PE 2,5 June 18, 1965

Co rry the Strugg le Ago inst lL Khrushchov Revisionism Through to the End

by the Editoriol Deportments of 4 Re nmin Riboo ond Hongqi h. s). How Chinq lmplements Policy A Of Self-Relionce

(p. 12).

-{k From Bondung to Algiers A fqctuol survey (p. 16). New Booklets in English A 6REAT IfICTORV FOA LENIET!SM

* ln Commemorotiotr of the 95th Anniversory of the Birth of Lenin

The text of on editcricl published in "Hongqi" (Red Flog), No.4, 1965, commemoroting the bi*h of V.l. Lenin-the greot teocher of the proletorion revolution. lt deols with three questions: the noture of imperiolism, so-colled "peoce{ul coexistence," ond the notionol-liberotion movement. 20 Pages 18.5 X 13 cm. PaPer Couer

The Histsrical Er*perience @$ the War Against Fascism

by the Editoriol Deportment of "Renmin Riboo''

This orticle, u.,ritten by the ECiioriol Deportment cf "Renmin Riboo" ond pubiished or: i.4ay 9, 1965, commemorotes the 20th onniversory oi '.'iciory !n the wor ogoinst foscism.

32 ?tgcs 13.5 X I-q cm. Paper Coter

Comnmernorate *he Vietory Over German Faseisrf,. ! earry the Struggle Against U. S" lmperEaEism Throug$ to the Emd !

Published in "Hongqi" No,5, 1965, thi5 otticle, commemoroting the 20ih onniversory of the victory over Germon fcscism, wos written by Lo Jui-ching, Member of the Secretoriot of lhe Cen- trol Committee of the Chinese Communist Porty, Vice-Premier of the Stqte Councii ol the People's Republic of Chino ond Chief of tlre Generol Stoff of tlre Chinese People's Liberotlon Army.

32 Pages 18.5 X 13 ctn. Paper Couer

Also auailable i,n Arabic, French, German, Japanese, Russian and Spanislt,

Published by: FOREIGN LANIGUAGES PRE55, Peking, Chino Distributed by: GUOZI SHUDIAN (China Fubiicotions Centre), Peking, Chino

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$rt a il O rder Dep t.2 G U OZ I S H U D I A N, P.O. Box 3tr,?eking, Chinq PEKIhIG THE KVEEK REVIEW Chairman lHao Heeeives terim A. Lugimbana, Ir.aqi Am- lndonesian Guests bassador A.M. Ameen, U.A.R. iA 4. {Lre Charge d'Affaires ad interim Mo- (BEIJINC ZHOUBAO) Arudji Kartarvinata, Speaker of hamed Gamal Eddin Kha1ii and the Indonesian Co-operation Par1ia- Syrian Counseilor Abdul Fattah A WEEKLY MAGAZINE OF CHINESE ment, and his wife left Canton for Yuness were present. NEWS AND VIEWS home on June 12 afier a two-r,r,eek visit. While in China, they \\ ere At the reception, the Premier June 18. 1965 Vol. YIII No. 25 received by Chairman Mao Tse-tung toasted the growing friendship be- who had a cordial talk v"'ith them. iween the people of China and other Among those seeing the Indcne- Asian and African countries, sian guests off in Canton lvas Kuo Afro-Asian solidarity and the suecess CONTENTS Mo-jo, Vice-Chairman of the Stand- of the forthcoming Second African- ing Committee of the National Peo- Asian Conference. ple's Congress, who accomp:l-ried Ambassador A.M. lP.aza and THE WEEK 3 them on their visit to Shanghai, Charge d'Affaires A. Lugimbana ARTICLES & DOCUMENTS Hangchow and Canton. also toasted Sino-Paki-

June 18,1965 .1 China anrl Albania we|e determined to make anv sacriric"J:;iJi:'lJff fraternal Vietnamese Chen Yi on Second African-Asian Conference resistance to U.S. aggt'ession tili tinal victory. Vice-Piemier Chen Yi said that undermine it by every possible China rvould do its utmost to con- means. Calling for vigilance against The Chinese Vlce-Plemier con- tribul,e to the success of the forth- such sabotage, he ,,The great modern revi:;ionists for said: demned the coming African-Asian Conference in colluding r,vith U.S. imperialism in signi{icance of the First Asian- Algiers this month. Speaking at the Africair Conference u,hich took place an attempt to dlverl the revolution- reception Nepalese Ambassador ten years ago has become clearer ar;r struggle of the Vietnamese peo- I(aisher Bahadur gave in Peking on aud clearer. It is by no means an ple and piace it in their "peacefr-rl June 11 to celebrate the birthda;r of exagget'ation to say that the past cc,existence" orbit in complete disre- King Mahendra, the Vice-Prernier decade has been a decade of arvaken- gard interests the of the vital of said: "l"he Chinese Governmenl ing. solidarity, fighting and victory Victnamese people. The Vice- and people rvill lr,'ork together vr,'iih for the Asian and African countries. Picrnier stated that, in order to car-iy the Governnrent and people of Both continents have become the the slnrggle against imperialism to Nepal and other Asian and Afriran storrn centres of the world anii- the end, there should be no let-up joint ef countries to make lorts to imperiaiist revolution. The more in the strugqle against modern Bandung carry the spirit forr'r'rrd than 2.000 millicn Asian and African revisionism. and inake Second African-A:ian the pecples fe.vently hope that the conference .r"""r.],, In his speech, Spiro Koleka paid u >econd African-Asian Conference tribute to the tremendous progress \/ice-Plemier Chen Yi drew atten- tvill be crorvned with success and in Sino-Albanian economic co-opera- tion to the facL that the imperiaiists that the conrmon cause of solidarity tion. He said: "The schemes of the and their follou'els r,vho were afraid againsl imperialism will be carried imperialists, the 1{hrushchov clique oi tiris conference r,vere trying ro to a nery high." and their followers 1o isolate Alba- nia, to force it to submit, and to undermine its sociaiist construction named Damque, age 23, and the other boat and. together with other vessels, have suffered ignorninious defeat." Jitzongm, age 22, u,,ere gathering dye- sank another and beat off four ene- siuIl. The ir-rtruding Indian soldiers m5, ri'arships in escorting a landing Goylon C.P. Leader Arrives carried them off and have not re- craft to shore. In the older confer- leased them since. ring the titie, the Ministry of Na- N. Sanmugathasan, National Or- tional Defence commended ganizer of the Central Committee of The Indian soldiers' blarant vioh- the men for the militancy revolutionary the Cevlcn Communist Party, tion of China's sovereignty and ab- and duction Cl-rinese spirit ivhich they had demonstrated arrived in Peking on June 12 on a of worren have aroused the great indignation in daring to fight against visit at the invitation of the Central of the a formida- people protest ble enemy Committee of the Chinese Commu- of the area. In its and overcome difficulties note, the Chinese Governrnent de- in the discharge nist Party. Teng Hsiao-ping, General of their duties. The manded that the Indian Government Ministry Secretary of the Party's Central also commended them for immediately return the abducted carrying forrvard glorious Committee, and other leaders wel- the tradi- Chinese women, punish the culprits good comed him at the airport. tion and r,vorking style of the and take effective measures to en- Chinese People's Libelation Army. sure against the recurrence of such lndian 0utrage Proiested incicients. ?he title r'",as handed out at a ce- remon),' in central-sou'uh China on The intrusion into Chinese terri- June 11. Addressing the gathering, tory by Indian soldiers and their 0utslanding- Crew CommEnded Li Tso-peng, cleputy commander of outrageous abduction of two young the navy, revierved the heroic deeds The title "Vanguard Sea Vessel', Chinese women was strongly pro- of the crew in defending the country u,as recently conferred on a Chinese tested by the Ministry of Foreign Af- and plaised them as glorious pace- Navy gunboat by the Ministry of fairs in a note to the Indian Embassy setters for the entire navy to emulate. National Defence. The vessel, Vorz- in Peking on June 14. Their achievements, he said, were a guard No. 7, has been commended result of hoiding high the great ban- On the morning ol May 2g, ilrree yearly since liberation for outstand- ner of Mao Tse-tung's thinking, faith- Indian soldiers crossed the China_Sik_ ing service cornbat in training, con- fully carr;ving out the policies of the kim border and carried out reconnais- voy escort, patrol, rescue and oiher Military Commission of the Central sance and harassing activities on Chi- missions. In the 1950 sea battie to lib- Committee of the Chinese Communist nese territory at Dai and its vicinity in erate the Wanshan Islands off the Party, giving primary Khamba County. importance to At that time two Pear-l River estuary, tlre ct'eiv of ihe politics in r.r,ork upholding Chinese women from and the Tibet, one vessel captured a Kuomintang gun- glorious tradition of the P.L.A. 4 Peking Reuiew, No.25 Co ruy the Struggle Agoinst Khrushchov Revisionism Through to the End

"A Propcsal - On the Occasion o$ the Second Anniversary o[ the Publication of Concerning the General Line o[ the lnternational Communist Movem*,',5" -

by the Editorial Departments of "Renmin Ribao" and "Hongqi"

IME flies. Two fuil years have eiapsed since the movement. The Central Committee of the Chinese Com- publication by the Centlal Cor-r-rmiltee of the Con-r- munist Paltv considered it a \iei'). good thii-tg that this munist Party of China of its "Proposal Concerning the question was r:aised. For the differences that had arisen General Line of the International Communist Move- since the 20th Congress of the C.P.S.U. betrveen our- ment." selr;es and all other Malxist-Leninist parties on the one Two years are a mere instant in the long history hand and the Ieaders of the C.P.S.U. on the other.r,r,ere not of the international communist movement' But t'hat differences on this or that particular problem but dif- fierce struggles and rvhat tremendous changes these ferences of principle on a number of fundan-rental problems years have w-itnessed! of the world revolution in our epoch, that is, differences concer-ning the genera). line of the interna- Two years ago, the leaders of the C.P.S.U. heacied tional comrnunist movement. The essence of the dif- stirred up a gust of ill wind in the inter- by Khrushchov ferences was whether or not the people still living national communist mot'ement in order to impose on uride:: the imperialist and capitalist system, rvho com- Parties the reviiionist line u'l-rich the-v had the fratern.al pi'ise iwo-thirds of the rvorld's population. need to formulated at the 20th ar-rd the 22nd Congr:esses of the make revolution, and whether or not the people already C.P.S.U., is, the general line of "peaceful co- that on the sccialist road. who comprise one-third of the "peaceful competition" and "peaceful tt'an- existence." world's population, need to cerry their rerzolution the of the rvhole people" and the sition." and of "state forrvald to the end. It co.ncerned the fundamental entire peopIe." They repeatedly sounded "party of the princ;ples rvhich the entir:e international communist general onslaught agalnst China' agarr-rst the call for a moven-rent and every po itical party of the prolet,ariat against the people' They stage- comn'iunism and must adhele to and the b'asic tasks they must perform. managed anti-Marxist-Lenir-rist larces at the col-lgresses In "A Prop.osal Concer'ning the General Line of the of five European fraternal Parties' They directed more International Movement," the Centrai Com-. forty Comn,unist Parties to launch wanton attacks Communist th.an milt€e of th,e Chinese Communist Party upheld the on the Chinese Communist Par'ty and other Marxist- ret,oiutionary theory of Marxism-Leninism, the cou-imon Leninist parties. It seemed as if "the city might road of the October Rerrolution and the revolutionary crumble un'der the mas:s of dark clouds'" principles of the 1957 Declaration and the 1960 State- The Morxist-Leninist Generol Line of the ment; oi-r the one hand it systematically dissecte'd the lntetnotionol Communist Movement theory and general line of the I{hrushchov revisionists and The "Plopos,al Concerning the General Line of the and expcsod their betlayal of Marxism-Le'ninism Communist \llovement" put forward by of the cause of the proletarian rvorld revo'lution, and Intelnaticnal analysis of Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party on the other har-rd it made a Nlalxist-Leninist the gave \4arxist- June 14, 1963, held aloft the torch of revolution, the conten-rporar;' world contradictions' on questions concerning penetrated the dense fog of Khrushchov revisionism Leninjst answers to a number of epoch, and put forrvard a and defen'ded the purity of Marxism-Leninism' the rvorld revolution in our general line of the ir,ternational com- the Central Comltlittee of the Chi- Mar':

6 Pelci.ng Reoie;*, lVc. 25 an open split in the international comn-runist iur,ve- I..:ut has de.ep social r.oots. It is a product both of the rrr€ilt. Togetherul,ith many other frateri-ral P.arties. the inundation of the Soviet Ui-iion by domestic capitalist C}rinese Communist Farty thoroughly exposed their forces, and of the policies pursue,J by the imperiaiists. scheme for q 5pli1 and adamantly bo;,cotted theil divi- After Khrushchov's ascent to power, this arch_ sive meeting. In its ietter of July 28, 1964 tc the scherner gradually usurped the leadership of the Soviet Central Comurittee C.P.S.U., of the the Central Com- Party and state, and as a consequence the nelv bourgecis mittee of the Ccmmunist Party of China pointed out: elements in Soviet society gradually became a prlvileged "Tlie your d:ry so-called meeting takes place will be the bourgeois stralu.m opposed to the Sovlet peopie. This ciay step glavc.'' 5.sLl into 1'our priv.ileged stratum is the socia.l base of the Khrushchov Proceeding from betraval in theory to beira1.al in revisionist clique. And this clique is its politicai rep- action ar-rd from political to organizational splitting ac- resciltalive. tirrities. tire Khrushchov rer.isionists have gone farther The privileged stratum in the Soviet Union got rid roarther and dou,n the road of destructiot-r. Events of Khrushchov not because he practised revisionism, develope

n iti^:,e 7t, 1965 I main force of war and aggression in our time," but in They have said that the shipment of Soviet weapons to the s.ame breath they aver that the Johnson Administra- Viet Nam is an "encouraging element" and will have tion is "sensible," "moderate" and can be expected to a "moderating effect." And they added that "the direct "iake concrete steps towards the further improvement confrontation of American and Soviet forces . . might of the world political climate."z They say that they even hasten negotiations f or a settlement in Viet u,ant to oppose U.S. in-rperialism, but at the same time Nam."4 the;- declare that there exist "sufficiently broad areas His Are for co-operation"3 between the Soviet Union and the Compored With Khrushchov, Successors More Coverl, Cunning ond United States. At times they profess condemnation of Froctising o Dongerous Revisionism U.S. aggression in Viet Nam, but each time the objective they have in mind is "improvement of the reiations be- In a nutshell. there are both real and sham features tr.reen the Soviet Union and the United States" and they in a1i this self-contradictory behaviour of the new lead- try to bring all world problems within the orbit of ers of the C.P.S.U., some features being real and others "Soviet-U.S. co-operation." sh.am. Some phenomena reveal the rrery essence of things and are reall other phenomena do not and are Similar'ly. the1, are unable to expl.ain the contradic- sham. For their cheap stage tricks and deceptive tions between their statements and their actions. all writings, in none of their changes have the ner'v leaders people Since they assert that. together with the of of the C.P.S.U. departed from their essence, namely. the world, they will oppose U.S. imperialisn-r. why do Khrushchov revisionism. splittism and great-power thel, maintain close contact, strengthen their collabora- chauvinism. and Soviet-U.S. co-cperation for the domi- tion and exchange information with it, and work in nation of the world. But compared rvith Khrushchov, mutual understanding against the revolutionary strug- the;. are practising a more covert. more curnning and gles of the people? more dang-^rous levisionisnr. Since they ars"sert that they will support the na- This is hor,l' things often llappen in history. The Latin tional-liberation movements in Asia, Africa and teactionary, nrolibr-u-rd folces craftill' take o\/er progres- America, why do they r,vant to conspi.L'e with the United sive, revolutionary slogans as signboards for deceiving States to set up a perrranent U.N. force, to organize an the masses and for .accomplishing their own reactionary international gendarmerie for the suppression of the purposes. The levisionists of the Second International people's revolutionary struggles? used the signboard of "Marxism" to betra;.. the pro- Since they asselt th.at they will strengthen the unity letarian revolution. The Mensheviks took over Bol- of the fraternal Parties and countries. u'h1.' have they' shevik slogans concerning the soviets and attempted to taken an extlen'rely grave step to sp1lt the internaticnal estabiish a boulgeois dictatorship. Tito practises capital- communist morrernent by convening the schismatic March ism in the guise of "socialism." Todal'. the ne',v leaders meeting? of the C.P.S.U. are pla5.ing the same old trick. Taking Since they assert that they rvill improve their rela- over some of the slogans of the Nlarxist-L,eninists. they tions with the fraternal Parties and countries. rvhy do are putting up a facade in order to conceal the essence of they persist in the policy of great-pou'er chauvinism their ccntinued plrrr:uance of the revisionist line. u.hich Khrushchov adopted towards Albania and refurse The clas"s struggle is very complex. and the external to admit their mistakes? Wh;: do thel' continue their appearances of eveuts ir-r the course of this struggle are anti-Chinese plopaganda and aciir.iiies at hon.re and even more so. To get to the essence behind the com- abroad, and erren give that U.S. favor-rrite, Shastri, the plicated appearances, we hal,e to rvork conscientiously, platform of the I{remlin from which to vilify China? to eliminate the false and retain the true and proce,ed Why do they keep on trying to subvert and disrupt the from outward appearance to inner essence. OnIy by Ja-panese Con-rmlrnist Part;,'. the lndonesian Communist grasping the essence can we acquire a relatively deep Party, and other Marxist-Leninist fraternal Parties, and and correct understanding of objective thing,s in their even give open sLrpport to such renegades from the totalit5r. Marxism-Leninism serves us both as a tele- Japanese Communist Part;r as Yoshio Shiga and do scope and as a microscope: it helps us to penetrate utmost Shigeo their to help Kami;,sms in his election beyond the appearance of things and grasp their es- campaign? sence. After dealing r,vith Khru-shchov revisionism for l'inaliy. thel, are r-rnable to explain the contradic- quite a number of years we have become a little wiser. tions in their or,r'n actions. While making some gestures Our experience in discerning Khrushchov as he really of aid to Viet Nam, they have dir.ulged their "aid', was has made it easier for us to see the true nature of plans to the Americans in advance and have been busy his successors u'ithout being misled by the false ap- in Washington. London and Paris trying to bring about pearances they put on. peace negotiations. in a painstaking effor.t to find a ,,way out" for the U.S. aggressors. Does not this precisely Persist in Tit-for-Tqt Struggle Agoinst Khrushchov confirm our repeated exposure of the fact that they Revisionism ,,ald,, are trying to capitalize on their to Viet Nam and The question confronting the Chinese Communists to bring the Viet Nam question within the orbit of today is lvhether to carrv the struggle against Khrush- U.S.-Soviet co-operation? Certain remarks made by chov revisionism through to the end or wh,ether to stop the U.S. imperialists should give food for deep thought. half ',vay.

8 Peking Reuieu, No. 25 To gain a breathing space, recuperate, to and to whole world, and to joining these revisionists in ren_ accumulate capital for redoubled pushing a effort in dering service to imperiaiism; it would be a grave his_ revisionism, the Khrushchov revisionists are using every torical mistake. If we did that, the international possible pro_ means to blur the dividing line between letariat and the revolutionary people of the world would lVlarxism-Leninism and revisionism and are trying in never forgive us. vain to halt the struggle against revisionism. We must For quite a long period we refrained from publicly do the exact opposite; we must continue our triumphant refuting Khrushchov revisionism. White keeping to pursuit and firmly carry foru,ard the fight against our principled stand, we made concessions to Khrush_ Khrushcho.r revisionism to the very end. chov on certain questions. Our purpose was to bring Of late, the new leaders of the C.P.S.U. have been the leaders of the C.P.S.U. back to the road of Marxism- loud in chanting hone;,ed rvords such as "unity." One Leninism. But they returned evil for good. In one of just must not think it ridiculous that the self-same peo- our articles commenting on the Open Letter of the Cen- p1e who disrupted the unity of the international com- tral Committee of the C.P.S.U., we expressed our munist movement by brazenly calling the schismatic readiness to accept criticism from comrades of fraternal March meeting are now harping on "unity" today. Parties if they asked us why we had not let them know just There is more to it than ridicuiousness. They have the truth about the differences and why we had made a despicable aim. They are trying to capitaiize on the concessions to Khrushchov on certain questions. For aspirations of the people of the ivorld for the closer us this is an important historical lesson in the struggle unity of the revolutionary forces in face of the U.S. against revisionism. imperialists' rabid aggression. Under the pressure of We had hopes regarding the netv leaders of the events the nerv leaders of the C.P.S.U. have had to C.P.S.U., and u'atched and waited for several months. change their tactics. Unlike Khrushchov, who adopted But they soon revealed their true colours and expressed the open, naked, crude and high-handed policy of forcing their determination to continue along the path of revi- the fraternal Parties to submit to his revisionist line, sionism. In these circumstances, \\,e must firmly defend they are pretending to be quite accommodating and to the ideological positions of Marxism-Leninism and per- care for overall interests in their attempt to sap the sist in our tit-for-tat struggle against Khrushchov revi- militant rvi11 of Marxist-Leninists in fighting against sionism. revisionism. To put it blunt1y, by "unity" they mean that we should refrain from combating and exposing The struggle against Khrushchov revisionism has a revisionism and should follorv their revisionist prac- vital bearing on the future of the international com- tices, or at least leave them a free hand in such prac- munist movement, the development of the people,s rev- tices. olutionary struggle and the fate of mankind. In our struggle against the revisionists, rve must be Revisionism has alr,r'ays been a force hostile to ancl abie to deal both rvith their tough and with their soft disruptive of the revolution. To make revolutions or tactics. we must dare to resist all their pressure and to support revolutions, it is imperative to carry tt e must refuse to be misled by any of their fine u'ords. struggle against Khrr-rshchov revisionism through to th.-. In the past, u,e were not afraid to oppose Khrushchov end. despite all kinds of pressure. We rvele fu115' at-are that Revisionism has allvays been a social prop of im- he would reply by exerting more pressure. yet we per- periallsm. a force serving imperialism. To combat im- sisted in our principled struggle. Todal'. too. t'e should perialism, and above all U.S. imperialism, it is impera- not be misled by the t,arious guises and tricks of Khru- tive to carry the struggle against Khrushchov revision- shchov's successors and give up our principled struggle. ism through to the end. our stand On the contrary, 'uve should be stiii firmer in Revisionism has invariably engaged in splitting and raise our banner sti11 hlgher. activities against Marxism-Leninism and the revolu- The Chinese Communist Party is a lVlarxist-Leninist tionarl. people, has invariably been a force sapping party, a serious and principled party. Marxist-Leninists revolutionary unity. To safeguard the unity of the in- have always maintained that "a policy based on prin- ternational communist movement on the basis of cipie is the only correct policy." It is correct 1o exercise Marxism-Leninism and proletarian internationalism the necessary flexibility in struggle, as long as this is and to safeguard the unity of the revolutionary people done on the basis of principle. Eut flexibiiity should of the world, it is imperative to carry the struggle serve prir-rcip1e. It would be wrong to exercise unprin- against Khrushchov revisionism through to the end. cipled flexibility, to create ambiguity and confusion on questions o{ principle on the pretext of flexibility. The Struggle Agoinst Khrushchov Revisionism There are clearly a series of fundamental differences Will Win of principle between us and the Khrushchov revisionists. The struggle against modern revisionism has won The Khrushchov revisionists have completely transposed great victories in the last two years' Of course, this enemies and friends. If we were to abandon our prin- struggle is a protracted one, and some twists and turns cipled stand and accommodate ourselves or yield to the and difficulties are unavoidable. But it is quite certain Khrushchov revisionists, that would amount to white- that Nlarxism-Leninism will triumph over revisionism washing them, helping them deceive the people of the in the end. This is proved by what has already hap- Soviet Union, of the other socialist countries and of the pened and will also be confirmed in the future'

June 78, 1965 The Khrushchov revisionists are confronted rvith forward. But ihe revisionists go against the iar,,,s of innumerable coirtradictions. They cannot resolve their historical development; they side wlth the reactioirary contradiction rvith the Soviet people, Soviet Party and decaying forces, set thernselves against the people, members and cadres, who constitute over 90 per cent oppose revolutionarSr struggle and try to hold back the of the Sovie.t populalion, nor can the-v resolve their con- rvheel of history. As Lenin said, "The rvinnei: in the tradiction with the masses of the peopie and the long lun is the side which has the force of histcrica,l Marxist-Leninists of alL countries, r.vho constitute over development behind it."5 We have boundless cot-rfidence 90 per cent of the population of the vroi-ld. They can in the complete victory of the struggie against Khrush- neither resolve the contradiction betu'een the great cirov levisionism. Soviet people vrho are determined to follorv the socialis'r. The Chinese Communist Part5, and the Chinese road, a-nd U.S. in-rperir-r1ism. nor tlee contradiction within people u,ill unss'errrirlgly fol1or,l, the general iine of the the ranhs of the revisionists themseirres. It tvas pre- international cornmunist mo.,,ement r,,,hich rve proposed cisely these irreconcilable contradictions that rn'recked t!r'o years ago. We rn'iLl raise still higher the ir:vincible Khrushchor,'s political career. Those who fcilow in his banner of Marxism-Leninism and, together ri'ith the footsteps n ill not be able to avoid the same fate. Marxist-Leninists and revolutionary people of the r"'hole The forces of Marxism-Leninism harre grou'n im- rvorld, rve will carry forrvard to the end the strtlggle mensely in the struggle against Khrushchov revision- against imperialism aud reaction headed by the United ism, and particularly so since the beginning of the States, carry forward to the end the struggle against open polemics. Never have the revolutionary teachings Khrushchov revisionism, aud strive for ti're triumph of of Marxism-Leninism been so u,idely propagated. The the cause of world peace, national liberatlon. people's Marxist-Leninist ranks have undergone a new temper- democracy and socialism, and for a net, rvorld .vithout ing. As u.'e carry the anti-revisionist struggle {olrvard imperialism, without capitalism and without the ex- today. vre benefit from Lenin's experience in opposing ploitation of man by man. revisionists fron, the of the Second International. NOTES Stalin's experience in opposing Trot:sk-v and Bukharin l Brezhnev's speech mass in l{oscort', October and from the experience alreaciy gained in combating at a rail,' modern revisionism, and Khrushchov revisionism in 19, 1964. :Conrrnentalor"s lzcestia, I{ovembei: 5, 1964. particular. We must make fuli use of all these article in favourable factors and firnl1y combat Khrushchov revi- 3 Gromyko's speech at the United Nations Generai sionism Khrushchov. Assembly, December ?, 196{. without qWashingto* The task of the Marxist-l,eninists is to kno.,r, the Posi, April L7, 7965. 5V.I. r,,.or1d and to change it. It is through mastery of the I-enin, "The Tsar Against the Finnish People," Iarvs of historical development, through reliance on the Collected Works, Eng. ed., F.L.P.H., Moscour, 1963, Vol. 16, p. strength of the masses and through revolutionary strug- 80. gle that Marxi.st-Leninists push the wheel of history (Subheads ou,rs.- P,R. .Ed.j Britoin's Role in U.S. Aggression In Viet Nom

Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesmon's Commentsry, June I I f)N June 3 the British Government issued a White he rvould push the scheme of dividing Viet Nam and V Paper on the question of an international con- perpetuating U.S. occupation of south Viet Nam in ference on Cambodia in u'hich it gave a distor.teci ac- accorciance with Lyndsn Johnson's perernptory precon- count cf the history of the proposal to cont,ene the ditions for 'nunconditional discussions" and on the basis conference, tvilfully slandered the just siand of the of the Belgrade Appeal. Kingdon:. of Cambodia, the Democratic Repubiic of This is another most unseemly action by the Viet Nam and the Peopie's Republic of China and British Labour Party in tailing after the U.S. imperial- viciously assailed the Indo-Chinese people,s Conference ist policies of aggression and rvar sinre it came to heid in Phnom Penh last March. power. On the same day, British Foreign Secretary A review of the aetivities of the British Labour \'Iichael Stewart r'l-iade a statement on Cambo

10 Peking Re-*ieu:, I{o. 25 role of an aceornplice. When U.S. imperialism spread for the Labour government to profess concern for the the flames of its war of aggression from south Viet neuti'aiity and territorial integrity of Cambodia. Nanr to north Viet l.{am, the British Government In its White Paper, the British hastened to beat the drum for it, elamouring that Government tried to mislead publie opinion bombing of north Viet Nam was "necessarl/." When by slanderousiy accusing Cambodia and China of a "departure" from their U.S. imperialism resorted to the "unconditional discus- original proposals regaxiing the representation sions^' hoax to induee the Vietnarnese p€ople to sur- of south Viet Nam. Thls clumsy trick is aiso futile. The Royal render after its policy of war blackmail had repeatedly Government of Cambodia rightiy pointed in its fai)ed, the British Government immediately responded out statetrrent of Jr,rne 7, the British Govelnrnent con- by senCing off its high officials as "peace" brokers for "If siders that nerv conditions allor.r, it nor,v to accept the the Johnson Administraiion. At present, along with conlerence r.rhich it iras lefused tili no'..v, it vzould be the "escalation" of its military adventures, U.S. impe- highl;', logical for it to admit that nelv conditions also rialism is sinking deeper and deeper in the quagmire prevail in soulh Viel Nam.'' Great cha-nges have taken of its war of aggression in Viet Nam, and is findlng place in south Viet Nam in the past three years or itself in a more difficuit and isolated position than ever more. The South Viet Nam National Front for Libera- after the failure of its tricks ciis- of "unconditional tion has not only liberated four-fifths of the territory cussions" and suspension of air attacks." "temporary of sculh Viet Nam ra'ith a population of more tfran In these circumstances. the British Government has 10 million, but poiitically represents the .*ill and lvishes issr-red the White Paper and its Foreign Secretary made of all the south Vietnamese peopie. On the other hand, the statement. The purpose is to mislead world still the Saigon puppets have becom.- lrrere toys in the opinion and lay a nerv trap of ncgotiations" so "peace pocliet of the U.S. Govelnment, rvhich car-r change as to render more serviccr to U.S. imperialism. them at wili. In less than a year, the Saigon puppets In its White Paper, the British Government tried have been changed more than ten times. Today, peo- hard to pretenci as if it irad all along rvorked sincerely ple oniy knot' ihat the U.S. Ambassador is the over- for an international conference on Cambodia, but this lorcl in Saigon, but are never sure of the name of the was futile. In its statement of June 7, the Ro3'a1 Gov- new puppet. In face etf these clear objective faci.s. it ernment of Cambodia unmasked the British Govern- is onl;, naturai ihat the countries concerned should meni by setting forth irr'efutabie facts. The British refuse to admit into an international conference ihe Government ind-eed has sincerii-.'- the sincerit.v to be Saigon puppets who represent nobody. It is again at the U.S. Govei'nment's beck and call, and invariably futile and ridiculor-rs lor the British Government to to serve the interests of U.S. imperialism. 'Ihe British disregard the objective facts and try to thrust the Government stubborr-rly opposecl the proposal for an Saigorr puppets into an internaiional conference to international conference on Cambodia after it was filst usulp the seats due to tire representatives of the south purt forward by ti-re Royal Governrnent of Cambodia in Vietnamese people. August 1962. It rvas only in April 1965 thal it madc On the question of Indo-China, the Blitish Gov- great interest in an about-turn and began io shorv ernment has met with lepeated seibacks in its activities The sudden rise of the British Gov- such a conference. to seL-re U.S. imperialism and to induce or compel t}-re ernment's attitude on the rnatter from the fleezlng to Vietnamese pcople to submit. But it is stili not rec- a' rapid change ihe boiling point is by no means due to onciled 'ro thern. Michael Stewart's statement of ,rune an Indc- of heart in solicitude for the sovereignty of 3 contains nothing nelv. It only shows that the British is is not the Chinese state. "trYhat the drinker after Government is still taiiing after U.S. imperialism and due to the fact rvine itself,"* In plain language, it is trf ing to revi.rc the already discredited "peace nego- to extend its that the ventures oi the [J.S. Governrnent tiaiions" plot. The "sequence of everlts" ii set forth is Nam and intensify its war blackrnail aggression in Viet only a repetition of the Johnson Administration's o1,l people ol have met lvith a resolute rebutf from the trick of b,,i;.'ing over thc people of r/iet Nam and the is due to the fact Viet Nam and the whole u'orld. It whole of Southeast Asia n,ith one biliion American do1- setback that Johnson's peace hoax has suffered one Iars and indr-icing them to surrender at the conferenc€l idea an international after another. Elenee the of ttsing tabie. To achieve this objective, Sierr,,art has even tried to ccnference on Carnbodia as a bait for continuing to use the Beigrade Appeal as a rnagic weapon. A11 this people Who is induce the Vietnamesc to surrender, can only serve to further expcse Lrefore the rvorld the British not clear about this? Gordon Walker, the sinister features of the Blitish Government in collr-rd.. politician who travelled thousands of miles foi' the said ing rvith U.S. imperialisn and antagonizing lhe peo- intrigr-re. recently said frankly, "The first step towards ple of Viet Nam and the whole of In'do-China. an honolr.rabie settlement for \riet Nam r.,'ould be a conference on Cambodla." The Neu; Yorlc T'imes alsc ?he Eritish Labottr government has become dis- openly adrnitted on June 4, "The impcrta.nce of a Cam- reputatrle and is caught in a dilemma because it faith- bodian conference is ti'rat it rvould permit infor- fully follows the U.S. imperialist policies of aggression rnal talks on Viet Nam." It is nauseatingly hypocriticai and \,/ar. Should it contintte to pursue this course, it will ultimately fall a sacrifice fcr the U'S' irnperiaiist no * A Chinese saying describing a person doing something war of aggression in Viet Nam and will eome to Ed. better end. to divert attention from his real alm. - Ju,ne 18, 7965 71 As usual, Washington expresses approbation and in the same vein was made by Dean Rusk. But the appreciation whenever London makes a ne\v effort to echo of the U.S. cry of "peace," "peace" had barely formally support the United States by trying to induce or com- subsided before the Johnson Administration admitted on June B that it had given orders for U.S. pel the Vietnamese people to surrender. On this occa- troops to take a direct part in the vt'ar of aggression sion, immediately after the publication of the White in south Viet Nan-r, thus climbing up another even of the U.S. Departr-nent of State Paper, a spokesman more dangerous step in the "escalation'' of tire war. said on June 4 that the British proposal was "coustruc- Everybody can see that the latest manceuvre of the tive and interesting" and that the UniteC States "rvould British Government to induce the Vietnamese people be most interested in what reaction it elicits fronr to surrender was in effect a direct support to this new other quarters." On June 6, Lyndon Johnson hurriedly step taken by U.S. imperialism in extending the rvar. struck a pose by inviting the socialirst countries to Consequently, the British Labour government rvill not "reason together'" with the United States and tu,addied be able to shirk its responsibility for the grave develop- that "our door is unlatched, our table is set." A speech ments which may ensue in the Viet Nam situation. How Chino Carries Out the Policy Of Self-Rel;once by TSENG YUN

rFHE Chinese people have adheled to the policy of First, self-reliance means to rety on the strength I self-reliance both in r"evolution and in construc- and diligent labour of our people to carry on econonric tion. It is a policy of key importance. construction. Marxist-Leninists see the pcople as the makers of Man is the most valuable asset of society and the history and the peoples of the variol-ts countries as the Ieading factor in the social productive forces. After makers of the histories of their cottntries. Revolution t1-re victorl' of thc. den'rocratic revolution, China irn- cannct be expcrted. The revclution in a country can mediately took steps to carry' out the socialist revolu- onl5r [s made by its orvn people. In line rn'ith this tion and free all the working pe-ople in tl-re country principle, the Chinese people, led L,]' tl-re Chiilese Cour- from the system of exploitation. Our rr'orking people munist Part;,, lelied mainiy on themselves in their har.e thus becon-te the real masters of their countrSr. prctracted and arduous struggle to overthrow the They sho',v boundlcss enthusiasm fc.r socialist construc- reactionary rule of imperialism, feudalisn-r and bttleau- ticn. in u.hich their vital interests lie. This enthusiasm crat-capitalistn and carry the democratic r:evolution to has proved to be a great dynan-ric foice in our socialist victory. construction and 1l-re decisive factor in the high-speed development of our national €conoml/. In undertaking four-rding of Fcople's Repr-rb1ic of A{ter the the any task and consideling an;r probleu-r, we always take China, the CI'rinese people continued to lollorv the f ull acconnt of the fact that China has 650 million polic5, self-reliance in socialist construction. Relying of hard-rvorking and courageous people. mair-riy on their own efforts, they lapidly restored the run-down, rvar-ravaged econolni'/ Ie{t b;' the leaction- In addition to the socialist system, it is essential ary I{uomintang regime, started large-sca1e planned to harre a Marxist-Leninist line in older to mobilize econcmic construction, develcped agr:icu11.ure and laid the initiative of tl.re broad masses of the people fuliy a preiiminar';r and solid foundation {cr a.n independent and make steady- progress in sccialist construction. industly. In 1958. the Ccntral Cotnmittee of the Chinese The practical experience of the Chinese people has Coilmunist Palty and Comrade 1\,1ao Tse-tung, sum- fully testified to the correctness of the view set forth ming up experience in China's socialist construction by the Central Committee of the Chinese Commnnist on the basis of the fundamental principles of Marxism- Party in the Proposal Concerning lhe General Line oJ l,eninism. put forr,vard the general line of going all tlte lttternatianal Contmuttist Mo'.-ement that "every out, aiming high and achieving greater. quicker, better socialist country must rely mainly on itself jn con- and more economical results in building socialisrn. general Line a general line struction." Tl.ris is a Marxist-Leninist - that brings all positive factols into play for the build- Moin Aspects of the Policy ing o.t socialism. What are the main aspects of the policy of self- The achievements of the Taching Oilfield and the reiiance during the period of socialist revolution and Tachai Agricultural Production Brigade clearly socialist construction? demcnstrate what power the Chinese people can dis-

12 Peking Reui,eu, No. 25 P1a5r under the guid- y!- h began her socialist ance of the general .* v; construction, certain ,ff N. line of socialist con- natural resources .,* 9l struction. were found to be Relying on their lacking. In most cases, orvn efforts and lvo1.k- horvever, it was not ir-rg under- most dif- that these things r,vere ficult conditions, the really lacking but Taching oii workers that the-v had not got a fuli knou,ledge yet been discovered of the size and re- or extensively ex- serves of a big oilfietd ploited due to scien- in a little over a year tific and technologi- and bliilt a modern cal backu"ardness or oil enterprise ln the other canses. With short span oi three the establishment of years. Displaf ing a oL11' socialist s;'stem similar spirit of seli- and progress in our reliance, the Tachai science and technol- peasants up built :i:.:i.iE ':,'...!.,!,..:lNljy ::.w: .-#!:Li!jatlalaa:ii:tttt:.:t:....;:..i:..i..: ogy, our ability to their farrn u'ith in- Posters calling on all to emula,te the oil rvorkers of Taching ancl the know and change dr-rstry and thrift. By peasants of the Tachai Productioq grigade who have demonstrated a nature has grolvn a collective effort splendid spirit of sell-reliance Blj pai -{i-jtL anrl Shdn ying-kLtei tremendously. With thev terraceci se\.en soaring revolutionary ravines and scores of gr-rllies and turned them into spirit, our people ha'.'e forged steadily' ahead in the fertile land. Thus, in a relativelv short period. the.v conquest of nature and in the endeayoul. to explore succeeded in transforming a poor hilly region into an and develop the naturral resollrces of our country. area giving high yields of grain and other crops. The imperialists have in the past spread all kinds We Chinese people usc'd to be looked dorvn npon of lies abollt China lacking the natlrral resolrrces by the imper-iaIists. Even rvhen we had ',von our basic necessary for industrial derrelopment. During the victory in tl-re revolution. the imperialists did not 1930s. James Arthur Salter, a British bourgeois believe that r.r,e would be able to undertake construc- economist \1'1to \\,-as previously on the staff of the im- tion. Dean Acheson. former Secretary of State of the perialist-controlled League oi Nations, came to China United States. and his iike predicted that the Chinese to make an economic sllrvey of the country. Aftel this Communist Party would never be able to solr'e the sur\,'e)'. it rvas cleclared that China did not have the problem of feeding the people. They calculated that necessary natural resources at home to develop heavy We r.l'ould inevitably have to beg the U.S. imperialisis industry and thus could only develop agriculture and for heip. But Comrade Mao Tse-turng, on behalf of the industries to process farm products. China was also Chinese peopte, solemnly declared: "Once China's considered an "oil-poor" country by some imperialist destiny is in the hands of the people. China, like the knou'-alls and bourgeois experts. The liberated sun rising in the east, will iliuminate every corner of Chlnese people, hou,er.,er, have worked miracles in the land rvith a brilliant flame, swiftly clean up the their land: They have found various natural resources mire left by the reactionar;,' governmerrt. heal the and built new branches of heavy industry one after the .y."'ounds of r.var and build a new, po\l'erful and prosper- other. They have also exploded the myth that China ous people's republic w-orthy of the name"' This pred- is oil-poor. Rich oil deposits have been fonnd. An iction of Comrade Mao Tse-tung has become a living oil industry has been swiftiy developed and China is reality: A polver{ul and prosperous People's Republic norv basicaill. self-sufficient in oil. of China no\\r stands torn'ering in the East. Thirdly, to build socialism sclf-reliantly means to Secondly, to build socialism self-reliantly rneans get the necessaty funds tor construction through in- to make full use of all available resources in our ternal accurnulation. Being a socialist cottntry 1ed by country. a Marxist-Leninist pariy, China cannot procure funds China has an area of 9,600.000 square kilometres for construction by contracting enslaving foreign loans and rich natural resources. Eefore the liberation, at the expense of her sovereignty and independence, by because of imperialist aggression and the reactionary resorting to imperialist methods of seizing colonies and rurle of Iandlords and bureaucrat-capitalists, the rich grabbing the fruits of labour of other countries' 'or natural resources of our collntry rvere far from being by launching w'ars of aggression and extor:ting war explored and developed; those resources that had been indemnities from the de{eated countries. All this is opened up v,:er€ recklessly plund-ered by the foreign incompatible with our socialist system. Our only imperialists and the reactionarv rulers at home and source of funds for construction is our people's efforts sr-iffered great damage and r,vaste. Thus, when China to increase production and practise economy'

June 78, 1.965 73 Before the liberation, as a result of ruthless all our debts (including interest) to the Government of exploitation by imperialism, feudalisnr and bureauerat- the Soviet Union to the total amount of 1,406 miliion capitalism, our industrial and agriculturil. level was new rubles. We rely solely on internal aceumulation lorv, our national income !r,'as small, and a considerable of funds for large-scale eonstruction. portion of this income, small as it wa"s, l,u'as taken by Fourthly, self-relianee in building socialism also our d.omestic and foreign exploiters. After the libera- means that we must gain and accumutrate our own ex- tion, we abolished all privileges enjoyed by the impe- perienee in building socialism and get to know the laws rialists in o1d China, confiscatecl the bureaucrat- of socialist construetion through our own efforts capitalist enterplises ar-rd turned them into enterprises instead of copying the experience of other e,ountries. orvned by i"he people's state. We also carried out land reform throughout the country, distributed to the land- A eountry must rely mainly on itself to accumulate less and land-poor peasants a iotal of 700 million mu and sum up its experience in construction. It shottid of land formerly owned by the }andlords, and thus re- aiso learn from the gocd experience of other ccuntries. iieved the peasants of the burden of an annual rent but not copy it mechanically without considering its of over 30 million tons of gi'ain paid to the landlords. own conditions. It rnust not regard the experience of Immediatel;' after land reform we took steps to realize other countries as a 'ugolden r-ule" and so bind itself agricultural collectivization step by step. At the same hand and foot. It is all the more impermissibie to time, we brought about the soeialist transformation of hat,e a blind faith in ioreign countries. A natior-r must capitalist industry and eommerce owned by the think independently and dare to create something national bourgeoisie. With the means of production original and to develop and assimilate the useful transfered to orvnership by the w-hole people or expenienee of other countries and integrate it r:',ith its ccilective or,vnership by the rn,orking people. the o*,n practice in construction. rnaterial wealth created by the l..o;.king people is no All roads are made by nran and ail experience is longer turned into plofits for the imperialists or accurnulated in the course of practiee. By stimming capitalists* or iand rent paid to the landlords. Apat't up our expelience in constl'uction, we have formulated from that part allocated for iaising the iiving stand- our general line for soeialist construction, a general ards of the rvor'king people and aiding other countries. Iine v.hich conforms to the actual eonditions of our it can now all be used as funds for construction. countrln-. as u-eil as a number of specific policies nece's- sary for the implementation of this general line. We have In order to accumnlate more funds for constr-uc- gained ticn. whiie on the one hand endeavottring to increase also fairly rich experience norv in overcoining production, ll'e hal,e resolutely follori'eci the pclicy of various kinds ol difficulties. \4/e are still constantiy builCing oul country rrritl-r industly and frugality and summing up our experience in order to under'-stand the cf running a]I our enterprises industriously and thriftiiy. objective laurs of construction better and amass nrore experience lVe have advoca.ted the placlice ol ecollolrry and in building socialism, opposed waste and extravagance in constrtlction. A For qnd smali sum saved by an enterprise or organization nay on lndependent, Comprehensive Modern seem i-regligible by i.iself, but, as China is a big country, Econornic System a surprisingiy bi.g surrr rviil be saved up if each enterprise In buiiding socialism self-reliantly our goal is to and organization in the counir';' does its bit of saving. establish an independent, comprehensive and modern national economic systern Ours is a planned eeonomy. All construction in accordance rvith the con- ditions and needs of our countr-y. funds are concentlated and used according to plan. In making our plans for capital construction. rve apply Agriculture and industry are the main branches the principle of "concei-rtrating forces to fight a war of r-naterial plociuciion in the national economy. In of annihilation." In order to ensure the most rational building our national economic system. we have fol- use of funds and get the maximum ectmomic results Icrved the gen€)r'al polic_v of taking agriculture as the fr'om them, we concentlate our fnuCs on the most fc.nnd.a.iion and industry as the leaclir.rg fac'lor in urgen'll;, needed projects so that they can be com- developing the national ecor.tcr-ny. arranged our plan pieted and commissicned as quickly as possible and ioi: economic development in the order of priority of rcfrain frcm building or postpone the building of those agricnlture, light industry and heavy industry and projects rvhich are not necessary or not urgently correctly handled the lelations betw-een agriculture, ne'eded. This constitu.tes the greatest economy in the light industr;r ar.rd heavy iniusti.v. us-^ of funds. Agriculture is the {ounciation for the development In undertaking large-sca1e soeialist construction, of the national eccnoiny. lt supplies food and other we have not borow'ed a penny in ioans from the basic means of livelihood to the people, provides ravr capiraiist eotintries. We have also completeiy pald off materials and a market for industry and accr,tmulates funCs for national construction. The }a'oour power * Foilowing the change-over by lvhole trades of eap- needed for economie development con-res mainl}r frsgr italist industry and commerce into joint si.ate-private opei.a- the eountrysidc. Therefore. \,;e harre ahvays pajd tion, the capitalists are paid interests on their sl-raies trt gleat atteniion to the grorvtl-r ci agrici;lture and made a fired rate (generally 5 per cent per annum) by the state. vigorous elic-'rts to develop it in acccidance wiih the

11 Peking Re'oieu, No. 25 policy of diversification wiih grain ptoduciion as the public. In recent years, rvhen our country was key link. haye struck We also eniisted the efforts of aII by selious natural calamities for three consecutive years, trades and professions in giving support to agriculture the Khrushchov modern revisionists emploi,ecl unprec_ so tl'rat it can develcp at a fairly rapid rate. edentedly perfidious means to pr_rt pressur.e on us, such Industr';r is the te,ading factor in tl.re development as the withdrawal of Soviet experts working in China of the natlonal economy. As the producer of means of and the scrapping of contracts and agreements, in an production, and prirtarily the instruments of produc- attempt to make us submit to their revisionist 1ine. But tion. industry, particularly heavf industry, supplies neither blockade nor pressure can intimidaie the Chi- agriculture and other branches of the national economy nese people who have maintained the glorious tradi- with modern technical equipment to promote the tion of self-reliance. On the conirary, these only seLved modernization of the entire economlr. In old China, to stimulate our revolutionary spirit of self-reliance, industry u'as extremely backu,ard. Modern industly enterprise, hard struggle and builcling the country by accounted for oniy 10 per cent of the total value of diligence and thrift. and thus helped quicken the tempo industriai and agricultr-rra1 output. The ferv industries of our socialist construction. Far from submitting to that ciid exist rvere in the service of imperialism. They the pressures of imperialism and modern revisionism, r,','ere mainly processing plants ancl plants doing repai::s ra,e have consistently held aloft the banner of strug- and assembly. They coi-rld not even m,ake simple gle against imperialism. the reactionaries of all coun- machines and equipment. The1, depended on foreign tries and modern revisionism and continued to contrib- countries for their supply of raw rnaterials and tech- ute to the revolutionary cause of the world's people. nicai griidance. Hence, an important task that con- flonted us at the lc.eginning cf oui' socialist construction Self-Relionce Aid s'as the -socialist industrialization of our country. ond lnternotionol As a result of our implernentaiion the policy of Starting frcin a l-eai< ir-rdustritrl base, we have of self-reliance and met many diflicuities in building nelv branches of the sr:rooth development of our. na- tional economy, position inclustry and manufacturing prcCucis vrhich we had we are nolf in a better to fu1- fil or-rr intelnationaiist never made before. B,.rt rve Chinese people have the duty. Our increased capacity for buildir-rg socialism directly determination and means to overcome difficulties. Con- self-reliantly has strengthened the might camp. sequently, one difficulty after another has been snr- of the whole socialist Through the sr-rccessful trdvance of our national construc- mounted. Toda1,. \\'e are able to re1-v entir-el-v on ollr- tion, rve have noi on1;' iightened the burden on the selves in designing and building many important fraternal socialist countries but gained gieater strength indu.strial enterprises, designing making modern and to asr;ist therr. We have also been able to give strong various large, complicated and l-righ-plecision machit-res support to those coun'iries u'hich have just freed them- and equipment and producing large quantities of high- selves from imperialist rule and lvon their national in- materials quality law and other and fuels of a fairly dependence and to those peoples '*vho are sti11 engaged compiete range o{ types and specifications. The num- in revolutionary struggles. ber of complete sets of equipmenl we are manu{ac- While adhering to the policy of self-reliance in our turing ha.s also increased. Beginning fr-orn last Ottober. socialist construction, rve have highiy valued and wel- u,e have successfull;r exploded two atomic bombs which comed interirational assistance. But life has taught us lve made ourselves. the lesson that it is impoltant to discern the real nature In industriaiizing our countr'5-. we do not place a of foreign aid before accepting it. The foreign "aid" one-sided emphasis on heavl'' industry and develop it provided by imperialism and old and new colonialism in isolation. On the contrary, we have developed heavy is nothing but an instrument of aggresslon. We Chi- industry step by step on the basis ol ensr'rring a com- nese people do not r,vant such "aid." We welcome and paratively- bigger growth of agriculture and light in- accept aid girren on the basis of proletarian interna- dustry in order to speed up industrialization. Facts tionalism, aid coming from socialist countries rvhich have prov'ed that this is the correct road to China's uphoid Marxism-Leninism as well as aid provided by industrialization. the revoluiionarl' people all o-,,er the world. Our experience in construction over the last 15 Acting in the spirit of proletarian internationalism, yeai's shows that there can be no real political inde- the Chinese people have alu.als endeavoured to develop pendence in the absence of economic independence. It economic co-operation and trade relatior-rs rr,'ith the so- We are is the implementalion of the policy of self-reliance ihat cialist countries and other friendly countries. least harnted maiter how certain people, has enabled us to \,viihstand the pressures of imperial- not in the no becar-rse of our adherence to the policy of self-reliance, isro, o1d and ne.,y colonialism ancl raodern revisionism slander us for "maintaining a policy of exclusion," and preserve our natlonal independence and sovereignt.v. "going it a1one" and "building an autarkic nationai As soon as New China u'as founded, U.S. imperial- economy." We will continue to persist in our policy policy that is making itself felt ever ism, along with other imperialist countries, took pira- of self-reliance - a tical measures to impose an economic blcckade on us more strongly in the socialist construction of our in an attempt to strangie the ner',,born People's Re- cou-ntry.

June 18, 1965 75 Focts on File From Bondung to Algiers

The Second African-Asian Conference is scheduled The Soviet Union. r,r,hich is neither an Asian nor to open on June 29 in the imposing new building at an African country, did not ask to participate. Nor the Club of Pines in Algiers, Algeria. The more than was it (or its union republics in Asia) invited by the 2,000 million people of Asia and ,A,frica who make ccnlerence sponsors. up rnore than half of the world population have been "Let a Nerv Asia and Africa Be Born." The openiug looking forward to this day. It is their cherished se'ssion of the conference heard a heartening speech by hope, and that of the people throughout the world, the Indonesian President. In his speech entitled "Let a that this conference will hold high the banner of unity Nerv Asia and Africa Ee Born," President Sukarno de- against inrperialism-colonialism and carry forward clared: the tradition of the 1955 Bandung Conference. What were the achieverrrents of the Bandung Conference? Nations. states have au'akened from a sleep of centuries. Passive pc.oples have gone out'"vard, tran- How has the ,A,lgiers Conference been called? Here quillity has made place for struggle and activity. Irre- are some pertinent facts. sistible f or ces havc si,,'ept the tu'o coirtinents. Hurricanes of national arvakening and re-auiakening have su-ep.i over the land. shaking it, changing it for The Bandung Con$erence the betler. .Asian- Asia and Africa Standing Up. The peoples of Asia and Seeking Cornmon Ground. It is true that the Africa created outstanding cirzilizations that date back Africar: countlies irave di{felent social s;'ster-r-ls and hold different palitical vie\tr's there are even disputes be- to antiquity and made great contributions to manl

16 Peking Reoieto, No. 25 for closer co-operation among the Asian-African coun- In the space of ten years 35 more countries, mosily tries. It u,as agreed that the participating countries in Africa, have $,on independence. This means that should u,clk for economic co-operation, based on mu- nearly 210 miliion people inhabiting an area of over tual benefit and respect for national sovereignty. In 20 million square kilometres have freed themselves the cultural field, the participating countries stressed the from colonial shackles. need for greater contact and exchange, while denouncing ASIAN AND the suppression of national cultures colonial AT'RICAI{ COUNTRIES WTIICH by the HAVE IVOT{ INDEPENDENCE SINCE 1955 powers. Nume Dote of Ca12ital Area Populaiion The Ten Principles. pr.omotion lndepeTLciettce (in sq. krn.) In the declaration on Africa of world peace and co-operation adopted con- by the Sudan Jan. l, 1956 Khartoum 2.5C0.000 13.180.000 ference, the foliowing ten principles were enumerated Illorocco Mar. 2, 1956 Rabat 455,577 12,5C0,000 to guide relations betrveen nations: Tunisia Mar. 20. 1956 Tunis 125"130 4.29C,00o Ghana Mar. 6. 195? Accra 23$.188 7,1-:00,0C0 Respect 1. for fundamental human rights and for Guinea Oct. 2. 1958 Conakr;. 245,857 3,357,000 the purpcses and principles of the Charter of the United Cameroon Jan. I, 1960 Yaounde 475.000 4.560.000 Nations. Togo Apr. 27, 1960 Lome 56,600 1.603,000 X{ali S,ept. 22. 19G8+ Ba;nako 1,2$4..021 ,1.394,000 2. Respect for. the sovereignty and territoriat in- Senegal Aug. 20. 1960 Daliar 197,161 3.360,000 tegrity of all nalions. Malagasy June 26, 1960 Tananarive 592,000 5,650,C03 3. Recognition of the equality all races and of Congo (Leo- of poldville) June 30, 1960 Leopoldruille 2.-?45.809 15,1;0.000 the equality of all nations large and small. Cbngc (Braz- zaville) 840,0i0 4. Abstention from interrrention or interference in Aug. 15. 1.('60 Erazzaville 342.000 Somalia July 1, 1960 Mcgadishu 66O.000 2.300,000 the internal affairs of another countrSz. Dahomel- Aug. 1, 1960 Porto Novo 112,622 2.250.000 5. Respect for the right of each nation to defend Niger Aug. 3. 1960 Niamey 1,2i6,527 3,12?,0OC Upper itself singiy or coilectively, in conformity rn'ith the Volta Aug. 5, 1960 Ouagadcugcru 274,1.22 4,65C,000 l\,ory Coast Aug. ?, 1960 Abidjan 322,000 3,650.000 Natior-is. Charter of the Urrited Chad Aug. 11. 1960 Fort Lamy 1,284,Affi 2,80i1,0C0 6. (A) Abstentior-r from the use of arrangements Central African of collective defence to serve the particular interests Republic Aug. 13, 1960 Bangui 617,0,00 1.200,060 of any of the big potvers. Gabon Aug. 17, 1960 Librevitie 267,{100 453,003 Nigeria Oct. 1. 1960 Lagos 923.772 55.650.000 (B) Abstention by any country from exerting pres- Mauritanja Nov. 28, 1960 Nouakchott 1,169,000 1,000.000 sui'es on other countries. S ierr;r Leone Apr. 27. 1S5t Freetown 72,:126 2.i83,0O0 7. Refraining from acts or threats of aggression Rwanda JuIy l, 1962 Ligali 26,338 2.873,000 or the use of force against the territorial integrity or Burundi July 1, 1962 BujumL,ura 27,834 2.G00.000 political independence of any country. Algeria .Tul:- 3. 1962 ,Algiers 2,200,000 12.000,000 Uganda Oct. S, Kar]]pala 236,03? 7.19,0.000 B. Settlement all international disputes by 1962 of Kenya Dec. 12. 1963 Nairobi 582,646 8,847,00i] peaceful means, such as negotiation, conciliation. ar- Tanzania Apr. 26. 1964** Dar*es-Salaam 939.?19 10,110,000 bitration or judicial settlement 9s well as other peace- Malawi JuIy 6, i9& Zomba 127,9N 3,922,4AO ful means of the parties' own choice, in conforrnit;' 'rvl'rh Zambia Oct. 24, l9$4 Lusaka 752,620 3,610.000 Gan-rbia Feb. 18. 1965 Eathurst 10,367 310.000 the Charter of tl're United Nations. Asia 9. Promotion of mutual interests and co-opera- Mala1'a Aug. 31. 1957 Kuala Lumpur 131,794 7,607.C00 tion. Cyprus Aug. 16, 1960 Nicosia 9,251 589,000 Kuwait June 19, 1961 liuurait 16,000 400,0CS justice and international obliga- 10. Respect for -D"t; tions. nlrli tett ule Frencir conrmunity. *+Ianganyika achieved ind€pendeDce on D€cemL,er 9, 1961, and Za[Zibar on December 10, 1963. The two countries decided for These have become known as the Ten Prin':iples union on -april 26, 1964, and on oclober 29, 7964, tlecame known of the Bandung Conference. The historic conference as the United Repulrlic oI Tanzania. gave birth to the BanCung spirit of A.fro-Asian soli- darity a,gainst colonialism and imperialism. Itroad to Algiers The changes in Asia and Africa have been most inspiring. But the tasks facing the Asian-African Peo- Torch of lndependence ples remain arduous. Epoch-making changes have taken place since the A number of Asian-African countries are suffering 1955 Asian-African Conference. Asia and Africa have be- uncler direct colonialist rule' Those which have attained come the world's storm-centres of rerrolution where independence are still subjected to or menaced by the contradictions between the inrperialist powers and imperialist exploitation, intervention, subversion or oppressed nations converge. Inspired by the sprrit outright aggression. Old colonialism has not died while of Bandung, many oppressed nations have come into neo-colonialism has beccme a rising and real danger to their own again by overthrorving their oppressors. many newly independent countries.

17 June 18, 1965 The harsh realities of internationai iife convince Eeaclaing Unanimity Through Consultations. The Dia- the Asian-African peoples that the struggle against karia meeting gave full play to the Bartdung spirit of imperialism, against coloniaLism old and nelv, remains stressing aleas of agreement rather than poitrts of dif- their most pressing common task. As President ference and of reaching unanimity through consulta- S',rkarno said (April 10. 1964 in Djakarta): tions. As China's delegate, Vice-Premier Chen Yi, said (Aprii 17, 1964 in Djakarta): Make no mistal

by KUO WEN

rI=\HE imperialists in recent vears have tried to spread despite their hard-rvorking people and rich resources, I the false iclea tha'i "c,;loniiriism is ieacl" and that the "underdevelopcd" countries find it difficult to ac- economic differences betrveen the "developed" and cumulate national capital and develop independent na- "underdeveloped" countries are the sol.e question that tional economies. separates them tociay. Their aim is to cover up the basic contradietions between the oppressors and the op- Take, for eiarnple, the Uniied States. the biggest pressed, the exploitei:s and the exploited. rrhich mark coloniaiist of our times. According to U.S. Department the relations betrveen the imperialist countries and many of Cornmerce statisiics, the book t alue of direct invest- ,,uirderdeveloped,, Asian, African and Latin American couniries. ments by U.S. monopolies in the areas in Asia, Africa and Latin America more than doubied Imperia,list oppression and exploitation is the main from about $5,700 rnillion in 19i0 to $18,340 million in reason for the retarded economie development of many 1963. The real valule of these inr.'e.sttnents, hox.ever, Asian, African and Latin American countries. The only should be S26.680 million way they ean build independcnt and prosperolts na- as the departrrrent itself admitted that the book r.ajue roughl;, r'epresented tional economies is to make a clean sweep of eolcnial- only half the actual ti'oi.tlr. ist eeouornic relationships and to oppose vigorousiy the potitical meastlres used to support them. and military These lalge investments have enabied U.S. monop- olies to control countless important sources of rarv ma- investment Overseos - &osis o! lmperialist teriais in the "underdeveloped', countries. For instance, Exploitcrtion more ihan half the production of crude oil in these cottntries is nor,v under the control of U.S. mcnopolies. The huge capital invested b1. the imperialist The;' also exploit large nr-rmbers of local rvorkers. monopoiies abroad is, as Lenin pointed out, "a sound In Latin Amelica, 2 million people are directly basis for the imperialist oppi'ession and exploitation of employed by entelprises controlled by American capital. most of the countries and nations of the r',or1d'"1 In Because the mines in these countries are extraordinariiy areas Asia, and the vast "underdev-e1oped" of Africa rich and the u-ages of Local rvork€rs ai:e extremelv lor.v, yet destroyed, Latin Atrerica, this basis has not been the rate of profit on U.S. investment ther,e is very high. but it must be

iitr,"e 18, i965 19 profit g|abbing had increased to $2,280 million. These figures were, of own economic power for investment and governments, course, greatly minimized. It has been estimated that abroad but also on the backing of their the profit concealed rvould amount to about ?5 per cent not excluding the use of supra-economic nleans' figures. Calcnlated on this basis, the U'S' of the officiat "Political guarantees," as is well knorr,'n, are more monopolies in 1963 grabbed $4,000 miliion in profits needecl for investments than for trade. After the end direct investments in the "underdeveloped" from thejr of World War II, the imperialists har.'e had to use some countries, or $2,300 million more ihan lvhat they ac- neo-colonialist tricks to cope rvith the surging tide of tuall;r rvere in 1950. the national-liberation n:ovements, and in certain cir- The imperialist monopolies remitted home a por'- cumstances they have recognized the inctependence of independent tion of their profitrs. issr-red generous dividends to share- their {ormel colonies, Bttt rvhen the ne-wly' holders and paid their directors handsomely. In addi- countries "infringe" upon the colonlal intelests of the tion to feeding this pack of parasites ai horne. they aiso financial oligai'chies, it is not Llnusual for the imperial- reinvested part of their profits in the "underdevelopecl" ists to retaliate by every possi'tcIe meanrs) inch-rding the countric's. In 1961-63, profits ploughed back for rein- use of vioience. An example of this is the Angio-French of vestment made i-rp about one half of the U.S. monopolies' u'ar against Egypt over the latter"s nationalization newl;r increased direct investments in these countries' the Suez Canal Company. If this process is allou,ed to contlnue, imperialist LT.S. imperialism has an even worse record in thls monopolies rvill be able to use their earnings to exploit respect. sti1l iarger numbers of local wage labourers, lay hold of In 1953, the United States engineered a n-rilitary still more resources and reap stil1 bigger profits. coup d'etat in L'an and overthrerv the Mossadegh gov- Latin America a case in point. This is best il- ernment which nationalized the o11 industry. U.S. oil lustrated by investments- in Latin America v"here U S. magnates then secnred from the pro-U.S. Zahedi regime monopoly capital has a long history of infiLtration and 40 per cent of the shares in the r-econstituted Interna- exploitation. The U.S. Department of Commerce gave tional Petroleum Company. the book value of the total increase in direct U'S. private In 1954, the United States subrrerted Guatemala's investments in Latin America from 1946 to 1962 as $6,600 popularly elected Arbenz government becattse it expro- million. If calculated on the basis that the actual value priated land held the U.S. United Frr,rit Company and is double tl-re book vaiue, the total increase was $13,200 by million. And it is legitimate to say that the new invest- stalted building a state po\ver station to break the ment was made possible entirelrv by exploiting local monopoly of the U.S.-owned Empi'esa Electlica de Gua- wage labour because capital outflow of nelv direct U.S' temala. Then Carios Castillo Armas. a placeman of private investment to Latin Ametica in that period rvas U.S. imperialism. became President, Carlos Salazar Gatica, a United Fruit Compan;u iawyer, appointed about $6,000 million less than the profits remitted back \,as Foreign Minister. and Jorje Arenales a lawyer to the United States. With the ;steep increat" ir't in1'esl'- Catalan, for Emplesa ment, the profits which U.S. financial oligarchies had the Eiectrica de Guatemala, Minister cf Economic government secured doubled during the same period' Affairs. The Armas gave back the expropriated land to United Fruit. Wolk on the The above-mentioned $13,200 million plr-rs $6,000 state pou,er station r,,'as stopped. millicn rougl-rly equalled the aggregale profits from direct U.S. private investments in Latin America in In April last year the United States engineered a coup that period $19,200 million. These figures wei:e thlee military d'etat in Brazil because the Goulart gov- times the total- postr,l'ar U.S. economic "aid" to Latin ernment not only opposed intervention in Cuba but also American countries up to fiscal 1962, and about $10,000 took some steps to restrict foreign capital and protect million more than the total foreign debts incurred by the interests of the national economy. These measures the "underdeveloped" countries on that continent up to included abrogation of the mining rights of the U.S. the end of 1962. Hanna Corporation, restriction of the outflotv of prof- its mulcted from the people by foreign capitai and plans This shows that if "underdeveloped" countries in to take over oi1 refineries controlled by American capi- Latin America had taken over all the U.S. capital-con- ta]. The new Brazilian authorities have ordered the trolled enterprises in postwar years, and had used them repeal of the larv restricting the remittance of profits to accumulate national capital instead of allowing them abroad. to be used by the U.S. monopolies to extort profits, it would have been entirely possible for these countries to Unequal treaties. Another lvay of providirrg "political guarantees" free themselves from foreign "aid" and foreign loans for investmentrs is to coerce the "under- and to create favourable conditions for the development developed" countries into signing unequal treaties. To- of their national economies. day the old-type unequal treaties w'hich provided only for naked coloniirlist investment prerogatives. are grad- "Political guarantees." It is pertinent to point out that ua111' being replaced b--v r-rnequal treaties of a nerv type the imperialist monopolies have to rely not only on their u'hich, on the face ol it, seem to be "reciprocal" but are

20 Pel:ing RelieLo, No. 2i actually advantageous- to the imperialist investors oniy. goods hit hard at local indurstries. Take the philippines In this category are those treaties which the imperialists for instance. Its markets are flooded rvith American concluded with their former colonies when the latter goods, protected by various kinds of trade privilege_<. obtained independence, and which included ',national Its national industries, especialty the textile industry, treatment" granted by one party to investors of the are facing great difficulties. In a report presented prior ot.her. The 1946 U.S.-Philippine "Treaties of General to his resignation, former Chairman of the philippine Relations" specifically stipulated that the property Itlational Economic Commission Sixto Roxas charged rights enjoyed by citizens or legal persons of one party the United States with squeezing Filipino industrial should be respected and prot.ected in the same way as goods out of the local markets by means of immunity those of citizens or legat persons of the other. The from taxation, low taxes and smuggling, with the result "treaties of friendship, commerce and. navigation" which that local industry operated below capacity, some the United States concluded rvith the Chiang Kai-shek branches working at only 28 per cent of it. clique, the south Korean puppet authorities and the reactionary regime in south Viet Nam also incorporated In recent years, the imperlalists harre stepped up clauses of "national tr.eatment." their efforts to establish factories in the "underdevel- cped" The facts mentioned above demonstrate that in countries in order to rob the latter of their mar'- kets order to cut off the tentacles of the imperialist monop- for ir-rdustrial goods in a more direct rvay. Erren olies rvhich suck their life blood in the form of capital such old commercial monopolies as the British United export, the "underdeveloped" countries must fight Africa Company are busy with setting up new factories staunchly against the various lneans of colonialist op- in the African countries. Certain major U.S. industrial pression the imperialists use to protect their investments. branches also pr-rt en'rphasis or-r building and extending local factories as a nteans of cornering the Latin Amer- Exploitotion Through Unequol Terms of Trqde icau markets. According to a report of the U.S. Depart- nrent of Conrmei'ce. in 1963. the sales oI goods made b5' In:perialist exploitation by means of investment is the factories set up in Latln America by U.S. machine- accompanied b;- exploitation ir-r the form of unequal building. electric equipnrent. communications, chemi- terms of trade with the "underdeveloped" countries cal, rubber and paper-makir"rg industlies doubled the primary products. which are exporters of figure for 1957. Whereas in 195? the value of these During the period of industrial capitalism the sales lr.as abor.rt 50 per cent less than that of the goods "advanced" capitalist countries in Europe and North exported by these industries to Latin America, by 1002. per latter. America, backed by gunboat diplomacy, had already be- the former was 30 cent more than the gun the large-scaie export of commodities to Asia, Africa In addition to seizlng tl-re "underdeveloped" coun- and Latin America. This ied to the destruction of the tries' domestic markets and thus hampering those sec- handicrafts of the colonial and semi-colonial countries tions of the national industries which supply them, the ar-rd the throttling of their national industries, thereby imperialists have also prevented the "underdeveloped" tulning them into suppliers of raw materials. In the cor-rnlries flom exporting manufactures into their own period of imperialism, b;, means of capital exports, the domestic r-r-rarkets and are thus crippling the growth of monopolies took a direct part in d,eveloping the produc- those national in

June 18, 1965 21 countries have arranged their tariffs in such a way as olies while the exported farm products, generaliy to prevent us from so doing." speaking, are grown mainly by their own people. The prices these agricultural products fetch on foreign "Underdeveloped" eountries remain suppliers of markets have a direct bearing on the ability of the primary products. llp till nolv the "underdeveloped" "underdeveloped" eountries to aecumulate national capi- countries have not been able to get rid of their position tal frorn the farming economy, on the amount of foreign as suppliers of primary products to the imperialist exchange earnings to import macl-rinery ancl equipment countries. This is sho'ul,n by the foilowing: needed b5. the national economy and on tl-re incomes and purchasing power of the peasants who form the over- 1. The national industries of the ne\r,, emel'ging rvhelming majority of the population. countries are very weak. According to the August 1964 issne of the U.N. Monthty Bttlletin of Statistics, tbe Br-rt it u'as preciseiy these tropical agricultural prod- share of the manniactnling industries of the "less- ucts which suffered the most drastic fall in prices on industrialized countries" gysn ic those factories the postl"'ar capitalist rvorld market as a result oi im- ou'ned by the imperialists- are counted in made up perialist monopolies' manipulation. and this brought only I per cent of the capitallst u,orId's manufacturing- enormous losses to the "underdeveloped" countries. In industries in.1963. It was only 4.4 per cent in so far as the eight years from 1955 to 1962, foreign exchange earnings Asia, the metal products manufacturing inclustry was con- of the "underdeveloped" countries in cerned. Africa and Latin America wele down by $14,850 r'nillion, or an avel'age oI S1.860 million a year, through the plice 2. The "underdeveloped" colrntries must, through falis of coflee, cocoa and tea aione. the channel of foreign trade, export large quantities of Coupled lvith thc sharp fali of prices in farm prod- agricultural and mineral products in exchange for a cer- uce exported by the ."underdeveloped" countries there amount tain of manufaclules, including machinery and has been a big rise in the prices of rnachinery and equip- of equipment lvhich are needed for the developr-nent ment bought frorrr the impelialist co'utntries. Tlle U.N. their national economies but of rvhich they can produce I/Ionthlly Bulletin of Statistics in its January 1965 issr:e only a little or none at all. In recent years, geneially reveal-^d that from 1951 to 1962 the fall of prices in food speaking, six-sevenths of their exports have been pri- and drink exported by the "underdeveloped" countries mary prodtrcts while trvo-thirds of their imports have to the imperialist countries averaged 20 per cent and been manufactures. Moreover, more than haif of the the prices of ra.,ir materials feIl by 42 per cent whil€ exports of many "underdeveloped" connl.r'ies corrprise the prices oi machinery anci eqr,ripment imported fr.on-t only- one or t\vo l

ducted rvithin the capitalist r.,'crlcl economic system, ?0 Cocoa Ghana IOJ per ceni of their plimary products rvere exported to six Coffee BraziI i01 major imperialist countries (the United States, Britain, Cotton United Arab France, West Germany, Itaiy- and Japan) and 80 per: cent 01 F.epubiic of their manufactules lvere intported fr.om these san-ie countries. I.iaiural Rubber Maiarva 70 Tea Ceylon Prices of primary products forced down. The imperial_ ists, .57i16 their monopoly position on the capitalisi r.vortd It is clear that the widening gap between the prices market, also inteitsify their exploitation ,,uncler- of the cf exported farm prodnce and imported machinery and developed" countries through non-equivalent exchange, equipn'rent has done great halm to the national eco- nameiy, forcing dol.rn the prices primary of products nomies t,f the "underdeveloped" countries, particularlyr while boosting those of manufaciures. their effolts to increase the fixed assets of their na- The mineral products exported by ,,underdeveiope.d', tional entei'prises. countries are almost entirely otvned by foreign monop- (Ta Be Continued)

22 Peliing Reuiew, No. 25 Buiit bv Sejf-Relisnce

Three Rivers' trrigation Systemn rFI{E hilly reglon of west Anhrvei, ea-qt China, is free- Thoitgh stili unfinisi.red, the pro ject has alread;v I ing itself from the age-old threat of droughi. The helped ti-re people's commLines boost grain oritput lcy rurai landscape has been transformed over a 'riCe area. one million tons in the past six yeals and played a lead- Calrals intersect the Iand. Irrigation channels branch ing role in beating the five dr;, sp"11t in these years. It-t out from thern, iike silver filigree settings for the addition to turning more land into paddies and creating en'rerald lice fieids. Shining paddies are norv found more farms rnith stabie. I-righ l-iglds. lhe project has also both in the plains and the uplands. Formerl-u* arid shown its valu.e in several other rt,ays expanciing Iarrnlands are gradually giving uray to fertile clopiands w'ater-bot'ne transport-. increasing power genelation- and bearing heavy yields. fish farming. These changes in the 13.000-square-km. region have Problems Be Tockled mainly been brought about by the huge rvater-control to system that now links up the Pl. Shih and Hangfu The area serr.,ed by the Pi-Shih-Har-rgfu project ac- Rivers and five big reservoils. Large as the project cour-rts foi" a large part of the Chianghuai regiotr which is, the engineering work is 'oeing done primarily by extends from the Yangtse River in the south to the the people's communes which have shor.rn an extraor- Huai Rivc'r in the north- The topography and uneven dinary spirit of self-r'eliar-rce in the u'ay they have set distlibution of annual rainfall posed a constant threat about and carried through this massive work. of drought to the farms lhere and their yields u,'ere lorv. Ilecords foi: nearly three centuries before libera- The Pi-Shih-Hangfr-t project as it is ca1led rvill irri- tion shou' a droughi on an average every five years. gate 12 miliion rnu* when completed. Now, vrith the During prolonged droughts. s,hole villages were desert- seventh stage of building completed last winter and ed by their inhabitants. spring to bring anolher 400.000 nlu of farmland. uirder irrigation. it a1read1, satisfies the water needs of a total The three rivers linked by the new project carrY of 3.4 million Inu. a large volume of water. but ftorving as they do for the most part 10 to 20 metres belorv the Ievel of the fields this, without pumps, was of 1itt1e help to the farms. Rain is abundant in the early spring but little fa1Is in the iate spring and early sufiImer just r,vhen the croPs need most 'lvater' Furthermore. during thc rainy season the mountain torrents, in the absence ot water conservancy measures, rushed dorvn to flood the 1ou'-lying f arms on the pLain w-hile the upland farms, com- prising four-fifths of the region's cul- tivated acreage, suf- fered from drought. The loca1 peas- ants long hoPed to * Areas irrigatecl by the Pi-Shih-trIa$gfu lrrigation System Skeic,ti nta? bU Su Li. one mu=1,.15 hectare.

June 18,1965 23 harness the rivers for productive use. But this demand- Construction began in 1958 and has continued in ed a great deal of engineering lvork, some of it on an the winter-spring period each year when the peasants enormous scale involving the building of dams. reservoirs have been relativeiy free from field work. A great part and sluice gates and the digging of new river channels of the project has been completed. It includes 1,200 over long distances. The poverty-stricken peasants in kilometres of canals, more than 1,000 big and small aux- pre-liberation days even dared not dream of launching iliary works and thousands of irrigation channels. To such an ambitious scheme. As to the reactionary Kuo- help navigation and the building of hydro-eiectric mintang authorities, they sarv no reason to concern power stations, a Iot of work has also been done to themselves with this kind of "unprofitable" project. In raise the water head near towns and large villages and those days, even existing rnrater conservancy works rvere dredge and straighten the rivers and canals. neglected and feIl into disrepair. Whenever there was a long dry spell, the local landlords rvould seize control Model of Self-Relionce of rvater sources and take priority for their 1and. The Self-reliance has been the watchword on this pro- working peasants had to struggle to get drinking u,ater, ject. At the start of the proiect, a technical force of let alone water for their farms. only 100 r,vas available for surveying and designing. This rvas too smal1 for such a job. Moreover, only seven Multi-Purpose Project were engineers; the rest r,vere young technicians. Ex- perience was lacking and so was technical reference The effects of drought were relieved some'"vhat after materials. The leadership decided to get the technical liberation when the peasants built and repaired a num- staff lrom the masses and 1,500 commune members were ber of dams and sma1l reservoirs and other projecl.s to selected and trained store water. Then, the great to harness the un- as technicians. In this way the 'uvork surveying and designing finished rr-rly 11r"i River was started in 1951. As part oi the tvas in four months. overall plan, four big reservoiirs were built in the Tapieh The final designs give a I'evealing picture of the lVlountain area. These reservoirs stored huge amounts peasants' enthusiasm, determination and boldness in of 'uvater and so basically removed from the iolru'-lands this battle against nature. For instance, there is the perennial threat of flood but because of the low abundant taii water from a hydro-electric power river beds it was still not possible to carry their u'aters station for irrigation if it is led to the north, but this to the upland fields. \\,ay was blocked by a rvatershed. u'hich at its lowest is 20 metres above the level Meanrvhile socialist construction forged ahead. The of the tail u,ater. One draft suggested the building of a electric pumping peasants set up co-op farms and their coliective economy big station grerv and expanded. Conditions gret' steadily more to cai'ry the s,ater over the watershed. This called for an investment of 50 miliion and favourable for unCertaking the sor-t of big scal.e engi- -,*uan would delay use of the tail water for least years. neering works needed to solve the water problems oI at three After further studies and the Chianghuai area. In the autumn of 1958, people's discussion with the people. the project's leadership turned communes began to be organized. Larger than the co- this down and approved another design op farms, the communes are able to dispose of mole r,vhich leads the u.atel through the in- tervening high ground. manpower, material and financial resources. The peas- The builders completed a 2- km. channel through ants felt that the problem of drought could be tackled rock and earth in one year, and the rvater nol flo*.s north and solved once and for all. to irigate 800.000 mu. Completion this project great11, The local Communist Party comrnittee and people's of rr-as speeded up b;r the builders' talents government approved the peasants' demand. After de- in devising a variety of efficient and economical methods tailed discussions and carellul surveys, a plan of lvork that used simple, home-made equipment. This u,as typical, indeed. was mapped out. This demands the linkir-rg of the Pi, of all u,ork on the project. The people's communes Shih and Hangfu Rivers to use their r,vaters in a uni- built about 1.000 sma1l engineering fied way, building of a new reservoir on the Hangfu works entirely by themselves and the;r tried by ever5,' method to lo.,r'er the and nerv river channels and canals to lead water- cost rvhile en- good quality. from the reservoirs to the upland farms and hill fields. suring To save expensive materials in foundations, these, wherever possible, are anchored on This scale is big construction work including some natural rock bases. stone from the nearby mountains huge engineering rvorks. The 19 large canals alone. has been used as much as possible. Government subsi- each at least 15 metres wide at the base, have a total dies have been given to build trunk irrigation channels length of 1,320 kilometres, rollghly the distance from and the medium-sized or larger works, but in general Peking to Shanghai. Since they have to taken be such fr-rnds only account for 15-40 per cent of the cost through hill regions this necessitates cuttings through of earLhu,ork. hillsides and the filling of many gullies. Besides many sma1ler. irrigation channels, such auxiliary works as Aid to Forming ond Novigotion sluice gates, culverts and bridges have to be br_rilt. Among the most conspicuous benefits brought by When completed, this gigantic system wiil irrigate the project to date is the increase in farm yields. Since 12 million mu of cropland,. over B0 per cent by force of 1959, the second year after the start of the work, the gravity. The rivers and canals will be navigable by people's communes benefiting from it have raised their small ships. grain output by an average of 10 to 20 per cent each

24 Peking Reuieu, No. 25 year. The average peymu yield has gone up from 200 One elderly boatman comments; "The new pi River to 350 ii.n. In places where unirrigated land has been is ideal for sailing! Its wide course, depth and absence turned into paddies , per-mu yieid has increased as much of shoals and underwater rocks enable steamboats and as 200 per cent. junks to ply the 150-km. section day and night, all four seasons of the year. I haven't forgotten the narrow In July and August Iast year the vital time for - channel, rapid currents, dangerous shoals and silted the growth of paddy crops rainfall in western Anhwei course of the old Pi River. It was really only navigable - was scarce. However, yields were adversely affected a few months every year, but during the low-water only in those districts still not covered by the new irri- season we still had to 'sail,' hauling and pushing the gation system. The people's communes with access to boats over the shallows. Certainly we are happy now." the irrigation ditches actualiy got a per-nru yield one- Since most of the villages along the Pi are six or fifth heavier than in 1963. As a result, the whole re- seven kilometres away from the government purchas- gion sold more surphrs grain to the state than it ing agencies in the town, the peasants had to carry planned. The amount of surplus grain sold by a num- their grain over that distance to the collecting points ber of communes or brigades was nearly as much as with pote and baskets. With the greatly improved their total annual harvest before 1958. r,vater-borne transport, they can nou.' deliver their grain to the nealby government purchasing stations set up Another benefit is the manv sma1l hydro-electric on the wharves along the river. A great deal of man- power stations which have been built at suitable sites polver and time is thus saved. on the irrigation system to supply power for processing providing many tor'vns with farm products and light the farmhouses. The canals are also water tor drinking and industrial uses. When a new Yet another benefit is that considerable sections of canal is completed by the end of this year, the factories the 1,200 kilon-ietres of river courses and canals are of Hofei. capital of Anhr,vei, will be using water supplied no'uv navigable. In the past t'rvo years, boats on the b;- this irrigation system. This is onI1' one of the many new Pi River alone have moved 150.000 tons of grain, benefits that the Pi-Shih-Hangfu project rvill bring to Chlanghuai regioir come. coal, chemical fertili.zers, timber and articles of daily the in the 1,ears to use. The freight cost is only one half of that by road. _ CHI HO-TETI

FRIEl{lltY C0-0PEnATl0fl tiago. Recently the Chinese trade from Ma1'or of Peking Peng council had signed contracts rvith Chen to Kang Hi Won, Chairman New Leother ond Shoe FoctorY Chile's Maurico Hochschild Com- of the Pyongyang City People's ln Nepol pany for the purchase of 1,500 tons Committee. Among the animals, of fire refined high conductivity cop- which are now on display at the Mahendra officiated at the King per and r,vith the National Mining Pyongyang Zoo, are a giant panda, June 2 opening of the Nepal Leather Company for 6,000 tons of electrolytic a hippopotamus, blue sheep (bharal), big mod-ern and Shoe Factory, a coppel u'.ilt, bars. Indian sambar deer, a Tibetan grizzTy in tanning and shoe-making t'orks Earlier this year it had signed a bear, a python, a salamander ancl the northwestern suburbs of Kath- contract u'ith Chile's Nitrate and white peacocks. mandn. With an annual outPut of Iodine Sales Corporation for the 30,0C0 pairs cf shoes and 21,000 purchase of 48 tons of iodine and "Friendship Boots" pieces of leather, this factorY to- 40.000 tons oI nitlate. Peasants in the northern Part of gether with the outPut from handi- the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam craft industries rvi11 in the main meet Well for Yemen Stote Form use bamboo sp)ints to plait light and Nepal's domestic needs. The Chinese h),dro-geological sur- manoeuvrable rowing boats able to In a speech at the oPening cere- vey group in Yemen, after having carry a load of 400 kilogrammes. mony, Industry and Commerce completed a survey for the water HandSr and inexpensive. these boats N{inister Vednanada Jha thanked the suppiy and the drilling of r'r,ells for are jr-rst what the Peasants in the Chinese Government for its eco- the Sanaa Textile Mil1 rvhich China Tunghsing Nationalities Autonomous nomic and lechnical aid and the is heiping to build, undertook the County in China's Kr,vangtung Prov- specialists and workers of China and job of driiling a well for a state ince want. but theY did not know Nepal for the speedy completion of farm near Sanaa. The weII will hor,r' to make them. On learning of the project. enable the farm to enlarge its this" the Provincial Committee of irrigated area and help solve the Quang Ninh Province, D'R.V., sent Chino Buys Chileon Copper vegetable supply problem for the ti,r,o craftsmen over to Tunghsing in Trade betri.'een China and Chile citizens of Sanaa. April to teach their skil1 to thejr people is on the increase. This month a Chinese brothers. Today the Koreo commercial mission of the China Anirnols Presented to in Tunghsing call these bamboo- Council for the Promotion of In- A number of rare animals were plaited craft "Friendship Boats" in ternational Trade was set up in San- sent from Peking to Korea as gifts token of Sino-Vietnamese friendship'

June 78,7965 The Liber-ation Army decided that the U.S. aggressors must pay f or ROUND THE WORLD theil crimes. A careful platr s'as u,orked out and a comparly of light- morred into \V orhinoton's Hopeless W ar slapped tog-ether rvith great diffici.rlty. footecl liberation fighters The chaos and confusion in Saigon enemy territory before midnight on GroveYond A Yow*ing sent Taylor, who was then on one May 2?. At 1:30 a.m. the follorving another Washington boosted itself of his periodic shutties to Washing- rrrolning they struck. It u-as close its aqgressive slep higher in escalatirrg ton, rushing ba.ck to grasp the shaky qualter fighting within the rraiir-x: spokes- ra,'ar when a State Depaltnrent heim again. stronghold. All the supcrior \\-cap- t''hat nran cn June 8 annottuced \Vashington is ber-rt on a new onr]/ of which the United Siate,s lact the direct has long been a I{orean-type rvar. This w'i1l or-rly take boasts ."',,as rendered u.seless. Stunned h5' U.S. ground- forces palticipation U.S. imperialis:n dorvn the road to a out of theii' beds, nralines wel'e Gone is the fic- in south Viet Nam' more awesome defeat in Viet Nam ba5,61-1"1"6 bef ore they couid f ire a mission tion that the American troop ll.hele a yawniirg glaveyatd tiow shot. Many rvere killed instantl;r. caPacit;' there is in an "advisol'1'"' au.aits it. Even the pro-Arnerican Amid shouts oI "Kil1 Yankees!" the and guarding or is one of securing Ti,ntes of London adn'ritted on South Viet Nam Liberation Army- instead, the important installations; June 9: "B)' almost any standards rnen mowed dorvn u,ith hai-rdgi'e- AcLninistration's avid desire Johnson the qrar there has already been Iost." nades and machine-gun f ire those has been un- for a l{orean-t1'pe t'ar The ciobbering of Anlelicatr folces $'ho tt ied tu escape. derscored. by the South Viet Nam Liberation The battle encied as quickly as it move has re- Washington's new Army in recent t'eeks points tip -'r'l-rat ha.d begun. Belore a U.S. t.narine South enpha-"ized the light of the is store for them in a bigger rvay battaiion galrisoned close to the hill Libela- in Viet Nam National Front for molilhs. What it all realized u,hat was happening and for in the monsoon tion "to cali, lvhetr necessar5r, adds up to is that the Amelican fileci flar-es for help. t,he nin,ble at- north volunteers from the armies of are just as good at losing tackers had swiftly withdrarvn. From to go ''fighters" Viet Nam and friendlr' countries as are theil puppets. Actua11y, they the 7th Fleet off the coast came only U.S. aggression," south to oppose the are even more faint-hearted, r-rrore a feu' shells in altswer to the dis- declared the June 9 statement of the afraid to dle, than their south Viet- tress signal. N.F.L. On Jr:ne 14 a spoliesman of the namese underiings. Attacking at night again, the libe- D.R.\r. Foreign l\{inistry pledged ful1 ration {olces made a flash raid on suppor-t for the N.F.L.'s stand. Also, U.S. lvlarines Su{[er the U.S. airfield ir, An Tan on June direct and open U.S' participation in 5. They inflicted hear,), casuaities en- I39 Killed ot Thsnh Son the war has all the more or.r the marines guarding the airstrip, oi Government l-ras titled China to come to the aid Since the U.S. killing anci u'ounding ?0, dernolish- Hanoi, imposed news black-out the the Vietnamese people. And in a on ing seven barracks and snrashing jor e ngagemen HLlang Quoc Viet, Chairman of the Bu- filst nra t of lhe U.S. one power station. Again it all hap- marines in south \riet Nam, the story reau of the lt-rternational Conference pened so suddenil' that in spite of is- recounting detail from fr-,r Solidarity r.vith Viet Nam, has is r.vorth in their numbers the rnar'ines corrld not reieased b1' South sned an appeal to international organ- the report rile avoid serlons losses. izalions and the people of the u'orid \riet Nanr Liberation Press Agency. !.leovy Toll ot DonE Xooi the Vietnamese people and In an intense half -1-rour battie on to suppoi't The South Viet sei-rd them \ /eapons and volunteers. the night of MaY 27, an entire U.S. Nam Liberation American maline company was tviped out r'vith Army has struck at other points. On The announcement about g troops taking more direct action is a total of 139 killed. the night of June its units inount- a confession that the colvardlY This U.S. marine company \tr/as ed a trvo-pronged attack on the Dong scheme of the U.S. imperialists to use stationed on Thanh Son in Au Tan torvn of Xoai, some 90 kilome- south Vietnamese agairrst their own area, Tam I{y district. on the border tres northeast of Saigon, and a countrymen has beeu a dismal failure. of Quang Nam and Quang Ngai nearby U.S. "special forces" camp. Lack of rvill to fight and growing Provinces. It rvas suppcsed to safe- They took the tou,n. the camp and desertions among the puppet trocps guard the ccnstrttction of an air base the airstrip near it in a iightr-ring arc notorious. Officiaidom, buried for U.S. jet aircraft nearby. Its raid, annihilating the puppet troops snout deep in Washington's trough, members had committed monstrous in Dong Xoai and 21 U.S. "advisers" has reached nerv peaks in corruption, crirnes. To hack out land for the and "seabees'' as rvell as 300 ccm- The Ner.u York Herald Tribune re- airfield. these U.S. troops did not rnando trainees at the camp. The ported that corruption "has now hesitate to run bulldozers and tanks boot5, v'a-s large, including tu-o 105 reached scandalous, unprecedented against the houses of the 1ocal popu- mm. l-rorvitzers. proportlons." And June 12 b::ought lation and tear up paddytields. Skiifui tacticians and masters of yet ancther cou-p, the sixth this _vear Like a pack of u,ild beasts, they the ambush, the Lrberation fighters and tlie tu.'elfrh in the last 18 months, robbed and raped in broad dayirght. knockeC out the reiief battalion sent lvhich toppled the "civilian govern- Even oid r\:ome-n and children \vere ic the scene in helicoPters in the rrlei-.rt" General Maxrvell Tayior had violated. r-noi-ning. In four days' fighting from

26 Peking Reuieu', No. 25 June 9 12 to they wiped out 1.500 alloll,ance," a Johnsonian touch to trol cver propaganda. But not with_ enemy troops, including a ptlppet boost sagging morale. Those who out causing resentment. .,To airborne sweep battalion and 50 Ameri- have been under "enemy gunfire" under the rug what lve don,t like, cans. Sixteen enemy aircraft v;ere over six days in a month are en- t^rhat does noi serve our tacticai pur- brought down. The liberation forces, titled to 55 dollars in "combat allow- pose. is a sign of r,r,eakness,', vras the anti-aircraft fire was so intense ance" and the longer the period they comment of the disgruntled Chief of that, according to a Western news risk their necks the greater the the Voice of America. Neusu:eek report, "It prevented a.rmed heiicop- benefits. also reported that scriptwriters at ters from going to the aid of lhe In addition, the Johnson Adminis- the VOA who find broadcasts ,,overly tolvn's delenders . the wounded tration has exempted U.S. troops in larded with a propaganda iine in- and dead Americans lvere stil1 in south Viet Nam from paying income spired by the Whiie House" are their camp by noon Thursday (June tax. Writing about this "shot in the dema-nding that "their names be re- 10) and efforts to evacuate them atm'' for mcrale's sake, UPI said, moved from texts too heavily edited." appa"rently had failed." Reuter de- "Almost evely serviceman has been Senators are nettled at the way scribed the Dong Xoai battle as the doing some mental arithmetic, and a the "news" is controlled. UPI re- "biggest since ihe bioody action at felv irave taken out pencil and paper ported that "some Senators sa.id Quang Ngai" r,vhere from May 29 to to figure horv much tiie exemption ner#sp3.pers rvere dcing a better job 31 for-rr battalions of puppet ttoops is going to mean to them ir-r dollars than the Administraticn ir-r report- lvere cut to pieces. and cents." ing the facts.'' Senator l\{cGover-n Mcnelr-boosters and moral incen- described the "American involve- U.S. lnperigbm at Bay tives tliro'rrgh the aivarci of medals ment" in Vict Nam as "unexplained, not enough Dollcrs, Distortion ond Doom are and spirits among undiscussed, undebated lvar." Sena- the U.S. servicemen are 1or..r. Hotv tor Wayne },{orse, u,ho led a demon- There is no qu esl io n u h ai t hc is it possible for officers and men stra.tirx against the r,var before the v/orld at large thinks of the war who measure cver).thing in dollars U.N. plaza in Nerv York on June B, waged in the name of "freedom" by and cents not to have cold feet? Their charged that ''U.S. reporters hate the United States in \riet Nam. It oniy thought is to get home v;itir a been mr-rzzied and that the Admin- is unprcvoked and unjustified, dirty whole skin when their 12 months is istration has not disclosed informa- and immoral, a \Mar of aggression up. tion," added UPI. pure 13,-it horv c1o the and slmple. No Room ot the Morgue American public. press and politi- Sleepless White Hcuse Saigon's mcrgue and hospitals .are cians look at this war which has Gaunt. ryorried and n€rvous are cloryrlcd l'ith an ,-rncnding st leam oI become the Cominant theme in Ame- the adjectir,'es the U.S. press now ki11ed and slretcher-cases foilolE ing rican political iife? A re-'aciing of the uses tc dcscribe the President of the heavy de{eats in the field and bomb American press yields interesting United States, weighed down by the explosions in the city and elservhere. inforr:iaticn, iurnishing glimpses ii-r- losing \ /ar in Viet Nam. Let the "In the rvake of the trvin disastels to the rotting eore of the decacient Washington Posf (June 6) teIl the at Hau Nghia and Song Be," said a politic and impelling story: "L1.ndon .Tohnson, a man lvho American body UPi report i'ccentl-v*. "Saigon's mor- conclusion U.S. im- iives by the ielephone, confesses his one to the that gue a"nd hospitals were jammed i,,,iih peri;rlism, blttster greatest dread is the urgent ring that for" a1l iis bluff, the cycrfio..r' c,f clead and wouilc]ed and batlyhco, is nothing bnt a paper rouses him in the da.rk cf his bed- . Corpses 'v!,ere pi1ec1 iike cord- cor-trse of the war in Viet room. Beside him the First Lady tiger. The v;ood on the cemetery gi'ounds be- I'iam shou,s'this in ever greater clarity. stirs and murmurs, 'Oh, no!' Then cat-ise there was no room in the bo'ih u.ait in anguish to learn u-hat Money ls Nst ,A,ll Powerlul Iriol'$Ue." new crisis or emergency has arisen. Fear is rvrit large on the face of Washington is not unmindful of For a plesid"eni is seldom ararakened the Amerie:an fighting man in scuth the arvkr'vard siiuation. U.S. mili- to hear gooci net's." V-iet Nam. Every_ tree that stvays tary sources in Saigon have clisclosed It continr-red: "At 1 o'clock in the in the wind at nig'ht is taken for that among the 15,000 reinfolce- morning, a tiled and tloubled Fres- a "Viet Cong" sniper. Sentries shoot ments nov/ on their rvay to south ident Johnson settled into bed at suspicious images ancl often kill Viet Nam is a special "moftuary precisely at 3 o'clock, he stirred and their own n1en. T'repidation has company" to handtre the ever in- rr,,oke .,vithout prompting from an reached snch proporiions that, ac- creasing number of Arnerican deaci. elarm clock. He reache.l for his cording to a UPI dispatch, U.S. Nothing but Johnson's "Truth" beclside phone, asked for the situa- marines i:r south Viet Nam are trVith a sharply rising tol1 of men, tion room and in a voice biurred bY known to hire bodygu.ards for their with recruiting for service in south fatigue mumbled, 'How're my troYs?' ': own safety. It said, "American ser- Viet Nam getting harder and r..'itil In ihe Post's June 4 issue, the PaPer vicemen are digging into their or.vn the critics at home getting more explained the significance of 3 pockets to pay the nerv guards fi.r,e vociferous, the Johnson Administla- o'clock. "Three in the mornlng is dollars a day." tion is tr;.zing its best to present the about the time the news is in from They can alford it. IJ.S. troops "truth" as it would ]ike it io be. The Yiet Nam on the casualties and the in south Viet Nam draw "combat lVhite }Iouse is exercising direct con- hits afier each bombing raid.'t

Ju.ne 18, 1965 27 State investments for expansion TH LAN D of the cotton industry are larger ACROSS E this year than last because more raw cotton is arrailable following last year's good harvest. At the Good Summer Harvest Encouraged by good summer crops, same time the textile industry has commune membels are rr,,orking to upped output and improved quaiity D iCE han,esting began on Haiiran, g,in stiil better halvests in the au- by le-eqr-ripping its older mills. Most -f\ 96;rru', tropiial southern island, tumn, rvhich accounts for the bulk of the mills in I{iangsu Province, in early May and a good early rice of the year's output. They have rea- one of China's oldest textile cerltres, crop is reported. son to be optimistic. Transplanting rvere buiit before liberation. A11 are of rice and sou,ir.lg of cotton have renovating old equipment and Rapeseed, urinter wheat, barley been completed in good time and tire adding nerv machinelt'. Many olC and beans have been harvested in crops are doing well. n.iills ha.,,e been compietel;, trans- China's southern provinces. Rape- fort-r-red. This is especially so in seed is one of the country's rnain AIl this adds up to a picture of a Shanghai's textile lndustry which edible oil-yielding crops. Szechuan new high-tide in China's agricul- has a history of 70 years. Since Province, the leading producer, tural production stemrning from the 1958, n-rore than 1,800 technical in- nearlS, socialist has finished harvesting and educatict-r rror,,ement in the novations b), rvcrkers. technicians threshing and countr'1-side repolts an output more ancl the drir:e to learn and t'esearch scier-rtis;ts per have heiped than 20 cent bigger than last from the more advanced, catch up modernize its plants. year's. Yunnan reports an increase tt,ith them and help tl-rose u.ho still of over 10 per cent. Hunan has just lag behind. Contributing to this brought in its harrzest. It soured a great movement are the hundreds of Former G/oss-Bfower l-eads b:gger area to lapeseed than last year thor-rsands of off ice u,orkers rvho High Vacuum Reseorch and per nru f.ieJ.d in most areas is have gone to the rural areas to take HE very bright high-pressure mer- larger. part in farm u.ork. In Shensi Tr Province aIone. 40,000 cadres at cllt'y vapour lanrps installed re- Harvesting the summer-ripening cently pror,'inciaI, regional at-rd cou-nty in the streets of a number of u,heat has begun in the Ye11or.v and Chinese levels are working in the rvheat cities are one of B0 nerv Huai River basins, China's major types of lamps developed in this ploducers fields. of tvinter wheat. Honan, country b;. Tsai Tsu-chuan and his Kiangsu, Hopei, Anhr,vei, Shensi and New fextile Mills colleagues. Tsai is l.ell knorvn for Shansi Prorrinces started reaping his ]r( \\' coitcn textile brilliant work in the field of this month. Many parts of Honan [HIRTEEN high r:acuum I mills have gone into full ol pat.- technoiogy. Nlucir has report their best winter wheat crops been tr.ritten tial production sir.:ce the start of the about him as B vv,ork- for: years. A local government survey ing-class I,ear'. They ale atltoltg the 46 ntajor revoluticnar;, r,vho u,olked gives rt,heat output figures 20 to 50 l.rald textile projects in the 1965 construc- to achieve his specialist knotvl- per cent higher tl-ran last year for 38 tion plan. edge and maintair-red uncorrupted northern Kiangsu Province produc- Sone of these are er-rtirely nerv plants; others his fir.re working-class qualities. tion teams. are new exten- sioi-rs to o1d plants. This 39-year-o1d former peasant Anhu'ei Province has just complet- Tl.:e 16 projects are: boy and undergrou-nd revolutionary ed summer harrresting on 30 million 37 cottcn n.rills. six printing and dyeing rl,or.ks fighter, rvho had only three years mu of land. Output in most areas is and three silk u.eaving niI1s. schooling before liberation, is the better tlian last year. The u,heat They are distributed 19 provinces present head of the research labora- crop in the area north of the Huai in and autonomous regions. tory cn electrical lighting sources River is said to be the best in Each of the 5,s6r5. tiaditional cotton-producing attached to Futan University in Shensi, an importani u,heat area, prov- inces of Hopei, Honan, Shanghai. In 194g, Tsai u,as a giass- reports a bumper harvest on 23 n-rii- Shansi anC Shantung are aclding blcrt'er by trade, eager to make the lion mu. Wheat han,ests in most around 150.000 sp.rindles to theii capacity- fr-rllest use of his skill in the service parts of Shansi are reported to be in new mills extensions of socialism. Liberation gave him heavier than in 1964. or to old cnes. Some of the nerv mil1s are beitrg built in the opportunities and facilities to Hupeh Province has brought in its Kiangsu, Chekiang, Anhu,'ei and continue studying wl-riie he u,orked. wheat, broad bean and other sum- other provinces in the yangtse Through parient study and linking mer-ripening crops from 2g millicn River valle;: rl'hele cotton gror,ving theory r'",ith practice he became a ,,-tlu Ieadir-rg of land. The Hsiangyang has developed rapidl;r i1 r.ecent expert in high t,acuum tech- nclog5'. Special Administrative Region. years. In view of the needs of the which accounts for one-third of the national minority areas, the cotton The research team he now heads province's summer crop area, re_ industry is also being expanded in has played a big part in helping the ports 25 per a cent increase in out_ the autoncmous reErions of Sinkiang, country master the techniques put. for Inner Mongolia and Kw-angsi. producing various types of electric 28 Peking Reuieto, No. 25 Iamps indispensable The three cities were long plagued to the economy and by the problem of industrial r.vaste modern industrial and disposal. When they u,ere firsb br_rilt scientific researclr- dozens of years ago, many of the They inciude photo- factories there were put up care- chemical lamps used lessly. In some cases they w,ere for testing the fast- sited right in the middle of residen- ness of dyes and in tial areas. Little attention w,as paid processing rubber, to rvaste disposal and the diseases amethyst infra-red caused by smog and harmfui w-astes. lamps used in seed processing, and lamps Steps to improve working condi- hygiene for laboratory analy- tions and environmental were initiated right after liberation. sis. These include the installation of Up to recently, such ventilation and dust removal sys- lamps were all im- Tsai Tsu-chuan (se'ated), the high tems, the building of new lir,'ing ported at considerable varuum trechnologist at work quarters away from the factories, cost. Tsai and his the planting of trees and green beits, colleagues began stud;,,ing how Province have launched a massive the establishment of clinics in all to make them in 1961. No one attack on- city smog and pollution. factories and free provision of medi- lar-rghed at him then as a lerv There has been an immediate im- cal care for all workers. The new did in 1955 u.hen he, a semi-literate provement in environmental hygiene drive begun last year to eliminate glass-blower, set out to rnake some and gains to farming in their out- pollution at soLlrce marks a new of the latest types of high .vacuum sk ii't s. stage in this campaign for better glass instruments the country health masses greater Seventy projects have been com- for the and needed so much. With the help ot economy production. pleted in the three cities to trap in scientific colleagues, he and his staff smoke and dust before they escape of young assisLants had succeeded, into the air, recover chemicals from BRIEFS making 24 specifications of those r,r,,aste w'ater and turn slag and cin- An electronic instrument for test- instruments. This helped put an end ders into building materials. An- ing the accLlracy of clocks, watches to China's dependence on imports in other 30 projects are under construc- and other such types of time-pieces this field. tion and a furtl.rer 26 are scheduled. has been put into production in Tsai Tsu-chuan today is an Nanking. The rhythmic ticks of a acknorvledged specialist on high Several Anshan streams polluted clock are automatically reproduced vacuum techniques and electrical by industrial ll,aste containinq as dotted lines, and irregularities can lighting sources, but there is nothing phenol and other harmful substan- be checked instantly against the high of the "big specialist" about him. ces are now running clear agarn. precision standard frequency of the He lives simply and thriftilY, just Local peasants are delighted. They nerv instrum"^t' are starting to breed ducks in them as he did u,hen he was a rank-and- * {. again and use their u,,ater for irriga- file worker. He is a man who likes New buildings 26 schools have tion. A new canal system built joint- for doing things himself, from blowing been completed in Peking. They Iy by Shenyang and Frrsirun carries his own glass envelopes to lending a are part of the capltal's 1965 plan non-polluted sewage water to farm- hand in cleaning up the 1ab. of new school building which in- land between these tw,o cities. This worker-turned-specialist does cludes new premises for 73 secondary not care a whit for personal fame or By installing dr-rst removers on all or primary schools, the expansion of gain. He regards himselt as jutst stacks and using gas instead of coal 17 existing schools and the building another worker rvith a job to do for for heating moulds, the 3O-year-o1d of 16 half-work half-study schools. the people. "He is a good comrade, cast-tubing mill in Anshan has The new floor-space will make pos- a good team man, who lives for the managd to eliminate most of the sible an enrolment of 100,000 more collective," his co-workers say. contributi.on it used to make to the students in the Peking area this "lVhat does it maiter," he once said city's smog. Cinders and other Year' * + when someone pressed him to take factory wastes in Shen;,ang are no * credit for his work, "the thing is that longer trucked out to the city dumps The first sanatorium built in Tibet the country is the better for it." but are used for making bricks, pre- is specially for workers of the Tibetan fabricated building sections. and nationality. It has just received its .dttsck an Smog ond Pollution cement. Nlore than 16.000 tons of iirst 30 patients. Set in picturesque crude oil, carbon black and other surroundings in Lingtze County, east- HREE major indurstr:ial cities in chemicals have been recovere

June 18,7965 29 successful attempt at adapting the production of The White-Haired /vtuSlC European ballet form to depiet mod- Girl ha-s made a strong contribution &th Shangltttl SPting FestFtetl ern revolutionar], themes. The first, to revolutionizing the ballet in The Red Det"uchment of Wotnen, L,as China. year's SPling Music This Shanghai v,on wide acelaim (see P..R., No. 6, sinee 1960, shorved Vcried Ptogrorirme Festival, the sixth 1965). that the musicians and dancers of The music-n-raking was not limited fuil-length bailet, The White- China's largest metroPolis have A to professionals. At one concert is adapted from China's taken a big step forrvard in making Haired Girt amateurs joined in workers, first revolutionary opera of the same their art revolutionarY, national peasants from the suburban- areas, produ-ction of which in and popular in style. The festival, name, the soldiers and students '- 3,000 in Yenan the forties was a landniark no'd/ an established institution, serves in all singing revolutionary songs. theatrical hist

30 Peking Reuieu, Na. 2c t alert their viett'erg, especiall.v the true story is seL ir.r ]'oung, to the deep-going class strug- the opening picture. gle betrveen socialism and capital- On a desolate river ism today and steel their determina- bank under a leaden tion to carry on the revolution. sky, a man, his The Swindle unco\rers one capi- youne son beside tzilist dodge to get vrork off the poor him. is burying his for nothing. Artists Li Shao-yen boatrnan father. and Li Huan-min heard of this Afar a gang of ti:ue ineident: one Chungkinq steel boatmen laboriously pulls a boat over the shoals. The next scene shows I him, rebellious but at impotent. before t the boss at a noisl' riverside teahouse, D compelled to re- Whcn f ather cornes cf f shif t BA Lin Cllun live his father's life. Overhead, the can\ras top of the pean and Soviet artists into China teahouse sags heavily; he ls hemn-ri.d in the 1330s, and was one of the in by a foresl oI ma-sis and i'opes. most energetic promo+;el's of moCern The artist skilfully cr-eates the at- u'ood.-engraving in China. Chinese mosphere of a cage. In another iiroderr-r u'ood.cr-tt art from its incep- picti-rre. opplessirre clottds suii'.Lin.1 tion was dedicated to the service oi liberation, a web of sai.ls and ropes amid rvhich the revolution. Since the ha-re eagerly used ha-ngs the dark figure of the man lvood-cut artisis - their gravers to aid socialist revolu- his for attempting to es- 1c,-rnishncnt ticn anil socialist consti:uction, and cape. The last print sho."vs the or- clepict the people's strllggle in other phaneri boy, amid iying the reeds on lands. The Szec,'ruan artists, in these Tifle irrint in thc serics "Tt",o l1'orids- ::iver A illiner's Xetollections" by Cireng lYei the bar-rk. In the distanc,^ a ancl other works, sho-w themselves single sail goes by and an eagle cir- in the van of ihe-ie endeavours' cles the quiet- mill olvner put up a "hands rvanted" f1or.r'ii-rg r-i.,'er. A11 sign. Hundreds of unemplol-ed ten woodcuts have came. Thel, r.rere told to carry steel the river as their sheets from the banks of the Chia- background-s f ivgl Iing Rivel up to the mill as a test of flou-ing u,ith the their strength. When all tire steel blood and ss'eat oI sheets had been carried to the fac- the poor. tory in this "test," the workmen were Tttto Worlds, Ch-ild told that no one had passed it. The Lililc1-Lrers and other eight r,r,oodcuts the two artists series plobe other carved on this theme blaze ',vith scandals of capital- enger. They follorv the lvorkers' ist exploitation that trail flom tir.er bank to factory. testifl- to Marx's The file of barebecked lvoi'kers {amous r,volds: bolved beneath the dark sheets of "Capital comes [into steel climbing Chungking's sieep the u,orId.] dripping sLopes, the smug figures of the boss from heacl to foot, anri foreman, the explosion of anger Jrom every pore, r^,'hen the workers discover the l,ith biood and fraud leave an unforgettable im- Cirt." pression.- The iate Lu Hstin, In his ten r,voodcuts of The Boat- China's great re'r- rnen, Hsu Ku;rng r"ecreates a tragedy olutionary of the past in i,r'hich a debt to ihe introduced "lr;:iter,the boss enslaves three generations of a r'r,oodcuts of pro- F'rGnr "The Swindle" boatman's farrily. The tone cf ihis gressi.ve West Euro- BA Li Shao-Uen and Li Huan-m.Ln

Ju.ne 73, 7965 3I JE, RED brand ROSE /rl JR -: + _n Tussah silk da : ^, Pongees ,t- +l ,-. O RABBIT brand *lHt tkl a $I! sk 1\ Tussah Spun : i Silk Pongees -:

oaa oaoaoaaoaoaoooaaa a o Both are speciol prodr.rcts of Chino, sold throughout the world. O a These pongees ore excellent for gorments. Possesslng high tensile a strength ond greot elosticity, they reodily obsorb ond give up moisture by a evoporqtion. rheir low electricol conductivity, resistonce to heot, ocids ond a olkolis find a wide use in industry.

DAIREN BRANCH t Wo Wo Rood, Doiren Coble rQddress: CHINATEX Doiren