers are connected to the network via a PLC modem placed in the electrical power meter unit (Fig 2.2) or connected to any socket in the internal electrical network. In the first case, the subscribers within a house or a building are connected to the PLC modem using another communications technology (e.g. DSL, WLAN). In the second case, the internal electrical installation is used as a transmission medium that leads to the so-called in-home PLC solution. The modem converts the signal received from the PLC network into a standard form that can be processed by conventional communications systems. On the user side, standard communications interfaces (such as Ethernet) are usually offered. Within a house, the transmission can be realized via a separated communications network or via an internal electric installation (in-home PLC solution). In this way, a number of communications devices within a house can also be connected to a PLC access network.

2.4.2 In-home PLC Networks:

In-home PLC (indoor) systems use internal electrical infrastructure as transmission medium. It makes possible the realization of PLC local networks within houses, which connect some typical devices existing in private homes; telephones, computers, printers, video devices, and so on. In the same way, small offices can be provided with PLC LAN systems. In both cases, the laying of new communications cables at high cost is avoided. The structure of an in-home PLC network is not much different from the PLC access systems using low-voltage supply networks. All devices of an in-home PLC network are connected via PLC modems, such as the subscribers of a PLC access network. The modems are connected directly to the wall power supply sockets (outlets), which are available in the whole house/flat. Thus, different communications devices can be connected to the in-home PLC network wherever wall sockets are available. An in-home PLC network can exist as an independent network covering only a house or a building. However, it excludes usage and control of in-home PLC services from a distance. On

8 the other hand, a remote controlled in-home PLC system is very comfortable for the realization of various automation functions.

Figure 3 : Structure of a PLC in Home Network

2.4.3 PLC modem: A PLC modem connects standard communications equipment, used by the subscribers, to a powerline transmission medium. The user-side interface can provide various standard interfaces for different communications devices (e.g. Ethernet and Universal Serial Bus (USB) interfaces for realization of data transmission and S0 and a/b interfaces for telephony). On the other side, the PLC modem is connected to the power grid using a specific coupling method that allows the feeding of communications signals to the powerline medium and its reception (Fig. 2.4). The coupling has to ensure a safe galvanic separation and act as a high pass filter dividing the communications signal (above 9 kHz) from the electrical power (50 or 60 Hz).

Figure 4 : Functions of the PLC Modem To reduce electromagnetic emissions from the powerline, the coupling is realized between two phases in the access area and between a phase and the neutral conductor in the indoor area. The PLC modem implements all the functions of the physical layer including modulation and coding. The second communications layer (data link layer) is also implemented within the modem including its MAC (Medium Access Control) and LLC (Logical Link Control) sub layers (according to the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) reference model The modems provide, usually, various user interfaces to be able to connect different communications devices. Thus, an user interface can provide an Ethernet interface connecting a personal computer. On the other hand, a PLC modem is connected to the powerline transmission medium providing a PLC specific interface. The communication between the PLC transmission medium and the user interface is carried out on the third network layer. Information received on the physical layer form the powerline network is delivered through MAC and LLC sublayers to the network layer, which is organized according to a specified standard (e.g. IP) ensuring communications between PLC and Ethernet (or any other) data interfaces. The information received by the data interface of the communications device is forwarded to the application network layers. (See appendix).

2.4.4 PLC base/master station: A PLC base station (master station) connects a PLC access system to its backbone network .It realizes the connection between the backbone communications network and the powerline transmission medium (Fig 2.5). However, the base station does not connect individual subscriber devices, but it may provide multiple network communications interfaces, such as xDSL, Synchronous Digital Mierarch (SDH) for connection with a high-speed network, and so on. In this way, a PLC base station can be used to realize connection with backbone networks using various communication technologies

Figure 5 : Function of the PLC Base Station

Usually, the base station controls the operation of a PLC access network. However, the realization of network control or its particular functions can be realized in a distributed manner. In a special case, each PLC modem can take over the control of the network operation and the realization of the connection with the backbone network.

2.4.5 Repeater: In some cases, distances between PLC subscribers placed in a low-voltage supply network and between individual subscribers and the base station are too long to be bridged by a PLC access system. To make it possible to realize the longer network distances, it is necessary to apply a repeater technique. The repeaters divide a PLC access network into several network segments, the lengths of which can be overcome by the applied PLC system. Network segments are separated by using different frequency bands or by different time slots(Fig 2.6). In the second case, a time slot is used for the transmission within the first network segment and another slot for the second segment.

In the case of frequency-based network segmentation, the repeater receives the transmission signal on the frequency f1, amplifies and injects it into the network, but on the frequency f2. In the opposite transmission direction, the conversion is carried out for frequency f2 to f1. Depending on applied transmission and modulation methods, the repeater function can include demodulation and modulation of the transmitted signal as well as its processing on a higher network layer. However, a repeater does not modify the contents of the transmitted information, which is always transparently transmitted between the network segments of an entire PLC access system(Fig 2.7).

Figure 6 : Function of the PLC Repeater .

Figure 7 : PLC Network with Repeaters 2.5 Electromagnetic Compatibility of PLC Systems:

PLC technology uses the power grid for the transmission of information signals. From the electromagnetic point of view, the injection of the electrical PLC signal in the power cables results in the radiation of an electromagnetic field in the environment, where the power cables begin acting like antennas. This field is seen as a disturbance for the environment and for this reason its level must not exceed a certain limit, in order to realize the so-called electromagnetic compatibility. Electromagnetic compatibility means that the PLC system has to operate in an environment without disturbing the functionality of the other system existing in this environment.

2.5.1 Definition of EMC Terms: Electromagnetic compatibility is the ability of a device or system to function satisfactorily in its electromagnetic environment without introducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbances

12 in the form of interferences to any other system in that environment, even to itself. EMC means living in harmony with others and that has to be viewed from two aspects:  To function satisfactorily, meaning that the equipment is tolerant of others. The equipment is not susceptible to electromagnetic (EM) signals that other equipment puts into the environment. This aspect of EMC is referred to as electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS).  Without producing intolerable disturbances, meaning that the equipment does not bother other equipment. The emission of EM signals by the equipment does not cause electromagnetic interference problems in other equipment that is present. This EMC behavior is also pointed out as electromagnetic emission (EME)

Figure 8 : Different Areas of Electromagnetic Compatibility

Because electromagnetic interference (EMI) first emerged as a serious problem in telecommunications (or, in particular, in broadcasting), EMC tends to be discussed, even to the present day, within the scope of telecommunications technology. Therefore, during the design of a telecommunications device or a system, the EMC aspect of the product must be carefully investigated before it enters the phase of wide range production. The standardization organization International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) defined the EMI as ‘degradation of the performance of a device or system by an electromagnetic disturbance’

2.5.2 EMC Disturbance Classification: The electromagnetic disturbances from an electrical device are not easy to precisely describe, specify and analyze, but there are some general methods to classify them on the basis of some of the characteristics of the offending signals. Generally, the character, frequency content, and transmission mode provide the basis for classifying electromagnetic disturbances. A first method of classifying the EM disturbances is based on the methods of coupling the electromagnetic energy from a source to a receptor. The coupling can be in one of four categories:  Conducted (electric current),  Inductively coupled (magnetic field),  Capacitive coupled (electric field), and+  Radiated (electromagnetic field).

Electromagnetic disturbances with short duration can be categorized into three classes:  Noise, which is a more or less permanent alteration of the voltage curve. Noise has a periodic character and its repetition rate is higher than the mains frequency. Such noise is typically generated by electric motors, welding machines, and so on. The amplitude of noise remains typically less than the peak amplitude of the mains voltage itself.  Impulses, which have positive and negative peaks superimposed on the mains voltage. Impulses are characterized by having short duration, high amplitude and fast rise and/or fall times. Impulses can run synchronously or asynchronously with the mains frequency. Noises, created during various switching procedures, can exist between impulses. Typical devices that produce impulses are switches, relay controls and rectifiers.  Transients, whose time period can range from a few periods of industrial frequency to a few seconds. Most commonly, transients are generated by high-power switches. To be able to differentiate transients from continuous noise, the duty cycle δ is introduced and defined by Eq. 2.1: δ = τ ×f ….. (2.1)

Where – τ: the pulse width measured at 50% height

– f: the pulse repetition rate, or average number of pulses per second, at random. (See the appendix for EMC disturbances phenomena according to IEC CT 77 standard)

2.6 Modulation Techniques for PLC System:

The choice of the modulation technique for a given communications system strongly depends on the nature and the characteristics of the medium on which it has to operate. The powerline channel presents hostile properties for communications signal transmission, such as noise, multipath, strong channel selectivity. Besides the low realization costs, the modulation to be applied for a PLC system must also overcome these channel impairments. For example, the modulation, to be a candidate for implementation in PLC system, must be able to overcome the nonlinear channel characteristics. This channel nonlinearity would make the demodulator very complex and very expensive, if not impossible, for data rates above 10 Mbps with single-carrier modulation. Therefore, the PLC modulation must overcome this problem without the need for a highly complicated equalization. Impedance mismatch on power lines results in echo signal causing delay spread, consisting in another challenge for the modulation technique, which must overcome this multipath. The chosen modulation must offer a high flexibility in using and/or avoiding some given frequencies if these are strongly disturbed or are allocated to another service and therefore forbidden to be used for PLC signals. Recent investigations have focused on two modulation techniques that have shown good performances in other difficult environment and were therefore adopted for different systems with wide deployment. First the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), which has been adopted for the European Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), the Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology, and so on. Second, the spread-spectrum modulation, which is widely used in wireless applications, offering an adequate modulation to be applied with a wide range of the multiple access schemes.

2.6.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing: Multicarrier Modulation (MCM) is the principle of transmitting data by dividing the stream into several parallel bit streams, each of which has a much lower bit rate, and by using several carriers, called also subcarriers, to modulate these substreams.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a special form of MCM with densely spaced subcarriers and overlapping spectra, as shown by the OFDM symbol representation in the frequency domain in (Fig 2.9). To allow an error-free reception of OFDM signals, the subcarriers’ waveforms are chosen to be orthogonal to each other. Compared to modulation methods such as Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) or Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), OFDM transmits symbols that have relatively long time duration, but a narrow bandwidth. In the case of a symbol duration which is less than or equal to the maximum delay spread, as is the case with the other modulations, the received signal consists of overlapping versions of these transmitted symbols or Inter- Symbol Interference (ISI). Usually, OFDM systems are designed so that each subcarrier is narrow enough to experience frequency-flat fading. This also allows the subcarriers to remain orthogonal when the signal is transmitted over a frequency-selective but time invariant channel. If an OFDM modulated signal is transmitted over such a channel, each subcarrier undergoes a different attenuation. By coding the data substreams, errors which are most likely to occur on severely attenuated subcarriers are detected and normally corrected in the receiver by the mean of forward error correcting codes.

Figure 9 : OFDM Symbol Presentations in the Frequency Domain 2.6.2 Generation of OFDM Signals: The generation of the OFDM symbols is based on two principles. First, the data stream is subdivided into a given number of substreams, where each one has to be modulated over a separate carrier signal, called subcarrier. The resulting modulated signals have to be then

16 multiplexed before their transmission. Second, by allowing the modulating subcarriers to be separated by the inverse of the signaling symbol duration, independent separation of the frequency multiplexed subcarriers is possible. This ensures that the spectra of individual subcarriers are zeros at other subcarrier frequencies, as illustrated in (Fig. 2.9).

The data stream is subdivided into N parallel data elements and are spaced by∆ t = 1/ , where fs is the desired symbol rate. N serial elements modulate N subcarrier frequencies which are then frequency division multiplexed. The symbol interval has now been increased to N ∆t which provides robustness to the delay spread caused by the channel. Each one of two adjacent subcarrier frequencies are then spaced by the interval formulated by Eq.2.2

∆f = … (2.2)

Figure 10 : Basic OFDM Transmitter

This ensures that the subcarrier frequencies are separated by multiples of 1/T so that the Subcarriers are orthogonal over a symbol duration in the absence of distortions. It is to be noted that T in this phase is the OFDM symbol duration to which the cyclic period TCP is not yet added According to the basic OFDM realization, the transmitted signal s(t) can be expressed by

…. (2.3)

With the pulse having the function p(t) and fk = k/T , each subcarrier can be formulated by

…. (2.4)

The basis { } is orthogonal, therefore

….. (2.5)

The transmitted signal can be expressed as

…. (2.6)

Sampling at rate :

.... (2.7)

…. (2.8)

Signal can be represented in the form

…. (2.9)

…. (2.10) Where IDFT is inverse Discrete Fourier Transform.

From this presentation of an OFDM modulated signal, it can be deduced that for the generation of the OFDM signals x[n] an IDFT block processing is required. The OFDM signal generation can be further optimized by calculating the IDFT of the original signals by the mean of the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT). See the appendix).[3]

2.7 Similar papers and researches:

2.7.1 Ethernet over Low-Voltage Power Line Communication Networks A Security Analysis and Audit of the HomePlug 1.0 Standard: This paper was developed to address the certification requirements by documenting a security analysis and audit of HomePlug Powerline Communication networks. HomePlug devices permit individual workstations or entire network segments to be bridged over standard AC power lines[4].

2.7.2 Broadband Over Power lines (BPL) for Indian Telecom Network:

The objective of this paper is to highlight the BPL access technology in term of features, working, drawbacks, deployment & future challenges, advantages and scope etc. BPL is now a growing communication network technology which is quite fast hitting the competitive market of broad band internet services in international telecom environment. In addition, value added services like internet, voice, video applications etc. can also be provided by BPL[5].

2.7.3 The Future of Broadband Over Power Line:

This paper investigates the power line broadband problems and, its future while there are many obstacles may face this type of broadband. Also it discusses the main Federal Communications Commission (FCC) policies regarding BPL [6].

2.7.4 Analysis of the Competitiveness of Broadband over Power Line Communication in

Korea:

This study analyzes factors affecting the competitiveness of broadband over power line communication (BPLC) and predicts demand for the service, based on quantitative information about consumer preferences drawn from a survey of Korean consumers. Findings from the estimation suggest that, although consumers value some beneficial features of BPLC, to be competitive the speed and stability of its data transmission needs to be improved [7].

2.7.5 Broadband Over Power Lines A White Paper:

This paper introduces the Broadband technology and compare it other broadband technologies. Also shows in how broadband power line works, and shows the Impetus for BPL As An Access Technology, also explore the Feasibility Assessment for BPL. at the end it investigate the dynamicity of broadband market [8].

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN

3.1 Introduction:

Here throughout this chapter we will focus on In Home PLC (indoor) network, which use internal electrical infrastructure as transmission medium. It makes possible the realization of PLC local networks within houses, which connect some typical devices existing in private homes; telephones, computers, printers, video devices, and so on using powerline modems which connected to the power grid using a specific coupling method that allows the feeding of communications signals to the powerline medium and its reception.

The main components used to achieve the in home PLC are divided into two main parts:  Hardware which used to (implement) construct the network physically: 1. PLC modems (Corinex AV200 powerline Ethernet Wall mount). 2. Phase Detectors (Corinex Diagnostics Kit). 3. Ethernet cables (crossover cables). 4. PCs (to transmit and receive the data).  Software which used to transmit signals over the constructed network as well as analyze and monitor the network performance: 1. VLC open streaming media server. 2. Wireshark Network analyzer program.

3.2 PLC Hardware:

3.2.1 Power line modems: Corinex power line modem was used to implement the local area network. The Corinex AV200 Powerline Ethernet Wall Mount is a network interface adapter which uses the electric power lines already in your home or office as a medium for communication(Fig 3.1). After successful installation, the AV200 Powerline network behaves like a traditional LAN for

21 computers. The Corinex AV200 Powerline Ethernet Wall Mount supports up to 200 Mbps network speed. The advantage of this modem is that it keeps network maintenance costs low and eliminates usage barriers, while requiring no additional wiring. It is highly integrated, and requires no external electronic components. The Corinex AV200 Powerline Ethernet Wall Mount: 1. Enables users to connect individual PCs or other devices with Ethernet communications links into a local area network through existing electric power lines (Powerline). 2. Enables PC file and application sharing. 3. Enables peripheral and printer sharing through the Powerline network. 4. Enables shared broadband Internet access. 5. Enables sharing of bandwidth for multimedia payloads, including voice, data, audio and video. 6. Eliminates the need for long network cables throughout your home or office. 7. A real, cost-effective, and reliable solution for high-speed communications in any home or small office [9].

Figure 11 : The Corinex AV200 Powerline Ethernet Wall Mount

 Physical Description: LEDs definition:

1. POWER Green On: Power on. Off: Power off. 2. PLC Green On: Powerline activity. Off: No Powerline activity. Blinking: Receiving/ Transmitting data. 3. ETHERNET Green On: Link on LAN. Off: No link on LAN. Blinking: receiving/transmitting data.

Figure 12 : The Corinex AV200 Powerline Ethernet Wall Mount LEDs

 Technical Description: Table 1 : Technical description of Corinex AV200 Powerline Ethernet Wall Mount Standard Compliance IEEE 802.3u Speed Up to 200 Mbps on physical layer AC Plug Type US ,EU ,UK, and AUS LED Status Lights Power, PLC link Activity, Ethernet Link Interface 10/100 base T fast Ethernet, powerline Frequency Range Used 2-34 MHz Power Input 85 to 265 V AC , 50/60 Hz Dimensions 148mm L x 106mm W x 47mm H Transmitted Power Spectral -56dBm/Hz

Density Power Consumption 5W

3.2.2 Phase Detectors (Corinex Diagnostics Kit): Corinex Diagnostics Kit assists its user to determine the connectivity and the strength of the communications signal between electrical outlets within and outside the premises. These tools are aimed at service providers, ISPs, MSOs and VARs and can be used by the consumer as well. These tools are the first in the industry to determine whether electrical outlets within, outside or between adjacent buildings are installed on coherently connected electrical wires and allow HomePlug industry standard 1.0.1 compliant devices to communicate with each other and exchange high speed data, audio, video or voice signals at up to 14 Mbps speeds. [10 ] A test package consists of two units, a transmitter and a receiver.

Figure 13 : Corinex Diagnostics Kit

3.2.3 Ethernet cables (crossover cables): Ethernet crossover cable is a type of Ethernet cable used to connect computing devices together directly (Fig. 3.4). Normal straight through or patch cables were used to connect from a host network interface controller (a computer or similar device) to a network switch, hub or router. A cable with connections that "crossover" is used to connect two devices of the same type: two hosts or two switches to each other. Owing to the inclusion of Auto-MDIX capability, modern implementations of the Ethernet over twisted pair standards usually no longer require the use of crossover cables.

Figure 14 : Ethernet Cable

Figure 15 : Crossover Connection for Ethernet Cable

3.3 In-Home AV Network Topology:

An In-Home AV network is made of an access point (AP) node and several end points (EPs). One and only one access point (AP) can be in an In-Home AV network. However, it is possible that more than one In-Home AV network can coexist together, each of them with its own AP, because

each of them is isolated from the others by means of a different network identifier. A modem can be configured as a Fixed AP (i.e. it always will be an AP) or an automatic EP/AP. In case of automatic configuration, the In-Home AV protocol will decide dynamically if the node becomes an EP or an AP. It means that in a network where no Access Point (AP) has been defined, at least one of the End Points (EPs) will redefine itself as an automatic AP. There are two types of an In-Home AV network:

3.3.1 Public Network :

This is the default configuration of an In-Home network. If the user does not want to configure its network, the network configuration protocol will configure all nodes automatically. By default, all nodes are EPs and have a public network ID. If the protocol does not detect an AP in the channel, it will select an EP as automatic AP. All EPs will connect directly to the automatic AP if they have direct visibility, or to an EP that will act as a repeater. Then the network will be established.

3.3.2 Private Network :

To configure a private network (to ensure data privacy), a network ID must be assigned to all nodes of the network using the configuration tool. It is recommended to configure a node as a fixed AP (for example the node with the video server or Internet access). If the fixed AP is turned off or it is not defined by the user, the network configuration protocol will select an EP to be transformed into an AP (automatic) to configure the network.

3.4 Single-Network Scenarios:

The following two sections show examples of a single In-Home AV network (Fig. 3.6):

3.4.1 Local Area Network using two AV200 powerline Ethernet Wall Mounts: The figure below shows a simple PLC (Powerline) network where two Wall Mounts are used to make a local area connection available in all outlets of the house. This is the simplest case, where no QoS (Quality of Service) configuration is required.

Figure 16 : Local Area Network Using Two AV200 Powerline Ethernet Wall Mounts

 Extending the internet connection to an AV200 powerline network (Fig. 3.7): The next picture shows a more advanced PLC (Powerline) network with three Corinex AV200 Powerline Ethernet Wall Mounts. This is a common network configuration, where Internet access and digital video are delivered through the same ADSL line. This configuration requires some QoS (Quality of Service) settings to guarantee video quality when the network is carrying large amounts of data from the Internet connection.

Figure 17 : Extended Network

3.5 Software tools:

3.5.1 VLC streaming media server:

VLC media player (commonly known as VLC) is a highly portable free and open-source cross-platform media player and streaming media server written by the VideoLAN project. VLC media player supports many audio and video compression methods and file formats, including DVD-Video, video CD and streaming protocols. It is able to stream over computer network and to transcode multimedia files.

Figure 18 : VLC Home Screen

3.5.2 Wireshark Network analyzer program:

Wireshark is a free and open-source packet analyzer. It is used for network troubleshooting, analysis, software and communications protocol development, and education. Originally named Ethereal, before it changed to wireshark later on.

It is software that "understands" the structure of different networking protocols. Thus, it is able to display the encapsulation and the fields along with their meanings of different packets specified by different networking protocols. Wireshark uses pcap to capture packets, so it can only capture the packets on the types of networks that pcap supports (Fig. 3.9).

3.5.2.1 Some Wireshark Features:  Data can be captured “from the wire” from a live network connection or read from a file that recorded already-captured packets.  Live data can be read from a number of types of network, including Ethernet.  Captured network data can be browsed via a GUI, or via the terminal (command line) version of the utility, Tshark.  Data display can be refined using a display filter.  And many more features

Figure 19 : Wireshark Home Page

3.6 Powerline modem Design:

One way to design high speed powerline modems is to use components provided by Maxim integrated company which manufactures ICs for typical industrial Broadband powerline modem as shown below in the figure.

Figure 20 : Typical Powerline Application Circuit 3.6.1 MAX2982:

The MAX2982 power line transceiver utilizes state-of-the-art CMOS design techniques to deliver the highest level of performance, flexibility, and operational temperature range at reduced cost. This highly integrated design combines the media access control (MAC) and the Physical (PHY) layers in a single device. The MAX2982 digital baseband and its companion device, the MAX2981 analog front-end (AFE) with integrated line driver, offer a complete high-speed powerline communication solution fully compliant with HomePlug Powerline Alliance Specification.

The MAX2982 offers reliable broadband communication for industrial environments. The PHY layer comprises an 84-carrier OFDM modulation engine and forward error correcting (FEC) blocks. The OFDM engine can modulate the signals in one of four modes of operation: DBPSK, DQPSK (1/2 rate FEC), DQPSK (3/4 rate FEC), and ROBO. The MAX2982 offers -1dB SNR performance in ROBO mode, a robust mode of operation, to maintain communication over harsh industrial line conditions. Additionally, advanced narrow-band interference rejection circuitry provides immunity from jammer signals [11].

3.6.2 MAX2981:

The MAX2981 powerline communication analog front-end (AFE) and line-driver IC is a state-of-the-art CMOS device that delivers high performance at low cost. This highly integrated design combines an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), digital-to-analog converter (DAC), adaptive gain control (AGC), filters, and line driver on a single chip. The MAX2981 substantially reduces previously required system components and complies with the HomePlug standard.

Combined with Maxim's integrated PHY/MAC digital baseband, the device delivers the most flexible and cost-effective solution. The advanced design of the MAX2981 allows operation without external control, enabling simplified connection to a variety of HomePlug 1.0 digital PHY ICs.

Figure 21 : Typical Analog Front-End Operation Circuit ICs pin descriptions for MAX2982 and MAX2981 shown in appendix [12 ].

CHAPTER FOUR IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS

4.1 Introduction:

PLC designed to use existing AC electrical wiring within the home as a networking physical medium. Robust performance in the electrical noisy power line channel is enabled by the use of the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technology. This multi-carrier modulation scheme allows devices to dynamically "surf the channel" - instantly shifting data from one carrier to another as noise and attenuation conditions change. The OFDM technology finds the low noise; low attenuation portions of the spectrum available to it and continues data transmission. In this chapter In home Network will be designed using the pre-defined equipment, this network will also be used to stream video from one computer (server) to another (client) using VLC video streaming via “Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP”. The network streaming will be monitored and analyzed using Wireshark program which is used to capture packages over several protocols.

4.2 Network implementation:

To implement the power line network the following steps were carried:

1. Corinex Diagnostics Kit was used to determine whether electrical outlets are installed on coherently (same phase). This can also give the strengths of the signal and the actual throughput. A test package consists of two units, a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter was plugged into one of the sockets where the signal should enter the electrically wired system then the receiver was plugged into the other socket where the signal should be received. The receiver display shows after a few seconds the signal availability and its strength on a color LED display. 2. After ensuring the two sockets are in electrically wired in the same phase plug the modems into the outlets, and the crossover Ethernet cables was connected to the LAN

port on the wall mount and to the Ethernet port of each computer as shown below in Fig 4.1.

Figure 22 : Modems are Plugged Into the Sockets 3. Modem has IP address 192.168.4.255, so for the computer to communicate with the modem we must set it’s IP address to 192.168.4.*** and default subnet mask 255.255.255.0 which is in class C range. Setting up static IP address for the computer from local area connection status, then Ethernet status, then selecting internet protocol (TCP/IP).Then the above IP address and Subnet mask were used (Fig. 4.2). 4. We can make sure that the two PCs are connected by pinging the IP address of one computer from the other one (Fig. 4.3).

Figure 23 : Setting PC IP Address

Figure 24 : Ping Signal to PC with IP (192.168.4.1)

4.3 Video Streaming over power line:

Using the installed network above to stream a live video using VLC software as shown below:

1. From the server PC open VLC media player select from media “open network stream” and set the capturing device to webcam and the port for streaming which is (8080). As shown below in Fig. 4.4, and Fig. 4.5

Figure 25 : Setting Capturing Device for sever

Figure 26 : Destination Port for Streaming

2. From the client PC enter the IP address of the media server, as well as the port number to start streaming (Fig. 4.6)

Figure 27 : Server IP Address and Streaming Port Number

Figure 28 : Picture for live Streaming Over Powerline

4.4 Wireshark Analysis software:

Wireshark software was used to analyze the network and to monitor the sent and received packages (from source to destination), the length of each package in bytes and the protocol used to communicate between the source and destination over powerline. The following figures illustrate the data obtained from wireshark.

4.4.1 Ping signals:

The next figure shows the wireshark analysis and statistics when ping signal is sent from 192.168.4.1 TO 192.168.4.30. However before ping signal is sent, the PC with IP 192.168.4.1 sent a broadcast to find the device with IP address 192.168.4.30, then the 192.168.4.30 replies this broadcast by sending his MAC address to 192.168.4.1 and issued the first ping package.

After 192.168.4.1 issued the first ping, again 192.168.4.30 send a broadcast asking for the MAC address for the device which issued the ping signal, in order to reply for it. When MAC address is send to 192.168.4.30, the reply for the first ping is sent, communication between two devices is possible now.(see Fig. 4.8)

Figure 29 : Packages Binging Request and Its Reply (when PC with IP Address 192.168.4.1)

4.4.2 Ethernet conversations:

Figure below shows packages sent from PC to the powerline modem, since the conversation between the modem and the PC starts automatically when Ethernet cable is plugged into both of them.

Details about this conversation is also provided (i.e. number of bytes in package source and destination)

Figure 30 : Ethernet Conversations Between PC and PLC Modem 4.4.3 Video streaming:

The results for wireshark analysis when video live streaming from PC with IP address 192.168.4.1 To 192.168.4.30 is shown below in next figures.

Figure 31 : Streaming Received Packages

Figure 32 : Streaming Sent Packages

4.5 Discussion:

 BPL is a good solution for Home Networking than other available solutions as no other infrastructures is required.  Access BPL systems have the potential in increasing the availability of broadband services to homes and businesses.  BPL systems have been increasing the competitiveness of the broadband services market.  BPL systems have also been identified as a means of improving the quality and reliability of electric power delivery and creating a more intelligent power grid. BPL technology could allow utilities to more effectively manage power, perform automated metering and monitor the existing power grid for potential failures.  Through this project powerline modems shows the ability to transmit high speed data of video streaming.  There was a delay of about 30 seconds associated with the video streaming; this delay caused by VLC media player probably because ping signals sent through powerline modems didn’t suffer that delay, however ping signals has small bandwidth.  Wireshark software shows that communications between the PCs are excellent, and for each two package sent from server PC (while streaming) the client send a package to confirm that the above packages was received.

CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion:

 This project of broad band over power lines was successfully designed and implemented; also the project objectives introduced in chapter 1 meet the achieved design goals.  This project is cost less because of the availability of equipments and there is no need to establish a new network since it's already exists for electrical power distribution purposes. This make the electrical network has the ability of data transmission and receiving in addition to the main distribution function.  This project is a proof of possibility of using the existing power line as communication line giving high satisfied result.  In the design of the project both software and hardware tools are used together each with its specific function to accomplished the entire job in a flexible manner.  One of the benefits of the network through power line communication is the ability to connect to the network just by plug in the PLM to one of the available sockets, so it easy to make a small network in a house or any building using this effective feature.  In this project a TCP/IP protocol was used for managing the network traffic perfectly since it simple .  Home Plug uses a combination of OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) and DQPSK (differential quadrature phase shift keying) to send data through power lines within the home.  Video streaming over power lines was done in a good manner but there is a delay about 30 seconds , refer to VLC program and the low band width of the modems ,and the analyzer's results was so good .

5.2 Limitations :

 Unavailability of PLM at markets in Sudan, giving no chance for projects using these modems to set up; this stop experiments and study cases improvement of the PLC network.  Also the inability to bring the components of PLM design due to lack of them at markets for individuals .

5.3 Recommendations :

 I recommend to apply this project and benefit from this technology in the Sudan to make use of electrical power lines which are spreaded over wide areas as alternative to Cable or DSL to provide the 'final mile' of broadband to end users to reduce the cost .  I suggest to the dean of the faculty to support laboratories with a number of PLM devices  I recommend the Electricity company and communication companies in Sudan to use this technology to give services to customers especially in rural areas by low cost and high quality .

5.4 Future work :

This project is based on new technology and still needed a lot of tests and improvements like :

 Improvement the full design of the power line modems , using the Sophisticated chips to improve the data rate of modems to keep pace of the broad band's purposes. Also reducing the noise and interferences .  Testing and analyzing other applications beside video streaming and also full two way communication.  This project is concentrated on home plug and local area network in houses and small offices ,the PLC networks outside the home and which through medium and high voltage needed more tests and equipments and more cost .

REFERNCES

[1] Todd W. Colvin SANS GSNA Practical (v 2.1)-Option 1 “Ethernet over Low-Voltage Power Line Communication Networks A Security Analysis and Audit of the HomePlug 1.0 Standard”. October 29, 2003

[2] Ram Krishna, R. K. Siddhartha, Naveen Kumar, G. L. Jogi “Broadband over power lines (BPL) for Indian telecom network”

[3] Roman Sobolewski, Ph.D “The Future of Broadband over Power Line”. Reid L. Sprite, 2005

[4] Gicheol Jeong, Daeyoung Koh, and Jongsu Lee “Analysis of the Competitiveness of Broadband over Power Line Communication in Korea”. ETRI Journal, Volume 30, Number 3, June 2008

[5] Seema M. Singh, Esq. Ratepayer Advocate State of New Jersey “Broadband Over Power Lines A White Paper” Division of the Ratepayer Advocate 31 Clinton Street, 11th Floor Newark, New Jersey 07102.

[6] Corinex Communications Corp. World Trade Center “Corinex Diagnostics Kit manual” by Corinex Communications Corp.

[7] Integrated Powerline Communication Analog Front-End Transceiver and Line Driver manual www.maxim-ic.com

[8] Neelima Mallela and Hamid Shahnasser “Broadband over Power Lines: Challenges Ahead” SanFrancisco State University,1600 Holloway Avenue,SanFrancisco, CA 94132.

[9] Khurram Hussain Zuberi “powerline carrier communication system” 9 september 2003

[10] Corinex Communications Corp. “Corinex AV200 Powerline Ethernet Wall Mount manual”

[11] Halid Hrasnica,Abdelfatteh Haidine,Ralf Lehnert “Broadband Powerline Communications Networks Network Design” ISBN 0-470-85741-2. Dresden University of Technology, Germany.

[12] Mitsubish electric “High Speed Power Line Communication Technology” March 2005/ Vol. 109.

[13] Yangpo Gao, Er Liu, Osama Bilal and Timo O. Korhonen “CHANNEL MODELING AND MODEM DESIGN FOR BROADBAND POWERLINE COMMUNICATIONS”.

[14] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_over_power_lines.

[15] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_line_communication.

[16] http://www.videolan.org/vlc/index.html.

[17] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireshark

[18] HomePlug™ AV2 Technology “HomePlug AV2 whitepaper”

[19] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet