School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Environmental Studies Programme

ENVI 529: Sustainable Energy

Course Outline Second Trimester, 2013

Course Description: This interdisciplinary course surveys energy technologies, resources, economics, environmental impacts, and public policies, with an emphasis on and energy efficiency for the power, transport, and building sectors. Comparative assessments among clean energy technologies and conventional technologies lead to analysis of policy options at local, national, and international levels. Options for long-term sustainable energy futures for New Zealand and globally are discussed.

Course Objectives: The course is intended to provide a broad overview of sustainable energy concepts and issues. By the completion of the course, students will be able to demonstrate an understanding of (a) key concepts in understanding energy technology, economics, environmental impacts and policy; (b) how to evaluate and compare renewable and fossil-fuel-based supply technologies and energy-efficiency options; (c) the need for public policy and different perspectives on policy solutions, both in New Zealand and internationally; and (d) how to think realistically about sustainable energy futures.

Prerequisites/Further Information: As this is a graduate level course, a Bachelor‘s degree is a general pre-requisite, but there are no particular course prerequisites. Simple quantitative calculations on assignments are suitable for students from a variety of backgrounds. Please contact the instructor in advance with any concerns about level of preparedness or for further information about the course.

Workload: Course is 15 points. Students are expected to undertake up to 150 hours work, including classes, reading, and assignment preparation.

Time/Location: Class sessions occur over five weeks, 14 August to 23 August, and 11 September to 27 September, Wednesdays and Fridays, 9:30-12:20, Railway West Wing 315 (Pipitea Campus, Wellington Railway Station building entrance on Featherston). Assignments and assessment period end 20 October 2013.

Coordinator/instructor: Dr. Eric Martinot, [email protected] [VUW contact details to be added when available.]

Instructor Office Hours: Open drop-in hours during weeks of class sessions are to be advised [times and location]. Additional hours by appointment. Classroom consultations immediately after class sessions are also available. Additional consultations on research papers scheduled for each student 23-27 September to discuss and confirm research paper topics.

Readings: Assigned readings include articles, reports and book chapters taken from a variety of literature. For some readings, only specific sub-sections of an article are assigned (see notes in brackets [] in reading list), although the entire article is recommended. Readings are distributed electronically, with the exception of one required book that must be purchased, and , Reinventing Fire. Additional handouts provided during class and supplemental readings are also available. Most supplemental readings are available for download at http://www.martinot.info/ENVI529-2013, with file naming convention according to primary author‘s last name and year of publication. Note that some of these readings are copyright and provided for educational purposes only; you may not make these materials available to other persons, nor make a further copy for any other purpose. Additional supplemental hardcopy books are on closed reserve or 3-day loan at the Commerce Library (2nd floor of Railway West Wing building).

Course Blackboard: Announcements, copies of lecture slides and assignments, additional readings, and other materials will be posted to Blackboard. (Students accessing Blackboard for the first time who experience log-on problems should contact Kate King, Graduate Programmes Administrator, Cotton 311, Kelburn campus, 04-463-6108.)

Assignments: Course work includes four assignments containing mixed numeric problems and essay questions and a final research paper. The final research paper of approximately 4500-6000 words is due by 20 October at noon, emailed to me (the instructor). Students are free to choose a research paper topic of interest, but the topic must be policy-related or policy-relevant – no purely technical papers allowed. The research paper must include an abstract and references and citations. Further guidance on the research paper will be provided in class. Assignments 1-4 are due in class on the dates indicated in the class schedule. Work handed in late without extensions or extenuating circumstances will be penalized. The maximum penalty will be 5% of the assessment task‘s possible marks, for every day late.

Research Paper Consultations: At least one in-person consultation with me is required on the research paper. Consultations arranged by appointment for the period 23-27 September.

Grading: Grade based on four assignments (45%), research paper (45%), and participation (10%).

CLASS SCHEDULE AND ASSIGNMENTS Class Date Topic Assignments Due 1 14 Aug Course introduction. Energy's role in social, economic, and sustainable development. Conventional energy technologies and resources. Oil, gas, coal, electric power, vehicle fuels. Energy units and conversion efficiencies. 2 16 Aug Renewable energy technologies for buildings (including heating/cooling), power generation, transport, and agriculture. Advanced technologies including clean coal, energy storage, and smart grids. Energy units and conversions continued. 3 21 Aug Energy efficiency and advanced vehicle technologies. Indicators of energy intensity and efficiency. Efficiency in industry, buildings, appliances, and vehicles. Hybrid and electric vehicles. Energy units and conversions continued. 4 23 Aug Environmental comparisons and climate change Assignment #1 impacts. Environmental impacts and comparisons across a range of energy supply technologies. Human health impacts. Environmental assessment chains. 5 11 Sep Economic analysis and comparisons. Life cycle analysis, Assignment #2 financial analysis, cost of conserved energy, and externalities. Cost assessment of supply technologies vs. energy- efficiency. 6 13 Sep Economic analysis and comparisons (continued) and justifications for public policy intervention. Learning curves and cost trends. Market failures and barriers, subsidy justifications. Project development and finance. 7 18 Sep Policy options. Emissions limits and fees, incentives for energy efficiency, demand-side management, electric utility regulation and restructuring, other tax and incentive policies. 8 20 Sep Policy options (continued). Renewable energy policies, Assignment #3 including feed-in tariffs, portfolio standards, targets, tax incentives, and biofuels mandates. International policies for climate change and energy security. Local policies. 9 25 Sep Sustainable energy futures. Global scenarios, promising technologies, and development pathways. Clean coal and carbon sequestration. Electric vehicles, energy storage, distributed generation, and smart grids. 10 27 Sep New Zealand‘s sustainable energy future. What mix of Assignment #4 technologies and policies is possible or desirable? New Zealand‘s energy strategy to 2050. Consideration of transport, buildings, and bulk power generation. 20 Oct Research paper due 12 noon (by email)

PRIMARY READINGS

Randolph, John, and Gilbert M. Masters. 2008. Energy for Sustainability: Technology, Planning, Policy. Washington DC: Island Press.

Global Energy Assessment (GEA). 2012. Global Energy Assessment - Toward a Sustainable Future. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.

Lovins, Amory, and Rocky Mountain Institute. 2011. Reinventing Fire. White River, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing.

Greenpeace, Global Wind Energy Council, and European Renewable Energy Council. 2012. Energy [R]evolution: A Sustainable World Energy Outlook. Amsterdam: Greenpeace International.

14 Aug Randolph and Masters, Chapter 2 GEA, Chapter 1 Lovins, Chapter 1 Greenpeace, Chapters 8 and 9.1-9.2

16 Aug Randolph and Masters, Chapter 10 GEA, Chapter 15 Greenpeace, Chapter 9.3

21 Aug Lovins, Chapters 2 and 3 Greenpeace, Chapters 10 and 11

23 Aug GEA, Chapters 3 and 4

11 Sep Boyle, Everett, and Ramage (2003), pp. 477-516 Kammen and Pacca (2004) Owen (2004) GEA, Chapter 6.5

13 Sep GEA, Chapter 6.6-6.7 Greenpeace, Chapter 3

18 Sep Randolph and Masters, Chapter 17 Greenpeace, Chapter 1 GEA, Chapters 22-25

20 Sep [Same readings as for 18 Sep]

25 Sep GEA, Chapter 16 Lovins, Chapters 5 and 6 Greenpeace, Chapters 2, 4, and 5

27 Sep [To be taken from supplemental readings]

SUPPLEMENTAL READING LIST

1. SUSTAINABILITY AND CONVENTIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY AND RESOURCES Girardet H and Mendonca M. 2009. ―Energy Change, Climate Change‖ in A Renewable World: Energy, Ecology, Equality (Devon, UK: Green Books), pp. 25-46. Tester JW, Drake EM, Driscoll MG, Golay MW, and Peters WA. 2006. ―Electric Power Sector Introduction‖ and ―Power Generation‖ in Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 694-709. [Sections 17.1 and 17.2] Available via library electronic course reserve

Energy Units and Conversions Boyle G, Everett B, Ramage J. 2003. ―World Primary Energy Consumption,‖ ―Quantities of Energy,‖ and ―Interpreting the Data,‖ in Energy Systems and Sustainability: Power for a Sustainable Future (Oxford University Press in association with the Open University), pp. 57-66. [Sections 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3. These sections provide a basic introduction to energy units and conversions.] Boyle G, Everett B, Ramage J. 2003. ―Appendix,‖ in Energy Systems and Sustainability: Power for a Sustainable Future (Oxford University Press in association with the Open University), pp. 597- 600. [More on energy units and conversions.] Provided as in-class handout

Other Supplemental Materials BP. 2010. Statistical Review of World Energy (London), 50 pp. World Bank. 2010. Little Green Data Book 2010 (Washington, DC), 235 pp. [Good reference for basic country-by-country statistics on development and environment.]

World Bank. 2010. World Development Indicators 2010 (Washington, DC), 464 pp. [The most comprehensive collection of data on population, energy, environment, and economy available.] Goldemberg J and Johansson TB, eds. 2004. World Energy Assessment Overview: 2004 Update (New York: United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council), 85 pp. [A nice introduction to the whole energy field from a development perspective.] Rogner, HH et al. 2000. ―Energy Resources‖ in World Energy Assessment (New York: United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council), pp. 135-171. [Historical view of energy resources from ten years ago, interesting for comparisons, and still very relevant today.]

Tester JW, Drake EM, Driscoll MG, Golay MW, and Peters WA. 2006. ―Energy Transmission‖ and ―Energy Distribution Systems,‖ in Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 670-681. [Sections 16.4 and 16.5. A bit more technical description for electric power transmission and distribution.]

2. RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ADVANCED ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES Boyle, Godfrey. 2010. "Renewable Energy Technologies for Electricity Generation," in Moselle, Boaz, Jorge Padilla, and Richard Schmalensee, eds., Harnessing Renewable Energy in Electric Power Systems: Theory, Practice, Policy (Washington, DC: RFF Press), pp. 7-29. [Chapter 2] Available via library electronic course reserve REN21. 2010. Renewables 2010 Global Status Report (Paris: REN21), 80 pp. [Read ―Global Market Overview‖ section, pp. 15-26.] Sims, Ralph (International Energy Agency). 2009. ―The Concept of Sustainable Energy Supply,‖ in Cities, Towns and Renewable Energy (Paris: OECD/IEA), pp. 45-64 [Chapter 4] Sims, Ralph (International Energy Agency). 2009. ―Renewable Energy Technologies and Resources,‖ in Cities, Towns and Renewable Energy (Paris: OECD/IEA), pp. 65-90 [Chapter 5.] International Energy Agency. 2007. Renewables for Heating and Cooling (Paris), 193 pp. [See especially ―REHC Technologies‖ on pp. 10-28.] Kühn, Martin. 2008. "A Tailwind for Sustainable Technology," in Wengenmayr, Roland, and Thomas Bührke, eds., Renewable Energy: Sustainable Energy Concepts for the Future (Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag), pp. 14-20. [More on from a German perspective.] Available via library electronic course reserve Boyle G, ed. 2004. Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future (Oxford University Press in association with the Open University), 452 pp. Hardcopy available on library closed reserve Hall PJ and Bain EJ. 2008. ―Energy-Storage Technologies and Electricity Generation.‖ 36 (12) 4352–4355.

Adamantiades A, Kessides I. 2009. ―Nuclear Power for Sustainable Development: Current Status and Future Prospects,‖ Energy Policy 37(12): 5149-5166. Gibbins J and Chalmers H. 2008. ―Carbon Capture and Storage,‖ Energy Policy 36 (12): 4317– 4322. Pepermans G, Driesen J, Haeseldonckx D, Belmans R, D‘haeseleer W. 2005. ―Distributed Generation: Definition, Benefits and Issues,‖ Energy Policy 33 (2005): 787–798.

3. ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ALTERNATE VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES Girardet H and Mendonca M. 2009. ―Energy Sufficiency‖ in A Renewable World: Energy, Ecology, Equality (Devon, UK: Green Books), pp. 121-138. Jochem E, et al. 2000. ―Energy End-Use Efficiency‖ in World Energy Assessment (New York: United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council), pp. 175-211. [Read pp. 175-200, just focusing on technology options and global potentials, not regional details.] Sperling D, Gordon D. 2008. ―Advanced Passenger Transport Technologies,‖ Annual Review of Environment and Resources 33: 63–84. Lovins AB, Datta EK, Bustnes OE, Koomey JG, Glasgow NJ. 2005. ―Saving Oil‖ and ―Substituting for Oil‖ in (Snowmass, CO: Rocky Mountain Institute), pp. 43-122.

Schipper, Lee, Fridtjof Unander, Scott Murtishaw, Mike Ting. 2001. ―Indicators of Energy Use and Carbon Emissions: Explaining the Energy Economy Link,‖ Annual Review Of Energy and the Environment 26: 49–81. World Resources Institute. 2009. ―Earthtrends Data Table: Energy Consumption by Sector 2005‖ (Washington, DC), 4 pp. http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/index.php?theme=6

4. ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARISONS Holdren JP, Smith KR, et al. 2000. ―Energy, the Environment, and Health‖ in World Energy Assessment (New York: UN Development Programme, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council), pp. 61-110. Serchuk, Adam. 2000. ―The Environmental Imperative for Renewable Energy,‖ Renewable Energy Policy Project Special Report (Washington, DC: REPP), 28 pp. [Also read summary tables, pp. 5-7 in the Executive Summary, which is a separate document.] Girardet H and Mendonca M. 2009. ―Problem Technologies‖ in A Renewable World: Energy, Ecology, Equality (Devon, UK: Green Books), pp. 203-221. Goldemberg J, Coelho ST, Guardabassi P. 2008. ―The sustainability of ethanol production from sugarcane,‖ Energy Policy 36 (6): 2086– 2097. Thornley P, Upham P, Huang Y, Rezvani S, Brammer J, Rogers J. 2009. ―Integrated assessment of bioelectricity technology options,‖ Energy Policy 37 (3): 890–903. International Energy Agency, Clean Coal Center. 2008. ―Profiles: Emissions Factors for Coal‖ PF 08-07 (London), 2 pp. Wüstenhagen R, Wolsink M, Bürer MJ. 2007. ―Social acceptance of renewable energy innovation: An introduction to the concept,‖ Energy Policy 35 (5): 2683–2691. Ramana MV. 2009. ―Nuclear Power: Economic, Safety, Health, and Environmental Issues of Near- Term Technologies,‖ Annual Review of Environment and Resources 34: 127-152.

5. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND COMPARISONS, PART 1 Boyle G, Everett B, Ramage J. 2003. ―Costing Energy,‖ in Energy Systems and Sustainability: Power for a Sustainable Future (Milton Keynes, UK: Oxford University Press in association with the Open University), pp. 477-516. Available via library electronic course reserve Kammen D and Pacca S. 2004. ―Assessing the Costs of Electricity,‖ Annual Review of Environment and Resources 29: 301-344. Owen AD. 2004. ―Environmental Externalities, Market Distortions and the Economics of Renewable Energy Technologies.‖ The Energy Journal 25(3): 127-156. European Commission. 2003. External Costs: research results on socio-environmental damages due to electricity and transport. Report EUR-20198 (Brussels), 22 pp. Rotman D. 2008. ―The Price of Biofuels,‖ Technology Review (Jan/Feb): 42-51.

6. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND COMPARISONS, PART 2 International Energy Agency. 2000. Experience Curves for Energy Technology Policy (Paris), 127 pp. [Read Introduction, pp. 9-22, and Conclusion, pp. 97-100.] International Energy Agency. 2008. Deploying Renewables: Principles for Effective Policies (Paris: OECD), 198 pp. [Read Chapter 2, ―Potentials and Cost Trends for Renewable Energy Technologies,‖ pp. 61-84. Password protected; password last six characters of file name.] Golove WH and Eto JH. 1996. Market Barriers to Energy Efficiency: A Critical Reappraisal of the Rationale for Public Policies to Promote Energy Efficiency, report LBL-38059 (Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), 51 pp. [Read section 2.5 on ―Market Failures and the Efficiency Gap‖, pp. 18-22.] Beck F and Martinot E. 2004. ―Renewable Energy Policies and Barriers,‖ in Encyclopedia of Energy (San Diego: Elsevier Science/Academic Press), pp. 365-383. [Read Section I on barriers.]

Martinot E and McDoom O. 2000. Tables A1-A3, Barriers to Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, in Promoting Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (Washington, DC: Global Environment Facility), pp. 40-42. Provided as in-class handout Verbruggen A, Fischedick M, Moomaw W, Weir T, Nadaï A, Nilsson LJ, Nyboer J, Sathaye J. 2010. ―Renewable energy costs, potentials, barriers: Conceptual issues,‖ Energy Policy 38(2): 850- 861. Sovacool BK. 2009. ―Rejecting renewables: The socio-technical impediments to renewable electricity in the United States,‖ Energy Policy 37(11): 4500-4513. Ferioli F, Schoots K, van der Zwaan BCC. 2009. ―Use and limitations of learning curves for energy technology policy: A component-learning hypothesis,‖ Energy Policy 37(7): 2525-2535. Koomey, Jonathan G., Chris Calwell, Skip Laitner, Jane Thornton, Richard E. Brown, et al. 2002. ―Sorry, Wrong Number: The Use and Misuse of Numerical Facts in Analysis and Media Reporting of Energy Issues,‖ Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 27: 119-158. [Not so much an economics-related article, as a very interesting analysis of ways the media makes energy comparisons and misuses energy statistics. ]

7. POLICY OPTIONS, PART 1 Jochem E, et al. 2000. ―Energy End-Use Efficiency‖ in World Energy Assessment (New York: United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council), pp. 175-211. [Read pp. 200-211 on obstacles/market imperfections and policies.] Beck F and Martinot E. 2004. ―Renewable Energy Policies and Barriers,‖ in Encyclopedia of Energy (San Diego: Elsevier Science/Academic Press), pp. 365-383. [Read Sections IV and V on emissions reductions policies and power sector restructuring policies.] Geller H. 2003. ―Market Transformation,‖ in Energy Revolution: Policies for a Sustainable Future (Washington, DC: Island Press), pp. 93-129. Available via library electronic course reserve Strbac G. 2008. ―Demand Side Management: Benefits and Challenges,‖ Energy Policy 36(12): 4419–4426.

Bertram G. 2006. ―Restructuring of the New Zealand Electricity Sector, 1984-2005,‖ in International Experience in Restructured Electricity Markets: What Works, What Does Not, and Why?, Sioshansi FP and Pfaffenberger W, eds. (Amsterdam: Elsevier), pp. 203-234. Lovins AB, Datta EK, Bustnes OE, Koomey JG, Glasgow NJ. 2005. ―Implementation‖ in Winning the Oil Endgame (Snowmass, CO: Rocky Mountain Institute), pp. 127-242. Nadel S. 2002. ―Appliance and Efficiency Standards,‖ Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 27: 159-192. Howden-Chapman P, Viggers H, Chapman R , O‘Dea D, Free S, O‘Sullivan K. 2009. ―Warm homes: Drivers of the demand for heating in the residential sector in New Zealand,‖ Energy Policy, in press. Geller H. 2003. Energy Revolution: Policies for a Sustainable Future (Washington, DC: Island Press), 289 pp. Hardcopy available via library 3-day loan

8. POLICY OPTIONS, PART 2 REN21. 2013. Renewables 2013 Global Status Report (Paris: REN21), 178 pp. [Read ―Policy Landscape,‖ pp. 35-46.]

Beck F and Martinot E. 2004. ―Renewable Energy Policies and Barriers,‖ in Encyclopedia of Energy (San Diego: Elsevier Science/Academic Press), pp. 365-383. [Read Sections II and III on renewable energy promotion policies and transport biofuels policies.] Sims, Ralph (International Energy Agency). 2009. Cities, Towns and Renewable Energy (Paris: OECD/IEA), 186 pp. [Read Chapter 7, ―Policy Options‖ pp. 95-112, and look through city case studies in Chapter 8, pp. 113-174.] Sawin J and Hughes K. 2007. ―Energizing Cities,‖ in State of the World 2007: Our Urban Future (New York: WW Norton), pp. 90-111. [Read pp. 100-106 on policies.] International Energy Agency. 2008. Deploying Renewables: Principles for Effective Policies (Paris: OECD), 198 pp. [Chapter 3, ―Effectiveness and Efficiency of Renewable Energy Market Deployment Policies,‖ pp. 85-156.] Bird LA, Holt E, Carroll GL. 2008. ―Implications of carbon cap-and-trade for US voluntary renewable energy markets,‖ Energy Policy 36(6): 2063–2073. Toke D. 2008. ―The EU Renewables Directive—What is the fuss about trading?‖ Energy Policy 36(8): 3001– 3008. Hebburn C. 2007. Carbon Trading: A Review of the Kyoto Mechanisms,‖ Annual Review of Environment and Resources 32: 375–393. United Nations. 1992. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Geneva), 24 pp. United Nations. 1998. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Geneva), 20 pp. Cossent R, Gómez T, Frías P. 2009. ―Towards a future with large penetration of distributed generation: Is the current regulation of electricity distribution ready? Regulatory recommendations under a European perspective,‖ Energy Policy 37 (3) 1145–1155.

Gillingham K. 2009. ―Economic Efficiency of Solar Hot Water Policy in New Zealand,‖ Energy Policy, in press. Roulleau T, Lloyd CR. 2008. ―International policy issues regarding solar water heating, with a focus on New Zealand,‖ Energy Policy 36(6): 1843–1857.

Supplemental Materials – Policy Impact Analysis Sorrell S. 2007. Improving the evidence base for energy policy: The role of systematic reviews,‖ Energy Policy 35 (3): 1858–1871. Lund PD. 2007. ―Effectiveness of policy measures in transforming the energy system,‖ Energy Policy 35(1): 627–639. Lipp J. 2007. ―Lessons for effective renewable electricity policy from Denmark, Germany and the United Kingdom,‖ Energy Policy 35(11): 5481–5495. Hira A, Guilherme de Oliveira L. 2009. ―No substitute for oil? How Brazil developed its ethanol industry,‖ Energy Policy 37(6): 2450-2456.

9. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURES [Provisional] International Energy Agency. 2010. Energy Technology Perspectives 2010: Strategies and Scenarios to 2050, Executive Summary (Paris: OECD), 16 pp. European Renewable Energy Council and Greenpeace. 2010. Energy [R]evolution: A Sustainable Global Energy Outlook (Amsterdam), 212 pp. [Read Executive Summary, pp. 8-13, The Energy Revolution, pp. 35-46, and Global Scenario Results, pp. 64-73.] Fox-Penner, Peter. 2010. "The Energy Services Utility," in Smart Power: Climate Change, the Smart Grid, and the Future of Electric Utilities (Washington DC: Island Press), pp. 189-202. [Chapter 13] Available via library electronic course reserve

Supplemental Materials – Integrated Perspectives Smil V. 2005. ―Possible Futures‖ in Energy at the Crossroads: Global Perspectives and Uncertainties (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), pp. 317-373. Worldwatch Institute and Center for American Progress. 2006. American Energy: The Renewable Path to Energy Security (Washington, DC), 38 pp. Martinot E, Dienst C, Liu W, Chai Q. 2007. ―Renewable Energy Futures: Targets, Scenarios, and Pathways,‖ Annual Review of Environment and Resources 32: 205-239. Electric Power Research Institute. 2007. ―The Power to Reduce CO2 Emissions: Discussion Paper‖ (Palo Alto), 56 pp.

Supplemental Materials – Advanced Power Grids and Energy Storage

International Energy Agency. 2008. Empowering Variable Renewables: Options for Flexible Electricity Systems (Paris: OECD), 30 pp. Hall PJ. 2008. ―Energy storage: The route to liberation from the fossil fuel economy?‖ Energy Policy 36 (12) 4363–4367.

Ibrahim H, Ilinca A, Perron J. 2008. ―Energy storage systems—characteristics and comparisons.‖ Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 12 (5): 1221–1250. Hadjipaschalis I, Poullikkas A, Efthimiou V. 2009. Overview of current and future energy storage technologies for electric power applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, in press. Karger CR and Hennings W. 2009. ―Sustainability evaluation of decentralized electricity generation.‖ Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13 (3): 583–593. European Commission. 2005. ―Towards Smart Power Networks: Lessons Learned from European Research FP5 Projects,‖ Report EUR-21970 (Brussels), 44 pp.

Supplemental Materials – Advanced Vehicles Bradley TH and Frank AA. 2009. ―Design, demonstrations and sustainability impact assessments for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.‖ Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13(1): 115–128. Sovacool BK and Hirsh RF. 2009. ―Beyond batteries: An examination of the benefits and barriers to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) transition.‖ Energy Policy 37 (3): 1095–1103. Talbot D. 2009. ―Lifeline for Renewable Power,‖ Technology Review (Jan/Feb), 8 pp.

10. NEW ZEALAND’S SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURE [To Be Updated] New Zealand Ministry of Economic Development. 2010. New Zealand Energy Outlook: Reference Scenario (Wellington), 12 pp. New Zealand Ministry of Economic Development. 2010. New Zealand Energy Outlook: Changing Gear (Wellington), 8 pp. New Zealand Ministry of Economic Development. 2010. New Zealand Energy Outlook: Hydrocarbon Harvest (Wellington), 8 pp. New Zealand Ministry of Economic Development. 2007. New Zealand Energy Strategy to 2050 (Wellington), 107 pp. New Zealand Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority. 2007. New Zealand Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy (Wellington), 84 pp. Greenpeace New Zealand, Greenpeace International, and European Renewable Energy Council. 2007. New Zealand Energy Revolution (Auckland), 63 pp. Chapman, R. 2008. ‗Transitioning to Low-Carbon Urban Form and Transport in New Zealand.‖ Political Science 60 (June): 89-98. Krumdieck S. 2009. ―New Zealand energy strategy—Introduction to the energy policy special issue,‖ Energy Policy 37(9): 3297-3300.

Gillingham K. 2009. ―Economic efficiency of solar hot water policy in New Zealand,‖ Energy Policy 37(9): 3336-3347. Barry M, Chapman R. 2009. ―Distributed small-scale wind in New Zealand: Advantages, barriers and policy support instruments,‖ Energy Policy 37(9): 3358-3369.

Howden-Chapman P, Viggers P, Chapman R, O‘Dea D, Free S, O‘Sullivan K. 2009. ―Warm homes: Drivers of the demand for heating in the residential sector in New Zealand,‖ Energy Policy 37(9): 3387-3399. Nair NKC, Zhang L. 2009. ―SmartGrid: Future networks for New Zealand power systems incorporating distributed generation,‖ Energy Policy 37(9): 3418-3427. Duke M, Andrews D, Anderson T. 2009. ―The feasibility of long range battery electric cars in New Zealand.‖ Energy Policy 37(9): 3455-3462. Kear, G., & Chapman, R. 2013. 'Reserving Judgement': Perceptions of Pumped Hydro and Utility- Scale Batteries for Electricity Storage and Reserve Generation in New Zealand. Renewable Energy, 57, 249-261 Chapman, R. 2013. The way to go? American or German solar incentive models. Solar Action Bulletin, SAB94(June), 8-9 IEA. (2010). Energy Policies of IEA Countries: New Zealand, 2010 Review. Paris: International Energy Agency

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relevant Associate Dean; The VUWSA Student Advocate is available to assist in this process. If, after trying the above channels, you are still unsatisfied, formal grievance procedures can be invoked. These are set out in the Academic Grievance Policy which is published on the Victoria website at: http://www.victoria.ac.nz/home/about/policy There is also a leaflet explaining the grievance process available from the AVC (Academic) website at: http://www.victoria.ac.nz/home/about_victoria/avcacademic/Publications.aspx#g rievances Students with Impairments Refer to the Meeting the Needs of Students with Impairments Policy, available on the University’s policy website http://www.victoria.ac.nz/home/about/policy The University has a policy of reasonable accommodation of the needs of students with impairments. The policy aims to give students with disabilities the same opportunity as other students to demonstrate their abilities. If you have a disability, impairment or chronic medical condition (temporary, permanent or recurring) that may impact on your ability to participate, learn and/or achieve in lectures and tutorials or in meeting the course requirements, please contact the course coordinator as early in the course as possible. Alternatively, you may wish to approach a Student Adviser from Disability Support Services (DSS) to discuss your individual needs and the available options and support on a confidential basis. DSS are located on Level 1, Robert Stout Building: telephone: 463-6070 email: [email protected] The name of your School’s Disability Liaison Person is in the relevant prospectus or can be obtained from the School Office or DSS. Student Support Staff at Victoria want students to have positive learning experiences at the University. There are a number of support services available to help you directly if your academic progress is causing concern or if there are elements in your life that are affecting your ability to study. These include:  Your course coordinator or programme director;  Staff in your Faculty Student Administration Office Student Dedicated learning support through Student Learning Support Service; Kaiwawao Māori ;Maanaki Pihiphipinga; Disability Support Services and Victoria International;  Wider holistic support through the Health Service; Counselling Service; Financial Support and Advice; Accommodation Service and Career Development and Employment. Find out more at www.victoria.ac.nz/st_services/ or email [email protected];  VUWSA employs a Student Advocate who deals with academic problems and provides support, advice and advocacy services, as well as training and supporting class representatives and faculty delegates. The Education Office is located on the ground floor, Student Union Building. Email [email protected] or tel. 463-6716 or 463-6984.

Academic Integrity and Plagiarism Academic integrity means that university staff and students, in their teaching and learning are expected to treat others honestly, fairly and with respect at all times.

It is not acceptable to mistreat academic, intellectual or creative work that has been done by other people by representing it as your own original work. Academic integrity is important because it is the core value on which the University’s learning, teaching and research activities are based. Victoria University’s reputation for academic integrity adds value to your qualification. The University defines plagiarism as presenting someone else’s work as if it were your own, whether you mean to or not. ‘Someone else’s work’ means anything that is not your own idea. Even if it is presented in your own style, you must acknowledge your sources fully and appropriately. This includes:  Material from books, journals or any other printed source  The work of other students or staff  Information from the internet  Software programs and other electronic material  Designs and ideas  The organisation or structuring of any such material Find out more about plagiarism, how to avoid it and penalties, on the University’s website: www.victoria.ac.nz/home/studying/plagiarism.html Use of Turnitin Student work provided for assessment in this course may be checked for academic integrity by the electronic search engine http:/www.turnitin.com. Turnitin is an online plagiarism prevention tool which compares submitted work with a very large database of existing material. At the discretion of the Head of School, handwritten work may be copy-typed by the School and subject to checking by Turnitin. Turnitin will retain a copy of submitted material on behalf of the University for detection of future plagiarism, but access to the full text of submissions is not made available to any other party. Communication of additional information Find key dates, explanations of grades and other useful information at www.victoria.ac.nz/home/study. Find out about academic progress and restricted enrolment at www.victoria.ac.nz/home/study/academic-progress. The University’s statutes and policies are available at www.victoria.ac.nz/home/about/policy, except qualification statutes, which are available via the Calendar webpage at www.victoria.ac.nz/home/study/calendar (See Section C). Further information about the University’s academic processes can be found on the website of the Assistant Vice-Chancellor (Academic) at www.victoria.ac.nz/home/about_victoria/avcacademic/default.aspx