International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 9, Issue 23, 2017, pp.-4262-4266. Available online at http://www.bioinfopublication.org/jouarchive.php?opt=&jouid=BPJ0000217

Research Article DELINEATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ZONES AND IDENTIFICATION OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE SITES IN DHARTA WATERSHED, , , USING RS &GIS

JAIN NIKITA1*, SINGH P.K.2 AND SINGH R.S.3 1,2Department of Soil and Water Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, 313001 3ICAR- National Bureau of Soil Survey and land Use Planning, Udaipur, 313001, Rajasthan *Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Received: April 21, 2017; Revised: April 26, 2017; Accepted: April 27, 2017; Published: May 18, 2017

Abstract- Groundwater is a precious resource of limited extent. For proper utilization of this precious resource systematic planning an d management of groundwater uses either in domestic or agriculture should be managed by the modern technique for the efficient. In the present study, Geographical Information System (GIS) is used to integrate multi parametric data to generate several thematic maps, delineate groundwater potential zones and identify sites of artificial recharge in the Dharta watershed, Udaipur, Rajasthan (). The thematic layers considered to delineate groundwater potential zones are geomorphology, recharge, geology, soil, slope, topographic elevation and transmissivity, which were prepared using conventional maps and data. All these themes and their individual features were then assigned weights according to their relative importance in groundwater occurrence and the corresponding normalized weights were obtained based on the Saaty’s analytical hierarchy process. The thematic layers were finally added using Arc GIS software to yield groundwater potential zone map of the study area. Thus, three different groundwater potential zones were identified viz., ‘good’, ‘moderate’ and ‘poor’. The area having ‘good’ groundwater potential is about 10.7 km2 which is about 19.62 per cent of the total study area. The thematic layers used in this study to determine artificial recharge zones are transmissivity, recharge, topographic elevation, soil and slope. These layers were combined using boolean logic analysis to delineate zones of suitability for artificial recharge structures. The area suitable for artificial recharge is 7.84 km2 which is 14.37 per cent of the total study area. Keywords- Artificial recharge zoning, GIS, Groundwater management; Remote sensing, Water scarcity.

Citation: Jain Nikita, et al., (2017) Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones and Identification of Artificial Recharge Sites in Dharta Watershed, Udaipur, Rajasthan, Using RS & GIS. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, ISSN: 0975-3710 & E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 9, Issue 23, pp.-4262-4266. Copyright: Copyright©2017 Jain Nikita, et al., This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Academic Editor / Reviewer: Yogi Vikram, Sharma Pratibha

Introduction their individual features was decided based on personal judgments considering Artificial groundwater recharge has emerged as basic tools for the sustainable their relative importance from the artificial recharge viewpoint. These thematic management of vital freshwater resources (both groundwater and surface water). maps were then integrated in a GIS framework to identify suitable zones for The concept of using modern techniques like remote sensing and geographical artificial recharge. The study area is severely afflicted with water scarcity information systems (GIS) in groundwater management studies is comparatively problems. Therefore, aquifer replenishment through artificial recharge is new. The application of remote sensing and GIS in management of groundwater necessary to sustain groundwater resources of the area on a long-term basis. resource is very useful for efficient use of this precious resource. Remote sensing Process based techniques like numerical modeling of groundwater systems (flow can provide diverse datasets over a large inaccessible area that can be efficiently and/or transport) demand lots of spatiotemporal field data, which are unfortunately handled and analyzed in a GIS framework. Over the last 2 decades, RS and GIS not available in the study area. Bearing this fact in mind, a methodology has been have been widely used for the preparation of different types of thematic layers and proposed in the present study for the delineation of artificial recharge zones and integrating them for different purposes [1, 2]. Blending of these two technologies the identification of possible sites for artificial recharge in the Dharta watershed, has proved to be an efficient tool in groundwater potential zoning, and several Udaipur, Rajasthan, using RS, GIS and multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) studies have been conducted in this direction both in India and abroad [3-7]. A techniques with available field data and conventional maps. In this study, the comprehensive review on the applications of RS and GIS in groundwater analytic hierarchy process and MCDM technique was used. The proposed development and management is presented by Jha et.al. (2007) [8]. The use of methodology could be useful to the concerned decision-makers and practicing integrated RS and GIS techniques in artificial recharge studies, however, has hydrogeologists in the efficient planning and management of vital groundwater been started very recently. Applications of RS and GIS in groundwater resources. management such as artificial recharge have been reported by a limited number of researchers [9-12]. They considered a varying number of thematic layers, such Study area as geology, geomorphology, soil, slope, topographic elevation, recharge, aquifer Dharta watershed is located at Bhinder Block of . The area is transmissivity, land use/ land cover. A set of weights for the different themes and bounded by longitudes 74008' to 74015'E & 24030' to 24036'N latitudes and falls in

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 9, Issue 23, 2017 || Bioinfo Publications || 4262 Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones and Identification of Artificial Recharge Sites in Dharta Watershed, Udaipur, Raja sthan, Using RS & GIS

Survey of India (SOI) topo-sheets of 45L6, 45L12. It is situated at distance of 12 elevation, land use/ land cover and transmissivity were used for the delineation of km. from Tehsil head quarter and covering an area of about 54.53 km2. The groundwater potential zones in the study area. To demarcate potential zones, all watershed is characterized by sub tropical and sub-humid to semi-arid climatic these thematic layers were integrated using Arc GIS 9.3.1 software. The weights conditions. The average annual rainfall of the basin is 60.90 cm, about 90 per cent of the different themes were assigned on a scale of 1 to 5 based on their influence of which is experienced during the rainy season through Arabian Sea monsoon on groundwater potential. Different features of each theme were assigned weights winds. on a scale of 1 to 9 according to their relative influence on groundwater potential. Thereafter, a pair-wise comparison matrix was constructed using the Saaty’s Materials and Methods analytical hierarchy process [13] to calculate normalized weights for individual Delineation of Dharta watershed and Selection of Observation Wells themes and their features. To demarcate groundwater potential zones, all the The extent of the Dharta watershed [Fig-1] was extracted by digitizing boundaries eight thematic layers after assigning weights were added using Arc GIS 9.3.1 of the basin from the geometrically rectified toposheets. The boundaries of the software. The total weights of different polygons in the integrated layer were basin on the toposheets were identified and located based on watershed derived from the following equation to obtain groundwater potential index: approach. Groundwater levels over the Dharta watershed were monitored in 30 selected open dugwells for the study period. Four wells were selected for GWPI = (GMwGMwi + REwREwi + SOwSOwi +SLwSLwi+TEwTEwi+GEwGEwi+ LUwLUwi conducting pumping tests. The location of these wells is given in the [Fig-1]. +TRwTRwi)

Where, GWPI = groundwater potential index, GM = geomorphology, RE= groundwater recharge, SO = soil type, SL = slope, TE = topographic elevation, GE = geology, LU= land cover/ land use, TR = transmissivity, ‘w’ = normalized weight of a theme, and ‘wi’ = normalized weight of the individual features of a theme. GWPI is a dimensionless quantity that helps in indexing probable groundwater potential zones in study area according to assign normalized weightage to individual theme and individual feature of each theme. The range of GWPI values was divided into three equal zones for categorized the entire study area in different zones i.e. Good, Moderate and Poor and these zones was prepared using Arc GIS 9.3.1 software.

Selection of Artificial Recharge Zones A Remote Sensing and GIS based method is found to be very useful in suitability analysis for artificial recharge sites in the hard rock terrain. The thematic layers used in this study for determining recharge zones are transmissivity, recharge, topographic elevation, soil and slope. All the five thematic layers were combined using Boolean Logic Analysis to delineate zones of suitability for artificial recharge Fig-1 Map showing the study area and monitoring wells location of pumping structures. The prime task in this method is to identify the criterion and to test sites. formulate the set of logical conditions to extract the suitable zones. With this criterion, the output has only two classes: suitable or unsuitable. The areas in Generation of Thematic Layers which the defined conditions of the information layers are fulfilled together, a value The thematic layer of geomorphology was prepared from SOI topo-sheets. The of 1 is given whereas the remaining part will have a zero value. The criteria soil layer was prepared by digitizing the soil map obtained from the NBSS&LUP, considered in this study for demarcating suitable zones for artificial recharge are: Udaipur at 1:250,000 scale. Topographic elevation layer was generated from the topographic data downloaded from USGS (2004). Slope map was prepared from Table-1 Suitability Criteria for Artificial Recharge Zone Digital Elevation Model, which was taken from SRTM website. Groundwater level Thematic Layer Suitability Criteria Slope 1-3 & 3-8 % fluctuation for individual 30 observation wells were computed for two years (viz. Transmissivity 360-390 m2/day 2012 and 2013) and then mean of these two years was considered for generating Recharge 2-4 cm/year the thematic layer on groundwater fluctuation. The point map was created in the Topographic elevation <470 m Arc GIS 9.3.1 software using these values. This point map was then interpolated Soil Clayey Soil, Fine Loamy Soil to get a raster map by using Inverse Distance Weighing Moving Average Method. Transmissivity values obtained in pumping tests were used to prepare a thematic Thematic Layers of Dharta watershed layer on transmissivity. Recharge for the study area was estimated using Water The details of thematic layers and their spatial distribution in the study area are Table Fluctuation Method. These values were used to prepare a thematic layer of presented below: Recharge. Geomorphology Intergartion of Thematic Layers On the basis of the physiographic characteristics, the landforms of the study area The thematic layers of geomorphology, recharge, geology, soil, slope, topographic can be classified into three different units namely: Valley Hills, Undissected

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 9, Issue 23, 2017 || Bioinfo Publications || 4263 Jain Nikita, Singh P.K. and Singh R.S.

pediment, and Structural Hill as shown in [Fig-2]. Undissected pediment covers Topographic Elevation 54.9 per cent of the study area. It forms most of the study area. The area covered Thematic layer on Topographic Elevation is shown in the [Fig-6]. In the study area, by them is 44.56 km2. The maximum area of structural hills is in northwestern part. the southern part is hilly so has high topographic elevation and less groundwater In total it occupies 1.88 km 2 area which is 3.45 per cent of the total area. Valley potential. hills occupy 8.19 km2 of the study area, which is 15.02 per cent of the total area.

Geology The thematic layer on geology for the study area reveals two main soil classes viz., Quartzite, Dolomitic marble, Graphitic mica schist, Gneiss. It is apparent from [Fig-3] that the majority of the study area is dominated by gniess, with other geology types covering relatively small areas. In total, it occupies 40.80 km2 area, which is 80.63 per cent of the total study area.

Fig-4 Thematic layer on Soil

Fig-2 Thematic Layer on Geomorphology

Soil The thematic layer on soil for the study area reveals two main soil classes viz., clayey soil and fine loamy soil. It is apparent from [Fig-4] that the majority of the study area is dominated by clayey soil, with other soil types covering relatively small areas.

Fig-5 Thematic layer on Slope

Land use and land cover A land use/land cover thematic map was distinguished into four different classes: (i) agricultural land, (ii) fallow land, (iii) land without scrub and (iv) open scrub, as shown in [Fig-7]. Different land use/land cover classes were ranked according to their water requirement. Agricultural lands were given the highest rating over other land use features because it requires more water for irrigation, resulting in groundwater recharge. It covers 41.69 km2 which is 76.43 per cent of total study area. Land without scrub was assigned the lowest rating, because it allow less time for the infiltration of water.

Fig-3 Thematic Layer on Geology

Slope Map A slope map prepared from the Digital Elevation Model is shown in [Fig-5]. The slope percentage in the area varies from 0 to 8%. On the basis of the slope, the study area can be divided into two slope classes. The area having 0 to 3% slope falls in the ‘very good’ category due to the nearly flat terrain and relatively high infiltration rate. It covers 15.74 km2 area which is 28.98 per cent of the total study area. The area with 3 to 8% slope is considered as ‘moderate’ for groundwater storage due to slightly undulating topography with some runoff.

Fig-6 Thematic layer on Topographic Elevation

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 9, Issue 23, 2017 || Bioinfo Publications || 4264 Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones and Identification of Artificial Recharge Sites in Dharta Watershed, Udaipur, Rajasthan, Using RS & GIS

is 14.37 per cent of the study area is suitable for artificial recharge which lies in the northern part. The area suitable for artificial recharge is 7.84 km2 which is 14.37 per cent of the total study area.

Fig-7 Thematic layer on Land use/Land cover

Recharge Map The groundwater fluctuation method yielded the average annual groundwater recharge in Dharta watershed varying from 0.61-5.81 cm/year. Based on these Fig-9 Thematic layer on Transmissivity recharge estimates, the area can be divided into 4 recharge zones: (i) <2 cm/year; (ii) 2-4 cm/year; and (iii) >4 cm/year as shown in [Fig-8]. It is apparent from this figure that a recharge rate of 2-4 cm/year is dominant in the study area. A very low recharge rate (< 2 cm/year) is found in the south western portion of the area and in small scattered patches over the area. A strip having relatively high recharge rate (> 4 cm/year) is present in the northern portion of the area.

Fig-10 Groundwater potential zone map of Dharta Watershed

Fig-8 Thematic layer on Recharge

Aquifer Transmissivity The aquifer transmissivity in the study area varies from 179 m2/day to 859 m2/day. Based on these transmissivity values, the area was divided into four transmissivity classes namely ‘very low’ (327-357 m2/day), low’ (357-387 m2/day), ‘moderate’ (387-407 m2/day), and ‘high’ (407-437 m2/day) as shown in [Fig-9].

Zones of Groundwater Potential and Artificial Recharge The groundwater potential map of Dharta watershed [Fig-10] reveals three distinct classes (zones) representing ‘good’, ‘moderate’ and ‘poor’ groundwater potential in the area. The area covered by ‘good’ groundwater potential zone is about 10.70 km2 (19.62 per cent). The north and northeastern portion of the study area falls under moderate groundwater potential zone. It encompasses an area of 17.33 km2 which is 31.78 per cent of the total area. However, the groundwater potential along the boundaries of the study area is very poor. It covers an area of 21.91 km2 which is 40.17 per cent of the total area. The ‘poor’ groundwater potential is due to 2 presence of girdle of hills surrounding the study area. 7.84 km of the area which Fig-11 Map showing zones favourable for artificial groundwater recharge

International Journal of Agriculture Sciences ISSN: 0975-3710&E-ISSN: 0975-9107, Volume 9, Issue 23, 2017 || Bioinfo Publications || 4265 Jain Nikita, Singh P.K. and Singh R.S.

Conclusions The area, which is favorable for artificial recharge is 7.84 km2, which contributes only 14.37 per cent of the total study area. Similar study was also carried out for the Ahar river basin of Udaipur district. The results of the study revealed that the favourable artificial recharge zone for the study area was found to be 44.6 km2, which was 12.7 per cent of the total study area [14]. Of the total study area, about 19.62 per cent is found with ‘good’ groundwater potential, 31.78 per cent with ‘moderate’ and 40.17 per cent with ‘poor’ groundwater potential.

Acknowledgement: Department of Soil & Water Engineering College of Technology and Engineering, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan

Author Contributions: All author equally contributed

Abbreviations: NBSS&LUP National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning USGS United States Geological Survey SRTM Shuttle Radar Topography Mission SOI Survey of India % per cent m2/day Square meter per day cm centimeter cm/day centimeter per year km2 Square kilometer

Ethical approval: This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Conflict of Interest: None declared

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