Elsewhere
In the fourteenth century . . .
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
• Emergence • Osman I r. 1280-1324 and Orhan Gazi r. 1324-1359 • Murat I r. 1360-1389 – Byzantine Empire reduced to Constantinople – Maritsa River 1364 – defeat of Hungarian-Serbian army makes Ottomans a threat to Europe • Kosovo 1389 – Alliance of Ottoman army with Bulgarians and some Serbian pirnces destroys resistance south of Danube
1 Multicultural empire
• Janissaries •Women • Administration – Christian princes – converts
Byzantine Empire
• Constantinople, Thessalonika, bit of Greece •6th century defenses • Manuel Chrysoloras - 1397 - Florence 1402 – Narrow escape – Mongol invaders farther east lift siege • 1453 – Constantine Paleologos
2 Religious dissension
• Babylonian popes – Avignon 1309-1378 • Secure authority over European clergy – Although some dominance had been lost • John XXII r 1316-1334 – Increased papal rights • By 1350, pope had right to give benefices – These appointees often gave money gifts – Papal taxes originated for crusade finance • College of Cardinals and papacy criticized by friars for worldliness
Critics of the church
• William of Ockham c. 1285-1349 – Church power comes from the congregation not the pope or councils – Imprisoned for heresy by John XXII – Escapes to Bavaria • Marsilius of Padua – doctor/lawyer c. 1290-1343 – The Defender of the Peace 1324; declared heretical – Church is made up of the people – Papal power was historical usurpation and tyranny
Babylonian Captivity
• 1309-1378 • Papacy moves to Avignon – Area not in France but heavily influenced by France • Petrarch called this the Babylonian Captivity • Popes were all French and trained in law
3 From bad to worse
• Pope Gregory XI returns to Rome c. 1371 • Italian Successor, Urban VI, elected under pressure by Italians in 1378 – 1 Spanish, 4 Italian, 11 French • Urban tries to limit power of Cardinals • 13 Cardinals elect new pope – Clement VII – and go back to Avignon
Another Great Schism
• Charles V of France recognizes Clement – Charles wants papacy to stay in Avignon – Sicily, Scotland, Castile, Aragon, Portugal, Ireland, Savoy all join in • Richard II of England supports Urban – Flanders, Poland, Hungary, most of Italy and HRE follow suit
4 What happens next?
• The popes place each other’s supporters under interdict – Deprivation of most sacraments & burial • 1409 Council of Pisa – Cardinals who defect from either camp meet – Elect Alexander V • Now there are
THREE POPES
NOW WHAT?
• Pope John XXIII, successor to Alexander • Calls Council of Constance in 1414 • How to fix this mess? To combat heresy, reunite the papacy and reform the church – Jan Hus burned as heretic – John XXIII (Pisan pope) dethroned – Gregory XII, Roman pope, resigns – Finally, in 1417, Benedict XIII who had succeeded Clement, deposed – Martin V is elected
5 Overview
• Investiture contest • Urban II – First crusade • Henry II and Becket • John I and interdict • Innocent III – reform, pinnacle of papal power • Fourth Lateran Council • Boniface VIII • Babylonian captivity • Rise of dissent
Fourteenth Century
• Climate/weather • Plague •War – Hundred Years – Ottoman conquests • Social unrest • Spiritual conflicts • Change in attitudes
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