THE CHIVALRIC ETHOS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF MILITARY PROFESSIONALISM D.J.B. TRIM, Editor BRILL HW-11-trim.qxd 09/10/2002 14:00 Page i THE CHIVALRIC ETHOS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF MILITARY PROFESSIONALISM HW-11-trim.qxd 09/10/2002 14:00 Page ii HISTORY OF WARFARE General Editor kelly devries Loyola College Founding Editors theresa vann paul chevedden VOLUME 11 HW-11-trim.qxd 09/10/2002 14:00 Page iii THE CHIVALRIC ETHOS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF MILITARY PROFESSIONALISM EDITED BY D.J.B. TRIM BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2003 HW-11-trim.qxd 09/10/2002 14:00 Page iv This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The chivalric ethos and the development of military professionalism / edited by D.J.B. Trim. p. cm. — (History of warfare , ISSN 1385-7827 ; v. 11) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9004120955 1. Sociology, Military. 2. Standing army—History. 3. Chivalry. I. Trim, D.J.B. (David J. B.) II. Series U21.5 .C445 2003 306.2'7—dc21 2002073527 Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Einheitsaufnahme The chivalric ethos and the development of military professionalism / ed. by D.J.B. Trim. – Leiden ; Boston ; Köln : Brill, 2003 (History of warfare ; Vol. 11) ISBN 90–04–12095–5 ISSN 1385–7827 ISBN 90 04 12095 5 © Copyright 2003 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands TRIM_F1_prelims 10/14/02 8:40 AM Page v v CONTENTS Illustrations .................................................................................. vii Contributors ................................................................................ ix Acknowledgements ...................................................................... xi List of Abbreviations .................................................................. xiii 1. Introduction D. J. B. Trim .......................................................................... 1 PROLOGUE 2. Why Chivalry? Military ‘Professionalism’ in the Twelfth Century: The Origins and Expressions of a Socio-military Ethos Matthew Bennett ........................................................................ 41 STUDIES IN CHIVALRY AND PROFESSIONALISM IN LATE-MEDIEVAL AND EARLY-MODERN EUROPE 3. Condottieri and Captains in Renaissance Italy Michael Mallett ........................................................................ 67 4. The Portuguese Nobility, and the Rise and Decline of Portuguese Military Power, 1400–1650 Malyn Newitt ............................................................................ 89 5. Artisans, Architects and Aristocrats: Professionalism and Renaissance Military Engineering Simon Pepper ............................................................................ 117 6. Chivalry and Professionalism in the French Armies of the Renaissance David Potter .............................................................................. 149 7. Chivalry, Military Professionalism and the Early Tudor Army in Renaissance Europe: a reassessment Luke MacMahon ........................................................................ 183 8. Chivalry and Professionalism in Electoral Saxony in the Mid-Sixteenth Century Helen Watanabe-O’Kelly ............................................................ 213 TRIM_F1_prelims 10/14/02 8:40 AM Page vi vi 9. Soldados Platicos and Caballeros: The Social Dimensions of Ethics in the Early Modern Spanish Army Fernando González de León ...................................................... 235 10. Army, Society and Military Professionalism in the Netherlands during the Eighty Years’ War D. J. B. Trim ........................................................................ 269 11. The Officer Corps and Army Command in the British Isles, 1620–1660 Martyn Bennett ........................................................................ 291 POSTSCRIPT: THE LAST GASP OF CHIVALRY? 12. Shoot Them All: Chivalry, Honour and the Confederate Army Officer Corps Mark A. Weitz ...................................................................... 321 Index ............................................................................................ 349 TRIM_F1_prelims 10/14/02 8:40 AM Page vii vii ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Andrea da Cione (“Il Verrocchio”), “Bartolomeo Colleoni” (com- pleted 1485), bronze statue (360 cm in height), Campo dei Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Venice. 2. Attributed to Jean Bourdichon (c. 1508), parchemin painting in Jean Marot, “Le voyage de Gênes”, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris: Manuscrit Français 5091. 3. Anon., “Blasius de Monluc Polemarchus”, late sixteenth-century print, Musée d’Agen. 4. Heinrich Göding the Elder, “Ein Rennen getan mit Graf Hans Georgen zu Mansfeld... Anno 1556”, oil on limewood (53 × 114 cm, with cartouche 87 × 183 cm), Rüstkammer, Dresden GG 16. (Photograph courtesy of Sächsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (SLUB), Abt. Deutsche Fotothek.) 5. Jacob de Gheyn, position for musketeers no. 25, from Wapenhande- linghe van roers, musquetten ende spiessen, (The Hague: 1607), engrav- ing after Robert de Baudous (c. 1595). 6. Jacob de Gheyn, position for pikemen no. 25—also engraving after de Baudous (c. 1595). 7. Diego Velázquez, “La Rendición de Breda” (The Surrender of Breda), or “Las Lanzas” (1635), Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid. (Reproduced by permission of the Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, Spain.) 8. Anon., “King Charles I; Sir Edward Walker” (c. 1650?), oil on canvas (151 cm × 226 cm), National Portrait Gallery, London. 9. Robert Walker, “Oliver Cromwell” (c. 1649), oil on canvas (126 cm × 102 cm), National Portrait Gallery, London. This page intentionally left blank TRIM_F1_prelims 10/14/02 8:40 AM Page ix ix CONTRIBUTORS D J. B. T is Lecturer in History, Department of Humanities, at Newbold College, and a Research Fellow in the Department of History at the University of Reading. He is an Associate Editor of The New Dictionary of National Biography, and has edited or co-edited four volumes of essays on medieval and early-modern military, polit- ical and religious history, including Amphibious Warfare c. 1000–1700: Commerce, War and State Formation (forthcoming). M B, Senior Lecturer at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, has published many articles and chapters on medieval military history. His books include Agincourt (1991) and Campaigns of the Norman Conquest (2001), and he co-edited The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: The Middle Ages, 732–1487 (1996). M M, Emeritus Professor of History at the Centre for the Study of the Renaissance, University of Warwick, is a distin- guished historian of fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Italy. His books include Mercenaries and their Masters: Warfare in Renaissance Italy (1974), The Military Organisation of a Renaissance State: Venice c. 1400 to 1617 (1984) and, as co-editor, War, Culture and Society in Renaissance Venice (1993). M N is Charles Boxer Professor of History in the Depart- ment of Portuguese and Brazilian Studies at King’s College London. He is the author or editor of many books on Portuguese colonial history, including Portugal in Africa (1981), The First Portuguese Colonial Empire (1985) and A History of Mozambique (1995). He is currently researching Portuguese military expansion in the Indian Ocean in the sixteenth century. S P is Professor, and Dean, of the University of Liverpool’s School of Architecture and Building Engineering. His principal research field is the history of Renaissance military architecture, on which his best-known work is the seminal Firearms and Fortifications (1986) co- authored with Nicholas Adams; but he also publishes widely on twen- tieth-century social housing. TRIM_F1_prelims 10/14/02 8:40 AM Page x x D P is Senior Lecturer in the Department of History at the University of Kent at Canterbury and has research interests in early modern French history. His books are War and Government in the French Provinces: Picardy 1470–1560 (1993), A History of France 1460–1560 (1995), The French Wars of Religion: Selected Documents (1998) and Un homme de guerre a l’époque de la Renaissance: la vie et les lettres d’Oudart du Biez (2001). H W-O’K, Professor of German Literature at the University of Oxford, where she is a Fellow of Exeter College, researches on sixteenth- and seventeenth-century literature and cul- ture. The author of Triumphal Shews: Tournaments at German-speaking Courts in their European Context 1560–1730 (1992) and editor of The Cambridge History of German Literature (1997), her latest project is a book on Court Culture in Dresden 1560–1733. L MM works as a freelance editor for The New Dictionary of National Biography. He received his PhD thesis on the diplomatic administration of the early Tudors from the University of Kent in 2000. His chapter in this volume is based on earlier research on Henry VIII’s final war with France in the mid-1540s. F G L, an Associate Professor of History at Springfield College, Massachusetts, is the author of several articles on the early modern Spanish army and the war in the Netherlands.