The
Rockefeller Foundation
Annual Report
J939
1 2 1,940
49 West 49th Street, New York
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRINTED JN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 9421
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
PRESIDENT'S REVIEW
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY 79 REPORT OF THE WORK OF THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION 85 REPORT OF WORK IN THE MEDICAL SCIENCES 155 REPORT OF WORK IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES 2O$ REPORT OF WORK IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 255 REPORT OF WORK IN THE HUMANITIES 2p5 SPECIAL RESEARCH AID FUND FOR DEPOSED SCHOLARS 351 REPORT OF WORK IN CHINA 357 REPORT OF THE TREASURER 377 INDEX 473
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation ILLUSTRATIONS
Battle lines against Anopheles gambiae (map), Brazil 23
New Yellow Fever Laboratory, Bogota, Co- lombia 107
Yellow fever vaccination, Colombia 107
Malaria control, Attikkottai, India 108
New Malaria Institute, Aguas de Mourn, Portugal 108
Practical field training for nurses, Marianao Health Unit, Cuba 137
Infant Welfare Clinic, Skidmore College Department of Nursing, Saratoga Springs, New York 138
State Health Department Influenza Labora- tory, Berkeley, California 138
Model showing electrical activity of brain during sleep in a normal subject, Depart- ment of Neurology, Harvard University Medical School 167
Tracing heredity of epilepsy, Department of Neurology, Harvard University Medical School 167
Bicycle ergometer. Child Research Council, University of Colorado School of Medicine 168
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Laboratory, Toronto Psychiatric Hospital 175
Treatment ward, Toronto Psychiatric Hospi- tal 176
Research at the School of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, California 215
Genetics Building, University of Missouri 216
Crellin Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 225
Conductivity measurements, Department of Physiology, University of Minnesota 226
Studies published by National Bureau of Economic Research 267
School children at New "York Museum of Science and Industry 317
American Library Association studies rela- tions with Latin-American countries 318
Oriental Library, Claremont Colleges, Cali- fornia 318
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
Members, Committees, and Officers
'939 MEMBERS WINTHROP W. ALDRICH THOMAS I. PARKINSON HAKOLD W. DODDS ALFRED N. RICHARDS LEWIS W. DOUGLAS JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, JR. JOHN FOSTER DULLES JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, 3RD RAYMOND B. FOSDICK WALTER W, STEWART DOUGLAS S. FREEMAN ARTHUR HAYS SULZBERGER HERBERT S. GASSER HAROLD H. SWIFT WALTER S. GIFEORD GEORGE H. WHIFFLE JEROME D. GREENS RAY LYMAN WILBUR ERNEST M. HOPKINS OWEN D. YOUNG EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT, Chairman HAROLD W. DODDS HERBERT S. GASSER LEWIS W. DOUGLAS JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, 3RD DOUGLAS S. FREEMAN WALTER W. STEWART ARTHUR HAYS SULZBERGBR FINANCE COMMITTEE JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, JR., Chairman WINTHRO? W. ALDRICH WALTER W. STEWART INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS STANHOPE BAYNE-JONES, M.D. HARRY S. MUSTARD, M.D. ERNEST W. GOODPASTURE, M.D. THOMAS M. RIVERS, M.D. KENNETH F. MAXCY, M.D. FELIX J. UNDERWOOD, M.D. THE DIRECTOR OF THE DIVISION OFFICERS Chairman of the Board of Trustee.' JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, JR. President RAYMOND B. FOSDICK Vice-Presidents THOMAS B. APPLEGET SELSKAR M. GUNN Secretary NORMA S. THOMPSON Treasurer EDWARJJ ROBINSON Comptroller GEORGE J. BEAL Counsel THOMAS M. DEBEVOISE Associate Counsel CHAUNCEY BELKNAP Director, International Health Division WILBUR A. SAWYER, M.D, Director for the Medical Sciences ALAN GREGG, M.D. Director for the Natural Sciences WARREN WEAVER Director for the Social Sciences JOSEPH H. WILLITS Director for tfic Humanities DAVID H. STEVENS
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
Members, Committees, and Officers
1940 MEMBERS WINTHROP W. ALDRICH ERNEST M. HOPKINS CHESTKa I. BARNARD THOMAS I. PARKINSON KARL T. COMPTON ALFRED N. RICHARDS HAROLD W. DODDS JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, SRD Lswis W. DOUGLAS ROBERT G. SPROUL JOHN FOSTER DULLES WALTER W. STEWART RAYMOND B. FOSDICK ARTHUR HAYS SULZBERGER DOUGLAS S. FREEMAN HAROLD H. SWIFT HERBERT S. GASSER GEORGE H. WHIFFLE WALTER S. GIEFORD RAY LYMAN WILBUR EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT, Chairman CHESTER I. BARNARD HERBERT S. GASSER HAROLD W. DODDS JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, 3RD DOUGLAS S. FREEMAN WALTER W. STEWART ARTHUR HAYS SULZBERGER FINANCE COMMITTEE THOMAS I. PARKINSON, Chairman WINTHROP W. ALDRICH WALTER W. STEWART INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS STANHOPE BAYNE-JONBS, M.D. THOMAS PARRAN, M.D. ERNEST W. GOODPASTURE, M.D. LOWELL J. REED HARRY S. MUSTARD, M.D. FELIX J. UNDERWOOD, M.D. THE DIRECTOR OF THE DIVISION OFFICERS Chairman of the Board of Trustees WALTER W. STEWART President RAYMOND B. FOSDICK Vice-presidents THOMAS B. APPLEGET SELSKAR M. GUNN Secretary NORMA S. THOMPSON Treasurer EDWARD ROBINSON Comptroller GEORGE J. BEAL Counsel THOMAS M. DEBEVOISE Associate Counsel CHAUNCEY BELKNAP Director, International Health Division WILBUR A. SAWYER, M.D. Director for tlte Medical Sciences ALAN GREGG, M.D. Director for the Natural Scietices WAEREN WEAVER Director for the Social Scieucts JOSEPH H. WILLITS Director for the Humanities DAVJD H. STEVENS
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation To THE TRUSTEES OF THE ROCKEFELLER
FOUNDATION :
GENTLEMEN:
I have the honor to transmit herewith a gen- eral review of the work of The Rockefeller
Foundation for the period January I, 1939, to
December 31, 1939, together with detailed re- ports of the Secretary and the Treasurer of the Foundation, the Director of the International
Health Division, the Directors of the Medical
Sciences, the Natural Sciences, the Social Sci- ences, and the Humanities, and the Vice-Presi- dent in charge of the program in China.
Respectfully yours,
RAYMOND B. FOSDICK President
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE
ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
PRESIDENT'S REVIEW
FOR 1939
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW
BY WAY OF PREFACE 5
THE YEAR IN BRIEF 7
NIGHT OVER EUROPE 9
DIVIDED WE FALL 13
INVASION FROM AFRICA 18
YELLOW FEVER— 1939 25
OTHER WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 32
THE MANY-CENTERED WHOLE 34
THE MEDICAL SCIENCES— 1939 37
THE NATURAL SCIENCES — 1939 40
THE CLAIM OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 44
THE HANDICAPS OF THE SOCIAL SCIENTIST 48
THE SOCIAL SCIENCES — 1939 54
BOOKS 57
WHAT WILL RADIO Do FOR SOCIETY? 61
THE HUMANITIES—1939 66
THE WORK IN CHINA 70
KEEPING THE SPARK, ALIVE 73
APPLICATIONS DECLINED DURING 1939 76
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW
BY WAY OF PREFACE
*\HE Rockefeller Foundation was incor-
porated in 1913 under the laws of the
I State of New York. Its purpose as stated
in its charter is "to promote the well-being of
mankind throughout the world." Changing con-
ditions must necessarily affect decisions as to
how that purpose can best be realized; but for
two decades the advance of knowledge, with
research as the chief tool, has been the definite
objective and method of the Foundation's pro* gram.
The Foundation is organized in five divisions:
The International Health Division The Division of the Medical Sciences The Division of the Natural Sciences The Division of the Social Sciences The Division of the Humanities
The International Health Division, while mak-
ing appropriations to other institutions, is pri-
marily an operating agency; that is, it maintains
its own laboratories and has a scientific staff spread around the world. The other four divi- sions are in no sense operating agencies. They conduct no researches of their own. Their work is confined to the support of universities, labora-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
j and research groups, and to the training
through postdoctoral fellowships of competent
personnel in the various fields of knowledge.
Unless a fairly definite policy of concentration
is adopted, any organization concerned with the
advance of knowledge runs the risk of scattering
its resources over too wide an area. Only unlim-
ited funds, guided by a more perfect wisdom
than that with which any single group is en-
dowed, could hope to maintain simultaneous
action on all the frontiers of knowledge. Conse-
quently, the Foundation has followed the far
more modest plan of placing special emphasis on
certain particular fields. Thus, in the medical
sciences the emphasis at the moment is on psy- chiatry; in the natural sciences on experimental
biology. These fields of concentration are not
rigidly interpreted; they serve merely as guiding
lines, and exceptions are made when unusual
opportunities develop in other areas.
The book value of the principal fund of the
Foundation as of December 31, 1939, was
$146,159,942.09. Under its charter, the Founda-
tion is free to spend from both principal and
income. In the twenty-seven years of its exist- ence $93,775,000 has been appropriated from principal and $228,900,000 from income.
The affairs of the Foundation are under the direction of a self-perpetuating board of trustees
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW
who serve without compensation. The program
is administered through a group of executive
officers. Both trustees and officers retire at the
age of sixty-five. Regular meetings of the board
of trustees are held twice a year, in April and
December; special meetings are subject to the
call of the Chairman. The executive committee
of the board meets each month except in July
and August. The principal office of the Foundation is in
New York. In Europe, an office is maintained in Paris under the general direction of a vice-
president and of representatives of the directors
in the several divisions. The Far Eastern office of
the Foundation is located in Shanghai.
In order to avoid confusion which occasionally
arises in relation to the work of the Foundation,
it should be pointed out that the General Educa-
tion Board and The Rockefeller Institute for
Medical Research, while established by Mr.
John D. Rockefeller, are separate organizations, separately incorporated, each with its own capital funds.
THE YEAR IN BRIEF
Grants made by The Rockefeller Foundation in 1939 amounted in round figures to $9,500,000.
Of this sum, $8,000,000 was distributed in ap- proximately equal amounts of $2,000,000 each
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 8 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
to work in the four fields of public health, medi-
cal, social, and natural sciences. One million
dollars was appropriated for activities in the
humanities, and the better part of a half million
toward the program of'rural reconstruction in
China. The income of the Foundation during
1939 was ^6,627,450. To supplement the ap-
propriations account $1,845,000 was transferred
from the principal fund. The details of the Foun-
dation's finances for the year appear on pages
377 to 470 of this report.
The program of the Foundation in 1939 in-
volved cooperative effort in forty-seven coun-
tries. Twenty-one of the countries in which work
was aided, were in Europe, five in Asia, two in
Africa, seven in South America, nine in North
and Central America and the West Indies, and,
in addition, Java, Fiji, and Australia. The ratio
between the amount of money that went to for-
eign countries and the amount spent on work in
the United States was the same as last year, i.e.,
approximately 25 per cent in foreign countries as
against 75 per cent in the United States.
Any record of grants made in a given field
during a particular year necessarily presents
an unrealistic and somewhat distorted picture of long-range programs, because it has to omit
the mention of many active projects the support of which was voted in previous years. If the
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 9
Foundation appropriates a sum for the mainte- nance of a laboratory over a seven-year period, for example, the seven-year appropriation ap- pears but once on the formal record, i.e., when the money is first voted, and does not reappear dur- ing the subsequent years when payments are being made. Consequently, the list of appropria- tions made in 1939 or in any other one year is necessarily a more or Jess random sampling, caught between two dates on the calendar, of the broader plans of the different divisions.
NIGHT OVER EUROPE
The mounting catastrophe in Europe and its effect on universities and laboratories in every country there — whether involved in the war or not — have necessitated modifications in the work of The Rockefeller Foundation. When the war broke out on the first of September, 1939, the Foundation had 110 running appropriations in Europe, distributed in twenty-two different countries, and involving a total sum in excess of $4,000,000. A substantial part of these appro- priations was for research in various scientific fields. Nearly $2,000,000 of the total was for work in Great Britain; approximately $750,000 was allocated to Switzerland; $330,000 each to
France and Sweden; and the balance in smaller amounts ranging down to $3,500 in Finland.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 10 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
In a number of instances work supported by
these appropriations is being continued on a
level that has been but little affected by the war.
For example, Heilbron's research in organic
chemistry, to which the Foundation is contribut-
ing at Imperial College, London, is still going
forward. Niels Bohr's work in biophysics at Co-
penhagen and Svedberg's studies with the super-
centrifuge at Uppsala are also only indirectly
disturbed. The Tavistock Clinic in London,
where the Foundation is financing research in
psychosomatic medicine, is proceeding, thus far
at least, without serious interruption. Similarly,
work in the general field of neurology, under
grants from the Foundation, is being carried on
at the Universities of Brussels, Leiden, Lund,
Oslo, and Oxford.
Moreover, in spite of many unfortunate ex-
ceptions, there seems to be at least some effort
in influential circles in Europe to insulate im- portant scientific research work from the shock of war and to allow the laboratory men to con-
tinue with their tasks. In this respect, Europe is perhaps profiting by the tragic example of the last war when men like Henry G.-J. Moseley the physicist, von Prowazek the parasitologist, S. B.
McLaren the mathematician, Karl Schwarzschild the astronomer, and a great host of fresh new leaders in every field of science were killed at the
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW u
front. Of the 240 enlisted students of the Ecole
Normale Superieure in Paris, an institution which
supplies the French universities with professors,
120 were killed. Among the graduates of this
school, 560 who were already professors in the
universities were mobilized; 119 were killed.
Of the students resident at the Ecole Centrale
des Arts et Manufactures, the most important
engineering school in France, 179 were killed,
together with 362 of the graduates.
This memory is still fresh in scientific circles
in England, France, and elsewhere, and efforts
are being made, with the help of governments,
to prevent in this war, as far as possible, the
recurrence of such ghastly sacrifice.
But an attempt to keep scientific workers at
their tasks, laudable as its motive is, meets but
a small portion of the problem. At best it can
salvage for the future only those whose promise
is already indicated. Nowhere is there occult imagination to detect in a humble patent ex-
aminer a future Einstein, or to see in a tanner's
son a Louis Pasteur. Darwin at twenty showed no particular promise in his studies; but he had
courage and spirit and would have made excel- lent material for the front-line trenches. No human precaution can protect a nation from the sacrifices which war levies upon future talent — the undiscovered scientists, the gifted minds, the
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 12 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION intellectual and spiritual leaders upon whom each generation must build the hope and prom- ise of the generation to come. The mortgage which war places upon the economic resources of a country is as nothing compared with the mortgage levied upon its future intellectual and cultural life. In the war that is now being carried on in Europe the sacrifices and the processes of disin- tegration have already begun. We can see now something of the extent of the disaster. The University of Warsaw has ceased to exist. Ac- cording to reliable reports, the entire Polish faculty of the University of Cracow is in a con- centration camp. The Polish members of the faculty of the University of Vilna have been dis- missed. Scarcely a year ago, the Moors, en- trenched in the ruined University of Madrid, used the books from the University library as defenses in their rifle pits. The University of Prague has been shut by the German Govern- ment. The University of Strasbourg has been torn from its site and planted in Clermont- Ferrand. For reasons of economy and because their students are in military service, more than half the universities of Germany are closed. The institutions comprising the University of London have been uprooted and scattered over a wide area in southern England. The 20,000 student population of the University of Paris has shrunk
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 13
to 5,000. In all countries, whether combatant or
noncombatant, the undiscriminating necessities
of military mobilization have decimated faculties
and student bodies alike. In many instances the
ablest men on a faculty are being drafted for
various types of war work. In other instances,
on both sides of the fighting lines, laboratories
hitherto devoted to the extension of knowledge,
both in medicine and in the natural sciences, are
being geared into the war machine. As a promi-
nent governmental official on the continent re-
cently said: "Science can now have but one
object: to help win the war."
Perhaps the most frightening aspect of modern
war is the intellectual blackout which it creates.
One does not have to subscribe to H. G. Wells's grim prophecy that "mankind, which began in a cave and behind a windbreak, will end in the diseased-soaked ruins of a slum"; but certainly the night in Europe cannot be long continued without the sacrifice of cultural values on so vast a scale that the chance of an enlightened and gracious life, not alone for this generation in
Europe, but for the children and grandchildren of this generation, will be irretrievably lost.
DIVIDED WE FALL
One occasionally hears the statement that the trend of intellectual leadership is westward across the Atlantic. In proof of the assertion specific
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 14 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
fields are mentioned, such as neurosurgery, astronomy, dentistry, and perhaps orthopedics, in which America has won pre-eminent standing.
But this argument overlooks the many fields in which leadership, certainly until the war began, was still in Europe and the many others in w.hich genius and stimulation are as potent on one side of the ocean as on the other. In physiology, for example, it would be difficult to determine whether the leadership lies in Europe or in the United States. The same is true of anatomy and pathology. In fields like pharmacology, tropical medicine, ophthalmology, legal medicine, social medicine, and dermatology —• to mention only a few — leadership is unquestionably still in Eu- rope, or was in 1939. In mathematics, the English are indisputably pre-eminent in analytic number theory; the Russians are making important con- tributions in topology and probability, the French in algebra. America cannot match the group of European scientists in the important fields of enzyme chemistry and the organic chem- istry of natural products. Nowhere else in the world can one duplicate or even approach the co- ordinated and cooperating Scandinavian group which is focusing so many precise techniques of chemistry and physics on problems of biology. If one is tempted to question the vitality of science in Europe, it is interesting to note that
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT S REVIEW 15
the most dramatic scientific development of the
year 1939 originated there, i.e., the splitting of
the atom of the heavy element uranium and its
transmutation into barium and other light ele-
ments. This realization of the old dream of the
alchemists was based upon results obtained m
1934 by the Italian physicist Fermi; but the dis-
integration products of uranium were first di-
rectly observed in 1939 by Hahn and Strassmann
of Berlin.
America needs to be humble about this ques-
tion of intellectual leadership. In spite of the
anxiety and insecurity abroad during these re-
cent years, of the six Nobel prizes awarded in science in 1939, five went to Europe and one to
the United States. In countless ways we are dependent upon Europe for stimulation and leadership in relation to many segments of our intellectual and cultural activity.
If because of war exhaustion or chaos the uni- versities and laboratories of Europe should be forced to suspend their fundamental activities for even half a decade, the consequences to the intellectual life of America would be immediate and disastrous. For scientific growth is almost invariably the result of cross-fertilization be- tween laboratories and groups in widely sepa- rated parts of the world. Only rarely does one man or one group of men recite with clear, loud
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 16 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
tones a whole important chapter, or even a whole
important paragraph, in the epic of science.
Much more often the start comes from some is-
olated and perhaps timid voice, making an in-
spired suggestion, raising a stimulating question.
This first whisper echoes about the world of sci-
ence, the reverberation from each laboratory
purifying and strengthening the message, until
presently the voice of science is decisive and
authoritative. Thus, in the case of the breakdown
of uranium during the past year, the early tenta-
tive questionings came from Rome; they were
caught up at Berlin, were eagerly heard at Paris
and Copenhagen, and then spanned the Atlantic
and were seized upon here so enthusiastically
that literally within hours, rather than within
days, the critical experiments had been checked
and extended at Columbia University, at the
Carnegie Institution of Washington, and in
Lawrence's laboratory at the University of
California.
Similarly, the amazing development and appli- cation of sulfanilamide — that beneficent gift to mankind — has been the result of a collabora- tion in which flags and boundary lines have been nonexistent. The first hint of it was discovered in Germany, oddly enough in connection with the commercial dye industry, and the drug was given the name prontosil. With this hint as a
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW ij
basis, in 1935 a German scientist — Dr. Gerhard
Domagk — published the results of his experi-
ments with mice under carefully controlled labo-
ratory conditions, showing the extraordinary
effect of prontosil on streptococcus. The Pasteur
Institute in Paris then picked the matter up,
and subjecting prontosil to organic analysis dis-
covered that its activity was localized in one dis-
tinctive part of its molecular structure. This
potent factor in prontosil, separated from the rest
of the molecule, is'what we now know as sulfanila-
mide. At this point Queen Charlotte's Hospital
in London, with a grant from The Rockefeller
Foundation, tried the drug on women suffering
from streptococcal infection associated with puer-
peral or childbirth fever, immediately reducing
the death rate from such infections by 25 per
cent. The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine was
the next institution to carry forward the experi-
ments, and in the last three years research on this
drug has been developed, with brilliant results,
in laboratories and hospitals on both sides of the
Atlantic.
Achievement in science, more often than not, is the result of the sustained thinking of many minds in many countries driving toward a com- mon goal. The creative spirit of man cannot suc- cessfully be localized or nationalized. Ideas are starved when they are fenced in behind frontiers.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation I 8 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
The fundamental unity of modern civilization is
the unity of its intellectual life, and that life cannot without disaster be broken up into sepa- rate parts. If, as a result of the present cataclysm on the other side of the Atlantic, Europe freezes into an Arctic night, we shall not easily keep the fires lit in the universities and laboratories of America.
INVASION FROM AFRICA
In this REVIEW a year ago the arrival and spread in Brazil of the dreaded malaria-carrying mosquito, Anopheles gambiae^ was reported. It came from Africa, apparently by airplane or on a fast French destroyer, and was first discovered in
1930 in Natal by a member of the staff of the
Foundation. Since that time it has spread over three hundred miles to the west following the prevailing winds, and the infested area now covers 12,000 square miles. Many public health workers throughout the
Americas are awaiting with anxiety the outcome of the campaign that has been organized against this mosquito. These workers realize that one of the most serious health problems facing their own countries is involved in the possibility of gambiae continuing its invasion and sooner or later reaching their territories. The tragic result of such a spread cannot be overstated. A dis-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 19
tinguished malariologist, Dr. M. A. Barber, has
recently said: "This invasion of gambiae threat-
ens the Americas with a catastrophe in compari-
son with which ordinary pestilence, conflagra-
tion, and even war are but small and temporary
calamities. Gambiae literally enters into the
very veins of a country and may remain to
plague it for centuries. Even the penetration of
yellow fever into the Orient might be a lesser
evil, because its vector is domestic and more
easily controlled/'
Hardly a year after landing in America, gam-
biae was causing severe outbreaks of malaria near
Natal and by July 1931 it had reached a point
115 miles along the coast to the northwest. The
great drought in 1932 and 1933 must have re-
duced its numbers and checked its progress, for
several years passed without further startling
evidences of its presence. Nevertheless, the in-
vasion continued slowly up the coastal plain at an
average speed of about forty miles a year and it
is likely that the insect was often carried by boats
from point to point along the shore. The interior
of the State of Rio Grande do Norte in this sec-
tion is extremely arid at all times and the mos-
quito failed to penetrate it, while the flat alluvial shelf, along which it succeeded in breeding its way, is in several places so narrow that the work offiftee no r twenty men would have been enough
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2O THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
to stop the progress of gambiae at any time
during these early years.
That gambiae did not spread southward from
Natal during all this time is a piece of good for-
tune not easy to explain. It is true that the pre-
vailing winds are in the opposite direction, but
gambiae might have made progress against the
wind in cars, boats, and trains. Until recently no
attempt was made to fumigate these means of
transportation.
By 1937 the invader had reached the well-
populated valleys to the northwest, and calami-
tous epidemics followed in 1938, arousing the
government to action. Since the necessary ex-
penditures were far beyond the local resources
of the area already invaded, the national Govern-
ment of Brazil assumed the responsibility. In
1939 it increased itsfirs tappropriatio n of $250,-
ooo to $500,000, and the plans for 1940 provide
for a further increase. The Foundation in 1939
appropriated $100,000 for this purpose, and the amount set aside in the 1940 budget is $230,000.
The actual field service of the campaign against
the gambiae is being carried on by the personnel of the Foundation in collaboration with the
Brazilian Government. The Foundation has as- sumed the responsibility of direction and admin- istration. Early in 1939 the Malaria Service of the
Northeast (of Brazil) was created by govern-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 21
ment decree and began the task of organizing
a field force to prevent further extension of the
gambiae, to minimize the effects of its activity
in the area already infested, and to reduce its
range.
The first results in 1939 were frankly disap-
pointing. The organization of the Malaria Service
of the Northeast coincided with the beginning
of the rainy season, when the gambiae advances
by leaps and bounds, and this, together with the
lack of personnel trained in methods of mosquito
control, prevented any early apparent results of
the campaign. As was anticipated, widespread
epidemics of malaria occurred, and during the first few months of the Service some 114,000 per- sons were treated for the disease. During these early months the only visible consequence of activity was the reduction of mortality from malaria through medication of acute cases.
By the beginning of July, however, a staff of over two thousand doctors, technicians, scouts, inspectors, guards, and laborers, trained in meth- ods of control, was available, and even though the rainy season was unusually prolonged, ap- preciable results were obtained, not only in mini- mizing the further spread of gambiae in the frontier districts, but also in reducing the inci- dence of the mosquito in certain heavily infested sections to a point where careful surveys re-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 22 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
peatedly failed to reveal the presence of either
larvae or adults.
In this campaign both climate and physical
geography promise to be indispensable allies. The
rainy season is restricted to four months out of
twelve, i.e., from February through May, and
gambiae is a mosquito which breeds mainly in
residual rain-water pools, shallow, open to the
sun, and without vegetation. It does not lay eggs
in permanent or deep water, in running, salty,
or shaded water, or in water supporting aquatic
vegetation. On the other hand, it takes advan-
tage of every little depression in the ground, such
as wheel tracks or hoofprints, no matter how
shallow or small, which can present a water sur-
face for eight or nine days. During the rainy sea-
son, with its almost daily showers, gambiae
becomes a formidable antagonist. But for eight
months in the year, the heat of the tropical sun,
the strong continuous trade winds, and the low humidity combine to dry up all shallow surface waters and to make life precarious and of short duration for the gambiae. Potential breeding places are reduced to disconnected pools in the beds of the larger rivers, none of which maintains a flow in summer. Most of the higher rolling country back from the coast is practically non- infectible by gambiae. Its arid, stony soil sup- ports a scrub vegetation composed of a resistant,
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 23
thorny bush mingled with cactus. The region is
without water for larvae, and without shelter for gambiae adults. The sparse population of the
interior is therefore closely bound to the river
systems and so also is the gambiae mosquito
throughout the summer.
* UDccnnbtrlUa ©KulnintnbltaWnn Brttiuu \iM-»3n1 tf Jambu*
The plans of the campaign against gambiae sound like the plans of an army on defense. The frontiers of the infested region are defined by fumigation posts on all the outgoing roads. These are the forts of this new kind of Maginot Line.
A ten-mile zone beyond the gambiae's farthest limit of advance is to be kept noninfectible, which from the mosquito's point of view is the
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 24 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
"scorched earth " policy. Within this zone, as well
as within the area already infected, all breeding
places of the mosquito must be eliminated or treated with Paris green or other larvicide. The whole region is being mapped from the air so that no pools, ponds, or other collections of water
will be overlooked. The adult mosquitoes are be- ing sought and killed in the houses with insecti-
cide sprays to diminish the chances of their laying
eggs and thus perpetuating the species in the region. Every automobile and train that leaves
the infested area is being stopped, inspected,
and fumigated. A maritime service has been or-
ganized at points along the coast to disinfect every boat or plane bound for clean ports. It is
war in a very real and grim sense, and, unlike other types of war, its purpose is the preservation
of human life. It will be seen from the map on page 23 that
by December 1939 gambiae had been pushed back to its central strongholds in the main river valleys and on the narrow coastal shelf. If the mosquito can be held within its present limits during the wet season of 1940, we can begin to think of the possibility of its eventual eradication
from the entire region. This, of course, would mean extermination of the last surviving pair.
It must be admitted that eradication is a rash word in terms of prophecy. As in all campaigns,
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 25
accidents may determine the issue. Thus in one
case the gambiae mosquito was transported many miles into previously uninfested territory
through the medium of an old automobile which
used an improvised wagon road through the
jungle and thus avoided the fumigation post on
the main thoroughfare. In another case it was a
small fishing boat that carried the mosquito up
the coast, thus driving a wedge in the defense
line against the spread of the disease. If the war is won, victory will come through continued
vigilance. The wet season of 1940 will test the
efficacy of the present measures and will be critical as far as the gambiae campaign is
concerned.
YELLOW FEVER -1939
The first active participation of The Rocke- feller Foundation in the control of yellow fever
was at Guayaquil, Ecuador, in 1918, and was fol- lowed in succeeding years by collaboration with
the governments of the various American re- publics in which the disease was reported. Pre- vious to 1930, measures for the control of yellow fever were limited to the organization of anti- aegypti mosquito campaigns in the larger centers of population and in such smaller communities as were found to harbor the disease. These cam- paigns were costly and were essentially tempo-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 26 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION rary in character, inasmuch as it was then con- sidered safe to discontinue work twelve months after the last reported case of yellow fever. The early efforts of the Foundation seemed at first to be everywhere successful, and collabora- tion was undertaken and discontinued in one country after another, until by 1925; it was be- lieved that the last remaining focus of infection in the Americas was in Northeast Brazil, where the Foundation had participated in control measures since 1923.
In 1928, however, the unexpected outbreak of yellow fever in the capital city of Rio de Janeiro, from which the disease had been absent for twenty years and which lay almost a thousand miles from the known endemic region of North- east Brazil, suggested the existence of unknown factors in the epidemiology of yellow fever. Al- most overnight the strategy of the battle had to be changed and accepted ideas discarded. It was discovered that yellow fever could occur —• and does occur — in districts where there are no aegypti mosquitoes, and that under conditions of forest environment the disease is transmitted by unknown vectors and through hosts other than man. Blood tests of wild monkeys show that they are involved in epidemics, but other animals may also play a part. The capture and analysis of thousands of forest mosquitoes during
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 27
an epidemic showed that three species had yellow fever virus in them, and that two of them could transmit the disease to monkeys by biting. This
so-called "jungle" yellow fever constitutes what may be a permanent reservoir of infection, and vast areas of the South American hinterland are undoubtedly endemic centers of the disease. Consequently- The Rockefeller Foundation in recent years has shifted its emphasis from tem- porary anti-aegypti mosquito campaigns in a few of the larger centers to a broader program which includes three principal points:
i. The permanent prevention of aegypti-transmitted yellow fever through more rigid control measures in urban areas.
2. The early discovery of such outbreaks of yellow fever as may occur.
3. The prevention of jungle yellow fever, in so far as possible, through mass vaccination of exposed populations.
Laboratory research has contributed effective weapons in this new drive against yellow fever. Among these weapons is viscerotomy — or the post-mortem examination of liver tissue from all persons dying after a brief, febrile illness —• which was developed and introduced by the Foundation in 1930, Experience has repeatedly shown that reports of clinical cases, and the in- vestigation of suspicious outbreaks, cannot be
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 28 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
relied upon for accurate information regarding
the distribution of either urban or jungle yellow
fever. Viscerotomy has proved to be far the most
sensitive index of the active presence of the dis-
ease and is now widely employed both in South America and Africa. In Brazil since 1930 over
175,000 liver specimens have been examined, of
which nearly a thousand have shown evidence of
yellow fever.
Another weapon contributed by the laboratory
is the so-called mouse protection test developed by the Foundation in 1931. By testing the blood
of persons for its power to protect mice against yellow fever it is possible to tell whether those
persons have ever had the disease. One of the
American soldiers who voluntarily exposed him-
self to yellow fever in Walter Reed's experiments in Cuba after the Spanish-American War con-
tributed blood which protected mice against
yellow fever virus thirty years after the soldier's
attack. With the aid of this mouse protection
test it was found that yellow fever had recently
existed and was probably still present in Africa from Senegal to the Upper Nile, although the
disease had not previously been identified in Central Africa.
A third weapon contributed by laboratory re- search is individual vaccination against yellow fever. .Vaccination with virus lyD, developed in
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 29
the laboratories of The Rockefeller Foundation, was first used in the field in Brazil in 1937 when some forty thousand persons were inoculated. The 1938 outbreak of jungle yellow fever, in- volving some of the most heavily populated re- gions of Brazil, resulted in the organization of a field vaccination service which inoculated over one million persons, most of whom lived in the rural parts of the infected area. Postvaccination protection tests showed that a very high per- centage of those vaccinated during 1937, and during the 1938 epidemic season, had developed demonstrable immunity. Likewise, epidemio- logical observations in the epidemic areas left no doubt of the efficacy of the vaccine used during the 1938 epidemic. Unfortunately, similar results were not ob- tained with certain lots of vaccine used during the last two months of 1938 and the early months of 1939. Clinical, and even fatal, cases of yellow fever were observed in vaccinated persons, and postvaccination protection tests revealed that only a small percentage of some groups of those vaccinated had been immunized. Investigation failed to show any major faults in the manufac- ture and handling of the vaccine, but indicated that the vaccine virus had in the course of re- peated subcultures become further modified and had lost much of its protective power for man,
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 3O THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
without losing its ability to produce fatal en-
cephalitis in white mice. Since white mice were
used for the testing of the vaccine virus, its lack
of potency became apparent only when put to
the test in man. As a result of this experience,
field vaccination in Brazil was interrupted for some months after the end of the 1939 yellow fever season, until a new stock of a low sub-
culture vaccine of satisfactory protective strength
could be produced. In spite of this interruption, 581,513 persons were vaccinated during 1939,
and the end of the year finds the vaccination units working to capacity in the State of Espirito
Santo, where a serious outbreak of the disease recently occurred. The Rockefeller Foundation has been in charge
of the administration of the government Yellow Fever Service in Brazil for sixteen years. Since active participation in the administration of es-
sentially governmental services for prolonged periods of time is not within the program of the Foundation, arrangements were made to surren- der this responsibility in Brazil at the end of
1939. Those sections of the Yellow Fever Service devoted to the control of aegypti breeding, vis- cerotomy, and vaccination have been incor- porated by presidential decree in a special
National Yellow Fever Service, subordinated di- rectly to the Ministry of Education and Health,
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 31
Brazil is to be congratulated on its recognition of yellow fever as a permanent national problem and its organization of a national service with a well-trained and experienced staff, capable of maintaining the entire country free of aegypti- transmitted yellow fever and of reducing to a minimum, through vaccination, the loss of life from the jungle form of the disease. The withdrawal of the Foundation from active participation in the administration of the Bra- zilian Yellow Fever Service does not imply any lessening of interest on the part of the Foundation
in the study and control of this disease. It is proposed to continue collaboration with the Brazilian Government in the manufacture of vac- cine, in studies of the epidemiology of jungle yellow fever, and in the further identification of hosts and vectors of jungle yellow fever other than man and the aegypti mosquito. In addition to the program in Brazil, the Foun- dation collaborated in 1939 in the study or con- trol of yellow fever in Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, British Guiana, and Uganda, Africa. In Bogota",
Colombia, a new laboratory, built and equipped with the help of the Foundation for all types of yellow fever studies and for the production of yellow fever vaccine, was opened early in the year. Similar institutions have previously been created with assistance from the Foundation in
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 32, THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
Rio de Janeiro and in Entebbe, Uganda, Africa. Research in yellow fever is also being carried on in the New York laboratories of the Foundation.
OTHER WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH
*939> through its International Health Division, The Rockefeller Foundation gave as- sistance to public health work of one kind or another in thirty-seven different countries. Thus in malaria, for example, field studies or control operations were carried on in India, Egypt, Portugal, Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Albania, British Guiana, Brazil, Salvador, Panama, Costa Rica, Cuba, and Mexico. Either by direct grants to other institutions or through its own technical staff, the Foundation was involved in studies of the common cold at Columbia University, New York; anemia in Puerto Rico; hookworm disease at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health; scarlet fever in Rumania; rabies in Alabama; syphilis at the Johns Hopkins Uni- versity and in San Joaquin County, California; sylvatic plague in Alberta and British Columbia; tuberculosis in Jamaica, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Canada, and New York City; and schisto- somiasis in Egypt. Influenza studies were carried on with Foun- dation assistance chiefly in the United States. Laboratory work, concentrating on virus re-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 33
search, was conducted by staff members in the laboratory of The Rockefeller Foundation in
New York City. In Westchester County, New York, a community has been selected for the experimental study of respiratory virus infec- tions including influenza. This work is a special service of the Westchester County Health De- partment, but is under the technical supervision of Foundation staff members. Financial support was given to the California State Department of Public Health toward the establishment of an influenza laboratory near the campus of the University of California in Berkeley, and work in this laboratory is now going forward under the di- rection of a staff member of the Foundation. Research at the influenza laboratory of the State Health Department of Minnesota on the campus of the University of Minnesota also received Foundation assistance. Outside the United States the Foundation supported influenza studies of a broad epidemiological character at the State Hy- gienic Institute in Budapest, Hungary. Either by direct financial grants or by lending the services of staff members assistance was given to central or local health departments, in certain areas of the following countries: Mexico, the Caribbean islands, Central America, India, Java, Canada, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Rumania, Tur- key, and the United States.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 34 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
Finally, in the field of public health education
aid was given to schools or institutes of hygiene and public health, or to schools of nursing, in
Bulgaria, Hungary, Sweden, Turkey, Denmark,
Rumania, Panama, and Japan. The Foundation
also cooperated with the Skidmore College. School
of Nursing, the University of California Division
of Nursing, and the Schools of Nursing of the
University of Washington, the University of
Toronto, and Vanderbilt University.
The expenditures of The Rockefeller Founda-
tion in 1939 through its International Health
Division are shown by the following approxi-
mate figures:
Control and investigation of specific diseases $625,000 Laboratories of the International Health Division in New York 135,000 State and local health services 160,000 Public health education 300,000 Technical staff 750,000
$1,970,000
A detailed report of the work of the Interna- tional Health Division for 1939 will be published early in the summer of this year.
THE MANY-CENTERED WHOLE
Each man sees the world through his own eyes.
It is inevitable, therefore, that there should be,
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 35
in relation to knowledge, a kind of personal centripetal tendency. One's own sensations, one's own point of view, one's own interests have a vividness and a validity which give them for each one of us, an understandable priority. Other factors doubtless enter, but this natural preoccupation unquestionably leads many schol-
ars to view their own subject as the central pivot around which all knowledge swings. Choose off the shelves a group of learned treatises and sample the prefaces: Mathematics — it is the queen of the sciences; Physics — it is the source of the basic Jaws for the behavior of all matter;
Chemistry — a recent text says, "Chemistry touches all human interests. It is the central science"; Biology — it assaults the greatest mys- tery of all, the mystery of life; Astronomy — it has the cosmos and eternity for its heroic theme; Psychology — it analyzes the mental processes which we must use on other problems; Logic — it deals with the laws of reason itself; Philosophy — it is an examination of the ultimate questions which give life meaning. And so one could expand the list, with brave and startling claims for the central character and basic importance of one field, one specialty, one segment of knowledge after another.
All this is particularly familiar to the officers of an institution which distributes research funds;
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 36 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
for it is their privilege to listen to numbers of enthusiasts, each of whom sees his own problem as truly focal, each convinced that he is dealing with the one central theme. And all this is as it
should be, for these apparently contradictory claims arise partly because of the egocentric character of man, but they are also due to wholly
selfless enthusiasms, to the concentration to which specialized competence naturally leads and to certain facts about the interrelated char- acter of knowledge.
This paradox of the whole that has not one but many centers contains, as do many paradoxes, important elements of truth. The web of knowl- edge is vast and intricately interconnected, with threads radiating in all directions in such a way as to make each fact, when one closely examines it, a veritable center. Someone learns how better to polish a prism or grind a lens, and he has reached out to the farthest star, has probed deeply into the smallest cell. A biochemist in Holland reports something new about the sym- metry of complicated molecules in certain tissues — and every cancer expert in the world focuses his attention. An American develops a method of speeding up electrified particles in a sort of glori- fied merry-go-round — and out run the radiating and unpredictable threads of connection all over the world and throughout the whole web of
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 37
scientific knowledge, touching a specialist in in- termediary metabolism in New York, a physicist in Paris, an anemia specialist in Rochester, a geneticist in Russia, a cancer specialist in Boston, a metallurgist in Tokyo, a cellular physiologist in Copenhagen, a radiologist in St. Louis. This is of immense help to an organization with funds to spend in the advancement of science. For it means that even if support is concentrated on a definite field,suc h as psychiatry in the medical sciences, for example, or experimental biology in the natural sciences, the possibility of influence on many other fields of knowledge is not surren- dered. Even more important, it means that in choosing the recipients for support in science, the major emphasis can be on brains, imagination, industry, and character, with only secondary consideration to the often completely baffling question, "Is this of basic importance?" It means that a brilliant man, working with devo- tion and determination, will somehow make of himself and of his own particular problem a sig- nificant center from which truth will expand.
THE MEDICAL SCIENCES — 1939
Grants in the medical sciences made by The Rockefeller Foundation in 1939 fall into three general groups: new appropriations in the field of psychiatry; renewals or extensions of earlier
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 38 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
appropriations in this field; and new appropria-
tions or renewals in support of other phases of medical research and teaching not closely related to psychiatry.
Among new appropriations in psychiatry,
$106,080 was given to the University of Toronto
for research on carbohydrate metabolism as re- lated to mental disease, a joint enterprise of the
Psychiatric Clinic and the physiologists of the Banting Institute, who are particularly qualified in the studies of insulin. To the Catholic Univer-
sity of America $85,000 was appropriated for the
teaching of abnormal psychology and child psy-
chiatry to Catholic teachers and social workers, both lay and clerical. An appropriation of $17,150
was made to the Dikemark Mental Hospital in
Norway'for biochemical studies of the insane. Each of these three grants was for five years or more.
Renewal of support previously given by the
Foundation to psychiatric research was made to departments of psychiatry at Johns Hopkins, Harvard, Institute of the Pennsylvania Hos- pital, University of Illinois, University of Colo- rado, Tulane University, University of Oxford,
University of Lund (Sweden), University of Brus- sels, the Tavistock Clinic (London), and to the
Boston State Hospital. These eleven grants, av- eraging about three years in duration and ap-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 39
proximately $37,000 in amount, involved a total
of $404,750. In judging the relatively short dura-
tion of these grants, it should be noted that the
Foundation had already given aid to these eleven
undertakings over periods of time averaging more
than four years.
Outside the program in psychiatry some rela-
tively large grants were made in 1939 to a
variety of undertakings. A conditional appropria-
tion of $400,000 was made to Harvard Univer-
sity for the endowment of its School of Dental
Medicine, toward which the Carnegie Corpora-
tion has pledged $650,000. This appropriation of
the Foundation becomes effective when from all
sources the total increase in the endowment of
the School reaches $2,550,000.
For the development of an adequate depart- ment of preventive medicine and public health in the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, an appropriation was made of $350,000, payable at the rate of $35,000 a year for ten years. Con- tinuation of studies in endocrinology at Yale and the University of California was provided for by grants of $36,000 and $75,000 respectively.
Psychological research under the direction of the
Child Research Council of Denver was aided with a grant of $19,200 available over a period of six years. For the maintenance of the Na- tional Committee of Maternal Health, an inde-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 40 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
pendent organization selecting and administer- ing research projects in the fields of reproduction
and sex phenomena, $12,000 was appropriated over a two-year period. Support in the amount of $42,000 was renewed for a three-year period for studies in the constitutional aspects of disease, under the direction of Dr. George Draper at the School of Medicine of Columbia University,
The sum of $15,000 was contributed to the de- velopment of legal medicine at Harvard over a three-year period. Two appropriations were voted of fluid research funds from which allocations
are to be made by the recipient institutions to investigators and projects which they themselves select: one to the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in the amount of $15,000 a year for six years; and one to the Medical Research
Council of Great Britain for research in endo- crinology, psychiatry, neurology, and allied sub- jects, in the amount of $10,000 a year for five years.
THE NATURAL SCIENCES — 1939
As has been stated, the present program of the Foundation in the natural sciences places pri- mary emphasis on experimental biology. This program is based upon the conviction that man will profit enormously from a deeper 'and clearer understanding of the phenomena of life. It is par-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 41
ticularly concerned in helping to bring to bear
upon these complicated and subtle problems all the battery of modern precision techniques. It is
interested in the way inheritance operates, in
the way cells grow and divide, in the way genetic characteristics find their physiological expression, in the physical and chemical control of growth
and development, in the biochemical aspects of
nutrition and in a variety of other matters in-
volved in understanding the details of life
processes. One group of 1939 appropriations was related
to the application of chemistry to biological prob- lems. Afive-yea rgran t was made to the Univer- sity of Utrecht for research under Professor F.
Kogl on the biochemistry of growth substances.
Two grants were made to the University of Min- nesota: one provides assistance over five years to Professor G. O. Burr for studies of certain sub- stances (lipids) which play a vital role in cellular
activities; the other gives aid over three years to researches under Professor M. B. Visscher on the mechanism of osmosis in living systems. To the
Johns Hopkins University a four-year appropri- ation wasmadefor a group program on the chemi- cal structureof biologically important compounds. To the University of Oxford funds were voted to build an extension to the research laboratory of organic chemistry under Sir Robert Robinson.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 42 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
The five appropriations in this group totaled $197,875.
A second group of appropriations emphasized the application of physics to biological problems. Funds were given to Washington University, St. Louis, to construct a cyclotron which will be used in biological and medical experimentation; and a three-year grant was made to Professor Lawrence's group in* support of similar activities at the University of California. A three-year grant to the University of Chicago is assisting studies in molecular spectra, under Professor R. S. Mulliken. The Memorial Hospital of
New York received a grant covering three years, for research in the spectroscopic aspects of ane- mia, under Dr. C. P. Rhoads. The four grants in this group totaled $149,000. Two grants were made in the field of genetics. The University of Missouri, where there has been an important recent development in this subject, was assisted in building aresearch labora- tory of genetics, and was given a five-year grant toward its research program. An appropriation covering five years was made to Brown Univer- sity to aid the genetics researches of Professor P. B. Sawin. These two grants totaled $109,000. A five-year grant to the biology group at Amherst College also involved support of genet- ics, as well as of experimental embryology and growth studies. Such assistance to groups or de-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT S REVIEW 43
partments, in contrast to support of specific
projects, has been an important part of the Divi- sion's program. Thus during 1939 a ten-year
grant was made in support of research in biology
at Stanford University. Also involving assistance
to a group activity was a grant in support of the
Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative
biology. The appropriations in this classification total $242,500.
Emphasis on several interests of the Founda-
tion was included in a grant of $224,000 in
support of further activities of the Yale Labora-
tories of Primate Biology. A minor portion of
this sum covered the cost of erecting and equip- ping a small new physiological laboratory at
Orange Park, Florida, where there are already located extensive facilities for breeding and rear- ing chimpanzees for research purposes. The re- mainder of the grant will contribute, over a five-year period, to the support of a general program in which these animals, so close to man in many important regards, are to be utilized in the study of a wide range of physiological, psychobiologicalj neurological, nutritional, sero- logical, and biochemical problems.
In addition to these appropriations, funds were voted to the National Research Council in sup- port of its general budget ($61,956.54) and of its fellowship program ($180,000).
Once during the year an appropriation was
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 44 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
made for a purpose somewhat removed from the
program of the Foundation in the natural sci-
ences under its policy of concentration. Political
interference in Germany having threatened the
integrity of the leading world journal for abstract-
ing mathematical literature, a grant was given
to the American Mathematical Society to aid
in the founding of such a journal in the United
States. The editorial offices of this new journal
are at Brown University. A second grant was
made for the establishment of a microfilm labora-
tory at Brown, through which an important
microfilm service in mathematics has been set
up in conjunction with the new journal. These
two grants totaled $61,500.
THE CLAIM OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
We are living in a world that threatens to
brush 'aside everything that intelligence stands
for. Two great wars and the prospect of more;
over half the population of the earth caught in
this maelstrom of destruction; ten years of de-
pression with millions everywhere still without
employment; confusion over issues and values
that leaves men frustrated and uncertain — it is little wonder that the temptation is to forsake reason and resort to force.
One of the difficulties is that force seems to be such an easy answer. It appears to cut through
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 45
the complexity and confusion without the neces-
sity of the severe intellectual effort and discipline involved in creating any effective alternative. The real tragedy is not that so many men in the
world believe in force as a method of social or- ganization as that so many who reject force as an
ideal surrender to it in practice because there
seems to be nothing else to do. But force in the end always defeats itself. In the long run it solves nothing and answers nothing. It brings us no step nearer the prospect
of the "great society" which science and culture have revealed. If the world of the future is a more promising habitation for mankind it will be only as a result of the persistent application not of
force but of intelligence against the things that now thwart our hopes. We have created a society
so interdependent that issues are no longer simple, individual, and local; they are complex,
social, and world wide. And they are beyond the experience of most of us. Money and credit, fiscal policy, international relations, international trade and finance, national income and its dis- tribution, wages, profits, prices, monopoly, pur- chasing power, savings and investment, em- ployment and unemployment, social security, collective bargaining, housing, public opinion, propaganda, public administration, the relations between government and business, individual and
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 46 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
social adjustment, crime, social welfare, educa-
tion, population, social justice in an interdepend-
ent society — here is merely a brief list of some
of the urgent issues. How can tanks and bayonets hope to solve such problems as these ?
The alternatives before us are clear. While still
giving lip-service to the processes of reason, we can, by lack of well-directed effort, yield the field to the various advance pickets which force from
time to time employs — catch words and gulli-
bility, propaganda and slogans, emotion and prejudice, partisanship and antisocial self-seek-
ing. Or, as the only alternative to rule by force, we can make the hard choice that calls for a vigorous backing of competent intellectual efforts
to define and analyze the issues facing society. These alternatives confront America as well as Europe, democracies as well as totalitarian states. When sincere and high-minded men hold opposite views on the complex issues of a de- mocracy and when no effective effort is made to narrow or define those differences by objective analysis, the tendency is for the differences to freeze into ideologies and thereby to shift from an intellectual to a purely emotional basis.
Instead of a creative struggle of facts and ideas, conflict degenerates into a mere fight for power. But if by objective and competent study the issues are more precisely defined and the facts more exactly known, then the conflicting views
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 47
which still remain can, with reasonable good will,
more readily be resolved. Certainly if by com- petent study we widen the area of definitely
ascertained fact and relation, we shall build a more solid substructure for public and private policy. Furthermore, all those wholesome efforts
to transmit knowledge which we broadly include under the term "adult education" — and, in- deed, formal education itself—can never be more effective than our basic understanding per- mits. Nor can we hope for adequate clarification of the moral and ethical questions of today until these highly involved issues are stated clearly on the technica•» l side. Thus the studies in the social sciences present an intellectual challenge of central importance.
The simple techniques and methods of yesterday will not suffice. Highly specialized and complex methods are necessary. Methods as intricate and varied as the problems themselves must be de- veloped and employed by highly skilled men and women working under the most favorable condi- tions. In the words of Lord Stamp's trenchant comment: "Any truth is many-sided, even sim- ple truth, But the complex truth of today needs approach by many different methods and by many different types of mind before we can arrive at even an approximation to the truth."
On this issue a vigorous democracy in which the mind is free cannot afford to be defeatist,
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 48 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
difficult as the course may be. Intelligence must
fight to make itself heard above the noise of
marching feet. When complexity multiplies and
problems pyramid, lack of effective support for
competent intellectual effort may be as fatal to
democratic process as lack of freedom.
Democracy today needs the social scientists,
both inside and outside the universities. It needs
to free them to think with all possible penetra-
tion, wherever that thinking may lead. New ideas
about human relations and institutional adjust- ment should be fully, honestly, and hospitably analyzed. Society should be most deeply con- cerned, not with ridiculing failures or.condemn- ing those whose findings it does not approve, but with aiding that small minority of pioneers whose work in the social studies is reaching up to new levels of scientific achievement. Such persons are to be found in universities, in government, and in private life. No greater contribution to the dis- interested comprehension of today's issues could be made than by affording these able men and women full opportunity to make their work genu- inely effective.
THE HANDICAPS OF THE SOCIAL SCIENTIST
What are the handicaps which lessen the effec- tiveness of the ablest workers in social research ?
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT S REVIEW 49
They alone can best answer, but certain tentative
observations by an outsider may perhaps help
to stimulate discussion and focus attention.
i. We ask too much of the social student. The solution of the problems confronting society is
the task of all the intellectual and moral agencies
of society — public and private. Society has a
right to ask of the social scientist that he be ob-
jective and technically competent, and that he
"deepen and make more definite our understand-
ing of fact and relationship in the social world/'
The rest is society's responsibility.
2. The social scientist is limited by the fact
that he does not deal with rational material but
with the rational and irrational conduct of man.
The host of variables which this fact introduces
multiplies the obstacles to his work and sets
limits to the applicability of results. 3. Funds available for the research work of
university social scientists are, generally speak-
ing, paltry. The endowment for social science
research in sixteen leading universities totals only
$3,000,000, or an average annual income from endowment per institution of about $7,500. In considering this insignificant figure we should bear in mind the importance to society of the issues awaiting investigation and the great cost if they are to be studied on a factual basis,
In contrast with the small sums spent for
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 5O THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
research are to be placed the vast sums spent for
teaching in the social field. No outsider, even
though familiar with the struggles over budgets
in American universities, can presume to advise.
But it may not be inappropriate to express the
hope that, even in the face of present financial
pressure, provision for the transmission of knowl-
edge may not preclude more support of the
increase and refinement of the knowledge to be
transmitted.
Universities might well consider the possibility
of setting aside a fixed percentage of the annual
budget for research in the social sciences, even
though in most cases the percentage would have
to be small. This would give a basis for long
time planning which does not now exist.
4. The extension and deepening of knowledge in the social studies have in many cases been sub- merged in universities by the heavy responsibili- ties for the transmission of what is known (or be- lieved) at the moment. The research function is given lip-service, but in most universities it has been crowded to the background by the pressure of immediate teaching tasks. These pedagogical needs usually guide administrations in the selec- tion of staff, the appointment of department chairmen, and the allocation of faculty time.
Among faculty members lack of time and the belief that teaching presents a prior claim limit
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT S REVIEW 51
the pursuit of scientific research. This belief is
undoubtedly well based as far as the overwhelm-
ing majority of the faculty is concerned. But university administrations should be interested
and discriminating enough to seek out the few
individuals on their faculties who are genuinely
gifted in research, and should be courageous enough to plan the time and support of such
persons from the point of view of the research
objective. The establishment of research professorships
— each incumbent perhaps doing some teaching
— represents a wholesome step that some insti-
tutions have taken and which should be possible in many more.
The research and teaching functions are both vastly important — and important to each other.
But when either function too greatly dominates the other, the resulting situation is both unhappy and unhealthy.
5. In many branches of the social sciences it is extremely difficult for the university student of social problems to study the real phenomena of his field in their setting. A well-stocked univer- sity library goes far toward providing the student of the humanities with the material for his stud- ies. A well-equipped laboratory will do the same for the natural scientist. But the phenomena with which many social students are concerned are
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 52 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
usually not to be had on the campus. The univer-
sity social scientist, therefore, finds difficult that intimate and continuous access to his living
materials which the student of medicine or of
the natural sciences has achieved. While the university professor becomes more
and more engrossed with his heavy teaching load
and consequent administrative chores, the reality of things outside his environment grows in com- plexity and in rate of change. Thus the difficulty and expense of bridging the gulf between the university social scientist and his "laboratory" increases. Thus, too, the university student in the social field has all too often been content with academic speculation about the phenomena of his field instead of studying the phenomena themselves. As Julian Huxley has said: "To speculate without facts is to attempt to enter a house of which one has not the key, by wander- ing aimlessly round and round, searching the walls and now and then peeping through the windows. Facts are the key."
The relation between the social scientist and the world of action which is his laboratory will always remain an enormously complex problem for which there is no single or simple solution. A number of the grants by The Rockefeller
Foundation during 1939 were for the support of efforts to bridge this gap. Some of these grants are listed in the next section of this REVIEW.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 53
6. Another handicap lies in the broad qualifi-
cations required of the social scientist. A good
physicist does not necessarily have to be ac-
quainted with the fine arts or the social sciences.
To be really effective as a social student, how-
ever, a person should be familiar with both the
humanities and the physical sciences. He needs to have a rich scholarly background in addition
to the most rigorous scientific standards and
methods. Time, capacity, and temperament be-
ing limited, the perfect combination is rare and difficult to achieve. The efforts to train such
social scientists, in graduate school and beyond,
offer promising possibilities for study and ex-
periment. 7. Finally, donors, whether personal or in-
stitutional, often handicap the efforts of the
very men they seek to help. Wise giving in sup-
port of research in the social studies requires
more than unremitting alertness to discover the
able person working fruitfully and intelligently
on significant issues. It means capacity to learn from such persons what aid is needed and how it can best be given. It means that no attempt must be made by the donor to strait-jacket the area of study. And it usually means that the donor should recognize that the greatest gains in social research and social wisdom are likely to grow out of consecutiveness of effort over a period of years. Donors of funds need, therefore,
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 54 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
to be sure that their grants facilitate rather than injure consecutiveness of work and planning on
the part of the recipient institutions and persons. In general, smaller sums over a period of years
should create more values than a larger sum for
a temporary "survey*' type of study. Sources of funds should appreciate, too, that a modest research effort may often throw more light on great issues than a more ambitious attack. They
should also be conscious that all studies in the social sciences, as in the natural sciences, are really interlocking parts of one whole. The inci- dental light which one study throws upon a prob- lem outside its direct purpose may often consti-
tute its most significant claim to validity.
THE SOCIAL SCIENCES —1939
The greater part of the grants made by the
Foundation in the field of the social sciences in 1939 provided for the continuance of work previ- ously aided. Certain institutions received what is termed general support — i.e., contributions to- ward their general budgets — while others were assisted in developing or carrying on specific activities or projects. Appropriations of these two types were made in the United States, in Canada, and in Europe.
Three institutions in the United States re- ceived general support of substantial nature.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT S REVIEW 55
The sum of $870,000, available over ten years, was appropriated to the National Bureau of Economic Research for the continuance of its ac-
tivities as a national center of economic research. The Brookings Institution received $225,000 toward the support of its general program over a three-year period. The Social Science Research Council was given $105,000 for general adminis- trative expenses over the next three and one-half
years. Owing to the war, an appreciable loss of income from tuitions was handicapping the activities of the London School of Economics and Political Science. Accordingly, £12,500 was appropriated to this important center of research in the social sciences for general use in 1940. Similarly, sup- port of the general activities of the Dutch Eco- nomic Institute was given through a grant of $18,000; while the Canadian Institute of Inter- national Affairs received $30,000 (Canadian) for its general budget. Both these grants are available over three years. Appropriations made by the Foundation in
1939 for special programs and projects were for various purposes. The Social Security Committee and the Public Administration Committee of the Social Science Research Council, for instance, each received $60,000 in 1939 for use over two years for general expenses; $15,000 as a small
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 56 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
research fund was also placed at the disposal of
each committee. A grant of $70,000 for use in the
years 1940 and 1941 made possible the continu- ance of a program of research in finance at the
National Bureau of Economic Research. The
work, which has been in progress for two y.ears
under an earlier Foundation grant, was under-
taken at the suggestion and with the financial support of the Association of Reserve City Bank- ers. The University of Wisconsin received $29,100 for work during a two-year period upon the amount and distribution of income within Wis- consin. The Social Security Committee of the
Social Science Research Council was granted
$15,000 to study the economic implications of the federal social security legislation with respect to the national income of the United States.
Three appropriations to American universities provided funds for the continuance of training and research in public administration under programs previously aided by the Foundation.
Harvard University was given $55,000 for the use of its Graduate School of Public Administra- tion over a five-year period; the Bureau of
Public Administration of the University of Vir- ginia received $24,000 for work over four years; and Syracuse University, $50,000 upon a con- tingent basis to maintain graduate training in public administration.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT S REVIEW 57
An appropriation of $60,000 on a matching
basis was made to the University of Chicago toward the budget of the School of Social Service Administration for use over a three-year period
during which the University will seek to meet the conditions of an endowment pledge made by the Foundation in 1934. The Council on Foreign Relations, New York, received $44,500 toward a special study of the problems of peace and reconstruction following the war. The Foreign Policy Association, New
York, inaugurated a Latin American Information Service with the aid of a $10,000 grant from the Foundation. The University of Pennsylvania was given $11,000 for two studies by its Indus- trial Research Department, whose general pro- gram had been assisted by the Foundation since
1927. A special project designed to aid the Bu- reau of Public Administration of the University of California over three years in the development of objective standards for measuring effective- ness of local government activities in the San Francisco region was financed to the extent of $30,000.
BOOKS
In reporting on its plans for the enlargement of the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford, the University's Commission wrote that if the
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 58 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
present rate of increase in the Library continued,
the plan would suffice for two centuries; if the
rate doubled, for one. And the Commission
sagely remarked, "There is no way of knowing
by what methods human utterance will be re-
corded at the end of either period." Whatever
developments occur, however, it is difficult to
imagine a world with no place for libraries and
no need for books.
Aid to libraries and library projects has always
been an important part of the Foundation's
program in the humanities. Prior to 1933, by grants to internationally important European
institutions, the Foundation sought to improve
the technique of libraries in Great Britain, France, and Germany. Thus $2,300,000 was ap- propriated to the Bodleian Library at Oxford, for both the completion of its catalogue and the extension of its plant. Similarly, $107,400 was given to the British Museum for catalogue re- vision; $113,500 to the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris; and $50,000 to the Preussische Staats- . bibliothek in Berlin.
Since 1933 Foundation aid in this type of work has included the training of men for library ad- ministration, not only in Europe but in South
America and in China and Japan. In 1939 the
Foundation continued its interest in this general field and made a number of appropriations through
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT S REVIEW 59
the American Library Association as well as to
individual libraries for purposes illustrative of their expanding work. To the American Li-
brary Association, the Foundation appropriated
$60,000 for its Committee on International Rela-
tions. This Committee, after careful study, is
supplying funds to various popular libraries in Europe for the purchase of books printed in
English. All the countries thus assisted have been able to make their book purchases with the un-
happy exception of Finland. In England and
France, books and periodicals financed under this project have already found their way to military hospitals and naval vessels.
The Foundation also appropriated $25,000 to
the Bibliotheque pour Tous in Switzerland. This independent library is a national medium of adult
education serving the people of Switzerland by distributing books to single readers and to adult groups. It is unique among libraries in Europe in
that it serves impartially three language groups — German, French, and Italian.
To the Library of Congress the Foundation ap- propriated in 1939 $22,000 for the development of a catalogue of Hispanic material and the or- ganization of bibliographical services in the
Hispanic Foundation. The Hispanic Foundation began its official existence as an integral part of the Library of Congress on July i, 1939. It was
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 6o THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
made possible by gifts from individual donors
and by a Congressional appropriation toward salaries. The work of the Hispanic Foundation will be closely integrated with the programs of the Committee on Latin American Studies of the American Council of Learned Societies, .the
American Library Association, and other related agencies in this general field.
A grant for a somewhat similar purpose, in the amount of $30,000, was made to the American Library Association for studies of library coopera- tion with Latin America. The American Library Association has an active committee in this field which proposes to conduct a series of exploratory studies covering exchange relations now existing between important libraries in the United States and Latin America. It is expected that out of these studies will come the development of a systematic exchange of publications, the distri- bution of American scholarly journals in Latin
America, and the preparation of a description of important Latin-American collections now in the libraries of the United States.
The Foundation also appropriated $38,600 to the American Library Association for the preparation of a new edition of die Union List of
Serials in the United States and Canada. The Union List of Serials is a national index to all material m serial form, with the exception of
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 61
newspapers, in the important libraries of this
country and Canada. The first edition, published
in 1927, is a volume of 1,588 pages listing serials
published through 1925. Nearly the entire edition
of 1,750 copies has been sold. A new edition of
this extremely useful index is necessary, and
the Foundation's appropriation will insure suc-
cessful publication.
Another grant which the Foundation made in
1939 in the general library field was $15,000 to
the New York Public Library for the develop-
ment of its microfilm services. This appropriation
will enable the Library to give its Reference
Department at the central building equipment
for microfilm copying. The Department will pro- duce long runs of copy of important material for outside demand. In addition, the new photo- graphic facilities will restore to use a great mass of material now held out of circulation, including rare collections of newspapers and other publica- tions printed on poor paper.
WHAT WILL RADIO DO FOR SOCIETY?
A foundation concerned with the advancement of knowledge finds some striking contrasts in its work. On the one hand, its funds may be serving on far frontiers where science is dealing with the smallest divisions of matter— the neutron, pro- ton, and electron. On the other hand, its funds
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 62 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
may be at work in nearer and more familiar
fields where little or no definite knowledge yet
exists.
This latter situation is illustrated by a grant which the Foundation made m 1937 to the School
of Public and International Affairs of Princeton
University, toward a study of the role which radio
is playing in the lives of listeners, This study, in
its early stages, was principally concerned with
discovering whether there were reliable ways of
finding answers to such questions as these:
What individuals and social groups listen to the radio? How much do they listen, and why?
In what ways are they affected by their lis- tening?
The radio industry had, of course, been con-
cerned with determining the size and distribution
of its audience, but primarily with relation to
that audience as prospective purchasers for products advertised over the air. To learn what
it could of the listener as an individual and as a member of society, the Princeton study, quite literally, began where the, industry left off. In some instances, a reworking of data gathered by the industry, or by other research agencies, yielded the evidence that was wanted. In other cases, where data were lacking, the study under- took its own research.
During 1939 the Foundation made a further
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 63
grant to Princeton University to enable the
study to formulate its findings, bringing appro-
priations for the work to a total of $84,500. The
first reports of the study are now appearing. Some of them will be of interest chiefly to spe-
cialists; others will undoubtedly attract a wider
public.
One report, shortly to be published, contrasts
radio's present service with that of the printed
page. What individuals and what groups in
American society tend to listen rather than to
read? Striking indeed is the divergence of prefer-
ence reported in one set of interviews.
Those who prefer to listen Those who prefer to read
"I understand easier when I "I seem to get things much am listening. It is explained more easily by reading them." better."
"I live right inside the radio "I become more absorbed in when I listen." reading,"
"Radio convinces me more, "I like to have things written because somebody is telling it down. It gives me a feeling of to me." certainty I don't have when I am listening."
"When there is a story (on the "In listening, there are always radio) I think I am there. But other things that take your when I am reading, I look up mind away. When I read, I once in a while. I know always have to Jive with it. I have to where I am." look always at the book. When I am listening, I am looking around."
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 64 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
To be sure, factors other than sheer preference enter in, as in the case of the housewife who re-
marked:
"I feel always a little bit ashamed when I read. It looks so lazy. You don't just sit and read if you have a family."
But strikingly as these preferences diverge, the
"reasons" given for them by each group clearly
reflect the common experience of finding satis-
faction in what they hear or read. Thus it is not
strange that those who listen least are those who most readily find satisfaction in what they read.
Nor is it strange, even with literacy almost
universal, to find that the percentage of radio
listeners is greater among high school graduates
than it is among college graduates, and greater still among those who did not reach high school.
Yet while this latter culture-level group listens
most in point of time, it listens least to radio's more serious offerings — symphonic music, op-
era, talks, discussions of affairs, and all programs of an educational character. Even speeches of
prime political importance draw from the lower
educational groups a percentage of listeners sub- stantially smaller than from the upper groups.
In short, radio seems, as yet, not to be extending
the interests of those members of its audience who find more satisfaction in listening than in reading.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 65
Perhaps this is only to be expected. For as the report points out: "Print did not raise the intellectual standard of living just because it was invented, but because it was used by social institutions, such as schools, and promoted by agencies, such as libraries and publishers. In the same way, serious broadcasting will have to become imbedded in the whole plexus of social institutions before it can, to any large extent, contribute to the increase of serious responses in the American community." In the case of news, though variation in listen- ing between the more and less educated groups is not so marked, the less educated rely more on radio than the more educated, who tend to rely on print. The value of thenews service which radio brings is dependent, in part, upon the accuracy and impartiality of the flow of information. "This becomes of extreme social importance," says the report, "when we consider one of the apparent characteristics, namely the suggesti- bility of the lower cultural groups, as compared with the upper." That suggestibility is, in fact, the subject of another of the study's reports, shortly to be published by the Princeton Press, which deals with the "panic" occasioned by Orson Welles's broadcast, the War of the Worlds > during the autumn of 1938. What will radio do for society? The answer to
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 66 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
that question, it is pointed out, must depend to a great extent upon what parts of the population are subject to radio's influence, and upon the factors which determine whether or not people listen. The publication of the Princeton reports, dealing with such problems as these, will test .the expectation which led the Foundation to con- tribute toward this project, i.e., that knowledge of what radio is doing for its audience should be basic in any effort to increase still further its public service.
THE HUMANITIES —1939
In addition to its interest in libraries and the radio, described in preceding pages, the Founda- tion in 1939 made appropriations to undertakings in motion pictures, the drama, and cultural rela- tions with the Far East. In its program in the humanities the Foundation is attempting to as- sist those efforts which tend to raise the general cultural level and promote cultural interchange between nations. In line with its interest in radio, the Founda- tion gave Harvard University $24,000 to* help establish at a major institution a lectureship in broadcasting. To this lectureship the University has appointed Mr. Charles A. Siepmann, for- merly of die British Broadcasting Corporation. In the field of the motion picture, the largest
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 67
contribution during 1939 was an appropriation of $60,000 to the American Film Center for general expenses during a two-year period. The Center was established in 1938, not to produce motion pictures but to act as a central agency for promoting and developing the production, distri- bution, and use of motion pictures for educational and cultural purposes. The Foundation also appropriated $7,500 to the National Committee of the United States of America on International Intellectual Cooperation for the development of international exchange of educational films; and $19,380 to the National Film Society of Canada for the same purpose. The Foundation has long had an interest in the promising growth of amateur drama which is taking place in this country. Appropriations made during 1939 included $17,500 to Vassar College toward the cost of a report on the Fed- eral Theatre Project, and of a survey of practical methods for the promotion of community drama on a national basis; $25,000 to the Studio Theatre School of Buffalo, New York, for the development of its school and community program in drama; $25,000 to the National Theatre Conference to enable it to provide fellowships for advanced training in drama; and $30,000 to the Stevens Institute of Technology for research in the con- trol of sound and light for dramatic purposes.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 68 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
Like libraries, museums are a necessary agency
in any development which looks toward wider cultural participation in a democracy. During
1939, the Foundation appropriated $75,000 for
use over a two-year period to the Museum of Modern Art to provide a rotating fund for the
circulation of exhibits and for publication; and $25,000 to the New York Museum of Science and Industry toward its general budget.
A number of appropriations made by the Foundation in 1939 were concerned with various
aspects of study in Far Eastern subjects. Thus
$15,000, available over a three-year period, was given to the Claremont Colleges, Claremont, California, for its well-developed program in
Far Eastern studies; $15,000, payable over five years, to Stanford University for the support of courses in Chinese language and literature; and $31,700, available over three years, to the Ameri- can Council of the Institute of Pacific Relations toward the cost of producing English translations of source material on Chinese history. Two appropriations made during the year re- late to the growing importance of English as an international language. To Harvard University the Foundation gave $50,000, available over five years, in support of research by Dr. I. A.
Richards in the use and teaching of language.
The sum of $22,000 was given to the Payne Fund
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 69
for the preparation of English texts and teacher-
training programs to be used in classes of foreign- born adults.
In 1939 the Foundation stepped outside its
usual program in the humanities to make a con-
tribution toward a project which it is hoped will have an important influence on the development of music in America. In the familiar setting of
the annual Berkshire Symphonic Festival in
Massachusetts, there is to be established in 1940 a center for musical education which will provide six weeks of instruction under the direction of
Serge Koussevitzky, leader of the Boston Sym-
phony Orchestra. Festival concerts will be given for three weeks in August; in the final week all
productions are to be new symphonies by Ameri-
can composers. For fifty selected advanced stu- dents there will be an institute offering courses in orchestral conducting, dramatic interpreta-
tion, and advanced composition; for 400 others, there will be an academy giving instruction in choral, orchestral, and chamber music. Toward the support of this project over two years the Foundation appropriated $60,000.
Finally, reference should be made to the ap- propriation to the American Council of Learned Societies. This outstanding national organization of American humanistic scholarship has long had support from the Foundation. In continuation
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation JO THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
of this support, the Foundation in 1939 ap-
propriated $80,000, to be used over a period of two years, toward the cost of the Council's fellowship program, planning committees, and
international activities.
THE WORK IN CHINA
War still runs its insensate course in China.
Destruction continues on a wide scale. It is one thing, however, to destroy life and property; it is another and far more difficult thing to destroy an idea. In 1934, before war struck, leaders in the political and intellectual life of China started what really was an attempt to make over a medi- eval society in terms of modern knowledge. One of the aspects of this ambitious program had to do with rural reconstruction, inasmuch as the
Chinese farmers constitute 85 per cent of the population. There is no higher tribute to the soundness of this effort than the astonishing fact that, in spite of the intolerable difficulties of the past few years, it still endures. The Rockefeller Foundation has been proud to cooperate in China's program for rural recon- struction. Since 1934, dealing almost wholly with
Chinese institutions, the Foundation has ap- propriated a total of $1,500,000 for this work. Individual grants have been made to the Na- tional Council for Rural Reconstruction, a co-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 71
operative effort of Chinese universities with local
agencies; to the Chinese Mass Education Move-
ment, under the leadership of Y. C. James Yen;
to Yenching and Nankai Universities for training
in rural administration; to the University of
Nanking for training in agricultural economics;
to the National Central University for research
in animal husbandry; and to the National Agri-
cultural Research Bureau for insect control
work. In the field of public health, aid has been
given to the National Health Administration for
public health training and to the Ministry of
Education toward the expenses of its Commis-
sion on Medical Education. The Foundation has
also furnished funds for small grants in aid and
for local training fellowships.
Of the nine projects supported under this program in China, the only one still within the present Japanese lines is the College of Public
Affairs of Yenching University. This work in the social sciences, which has long been aided by the
Foundation, is apparently able to operate with- out interference. The other projects in the pro- gram have been moved from Tientsin, Tsining,
Nanking, and Changsha to Kunming, Kweiyang,
Chungking, Chengtu, and elsewhere in the South- west Provinces. Before the war, the Southwest
Provinces, with a population approximately equal to that of the United States, were among
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 72 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
the most primitive sections of China. Making an advantage of necessity, the Chinese Govern-
ment has been taking aggressive steps to improve
conditions there. Railroads and highways are
being constructed; education and public health
are being promoted. As the war spreads, these
provinces are under increasing attack and are
suffering from serious interruptions in their
outside contacts. In spite of this, however, and regardless of the outcome of the war, it would seem that this area will play an important part in
the future of China.
Since the war began, Foundation officers have
made regular visits to the Southwest Provinces, With few exceptions, the projects which the Foundation is aiding appear not only to be well
established in their new locations but to be
working along realistic lines, based not on war
economy but on plans for long-time development. In support of the work in China in 1939, the
Foundation appropriated a total of $198,860, of which $133,860 was for the nine projects above
described, and $65,000 for fellowships and small grants in aid. In addition, the Foundation
appropriated $75,000 to the Associated Boards for Christian Colleges in China toward the emergency needs of nine private foreign colleges in China. At last report only three of these colleges remained at their original location.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENTS REVIEW 73
The Peiplng Union Medical College which is
supported by the China Medical Board, aided by grants from The Rockefeller Foundation, continues its work in Peiping, handicapped by the economic adversities in China, but unmo- lested by the war.
KEEPING THE SPARK ALIVE
Since 1915 The Rockefeller Foundation, both directly and through representative national agencies in various countries, has provided fel- lowships for over 6,800 individuals from seventy- four different countries.
Commenting on the Foundation's former fel- lows, the REVIEW for 1936 said:
"These men and women represent a group who have obtained, in so far as it has been humanly possible to devise it, die best training open to them anywhere in the world at the time when that training was most useful. In almost every case, they now occupy the posts for which their fellowship experience was intended to equip them. As a group, although scattered through- out the world, they have had a common experience; spiritually, if not linguistically, they speak a common language. Although not the primary purpose of the fellowship program, one of its important by-products has been its tangible contribution to international understanding."
The events of the last six months have had a profound effect upon the lives of this group of
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 74 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION i trained men and women. In many cases it can
no longer be said that they "occupy the posts
for which their fellowship experience was in-
tended to equip them." In countries now at war or mobilized for war, many former fellows, their careers interrupted, are serving either directly with the armed forces or in government posts engaged in war work. In those countries whose national existence has already been destroyed, an even larger proportion of former fellows are without productive employment of any kind.
It is hard to believe, however, that this invest- ment in leadership has been wasted. On either side of the battle lines are men now at war with each other who once, in better times, served the common cause of science and learning. One can only hope that when peace comes again these men will be alive and in the mood to work together once more on problems which transcend geo- graphical boundaries and racial hate. Since fellowships are awarded to the relatively young, it was inevitable that the Foundation's fellowship program should, of all its activities, first feel the effect of war. Many fellows who were citizens of belligerent nations gave up their appointments at once to join the colors. Others from neutral lands found it inadvisable, in a number of instances, to carry on studies in the institutions to which they had been accredited.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 75
Many adjustments and readjustments had to be
made. On September i, 1939, there were ninety-
five fellows of the 1938-1939 appointments, most
of them due soon to return home. At the same
time there were 207 fellows under appointment
for 1939-1940, some of whom had already ar-
rived at their posts and were at work, while
others were either en route or just on the point
of leaving for their new positions. Following the
outbreak of war, the Foundation was obliged to
take action which amounted to a temporary
cancellation of fellowship exchange between Eu- rope and America. In the case of most Europeans in the group still at home, appointments had to be rescinded. European fellows already at work in the United States were notified that the
Foundation was willing to continue all fellow- ships to their normal termination, but if the re- cipients so desired, it was prepared to facilitate their return home. By the end of 1939, 154 fellowships had been terminated.
In so far as practicable, however, the Founda- tion has carried on its fellowship program. Dur- ing 1939 the Foundation supported 583 fellow- ships at a cost of approximately $775,000. Of the total number of these fellowships, 409 were administered directly by the Foundation. The fields representing these fellowships were as follows: public health, 112; public health nurs-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 76 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION ing, thirty; medical sciences, sixty; natural sci-
ences, seventy-seven; social sciences, fifty-eight; humanities, sixty-eight; and the program in
China, four (not including local fellowships in
China). The other fellowships supported by the Foundation during 1939 were awarded by other
agencies. The National Research Council was responsible for seventy-six; the American Council of Learned Societies for five; the Social Science Research Council for forty-eight; the Peiping
Union Medical College for twenty-three; the Medical Research Council of Great Britain for seven; the American School of Classical Studies,
Athens, for eight; and the Authors' League of
America for seven. The 583 fellows supported in
1939 were citizens of forty-six countries; 312 of them pursued their work in countries other than their own.
APPLICATIONS DECLINED DURING 1939
In 1939 the Foundation was obliged to decline
2,459 of the applications for aid which it received, since the type of assistance requested did not fall within the scope of the activities of the organiza- tion as determined by its present policies. The
Foundation does not make gifts or loans to indi- viduals, or finance patents or altruistic move- ments involving private profit, or contribute to the building or maintenance of churches, hos-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation PRESIDENT S REVIEW 77
phals, or other local institutions, or support
campaigns to influence public opinion on any
social or political questions, no matter how im-
portant or disinterested these questions may be.
The applications declined during 1939 may be
classified under the following headings: confer-
ences and meetings, twenty-two; continued aid
to projects, thirty-one; cures, remedies, investi-
gations of theories and inventions, 127; develop-
ment of educational institutions and projects,
247; European refugees, 205; fellowships, travel
and training grants, 710; local institutions (in-
cluding hospitals, theatres, libraries, museums,
churches, etc.), 218; personal aid, seventy-seven; plans for organization for world peace, nine; public health projects, forty-two; publication,
139; research projects, 383; and miscellaneous,
249.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation REPORT OF THE SECRETARY
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation SECRETARY'S REPORT
flE members and trustees of The Rocke- feller Foundation during the year 1939 Twere:
John D. Rockefeller, Jr., Chairman Winthrop W. Aldrich Ernest M. Hopkins Harold W. Dodds Thomas I. Parkinson Lewis W. Douglas Alfred N. Richards John Foster Dulles John D. Rockefeller, 3rd Raymond B. Fosdick Walter W. Stewart Douglas S. Freeman Arthur Hays Sulzberger Herbert S. Gasser Harold H. Swift Walter S. Gifford George H. Whipple Jerome D. Greene Ray Lyman Wilbur Owen D. Young
The officers of the Foundation were:
John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Chairman of the Board of Trus- tees Raymond B. Fosdick President Thomas B. Appleget Vice-President Selskar M. Gunn Vice-President Alan Gregg, M.D. Director-for the Medical Sciences Warren Weaver Director for the Natural Sciences Joseph H. Willits Director for the Social Sciences David H. Stevens Director for the Humanities Wilbur A. Sawyer, M.D. Director^ International Health Division Norma S. Thompson Secretary Edward Robinson Treasurer George J. Beal Comptroller Thomas M. Debevoise Counsel Chauncey Belknap Associate Counsel
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 82 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
The following were members of the executive
committee during the year:
The President, Chairman Harold W. Dodds Herbert S. Gasser Lewis W. Douglas John D. Rockefeller, 3rd Douglas S. Freeman Walter W. Stewart Arthur Hays Sulzberger
The following served as scientific directors of the International Health Division of the Founda-
tion during 1939:
Thomas M. Rivers, M.D., Chairman
Stanhope Bayne-Jones, M.D. Kenneth F. Maxcy, M.D, Ernest W. Goodpasture, M.D. Harry S. Mustard, M.D. Felix J. Underwood, M.D. The Director of the Division
MEETINGS
Regular meetings of The Rockefeller Founda-
tion were held on April 5 and December 5 and 6,
1939. Seven meetings of the executive commit-
tee were held during the year to take actions
within general policies approved by the trustees.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT
A summary of the Appropriations Account of the Foundation for the year 1939 and a state- ment of its Principal Fund follow.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 1..- "1 IV,
SECRETARY'S REPORT 83
SUMMARY OF APPROPRIATIONS ACCOUNT
FUNDS AVAILABLE FUNDS APPROPRIATED
Balance from 1938 $1,899,994 Appropriations Income for 1939., 6,627,442 Public Health... $2,000,000 Unexpended bal- Medical Sciences 1,927,180 ances of appro- Natural Sciences 2,005,832 priations and Social Sciences.. 2,027,700 authorization al- Humanities 992,180 lowed to lapse Program in China 300,000 and refunds on Miscellaneous 100,000 prior year grants 847,006 Administration Transferred from Scientific Divi- principal fund in sions 575>O99 accordance with General 276,926 resolutions of trustees, April 5, $10,204,917 1939 1,845,000
Less appropria- tions for which funds were pre- viously author- ized 759jQoo
$ 9j445>9*7
Authorization for later appropria- tion by the exec- utive committee 17*504
$ 9,463,421
Balance available for appropriation in 1940 1,756,021
$11,219,442 $11,219,442
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
PRINCIPAL FUND
Book vaJue as of December 31,1938 $148,004,942 Deduct: Amount withdrawn from principal for transfer to Appropriations Account in accordance with resolutions of the trustees April 5,1939 1,845,000
Principal Fund as of December 31,1939 $146,159,942
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
Stanhope Bayne-Jones, M.D. Harry S. Mustard, M.D. Ernest W. Goodpasture, M.D. Thomas M. Rivers, M.D. Kenneth F. Maxcy, M.D. Felix J. Underwood, M.D. The Director of the Division
STAFF DURING 1939
Director
Wilbur A. Sawyer, M.D.
Associate Directors
John A. Ferrell, M.D. George K, Strode, M.D.
Assistant Directors
Lewis W. Hackett, M.D. Andrew J. Warren, M.D.
Staff
Charles A. Bailey, M.D. Henry P. Carr, M.D. Marshall C. Balfour, M.D. Joseph C. Carter Claude H. Barlow, M.D. Ottis R. Causey8 Marston Bates Lowell T. Coggeshall, M.D. Johannes H, Bauer, M.D. Ralph K. Collins, M.D. Henry Beeuwkes, M.D.1 Platt W. Covington, M.D. George Bevier, M.D. Porter J. Crawford, M.D. Mark F. Boyd, M.D. F, Elisabeth Crowell John C, Bugher, M.D. Brian R. Dyer Alexander W. Burke, M.D. Walter C. Earle, M,D.8
1 Resigned August 31, 1939. 3 Resigned May n, 1939. 3 Appointed July i, 1939.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION 87
Monroe D. Eaton, M.D. Daniel M. Molloy, M.D. John E. Elmendorf, M.D. Hugo Muench, M.D. Edward W. Flahiff, M.D. J. Hariand Paul, M.D. William L. Fleming, M.D.1 George C. Payne, M.D. John P. Fox, M.D.2 Edward G. Pickels Raymond M. Gilmore Persis Putnam John B. Grant, M.D. Elsmere R. Rickard, M.D. Richard G. Hahn, M.D. Paul F. Russell, M.D. Rolla B. Hill, M.D. Francis F. Schwentker, Frank L. Horsfall, Jr., M.D. M.D. Thomas P. Hughes Raymond C. Shannon John L. Hydrick, M.D. Hugh H. Smith, M.D. Henry R. Jacobs, M.D.3 Kenneth C. Smith burn, William P. Jacocks, M.D. M.D. John H. Janney, M.D. Fred L. Soper, M.D. Harald N. Johnson, M.D. Winfield C. Sweet, M.D. John F. Kendrick, M.D. Richard M. Taylor, M.D. J. Austin Kerr, M.D. Ruth G. Taylor6 Stuart F. Kitchen, M.D. Mary Elizabeth Tennant Frederick W. Knipe Max Theiler, M.D. Henry W. Kumm, M.D. Thomas B. Turner, M.D.6 Sylvester M. Lambert, Benjamin E. Washburn, M.D. M.D. Charles N. Leach, M.D. John M. Weir, M.D. Edwin H. Lennette, M.D.4 Clifford W. Wells, M.D. Estus H. Magoon Loring Whitman, M.D. Alexander F. Mahaffy, D. Bruce Wilson, M.D. M.D. Daniel E. Wright William A. Mclntosh, M.D. Clark H. Yeager, M.D D. F. Milam, M.D.
'Appointed July 1,1939. Resigned * Appointed August I, 1939. September 30, 1939. B Appointed September i, 1939. 3Appointed July i, 1939. ° Resigned August 31, 1939. a Appointed February i, 1939.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION
FRONTIERS OP PUBLIC HEALTH 91
RESEARCH IN THE NEW YORK LABORATORIES 94
DISEASE CONTROL
Yellow Fever 105 Malaria in Influenza 121 Other Diseases
AID TO STATE AND LOCAL HEALTH SERVICES 135
PUBLIC HEALTH EDUCATION 146
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH
DIVISION
FRONTIERS OF PUBLIC HEALTH
THREE important frontiers in public health today concern yellow fever, ma- laria, and influenza. The frontier areas where battle is joined with these diseases may be in jungles, in congested tenements, in the hearts of cities, or in white-tiled laboratories. At many places where earnest workers are striving after needed facts or experimenting in their applica- tion to community problems in these fields the Foundation has offered a helping hand. In yellow fever work such primitive conditions prevailed that within this generation scientific pioneers paid with their lives for Jack of the knowledge which they were seeking and which has subsequently been obtained. A new era in yellow fever research was opened in 1927 with the discovery that the rhesus monkey was more susceptible to yellow fever than man. After that there was no longer any lag in yellow fever ex- perimentation. In 1930 Dr. Max Theiler in Bos- ton discovered that the white mouse was also susceptible if inoculated in a certain way. This prepared the way so that the great reservoirs from which yellow fever came into cities and
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
paths of commerce could be located. By testing
sera collected in many countries it was found
that the infection had recently existed and was
probably still present in Africa from Senegal to
the upper Nile. Likewise it was present in most
of the Amazon basin. The greatest surprise canie
when outbreaks of yellow fever were identified
in South American localities where the well-
known aegypti mosquito was entirely absent.
The location of large interior areas in South
America from which yellow fever came into the
cities was a big step forward. The true nature of this jungle fever is not yet wholly revealed.
Meanwhile, however, an excellent start has been
made in the application of large-scale methods of
immunization by vaccination. The yellow fever
frontier has been pushed back until much of
the terror has been removed from that fearful
epidemic disease which used also to invade the
United States. Malaria has many frontiers because it is trans-
mitted by numerous species of anopheline mos- quitoes. Occasionally it develops into a devastat- ing epidemic. One of these frontiers lies in the northeastern part of Brazil where the Anopheles gambiae is now being studied and fought. Many persons had for a long time escaped the disease and were consequently highly susceptible. The arrival of these dangerous mosquitoes in great
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION 93
numbers coincided with conditions ripe for a se- vere epidemic. Something had to be done quickly. It seemed worth great cost and effort to attempt against heavy odds to get rid of this new invader while it was still possible. A fuller account of this recent control work in malaria and of similar work in yellow fever is found in the REVIEW by the President of The Rockefeller Foundation on
pages 18 to 32. A third frontier is influenza, a disease that at times is almost everywhere. Influenza has always moved about without hindrance. It is a term today applied vaguely to a combination of dis- ease symptoms involving the respiratory tract. New York City is an important center for re- search on this disease. A new approach began in 1933 when workers at the National Institute for Medical Research at Hampstead, England, suc- ceeded in transmitting to ferrets the infectious agent of one type of influenza then epidemic in England. The same virus was isolated in follow- ing years in outbreaks of influenza in many countries from Alaska to Puerto Rico and from the United States to Central Europe and Aus- tralia. This disease has been named epidemic in- fluenza. There are various other kinds of respira- tory diseases included' in the vague influenza group. The virus of epidemic influenza was trans- mitted to mice also, but the ferret is more sus-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 94 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
ceptible. Mice can be used only in certain types
of study. It is sometimes said that medical science has advanced so far that the world now needs, above all, application of what has already been discov-
ered. In influenza, however, there is obvious need for something new, a method of immuniza-
tion. In general, in a number of diseases there is room for pioneers who clear away ignorance at
the frontiers of public health and who experiment in limited communities with trial applications of
the newer knowledge.
RESEARCH IN THE NEW YORK LABORATORIES
At the Laboratories of the International Health Division in New York a part of the activities centered around a search for the factors responsi- ble for the modification of the virulence of yellow fever virus. There was an investigation of the failure of certain portions of 170 virus used in vaccination in Brazil in the latter part of 1938 to immunize in all cases. A study was made of the ability of the virus at various stages of cultiva- tion to stimulate the production in the human or animal system of protective bodies against yellow fever. Dried tissue culture material from the early stages of the cultivation of the xyD virus was revived and carried through further cultures
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION 95
to determine more accurately the point at which
the virus, when injected into monkeys, would fail to produce fatal disease and at the same time produce a high degree of active immunity in a
much less susceptible animal — the guinea pig. This study will probably not be completed for another year.
Although the active component now used in yellow fever vaccination is derived from yellow
fever virus rendered nonvirulent by laboratory methods, the factors responsible for this happy modification of the virus are not yet known. The separate series of cultures from which iyD was
obtained has been continued for over six years. While the cultivated virus soon lost its ability to affect the viscera, it has retained its virulence for nervous tissue. When the 170 series, however, was developed in the chick embryo from which
the central nervous system had been removed, the affinity of the virus to the nervous tissues was also much diminished, and this has never been regained even when the virus was passed through nervous tissue. But a virulent intermediate series of virus cultures which had been passed through chick embryo without the nervous system still
retained its neurotropic virulence. The French strain of virus with a virulence equal to the Asibi strain as well as another relatively avirulent strain of yellow fever virus were grown in paral-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 96 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
lei series. They rapidly lost their virulence but continued to be harmful to the central nervous system. Only one conclusion can thus far be
drawn: the lack of nervous tissue elements in the
culture medium was not the cause of the change in I7D virus which rendered it nonvirulent.
Malaria investigations in 1939 continued chiefly along the lines of immunology and chemo-
therapy. Previous studies have revealed that
sera from monkeys which have become immune upon recovery from an acute attack of monkey
malaria contain protective substances. Contin-
uation of these studies in 1939 showed that cer- tain immune sera of high potency rendered the
Plasmodium knowksi or monkey malaria para-
sites noninfectious for rhesus monkeys when in-
cubated together before inoculation, while the same sera would no longer exert this effect if inoculated separately from the same number of injected parasites. Further evidence that serum from an immune monkey possesses the ability to destroy parasites without the aid of phagocytic cells in the body of the host must be confirmed by proof that the immune serum interferes with the parasite's metabolism. This phase is being in- vestigated. With Plasmodium knowksi in the monkey, as contrasted to human malaria, it is possible to ob- tain enormous quantities of parasitic material
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION 97
for the production of a vaccine. Experiments with
vaccine in monkeys did not suggest that vaccina- tion in malaria was a hopeful procedure.
Malaria is a disease in which relapses are fre-
quent. The reason for the occurrence of these re-
lapses which follow treated or untreated acute malaria infections, is not understood. In the lab-
oratory it was found that immediately before a malaria relapse in the rhesus monkey the con-
centration of protective substances in the blood
of these monkeys fell to an undetectable level, but following the termination of the relapse this
concentration rose to an extremely high level.
The most likely explanation for this behavior
is that in chronic malaria infection there exists a continual fluctuating balance between infection and immunity. When the protective substances are depleted or exhausted, a relapse follows.
Then the release of large numbers of parasites again stimulates protection until the high con- centration of protective bodies once more termi- nates the relapse.
Investigations with sulfanilamide indicated that this drug has a selective action against the malaria organism Plasmodium knowlesi. When this organism was associated simultaneously with the related organism Plasmodium mui, sul- fanilamide eradicated the former but exerted only a slight effect on the latter parasite. By a
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
new method the activity of the drug on the
metabolism of the malaria parasite was studied.
Results indicate that sulfanilamide paralyzes the
metabolic activity of the knowlesi parasite while
the metabolism of the inui parasite is not af-
fected. Other studies showed that quinine sul-
fanilamide bisulphate used against malaria in
canaries was no more effective than quinine
alone.
With an apparatus maintaining a constant low
temperature of —76° C. two different strains of monkey malaria parasites, Plasmodium knowlesi
and Plasmodium mui, were kept alive for at least
150 days, and a canary malaria strain for thirty- five days. Successful preservation of the avian parasites was more difficult than the preservation of the monkey plasmodia.
The knowledge that a sudden increase in po- tassium in the serum of human beings leads to a chill and a shock was applied to a study of the malaria chill. The work was done in cooperation with Dr. R. L. Zwemer of the School of Medi- cine of Columbia University, who has recently devised a method for the determination of se- rum potassium levels. The greatest potassium concentration is in the red blood cells. As the malaria parasites are liberated from the red corpuscles, there is frequently a 100 per cent increase of potassium component in the blood
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION 99
serum, which after this peak gradually returns to
normal values. This result implies that the ma-
laria chill may be due to an accumulation of po-
tassium in the blood stream, and not to some
indefinite "toxin." As opportunities for ex-
periment present themselves, attempts will be
made to halt the malaria paroxysm by various
antipotassium substances.
During 1939 excellent opportunities were pro-
vided for epidemiological, clinical, etiological,
and serological studies of almost all types of acute
diseases of the respiratory tract likely to occur
either in suburban or in institutional populations.
The major clinical varieties of acute respiratory
diseases investigated may be classified as epi-
demic influenza, primary atypical pneumonia,
sporadic grippe, and the common cold. Sporadic grippe and the common cold, however, un- doubtedly do not represent clear-cut entities and may well include a number of different con- ditions.
The group of human beings under observation was increased to a total of about six thousand individuals. Besides the area at Yorktown
Heights, New York, where the International
Health Division cooperates with the Health De- partment of Westchester County, arrangements were made for the study of cases of respiratory diseases in the following five state institutions:
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 100 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
the Middletown State Homeopathic Hospital,
3,600 individuals; the New York State Voca-
tional Institute, West Coxsackie, 900 individuals;
the Westfield State Farm, Bedford Hills, 450
individuals; the Wallkill State Prison, 400 in-
dividuals; and the New York State Training
School for Girls at Hudson, 450 individuals. In
addition, close and active cooperation is main-
tained with the Hospital of the Rockefeller In-
stitute and the Welfare Hospital, New York
City; the Cornell University Infirmary at Ithaca;
and the New York State Department of Health,
Albany.
A small epidemic of influenza occurred early in
1939 in the Yorktown Heights area, and localized
epidemics were studied in the New York State
Vocational Institution, the Rockefeller Institute
Hospital, and the Middletown State Homeo-
pathic Hospital. From a total of sixty-five throat
washings from representative cases in these epi-
demics twenty-nine strains of epidemic influenza
virus were isolated. The strains were of relatively low virulence.
A study of the antibodies, or protective sub- stances, produced in the human host by influenza was carried out by means of a new neutralization
technique, with serum specimens obtained from a group of patients at the Middletown State
Homeopathic Hospital. Sera taken from patients
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION IOI
In various stages of the disease were tested by
measuring the quantity of epidemic influenza
virus which they would neutralize. This power of
neutralization existed for a relatively short time.
It was proved that an attack of epidemic in-
fluenza provides immunity for only a compara-
tively short time. It was also found that approxi-
mately 30 per cent of well persons who had had
contact with the disease had been sufficiently
infected by the virus to show a significant in-
crease in antibody concentration, although they
remained entirely without symptoms of illness.
Through blood specimens from 853 individuals
in the York town Heights area, by 800 of whom
specimens had previously been given in 1938, and
with the use of some 30,000 mice, very full in-
formation was obtained of the antibody levels, or potential protection, of this suburban popula- tion. When the 1938 concentration of protective substances was compared with the 1939 concen- tration in sera from the same individuals, it was discovered that these concentrations had not significantly altered during the year, despite the fact that an epidemic of influenza had occurred in a small number of the individuals during that time. This peculiar constancy of antibody strength against epidemic influenza virus ap- pears to be almost in the nature of a personal characteristic. It is unlikely that vaccination
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation IO2 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
co.uld be expected to produce lasting immunity against epidemic influenza, as the immunity
which follows an attack of the disease appears to be of only a few months' duration; neverthe-
less, such a method of protection would be of
very great importance if it could be used in the actual or potential presence of a pandemic of in-
fluenza.
Vaccination with epidemic influenza virus was
studied in mice and in human beings. Tests with
both active and inactive preparations of the virus in mice showed the inactivated virus to be con- siderably less efficient as an immunizing agent
than the active virus, although it still rendered mice immune to subsequent inoculation of small
amounts of the virus. Sixty persons were vac-
cinated with a virus cultured in the developing chick embryo, and serological studies are in
progress to determine the amount of protection which may have resulted.
A complex vaccine used to prevent the spread of canine distemper in the ferret colony produced
a broad immunity against various strains of in- fluenza virus for more than three months. The
tissues used in making the vaccine were obtained from ferrets which had been infected with epi- demic influenza virus during the incubation period of the distemper. Immunity in ferrets to so many different strains of influenza virus
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION
could not be obtained by an influenza vaccine
without the distemper virus. Although distemper
virus is immunologically unrelated to influenza
virus, its presence in some way seems to alter the
latter virus, so that a vaccine made from both is
much more effective than one made from in-
fluenza virus alone.
A search to find a' native small wild animal
susceptible to human respiratory diseases was
without result, but it has been discovered that
the Syrian hamster, although it fails to show any
clinical or pathological symptoms of the disease,
is susceptible to infection by epidemic influenza
virus and is capable of producing antibodies
against this virus. Successful attempts to breed
the Syrian hamster have been made in the Divi- sion's New York laboratories. The small size of
the animal, its relatively low cost, the ease with which it can be handled, and its resistance to dis-
temper may make it of considerable use in the future in the study of epidemics of influenza.
Investigations of sporadic grippe and the com- mon cold show quite clearly that the cause of these conditions is not related to the epidemic influenza virus, but as yet reveal no definite in- formation as to what the agent or agents may be.
Studies on primary atypical pneumonia, an unusual form of pneumonia which has been in- creasingly noticed during the past two years.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 104 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
were transferred to Jamaica where experiments
were carried out on the wild mongoose. Virus
isolated from human cases of this disease pro-
duced transmissible consolidation of variable ex-
tent in the mongoose lung. If the agent now be-
ing studied proves to be actually the cause of
primary atypical pneumonia, the information
gathered and the tests developed should be of
considerable value in diagnosis.
Through the development of a storage cabinet
which operates at a mean temperature of —76°
C. the New York laboratories have been able to
keep between fifteen hundred and three thousand
virus specimens systematically filed and readily
available. Frequent Josses, as well as the possibil-
ity of cross contamination of specimens, have
been eliminated by the use of a cold gas mixture
for cooling and of celluloid tubes. Standard epi-
demic influenza virus suspensions of known in-
fectiousness have been stored in the cabinet for a
period of twelve months, and throat washings
from epidemic influenza patients have retained
their original virus activity in an unaltered state
for a similar period. This ability to store a larger
number of specimens than could be studied at
any one time, and to make repeated examina- tions of individual specimens has materially facilitated the investigations reported above.
New animal isolation quarters have made
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION IO$
possible the study of a number of dissimilar virus
strains simultaneously in ferrets without fear of cross infection. The animal cages are placed in
isolation units of monel metal with reinforced glass doors, which have an air intake and outlet,
but are otherwise practically air tight. A powerful exhaust fan in the ventilating system withdraws about 1,800 cubic feet of air per minute. The out- let of each cubicle at the back is connected with
the ventilating system. About three cubic feet of air, filtered at both intake and outlet, passes through each cubicle per minute.
DISEASE CONTROL
YELLOW FEVER
In the above section, an account is given of the recent laboratory work in yellow fever vaccina- tion. This should be read in connection with the account given earlier in this volume, pages 28 to 31, of recent experiences with yellow fever vaccination in Brazil. The work in Brazil was paralleled on a smaller scale by a vaccination campaign in Colombia. From June 1937 to May 1939, vaccinations in Colombia were done almost entirely with a vaccine prepared in the Laborato- ries of the International Health Division in New
York City. The first attempts to prepare 170 vaccine in Colombia were made in 1938. When the
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation IO6 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
new laboratory building, constructed in Bogota
by the Government of Colombia in collaboration
with The Rockefeller Foundation, was com-
pleted, installations were provided for large-scale
manufacture of yellow fever vaccine. All vaccina-
tions made in Colombia since May 1939 have
been carried out with vaccine prepared in that
laboratory. From June 1937 to April 1940,
175,182 persons have been vaccinated in Colombia
and the vaccinations are continuing at the rate
of 10,000 per month. During 1937 and 1938 the number vaccinated in Colombia was 19,356;
the number vaccinated in 1939 was 127,957; and during the firstfou r months of 1940 the number
vaccinated was 27,867.
The program now in effect involves intensive vaccination of the population in rural zones where
actual cases of yellow fever were discovered;
vaccination of as high a percentage as possible of
the population in areas where yellow fever oc-
curred in the last six years, with special emphasis on the population living along the Magdalen a
River and along the railroads and highways lead- ing to that river; and finally vaccination of groups of skilled and other workers or travellers
who might be exposed in infected zones. In
these various groups, people of all ages, from in- fants of six months upward, have been inocu- lated. In certain regions, from 60 to 65 per cent
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Photograph Excised Here
New Yellow Kever Laboratory Bogota, Colombia.
&&*
Photograph Excised Here
Lined up for vaccination again.st yellow fever, Colombia.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION IO9
of the entire population were given protection,
while in other sections the protected portion
amounted to 20 per cent.
The efficiency of the vaccine as applied in the
field is controlled by the collection of blood sam- ples for the mouse protection test from as many of the vaccinated groups as is practicable. The re-
sults of 2,139 protection tests of this kind indicate
that over 90 per cent of those tested showed evi-
dence of immunity, and therefore were presuma-
bly protected. Least satisfactory results were en-
countered among groups vaccinated with special lots of vaccine containing relatively small
amounts of active virus. No serious reactions, either early or late, to the vaccine have been ob-
served. There is evidence that immunity con- ferred by the vaccination lasts in most individ- uals for at least two years, \
The Rockefeller Foundation maintains the
Yellow Fever Research Institute in Entebbe,
Uganda, where the activities during the early part of the year included field studies in the
Bwamba area in the western province of Uganda.
This is a forest tract with a population of about
twenty-five thousand, mostly living in centers outside the forest area. Well over a thousand sera were collected from the Bwamba area and examination by the mouse protection test showed
that a little over 10 per cent of the population
© 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation used in malaria control pro- gram, Attik- kottai, India.
iv p ^ <$&
Photograptfh Excise* d Here
1' I i J1 :
Photograph Excised Here
New Malaria Institute, dedicated in 19,19, .Agua.s de Moura, Portugal.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 110 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
had been immunized against yellow fever. The
protected persons were of all ages, but there seems
to be a marked difference in the percentage of
protective sera obtained from adults as com-
pared with children. The fact that the rate for
adults in infected areas was about ten times1
higher than that for children seems to indicate
that there may be some difference in occupation
or habit at maturity which increases the risk of
infection. The presence of yellow fever appears
to be related to more intimate contact with the
forest. Evidence also points to an extensive epi- demic about fifteen years ago. This may have left behind an animal reservoir from which humans are occasionally infected.
Headquarters for future work are planned in another location in closer contact with the forest area. The Uganda Medical Service authori- ties are cooperating in this plan. The future pro- gram of this station would include the capture of monkeys and other available animals, especially rodents, for immunity tests, as well as the cap- ture of insects and their examination for natural infection and the ability to transmit viruses.
Another objective of the work of this Yellow
Fever Research Institute is the isolation of infec- tious agents, including those other than yellow fever virus, found in this region of Africa. When field work is in progress, mice inoculated in the
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION 11 J
field are brought to the laboratory for daily
observation. If any of such mice become ill, es-
pecially if they show symptoms of disturbances
in the central nervous system, they are given
special study. As a result of this work during
1939 thirteen strains of transmissible agents
were established, twelve from Bwamba and one from the Sudan. These agents isolated during
the year were markedly different in behavior
from those isolated previously. There is consid-
erable doubt as to their nature as well as to their origin. The thirteen agents found in 1939 bring
the total number thus far discovered to twenty-
one. Investigation of one of these has been com-
pleted. The new agent turned out to be a filter-
able neurotropic virus. It was isolated from the
blood of an African woman with fever. It can
produce encephalitis in rhesus monkeys and causes characteristic lesions in the central nerv- ous system of susceptible animals. This disease agent, which appears not to be previously de- scribed, has been designated the West Nile virus.
MALARIA
With Foundation aid, malaria is attacked in many countries and from many sides. The pur- pose is to make malaria control more discrimi- nating and increasingly effective. The emphasis is on mosquito control, which entails a close
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLE* R FOUNDATION study of the different species of anopheline mos-
quitoes and, in some cases, different races of the same species, with regard to their power to con- vey malaria and the type of breeding places they select. In laboratory work, efforts are made to discover new facts about the nature of malaria immunity, and the reactions of the human body and the malaria parasite to each other.
At the University of Chicago, further support was given to malaria studies by Dr. W. H.
Taliaferro, dean of the Division of Biological
Sciences. At present, the studies conducted there concern the mechanism of malaria im- munity. Increased emphasis is also given to genetic studies both of the malaria parasite and of the mosquito host. At the Johns Hopkins
School of Hygiene and Public Health, support is given to malaria studies under the direction of
Dr. Robert Hegner. One point under investiga- tion is the question why the malaria organism is more prone to enter young red blood cells than mature ones. The answer to this and similar questions may provide information on new meth- ods of curing and preventing malaria. At the
Molteno Institute of Parasitology of the Uni- versity of Cambridge in England, Colonel S. P.
James has received Foundation support in his research on die malaria parasite in chickens.
Basic work on the biology of this malaria para-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION 113
site is in progress; one of the important results
has been the discovery that the chicken malaria
organism, Plasmodium gallinaceumy has a schizo-
gonic cycle of development in the tissue cells of
the spleen and other internal organs, as well as
the usual schizogonic cycle in the red blood cells.
Work at the Station for Malaria Research at
Tallahassee, Florida, was continued in 1939.
The Florida Research Station was organized in
1931. It is under the direction of an International
Health Division staff member, assisted by per- sonnel of the Florida State Hospital, for which the Station supplies a malaria therapy service.
The arrangement with the Florida State Hos- pital has resulted in the development of a pre- cise technique for performing naturally induced malaria inoculations and a notable improvement in malaria therapy. The continuity of this work has been made possible by the successful rearing of anopheline colonies at the Station. Investiga- tions of malaria parasitology and immunology are conducted.
Another malaria project in Florida is the con- trol study in Escambia County, which was initi- ated in 1937. The objectives are the control of malaria in Escambia County and the city of
Pensacola, as well as stimulation of control measures elsewhere in Florida. Field investiga- tions and the training of personnel also enter
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into the program. The chief features of the ma-
laria control work in this region are its engineer-
ing aspects; emphasis is on drainage. The oc-
currence of malaria is also carefully studied by
means of spleen and blood indices, as well as the
capture of larvae and adult mosquitoes, Em7
phasis is laid on the training of future malaria
workers. In the early summer of 1939, a group of
fifteen persons from local health departments of
Florida received training in malaria control.
The members of the anopheline mosquito
family vary enormously in their susceptibility to
the malaria organism. Of the two hundred-odd
species of anophelines, about fifteen have been
incriminated as habitual distributors of malaria
parasites. These fifteen are scattered all over the
world; usually there are only one or two danger-
ous species in any one area. Persons infected
with malaria do not have the sexual form of the
plasmodium, or the malaria organism, in the cir-
culating blood stream all the time; hence these persons are true carriers only intermittently or for a limited period. Unless there is at least one carrier present, there wjll be no malaria. Once
the process has started, the mosquito plays the governing role in maintaining the supply of carriers. It is the number of guilty mosquitoes present which, to a great extent, determines the malaria transmission in any locality.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION 115
However, a world-wide survey of the situation
indicates that, in some cases, this does not hold
true. The same mosquito will be an effective car-
rier in one area and not in another. Malaria mos-
quitoes differ in their taste for human blood.
From the point of view of blood thirstiness,
Anopheles gambiae> which has conquered Africa
and is now terroming Brazil, probably heads the
list and at the tail end of the list come certain
fresh-water varieties of the European Anopheles
maculipennis.
Some anophelines may be less susceptible to
malaria infection than others. A great deal of
valuable work has been done on this point but the
results are confusing. Harmless species are quite
as easily infected as dangerous ones. It is more
promising to investigate the host preferences of
mosquitoes. A. gambiae shows exclusive attach-
ment to man. Eighty per cent of those caught in
Africa gave evidence of having fed on man. But
in Italy, certain varieties of maculipennis gave
an index of as low as 10 per cent in this respect.
Figures of this sort are now referred to as the
anthropophilic index.
Malaria studies have been carried on in Mex- ico with the purpose of determining present ma- laria conditions in the State of Morelos, where malaria occurs in association with the cultivation of rice. The malaria mosquito in these rice fields
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is Anopheles pseudoputfctipennis; in fact, this
jmosquito is the only carrier of malaria over
wide areas in Mexico. Present studies include
observation of its behavior under different con-
ditions in various parts of Mexico.
In Cuba a malaria survey, which is eventually
to include the whole island, was completed in
Oriente Province and partially completed in
three other provinces. Results so far obtained in
these three provinces indicate that scattered
areas of moderate malaria will have to be dealt
with. In Oriente Province, with an area of over
6,000 square miles and a population of 1,000,000,
where sugar production is the chief industry,
the occurrence of malaria is limited to places of less than 1,000 feet altitude. The important vec-
tor is Anopheles albimanus. Control demonstra-
tions through drainage are to be undertaken at the town of Bayamo and the Vista Allegre section of Santiago. Drainage of the Vista Allegre dis- trict should do much toward freeing the entire city of Santiago of malaria.
In Costa Rica the most malarious province is
Guanacaste. Liberia, the capital of the province, was selected for a control demonstration. By drainage, breeding places within one kilometer of the city were eliminated, and by November
1939 the spleen index in Liberia had decreased to one-fourth of its original figure.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION 117
Drainage measures in Panama are conducted
on a large scale in and about various cities and
towns. The purpose is to arrive at permanent
control of malaria. Foundation cooperation in
malaria control in Panama began in 1931 and has
continued up to the end of 1939. As a result of
this nine-year cooperative program, there are
now available in Panama adequate laws which
insure funds, a considerable body of trained per-
sonnel, and a great deal of experience in malaria
work. At present the Government of Panama is
spending more than $150,000 annually for ma-
laria control.
An account of the control campaign against
Anopheles gambiae > the new and dangerous ma-
laria carrier in Brazil, has been given elsewhere.
The importance of the gambiae problem is fully
recognized in Brazil. The insect has shown what
havoc it is capable of rendering to a susceptible
population. It has also shown its capacity for
adaptation to inhospitable environments, as
well as its capacity to spread by using modern means of transport such as railways, ships,
and automobiles. For breeding, the gambiae chooses places where the water temperature rises
to a high point in full sunshine, usually such places as hoofprints, marginal pools, borrow- pits, or small excavations where there is no vege- tation. It is indifferent to whether the water is
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Il8 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION clean or dirty. This mosquito shuns Jakes, reser- voirs, and running streams and its preference for man-made breeding areas is one point in which it is vulnerable. Furthermore, the long dry season favors the reduction of breeding places. This, in addition to the fact that there are certain natural
boundaries which help to hold the gambiae in check, engenders confidence in the ability of the
Malaria Service to combat this insect. This Ma- laria Service has been successful in obtaining a large measure of cooperation from the people in doing away with artificial water collections. The success of the campaign to eradicate gambiae de- pends largely on the ability to locate and syste- matically eradicate these breeding spots.
Investigators in British Guiana encounter a malaria problem which is serious and in many ways unique. The civilized population of the col- ony, numbering from 350,000 to 400,000, is chiefly concentrated along a narrow coastal strip of land less than five miles in depth. Since much of this land, which is devoted to the pro- duction of rice and sugar cane, is below sea level, drainage is impossible. Emphasis is therefore placed on the development of housing projects and mosquito-proofing,
In Albania antilarval work was carried out without interruption in seven stations through- out the country. The work was conspicuously
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION 119
successful in three of these areas which comprise
the most important towns in the country —
Tirana, Durazzo, and Scutari.
In July 1939 a survey of Italy was made by
staff members to determine the geographic ex-
tension of the different varieties of Anopheles
maculipennis. At the end of the year, the five-
year program of financial aid to the Rome In-
stitute of Public Health came to an end. The
Laboratory for Malaria Studies, formerly the
Malaria Experiment Station which was founded
with Foundation aid in 1925 and has received
support each year since then, has been made an
integral division of the Institute of Public
Health.
In Greece the Malaria Division of the Athens
School of Hygiene continued to receive support.
Forty-two antimalaria dispensaries are operating
under the direction of local doctors. Wide dis-
tribution of small fish which feed on mosquito
larvae was carried out. Considerable attention
was also paid to screening. A further important
activity of this Malaria Division consists in the
training of personnel for malaria work.
In Portugal malaria is almost exclusively a problem associated with rice fields. With the aid of the Department of Health, a new laboratory was built at Aguas de Moura, which has been ex- panded into an Institute of Malaria. Research
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stations have been set up at strategic points for
the study of Portuguese anophelines. Experi-
ments with intermittent irrigation as a means of
controlling anopheJes breeding in rice fields are
continuing. Experiments to find a reliable and
cheaper insecticide are also a part of the program.
A malaria survey of Egypt is nearly completed
and has revealed several problems which need
detailed study. Malaria is widespread in the
Nile Valley and in the region where rice is culti-
vated. Studies thus far made point to Anopheles pharoensis, a rice field breeder, as the chief vec-
tor. Colonies of this mosquito have been estab-
lished and are under investigation in the lab-
oratory at Cairo. Efforts are made to determine
in what degree this mosquito prefers human to
animal blood and also to throw light on the rela-
tive longevity of this mosquito, which has an important bearing on malaria transmission in a hot and dry country.
In India routine surveys of adult mosquitoes and larvae, as well as of human blood smears and spleens, are made to furnish necessary measuring rods for engineering research in malaria control.
The chief center of this work is the King Insti- tute of Preventive Medicine, Guindy, Madras. A small field station has been organized at Pattuk- kottai, an overnight journey south from Madras city. The malaria program in India aims to
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION 121
provide integration of medical, entomological,
agricultural, and engineering research. The agri-
cultural work especially enters into the picture
because in India, too, a part of the problem con-
cerns rice field malaria.
INFLUENZA
In addition to the extensive influenza studies
made in the New York laboratories of the Inter-
national Health Division of The Rockefeller
Foundation, and the associated field work at
Yorktown Heights and Shrub Oak, which have
been discussed in preceding sections of this re-
port, the Foundation supported investigations
of respiratory diseases, mostly influenza, and
also a certain amount of work on the common
cold, at three places in the United States and
one in Europe. In making influenza studies, the
Foundation cooperates with the state health
departments of California and Minnesota and
with New York University College of Medicine,
and with the State Hygienic Institute at Buda- pest. Studies of the common cold, closely allied with other investigative work in respiratory dis- eases including influenza, have for some time been given support at Columbia University, This sup- port was continued in 1939.
The principal objective of the investigations at Columbia University is the preparation of a
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vaccine which could be used prophylactically for
the prevention of the common cold. Thus far it
has been found impossible to immunize human
beings by vaccinations or to adapt the common
cold virus to a laboratory animal. It is possible
at the present time to build up by vaccination
the antibody or protective content of the blood,
but no method has been discovered for making
such protection effective in human respiratory infection where the virus gains entrance into surface cells and passes directly from cell to cell, escaping contact with the antiviral substances of the blood. There does seem to be some form of acquired resistance to virus infection in the human respiratory tract; the problem is to dis- cover the nature of this resistance and to develop some method of imitating it artificially.
The studies of influenza in Budapest, Hun- gary, comprise both field and laboratory work.
The field part of the program is devoted to a study of outbreaks of influenza and influenza- like diseases, and to attempts to isolate the virus.
In the laboratory, the protective qualities of the five viruses isolated in Hungary were compared with other known strains of human influenza viruses and with the swine virus. All of the Hun- garian strains are different from the other known influenza viruses and markedly different from the swine virus. Experiments on induced im-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION
munity were continued with mice. The most
effective immunity was obtained by an active
virus. Formalin-killed virus and virus inacti-
vated by heat is less effective.
Influenza studies by the Department of Health
of California are receiving Foundation support
both for operating expenses and in the way of a
contribution toward the purchase of a site and
the construction of a laboratory building. The
objectives are the establishment of an influenza laboratory as a part of the state laboratory
services of California, the investigation of in- fluenza occurring in this region, and the develop- ment of an efficient method of immunization.
Work begun during the latter part of 1939 was concentrated on the study of epidemic influenza.
At the end of the year, there was no evidence
that epidemic influenza, caused.by one of the known strains of virus, was prevalent in these re- gions of California during the months of October,
November, and December. Studies on immune substances in the serum and on the immunity reactions of various experimental animals and human beings have also been undertaken. The ultimate aim is to develop more accurate and rapid methods of diagnosis.
In the Minnesota State Department of Health, field services are provided by the staff of the
Department. Interest centers in a laboratory
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study of the influenza virus and in epidemi-
ological and clinical studies of the disease.
The epidemic of respiratory infection which
occurred at the Willmar State Hospital in May
1939 was not due to influenza virus. In the
latter part of 1939, a comparative study of the
various methods of the cultivation of virus in
embryonic chick tissue was undertaken in order
to determine which gives the best results and
which tissues of the embryonic chick support
the greatest multiplication of virus.
The influenza studies at the New York Uni-
versity College of Medicine relate to the etiology
and methods of infection in respiratory diseases.
They also include field studies of immunity to influenza. All cases of respiratory diseases at
Bellevue Hospital and all patients who had illnesses in any way resembling influenza were observed and attempts made to isolate a virus.
An incidental purpose of this scrutiny of Belle- vue patients was to be on the lookout for the earliest evidence of an epidemic.
The chief task was to devise methods of ef- fective vaccination, other than subcutaneous injection of active virus, against epidemic influ- enza vims. To this end, two methods of inacti- vating influenza virus were studied. In general, it appears that in the course of inactivation there is a distinct decrease in the immunizing potency.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION 125
The possibility of vaccination by the intranasal
route is also under consideration. During the year,
a good deal of time was devoted to remodeling the
premises, installing equipment, and training
technical assistants. There is now a well-arranged
isolated unit for the care of infected ferrets.
OTHER DISEASES
Financial aid toward tuberculosis studies
under the direction of Dr. E. L. Opie at the
Henry Phipps Institute of the University of
Pennsylvania wasfirs t given in 1930. From 1932
on, these studies have been continued at the
Cornell University Medical College. They are
concerned chiefly with the resistance against
tuberculosis induced by inoculation with heat-
killed tubercle bacilli. Material for inoculation is manufactured in the laboratories at Cornell
University Medical College and supplied to the members of the International Health Division staff who are conducting tuberculosis vaccina-
tion studies in Jamaica. This material has been used for a number of years to inoculate inmates
of the Mental Hospital at Kingston and, in the latter part of 1938, a beginning was made of ex-
tending this tuberculosis work to the general population of Jamaica. The purpose is to deter- mine the protective value of inoculation of heat-
killed tubercle bacilli as a public health measure.
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During 1939 there was satisfactory progress of
this work, due largely to excellent cooperation
from various government agencies.
For vaccination purposes, individuals are se-
lected who have a low resistance to tuberculosis.
These include as large a group as possible of
susceptible young adults living in highly infected
areas. The method offindin gou t which persons
have a low resistance to tuberculosis involves the
use of tuberculin tests. Persons who react weakly
or not at all to the tuberculin test are selected to
receive vaccination, or intracutaneous inocula-
tion with heat-killed tubercle bacilli.
During 1939 about twenty-two thousand indi-
viduals received tuberculin tests. From these
were selected the nonreactors or weak reactors,
who were to serve as groups for vaccination and
control. The control group was not vaccinated,
but was examined later in order to find out
whether the vaccinated group had greater pro-
tection against tuberculosis. A total of 3,561
individuals of the general population were vac-
cinated and another group of 3,318 acted as
controls.
Among the vaccinated individuals, the first group of 868 were tuberculin tested approxi- mately a month after vaccination and 78.3 per cent were classified as having a satisfactory de- gree of protection. At the same time, 658 persons
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION
from the control group were tuberculin tested
and 9.9 per cent showed a degree of protection
comparable to that classified as satisfactory in
the vaccinated group. Six months later, 347 vac-
cinated persons were retested and 62.2 per cent
were classified as satisfactory. Among the con-
trols tested at the same time interval, the satis-
factory percentage was 19.6. Satisfactory pro-
tection is highest among the younger age groups.
Similar figures were obtained from a later group
similarly examined.
A contribution was also made in 1939 toward
the budget of the Kips Bay-Yorkville Health
Center in New York for a tuberculosis service.
The object is to develop a tuberculosis clinic
which may serve as a model for the City Health
Department clinics. Further purposes are to
conduct epidemiological studies, to instruct
physicians and nurses of the Health Department
in the epidemiology of the disease, and to develop
a course in epidemiology for third-year Cornell students. The unit operates as a district diagnos-
tic service.
A tuberculosis study by the State Depart- ment of Public Health of Tennessee, which re- ceived aid from the International Health Divi- sion, sought to acquire more exact knowledge of the pathological conditions that exist among the immediate contacts of cases of tuberculosis and,
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 128 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
in general, to institute an effective program of
case finding in a rural community. An effort is
made to learn more of the relationship between
childhood tuberculosis and subsequent break-
down in adult life. Early in the year, a tuberculin
test and x-ray survey was made of the children
iri eight white and two colored schools. This was
a repetition of a survey made in the same schools
during 1937. Approximately fourteen hundred
children were tested and x-rayed.
During 1939 aid was given to a tuberculosis
program started in the Caribbean area for the
purpose of demonstrating effective, practical,
and economical methods for the control of tu-
berculosis. The first work was conducted in cer-
tain sections of San Jose*, Costa Rica. The em-
phasis is on an efficient method of locating early
cases. The Costa Rican Health Department is giving full cooperation by undertaking treat- ment of al] cases found and by assisting in the public health education part of the program. In the campaign, use is made of house-to-house canvass and fluoroscopy, supplemented by x-ray examinations on paper films. Careful records of expenditures are kept in order to provide an accurate estimate of the cost per case.
Upon invitation from the commissioner of health of the Insular Department of Health of
Puerto Rico, a study of the tuberculosis program
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under way in Puerto Rico was continued in 1939.
A rural area was selected where suggestions re-
garding the finding of new cases through the
examination of contacts and regarding efficient
methods of reaching patients from rural districts
could be tried out. In thefirs t65 0 x-ray examina-
tions among contacts with positive cases, eleven
positive cases were found. This is approximately
the percentage (2 per cent) which rural surveys
indicate are to be found among the general population.
Three years ago Alabama passed a law requir- ing owners to have their dogs vaccinated against rabies. A large element of the population chal- lenged the efficacy of the vaccine and, with a view to applying scientific research to the bio- logical problems involved, the Alabama authori- ties invited The Rockefeller Foundation to par- ticipate in a study of rabies. A laboratory was set up near Montgomery. Research is under way which includes diagnostic investigation by the mouse inoculation technique, the use of tissue culture in efforts to attenuate the virus, and stud- ies of immunization. In Birmingham, Alabama, the incidence of rabies has been high for many years, but data for 1939 gave remarkably low figures. This drop is not due to efforts of control,
In Birmingham only fifty positive cases of rabies in dogs came to the attention of the authorities
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during thefirs tseve n months of 1939, as com-
pared with 188 for the same months of 1938. To
explain this discrepancy, a survey was made to
determine the true prevalence of rabies. The rat
has been named on several occasions as the local
reservoir of rabies. Five hundred rats were
trapped and examined, but results were nega-
tive. It was concluded that, in Birmingham, the
rat does not play an important part in the trans-
mission of rabies. In a further attempt to arrive
at true figures, brains of 553 apparently normal
dogs killed at the city pound or by the Humane
Society were examined, and 5.2 per cent were
found to be positive for rabies. Of 447 dogs
brought to the city incinerator, representing
animals which died at home, on the streets, or
were killed in traffic, twenty-five, or 5.2 per cent,
were positive. It appears that undiscovered
rabies greatly exceeds the recorded incidence.
Field studies to determine the prophylactic value
of canine vaccination are of questionable value
unless they give consideration to all dogs which die from any cause.
Studies in mental hygiene in which the Inter- national Health Division is interested are con- ducted at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health and in Tennessee by the
Tennessee State Health Department. At Johns
Hopkins, the study is under the supervision of
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Dr. A. W. Freeman of the School of Hygiene
and Public Health and operates in close conjunc-
tion with the staff of the Eastern Health District
of Baltimore and of the clinics of the Johns
Hopkins Hospital. The broad aim is to determine
the prevalence of mental disease, mental defects,
and dysfunctions in an urban population; to
discover the various factors, economic, social,
racial, and personal, underlying these conditions;
and finally to discover how the health services of the community can bring about an improve- ment in these conditions. The work has made considerable progress. It has led to special stud- ies, chiefly statistical, of alcoholism, of nursery school groups, and of different types of psycho- pathic personalities.
Assistance is also given to a study carried out jointly by the State Health Department of
Tennessee and Vanderbilt University. The work is done in Williamson County, Tennessee, and includes a survey of mental health conditions in a rural community, with emphasis on remedial and preventive measures such as can be applied by a local health department. Its objective also includes the training of personnel for rural psychiatric work.
Since 1937 the International Health Division has supported epidemiological and laboratory studies of syphilis at the Johns Hopkins School
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of Hygiene and Public Health. These studies,
which were continued in 1939, are under the
direction of Dr. Thomas B. Turner. They include
laboratory investigations on immunity in syphi-
lis, the relationship of various members of the
spirochete family to each other, and the preserva-
tion of spirochetes at low temperatures. The study
also comprises a survey of the presence of syphilis
in the Eastern Health District in Baltimore which,
in turn, includes experiments to determine
the best methods of measuring the prevalence of syphilis in a community as a prerequi- site to control work. Finally, in this syphilis work, considerable stress has been placed on the
training of students in the School of Hygiene and Public Health and on the postgraduate level in the School of Medicine in order to pro- vide better qualified personnel for the many new and expanded programs of syphilis control de- veloping throughout the country.
In laboratory work with syphilis, low tem- perature techniques have proved successful in preserving the causative organism. The spiro- chetes are not killed by rapid freezing. Tissues from diseased rabbits can be frozen to the hard- ness of stone and preserved in that condition for at least four years, after which, if rapidly thawed out, the spirochetes resume activity retaining their virulence. Low temperature experiments
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have been made also with streptococci, diph-
theria bacilli, typhoid bacilli, and mouse cancers.
The Foundation is cooperating in a study
of venereal disease in the San Joaquin County
Health District, California, with headquarters
at Stockton. The work here is similar to that
done in the Baltimore Eastern Health District.
It includes a study of the prevalence of syphilis,
with emphasis on standards and methods of
measuring future trends, and a study of the
sources of infection, which is of value in connec-
tion with the control program directed toward a
reduction of such sources. The Baltimore area in
which a syphilis survey is going on is a fairly
representative urban community containing a
large population of both whites and Negroes.
The California study is conducted in an area
which represents both urban and rural features
typical of the far west; there are few Negroes, but
many other racial strains are represented in the
Mexican and Oriental populations.
During 1939 the Foundation also continued
its cooperation in studies of schistosomiasis in
Egypt, anemia in Puerto Rico, and dog hook-
worm at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene
and Public Health.
The Foundation made an initial contribution in 1939 to the study of nutrition as a public health measure; this was in the form of aid to an
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investigation organized at Vanderbilt University.
During recent years, interest in the study of
nutrition has been growing. In public health and
public education circles, there is increased recog-
nition of the fact that the status of human
efficiency and well-being is directly influenced
by the standards of nutrition. The objectives of
the field study in nutrition referred to above are
j) to make careful, clinical investigations among
the people to determine if there is general im-
pairment of health due to faulty nutrition and, if
so, to disclose the nature of the causes; and 2) to
formulate and execute a program designed to
remedy the status of nutrition if insufficient
food or deficiencies in dietary elements should
turn out to be of significance. Nutrition work
involves close cooperation of medical, education-
al, and public health forces. The work at Vander-
bilt University is under the direction of Dr.
John B. Youmans, associate professor of medi-
cine. It was started in April 1939. The areas
selected for study are two western districts of
Wilson County, about twenty miles from Nash- ville, with a rural population of 2,500, one- fourth of which is Negro. By early November,
520 persons had been examined, who constituted
95 per cent of those selected for study. The data collected are now under investigation.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION 135
AID TO STATE AND LOCAL HEALTH
SERVICES
In 1939 the Foundation contributed further to one of its oldest interests, the development of adequate state and local health services manned by trained, full-time personnel. Aid to state health departments was given to stimulate the organization and growth of specialized services such as epidemiology, statistics, sanitation, nurs- ing, and laboratories. The provincial health departments of Canada received the greater part of the funds designated for this purpose; in addition, grants were made to the Bureau of Nursing of the New York City Department of Health for educational work, and to In- dia for the study of sanitation problems. The services of members of the Division's staff were again made available for surveys of public health facilities in compliance with requests of state health departments. Interest in local health departments covered a wider range of countries. Thirteen countries besides the three named above were given financial aid for the establishment or continuation of local health services. They included Mexico, Cuba, Panama, and Costa Rica in the Caribbean area, Java in the Far East, and Albania, Austria, Bulgaria,
Greece, Italy, Portugal, Rumania, and Turkey
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in Europe and the Near East. The Division has
aided in the organization of health units because
of their value as demonstrations to health au-
thorities of modern health services and their important function as training areas for students of public health techniques. Staff members of the Division were stationed in all but four of these countries, and were available to supervise the growth of the health services and give advice to the health authorities.
In the United States during 1939 the Inter- national Health Division assisted state authori- ties in making a number of state health surveys.
Following the state health survey of Arkansas made in 1938, the Arkansas legislature in Jan- uary 1939 passed a law creating a Division of
Industrial Hygiene. The International Health
Division provided a travel grant for the future director of this Division. In Colorado aid was given to a study of the health administration of
Boulder County. The survey was completed during 1939. In that year also a health survey of North Carolina was carried to completion and the results were prepared for publication. A result of the study in North Carolina has been the establishment of a school health service, which operates in close conjunction with the
State Department of Education in providing a unified health service for the public schools of
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation %x
Photograph Excised Here
* rikin£T course in piaitR.il fit*lil tiaming, given b\ the M inanao Health I nit, Cuh.i.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION
the State. The state health survey of South
Dakota was completed in 1939. Results were
promptly submitted to the State Board of Health
and the Public Health Committee of the State
Planning Board.
In a sense these surveys represent final steps
in a long-term cooperation of the International
Health Division with various state and county
health authorities. There are at present in the
United States 1,370 counties, about one-half of
those composing the forty-eight states, in which
public health interests of the rural population are
supervised by full-time directors. These results
represent an advance, compared with the situa-
tion which existed until recently. Thirty years
ago, when the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission
began its hookworm work in the southern part
of the United States, Jefferson County in Ken-
tucky had the only county health organization
in the country which employed a full-time health
officer.
The program promoting county health work, which was an outgrowth of the hookworm cam- paign, followed a general policy of providing sanitation inspection, public health nursing, and public health education at new high levels, such as could be provided only through a permanent health service under a full-time health officer. In
1929 the Foundation's financial participation in
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 1
Sk i d m o re College De- partment of Nursing, Saratoga
New York. '
Photograph Excised Here
A m. 1-^-^ _-•».-r _^ ^—^ r f •*_ s^\J^-^^^IND TxJ^/1 >.
&£&3^&£
Photograph Excised Here
State Health Department Influenza Laboratory, Berkeley, California.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 140 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
this movement reached its maximum with an-
nual grants totaling a third of a million dollars.
Today the South leads the country in rural
health organization.
Concomitant with this has been the program of
assisting states to train public health officers
and public health nurses to serve rural areas. For
a time, the Foundation spent from sixty thou-
sand dollars to ninety thousand dollars a year
for this type of personnel development. Annual designations for these programs have been pro- gressively reduced since 1929. This could be done because help came from other national organiza-
tions and, since 1934, there has been a greatly enlarged federal program in public health. A governmental appropriation of $1,000,000 was made for the development of rural health units and even more money has since become available through social security legislation and the
Venereal Disease Control Act. From $109,000 in 1929, the Foundation's budget for rural health work in the United States dropped to $4,570 in
Along with the movement for local health services and with the need of full-time super- vision, there followed the pressure for trained men and women, for schools in which to train them, for adequate state departments of health, for laboratory facilities, statistical and other
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION 14!
central services. The Rockefeller Foundation has
had a part in various phases of this move-
ment.
For the coordination and supervision of coop-
erative health projects, a central office was es-
tablished in Mexico in 1931. A staff member
assigned to Mexico has been working in close
cooperation with the Federal Health Depart-
ment in establishing full-time health services
and promoting the employment of trained per-
sonnel. An important part of the work is the
administration of various cooperative projects,
such as the Xochimilco Unit and the Training
Station attached to it, and the Regional, State,
and County Health Units project.
Work in connection with the improvement of vital statistics was aided in Canada in the Prov- inces of Manitoba and Nova Scotia. The Depart- ment of Health and Public Welfare in Manitoba has a Division of Statistics which was organized in 1939. The program of this Division has been broadened to include the registration of morbid- ity reports of acute communicable diseases. Aid was also given to this Division for a morbidity survey to determine the type and amount of ill- ness among a group of rural people and, in this way, to obtain a clear idea of the total amount of medical care necessary and the cost of providing such medical care. A further project of this
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 142 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
Division consists of a study of pregnancies to supply data for the development of an effective maternal hygiene program. In Nova Scotia the
Department of Health has a Section of Statistics and Epidemiology which was established as a result of recommendations in a health survey of
Nova Scotia, made with International Health
Division support. In this Section statistical and epidemiological services have been consolidated for the purpose of economy.
Epidemiological work was aided in the Prov- inces of Alberta and British Columbia, Canada.
The Division of Epidemiology in Alberta re- ceived support in undertaking a study of sylvatic plague and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. At
Kamloops, British Columbia, Foundation sup- port was for the provision of personnel, supplies, and equipment, as well as for the construction of an animal house on government property. All specimens in connection with investigations of sylvatic plague and Rocky Mountain spotted fever are studied in the laboratory at Kamloops.
No gross evidence of plague was found on dis- section of rodents, but a final report cannot yet be given as the examination of specimens has not been completed.
The Section of Sanitary Engineering in the
Provincial Department of Health of Nova Scotia received support during 1939. Chief activities
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION 143
were devoted to the promotion of safe water and
milk supplies and sewage disposal.
Other aid to state health services included sup-
port to the Division of Tuberculosis in the Pro-
vincial Department of Health of Quebec, which
is aiming to provide closer coordination between
all the agencies concerned in the tuberculosis
program. Tuberculosis control is one of the lead-
ing public health problems in Quebec, which had
a death rate from tuberculosis during the three-
year period 1935 to 1937 of 90.8 per 100,000
population.
'Aid to public health nursing was given in
New York City, where the Bureau of Nursing of
the Department of Health has continued its pro-
gram of staff education, made possible through
the use of social security funds and an Inter-
national Health Division grant to the Committee
on Neighborhood Health Development. During
1939 forty-four nurses were introduced to the
service through the teaching centers. Four super-
visors had an opportunity, through social secur-
ity scholarships, to spend an academic year in
advanced study at a university. One of the im- portant contributions was the assistance given in planning public health nursing programs.
During the year there were active in the United
States, Canada, and Mexico ten projects in the way of aid to local health departments, in which
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 144 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
the International Health Division participated.
These projects operated on budgets totaling
$279,150, to which the International Health
Division contribution was $52,398, or 18 per
cent. Six of these projects were in Canada, two in
Mexico, one in New York State, and one in Ala-
bama. Aid was given in the United States to a
district Health Department of Alabama for a
tuberculosis service which has for its purpose
adaptation of the tuberculosis program previ-
ously developed in Lee County to a larger dis-
trict and ultimately to the State as a whole; in
New York, to the Fulton-Montgomery Heal'th
District; in British Columbia, to the Fraser
Valley Health District, the Greater Vancouver
Metropolitan Health District, and the Peace
River Block Health District; in Nova Scotia, to
the Cape Breton District Health Department; in Ontario, to the District Health Department
of Eastern Ontario; in Quebec, to the Trois
Rivieres City Health Unit; in Mexico, to various regional, state, and municipal health units with
the basic purpose of introducing into Mexico a policy which provides for the employment of trained full-time health personnel, as well as to
the Xochimilco Local Health Unit which is op- erated as an administrative unit in connection with the Training Station.
During the year the International Health
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION 145
Division had active cooperative arrangements in
India with Mysore State and the Provinces of
Madras, Bengal, Delhi, and Bombay. In Mysore
State, the fourth year of cooperation with the
Government of Mysore in the Closepet Health
Unit began January i, 1939. In the Madras
Presidency, four years of cooperative work with
the Government of Madras were completed dur-
ing 1939 in the Rural Health Unit at Poone-
mallee, 13 miles from Madras City. During this
time, the Unit has succeeded in establishing on a
firm basis the maternal and infant welfare, sani-
tation, and training aspects of its activities. In
the Bengal Presidency, new activities included
the establishment of the Singur Health Unit,
which held its first clinic on March 20, 1939.
The area covered by the work of this Unit is
about 36.6 square miles; it has a population of
42,266 and is located about 25 miles from Cal-
cutta. In Delhi Province the difficulties of set-
ting up a standard health unit program in con-
nection with the Najafgarh Health Unit have
now been overcome. The Unit is operating on
a regular health unit schedule. In the Bombay
Presidency, Sirur Health Unit began its official life on the first of April 1939.
Another new project in 1939 was the initiation of sanitation research in the Bengal Presidency.
This includes the study of typhoid fever, dysen-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 146 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATJON
tery, cholera, and other water-borne and soil-
borne diseases in so far as they are sanitary
engineering problems. Engineering studies of the
direction and rapidity of the flow of ground
water and its possible contamination by bored-
hole latrines were continued in two areas repre-
senting the two most common types of soil in the
Punjab.
PUBLIC HEALTH EDUCATION
For preparing personnel for posts in govern-
mental health services in the many countries in
which the International Health Division has a
program, the fellowships and travel grants
awarded by this Division have been of assist-
ance. Since the program of giving fellowships in
public health was inaugurated in 1917 the total
number of fellowships awarded has been 1,474. In
1939 sixty-eight new fellowships were gran ted and
seventy-four former fellowships were extended
or renewed. The International Health Division
in 1939, therefore, directed the studies of 142
individuals to whom it had granted fellowships.
The subjects studied and the countries from
which the fellows came are given in the table on the following page.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION 147
TABLE I INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION FELLOWS BY COUNTRIES AND SUBJECTS OF SPECIAL INTEREST ACTIVE DURING 1939
£ •s j3 CJ & 4-) C/J «J I. "H, & o c A •as +j.; •p £ "3 •a § I'l '45J 4J o '18 5,§ O. 1 Industria l Laborator y Vita l Statistic s Hyeien e U Publi c Healt h Administratio n &£ Publi c Healt h eJ5W c/)U en j— i $
Argentina 2 2 Brazil 2 i I 4 Canada 21 jf I I ?8 Ceylon I 1 2 Chile I I Colombia I I Cuba 2 2 Cvorus I I Czechoslovakia — I i 2 Denmark T 1 !"»•* * j J Fill i I Finland 1 i 2 Greece 2 2 Guatemala i I 2 Hungary I I India I J0 I I 0•3 q Japan I •1j 2 6 Java I I Mexico 7/ 7/ New Zealand 1 I Norway 1 I Panama. . , . 01 2 I 6 Peru ] I 2 Philippines j1 0T Poland I I Portugal J1 J1 Salvador I I Sweden 2 I J1 Turkey I 2 I i f United States 24 I I 2 6 I TC Venezuela . . . o1 I 4 i TOTALS 7/O •1jO 6 o1 7/ 1.C> o 42
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 148 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
In 1939, $210,000 was made available for fel-
lowships and travel and training grants. During
the year a total offifty-fou r travel and training
grants were given to individuals from nineteen
countries. The estimated cost of these grants was
$38,300. The number of these grants and the
countries in which they were awarded are shown
in the following table:
TABLE II
INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION TRAVEL AND TRAINING GRANTS
Country Active in 1939
Africa (Gold Coast, West Africa) i Albania i Belgium 2 Canada 7 Costa Rica 2 Cuba 3 Finland 2, France i Hungary 2 India 3 Italy i Jamaica (B, W. I.) i Mexico 3 Netherlands East Indies i New Zealand i Poland i Puerto Rico 2 Salvador I Sweden 4 United States 8
TOTAL 47
Of these grants the disposition of four is uncertain (Poland one, Bel- gium one, Finland two). In addition to the number mentioned above five grants were not taken up because of the war (Italy one, Rumania four).
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION 149
In addition to providing substantial sums for
the establishment of schools and institutes of
hygiene and public health, the International
Health Division since 1913 has provided a total
of approximately $852,000 for general develop-
mental aid. Of this amount approximately
$370,000 has been given for schools and institutes
in Europe. Many of the European institutes now
have no access to current scientific publications.
Because of the difficulty in purchasing periodicals printed in the English language, the Interna-
tional Health Division set aside $1,500 in 1939 for the purpose of providing these institutes of
Europe with current books and subscriptions to certain journals as well as back numbers to com- pletefile so f journals. Part of this amount is to be used for the Department of Health in Madrid, the entire library of which was destroyed during the Spanish war.
The International Health Division expended on fellowships in the United States, Canada, and
Mexico in 1939 the sum of $61,510. In these countries there were seventy fellowships active in 1939 as compared with sixty-six in 1938. Of these seventy there were thirty-five in the United
States, twenty-eight in Canada, and seven in
Mexico. The estimated cost of travel and training grants for the United States, Canada, and Mexico in the field of public health was $13,500. The
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation I5O THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
awards were given to nineteen persons — eight
in the United States, eight in Canada, and three
in Mexico.
In the United States there was expended on
four projects connected with schools of hygiene
and public health $52,000. Three of these proj-
ects were at Johns Hopkins and one at Harvard
University. The aid given to Harvard was for
work in connection with the field training unit at
Newton, Massachusetts. This health department
serves the city of Newton, which is a suburb of
Boston and which has an approximate popula-
tion of seventy thousand. Moreover, it serves to supply field training facilities for students of public health at the Harvard School of Public
Health. In the Newton Health Department there is special emphasis on school health. There is close cooperation between the various boards of education and the Board of Health. The school health service is an integral part of the whole program for child health of the Newton Health
Department. By virtue of this arrangement one group of nurses handles all the problems of the family unit, preschool, school, adult health, acute communicable diseases, and tuberculosis.
The three projects supported at the Johns
Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health concern (i) the Eastern Health District of Balti- more, (2) a family survey in this district, and (3)
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION
purchase of property for a health center building.
The Eastern Health District of the city of Balti-
more bears the same relation to Johns Hopkins
that the Newton Health Department does to
Harvard. The purpose was to bring together all
the public health agencies in this section of the
city into a single cooperative organization and to
provide a training center for all types of public
health students in which students could en-
counter every variety of public health problem.
All the regular public health activities form a
unified program which includes communicable
disease control, tuberculosis control, maternal
hygiene, infant, preschool, and school hygiene.
Field studies under way in this district in 1939
related to mental hygiene, syphilis, epidemiology
of tuberculosis, diphtheria, maternal and child
hygiene, and dental hygiene. In accordance with
the grant by The Rockefeller Foundation ap-
proved late in 1938, the sum of $25,000 was trans-
mitted to the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene
and Public Health in March 1939, to be used
toward the purchase of a site for the proposed
Eastern Health District building. A portion of
the site desired was purchased with these funds.
Public health education activities of the In-
ternational Health Division in Europe in 1939
included aid to the institutes of public health in Rumania and in Stockholm, to a health center
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 152 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
in Bucharest, and to the School of Nursing of the
Prague State Institute of Public Health. Other
schools of hygiene and public health aided were
those at Sofia, Bulgaria; Budapest, Hungary;
and Ankara, Turkey. Two schools of nursing
were aided — the Aarhus Postgraduate School of
Nursing in Denmark and the State School of
Nursing at Bucharest.
During 1939 aid given to schools of nursing
in the United States and Canada included
Skidmore College Department of Nursing, Uni-
versity of British Columbia Department of
Nursing and Health, University of California
School of Nursing, University of Toronto School
of Nursing, University of Washington School of
Nursing Education, Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, and Western Reserve University
District for Public Health Nurse Training.
Two training projects in the United States and one in Mexico received aid. The Mexico training station at Xochimilco, a community near Mexico
City, has been operating since 1935 and was in operation three years before that at Cuernavaca.
It is the chief training center for health officers, public health nurses, and sanitary inspectors for state and local health departments in Mexico.
The program is geared especially to stimulate interest in the employment of full-time trained personnel in key positions.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION 153
In 1938 plans were made by the New York
City Health Department for the establishment
of training centers in five of the city districts
to work in close cooperation with participating
medical schools. Funds were made available by the
International Health Division for a consultant to
this project. Early in 1940 the Civil Service
Commissioner announced that new appointments
for district health officers would be open to
nation-wide competition. There are seventeen
such districts in the City of New York, each with
a population of about two hundred and fifty
thousand, and five of these districts are asso-
ciated with medical schools in the metropoli-
tan area. In October 1939 it was reported that
two of the health and teaching centers, one on the
lower East Side which operates in connection
with New York University College of Medicine
and another on Washington Heights in which
Columbia University Medical College partici- pates, had been completed and a sound working relationship established between the city Health
Department and these medical schools. Good headway had also been made in connection with a health center in Brooklyn in which the Long
Island University Medical School participates and with the East Harlem Nursing and Health
Service in Manhattan which cooperates with the
New York Medical College.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 154 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
A project involving close cooperation between
the State Board of Health and the State Board of
Education in North Carolina also received aid.
The International Health Division cooperates
with the State Department of Health and the
General Education Board with the State Depart-
ment of Education. A coordinating agency con-
sisting of an advisory committee of five members
and a full-time operating staff was provided to
integrate the facilities of these two departments
in the development in the public schools of a uni-
fied health service to include health education, physical education, public health supervision,
and other closely related activities such as mental hygiene.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE MEDICAL SCIENCES
1939
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE MEDICAL SCIENCES STAFF
During 1939
Director
Alan Gregg, M.D.
Associate Director
Robert A. Lambert, M.D.
Assistant Director
Daniel P. O'Brien, M.D.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE MEDICAL SCIENCES
INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT 159
TEACHING AND RESEARCH IN PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGY
The Johns Hopkins Uni versi ty School of Medicine 161
Harvard University Medical School and Massa- chusetts General Hospital 163
Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital 164
University of Colorado School of Medicine 166
University of Illinois College of Medicine 169
Columbia University: College of Physicians and Surgeons 170
Tavistock Clinic, London 171
The Tulane University of Louisiana School of Medicine 173
University of Toronto 174
Massachusetts Department of Mental Diseases: Boston State Hospital 177
University of Lund 179
Dikemark Mental Hospital 180
University of Oxford 181
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
RESEARCH IN NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, ENDOCRINOLOGY, ETC.
Yale University 182
University of Brussels 183
Medical Research Council of Great Britain 184
National Committee on Maternal Health 185
University of California: Institute of Experimental Biology 186
TEACHING AND RESEARCH IN CHILD PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGY
Catholic University of America 187
Child Research Council of Denver 188
The Forman Schools, Litchfield, Connecticut 190
TEACHING OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 192
TEACHING OF LEGAL MEDICINE
Harvard University Medical School 193
TEACHING OF DENTAL MEDICINE
Harvard University School of Dental Medicine 195
MEDICAL RESEARCH — FLUID FUND
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 197
FELLOWSHIPS 198
GRANTS IN AID 201
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE MEDICAL SCIENCES
NO single hour is certain to contain the
blend of activities characteristic of the whole day's work. Nor does one annual report offer an exactly representative picture of the activities of the Foundation in the medical sciences during the decade now coming to a close. To locate the grants reported for 1939 in a more general framework of current program and policy, it should be noted that the main interest of this division since 1931 has lain in the development of research and teaching in psy- chiatry and neurology and subjects contributory to their advancement. A secondary interest has been the improvement of the teaching of public health, preventive medicine, and hygiene to medical students. Concurrently, but in a sub- ordinate relation, aid has at times been given to
other projects in medicine, sometimes because they were of exceptional promise, sometimes be- cause they were of general but very great value to medical progress as a whole. Nineteen thirty-nine was a year in which the uncertainties of the war in Europe intensified the difficulties incident to the falling incomes of medical schools and research institutions almost everywhere. The contrast between expenses for armaments and expenses for education and re-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation l6o THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
search were far from encouraging to those whose
interests lie in saving human Jives and making
them more agreeable. Indeed, war with its con-
comitants is so wholly destructive of the welfare
of mankind and of the resources which permit man to do and to share medical research that it
is difficult to review the work during 1939 with- out a keen sense of the mounting inadequacy of funds available for almost every line of medical research. With income from endowment down by a fourth, teaching efficiency is threatened, but research falters and often ceases even in the countries not at war. With war, confusion afflicts teaching and distraction paralyzes research plans.
In this light we relate the work of a year whose last months were months of increasing difficulty.
Appropriations for the year for the twenty- five projects amounted to $1,927,180, with
$699,330 devoted to teaching and research in psychiatry, neurology, and allied fields. Sums applied to other purposes were as follows:
$197,850 for research in neurophysiology, en- docrinology, and related subjects; $350,000 toward the establishment of a department of preventive medicine; $i 5,000 for the teaching of legal medicine; $400,000 for endowment of a school of dental medicine; $90,000 for a fluid re- search fund in a medical school; $50,000 for fel- lowships; and $125,000 for small grants in aid.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE MEDICAL SCIENCES l6l
TEACHING AND RESEARCH IN
PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGY
With an increasing realization that psychiatry
is an important subject in medicine, and the
growth of the conviction that the subject must
be brought into closer relation to both the pre-
clinical and other clinical subjects, various meth-
ods have been evolving in different institutions
for bringing this objective about. Some of these methods are indicated in several of the following projects.
THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
It is chiefly for the purpose of helping to de- velop a center capable of affording advanced training for students seeking to establish them- selves in a career of teaching and research in psychiatry that the Foundation has aided since
1933 the Pavlovian and Psychobiological Labo- ratories, and since 1934 child psychiatry, in the
Department of Psychiatry of the Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine. Toward these three activities, the Foundation granted in 1939
$71,000 over the two-year period beginning July i,
1939- While pushing forward with advances in the objective Pavlovian methods of study, the
Pavlovian Laboratory is at the same time mak-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation l62 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
ing progress in the application of this technique
(the conditioned reflex) to the study of the pa- tient in the psychiatric clinic. It has been found
that a neurosis induced in an animal is often not confined to the isolated conflict which pro-
duced the neurosis, but affects the whole organ- ism. Study of such cases in animals provides a basis for a better understanding of similar though not
necessarily identical cases in human beings. In the Psychobiological Laboratory are con-
ducted studies, in animals, of taste and appetite, activity, food and hunger, thirst, and cycles of
behavior, which as they are elaborated may have considerable value in clinical studies. It is essential, but it is not enough, for the psychiatrist
to become familiar with the behavior shown by his patients. He must find ways of thinking
about the behavior of his patients — ways that are significant and illuminating, that lead to hypotheses he can test. It is in the search for new
ways of thinking about behavior that these animal behavior studies promise an advance. Clinical studies of fatigue and catalepsy, and of skin resistance to electricity in persons in various conditions or with different types of psychoses also are being made in this laboratory.
Each year the clinic in child psychiatry re- ceives for a full year's training several physicians, some of whom have been Rockefeller Foundation
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE MEDICAL SCIENCES and Commonwealth Fund fellows. Other gradu- ate students are received for shorter periods of training. The intimate collaboration of child psychiatry with the Department of Pediatrics and its associations with a large number of city and state agencies which deal with children, are part of the clinic's advantages as a training center. One of the research efforts, that of fol- lowing cases for the purpose of watching their development, and especially of seeking clews which will reveal serious difficulties at an earlier age than they can now be recognized, has en- tailed the restudy of some four hundred children.
HARVARD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL AND MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL
Members of the staff of the Harvard Medical
School and the Massachusetts-General Hospital have collaborated since 1934 in an effort to make a teaching and research unit in psychiatry an essential part of the organization of a general hospital. That concept of psychiatry as having an explicit role in a general hospital is gaining more attention as experience shows its constant usefulness. Both by means of formal teaching and by the service which it gives, the psychiatric unit under Professor Stanley Cobb has sought to educate the general staff and younger physicians,
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 164 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
social service workers, and medical students, in an
understanding of such illnesses as have a mental
or emotional aspect always — or often.
As a result of the proven value of psychiatric
opinion, consultations, especially with the surgi-
cal services, have been increasing rapidly. The
concept of the unity of the organism, and the
important role played by the emotions in ap-
parently purely medical, and even surgical,
disorders is being demonstrated by this service.
An expansion of the unit by the provision of a
larger ward and more laboratory space is planned
during 1940 when new building will make addi-
tional space available.
An important feature of the teaching is the
more intimate work of training assistants to
become specialists, which is conducted in addi-
tion to the regular undergraduate and graduate instruction.
The Foundation has aided this unit since its
establishment, and in 1939 granted $68,000
,000 for the Harvard Medical School, and
0,000 for the Massachusetts General Hospital)
toward the expenses of an additional year be-
ginning September i, 1939.
INSTITUTE OF THE PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL
Founded in 1751 by Benjamin Franklin and
Dr. Thomas Bond "for the relief of persons dis-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE MEDICAL SCIENCES 165
tempered in mind and for the sick and injured,"
the Pennsylvania Hospital has expanded into
three separate, though still related, establish-
ments. The psychiatric service operates a psy-
chiatric outpatient clinic at the general hospital,
and provides residence and treatment for the
more serious mental illnesses at the Department for Mental and Nervous Diseases. The Institute,
a detached unit of the Department for Mental
and Nervous Diseases, treats resident patients who have neuroses, but deals chiefly with out- patients who come for hour appointments, many of whom present mild mental disturbances with personality or family problems, which often can be relieved or improved by one or more inter- views. The Institute controls all graduate and under- graduate psychiatric teaching in the University of Pennsylvania, and has affiliations also with the Woman's Medical College and Jefferson
Medical College. It cooperates with the Phila- delphia Child Guidance Clinic, and conducts student health work and courses in mental hy- giene in various colleges and other institutions in and near Philadelphia. With the aid of its affiliations the Institute has been able to give a many-sided training in teach- ing and research to young physicians. Since July i, 1934, the Foundation has given funds which
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 166 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
have been devoted chiefly toward a training
program through a system of fellowships. Dur-
ing this time the emphasis on research has been
growing. Dr. Earl D. Bond, formerly adminis-
trative officer of both the Department for Men-
tal Diseases and the Institute, has resigned his
executive duties, and will devote himself to re-
search as Medical Director of Research. For the
two-year period beginning July i, 1939, the
Foundation appropriated in 1939, $60,000 which
will be devoted chiefly to the increase and im-
provement of full-time investigation.
UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
The problem of promoting and conducting
collaboration in teaching between psychiatry
and the other medical subjects, has been directly
attacked at the University of Colorado by means
of a separate and well-defined department, the
Psychiatric Liaison Department,
Established in 1934 with aid from the Founda-
tion, the Psychiatric Liaison Department com-
pleted its fifth year in July 1939. During this
period a workable liaison in psychiatry has been
developed between all the departments and
staffs in the State General Hospital and the
State Psychopathic Hospital, used for teaching purposes by the Department of Psychiatry; and
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation ^<^X^3*v^^s^^fcsO S:
Photograph Excised Here
Model showing electrical activity of brain during sleep in a normal subject. Waves become slower as sleep deepens but great fluctuations occur from minute to minute.
Excised Here
Tracing heredity of epilepsy. Patient's electroencephalogram taken dm ing mild seizure. Father and identical twin sisters have very nbnormnl records and are supposed "carriers." Mother's record normal.
Harvard University Medical School. Department of Neurology.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE MEDICAL SCIENCES 169
the concept of psychobiology has become a part
of the teaching and clinical activities of medi-
cine, surgery, obstetrics, and pediatrics in the
School of Medicine and Colorado General Hos-
pital.
In 1939 The Rockefeller Foundation renewed
its aid toward support of the Psychiatric Liai-
son Department for a further period of three
years beginning August i, 1939, by a grant of
0,000.
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS COLLEGE OF MEDICINE
The special characteristic of the plan of the
University of Illinois College of Medicine for
liaison of the other departments with psychiatry
is the linking of psychiatric teaching to the
courses given by the basic preclinical depart- ments, especially in physiology. Collaboration with the Department of Physiology is maintained
through having a physiologist assigned to present
the behavior of organisms as a subject appropri-
ate for physiological study. In this way the medical student comes to clinical psychiatry
thinking of behavior in physiological terms. A full-time and a part-time psychiatrist help in liaison with the other clinical departments. The
Department of Psychiatry then emphasizes as much as possible in all its teaching the value of
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Bicycle ergom- cter test for heart function ;uul vascular reaction. ChiKl R c .s c a r c li Council, I'ni- vel•,Mt^ ol'Col- orado Sclioul of Medicine.
Photograph Excised Here
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation I7O THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
the biologic approach to psychiatry as well as the
close relationship of psychiatry to the other sub-
jects of medicine, both preclinical and clinical.
In 1939 the Foundation continued aid begun
in 1936 to the University of Illinois College of
Medicine by a grant of $35,000 for three years
beginning September i, 1939, to preserve this
development until a new neuropsychiatric in-
stitute, to be operated jointly by the University
and the Illinois Department of Public Welfare,
is opened in 1941 or 1942, when it is hoped that
the University of Illinois itself will be able to
carry the extra expense of this improvement in
teaching.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY; COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
Inspiring the researches of the Constitution
Clinic under Dr. George Draper at the College
of Physicians and Surgeons is the theory that the make-up of an individual, his unique individual- ity as a whole organism, is an important factor in
the production and the particular manifestations of his own disease. The research attempts to de- termine what types of men or women are espe- cially susceptible to a specific disease — what types in point of anatomical build, physiological characteristics, and emotional patterns. So far, the principal studies have been of persons who
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE MEDICAL SCIENCES
have developed poliomyelitis, peptic ulcer, and
gall bladder disease, but data are being collected
also on individuals subject to pernicious anemia,
acute rheumatic fever, migraine, and other dis-
orders. The studies are based on anthropological
measurements, physiological tests, immunologi-
cal reactions, and psychological tests. The psy-
chological and psychiatric tests are the more
recent aspects of the studies, and probably will
receive additional emphasis during the next few
years.
Besides the continuing observations and stud-
ies, a large mass of anthropometric data collected
in the Constitution Clinic during the past twenty years has been statistically organized and ana- lyzed during the three years of Foundation aid beginning in 1936. In 1939 the Foundation con- tinued its aid by a grant of $42,000 over the three-year period beginning September 15, 1939,
TAVISTOCK CLINIC, LONDON
One of the few English outpatient department services for the treatment of the less serious mental disorders, the Tavistock Clinic, London, was established in 1920 as an outgrowth of the interest in psychological medicine stimulated by experience with war neuroses. It is a clinic pri~ marily for patients of limited means, and oper- ates without profit. Most of the patients are
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 172 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
adults, but children also are treated, and work in
child guidance receives serious consideration.
Postgraduate training has been one of the most
important tasks of the Clinic, and the year's postgraduate course in psycho therapeutic theory and method is recognized by the University of
London as meeting the requirements of training for the Diploma in Psychological Medicine.
In recent years the Clinic has been making serious efforts to develop investigation. Various avenues of research are being followed, among them studies of the relationship between the two sets of clinical data, organic and psychological, on such common disorders as peptic ulcer, diabetes mellitus, exophthalmic goitre, and es- sential hypertension, diseases known to be accompanied by clinical signs of an anxiety state. Since 1936 the Foundation has given small grants in aid toward the work of a physiologist,
Dr. A. T. M. Wilson, who is now head of the laboratories. To promote further development of research, the Foundation granted in 1939, $19,500
(£3,900) over a three-year period beginning ap- proximately September i, 1939.
Although war was declared after this grant was made, and the work of the Clinic transferred to another part of London, it has not been stopped, and it is probable that if the research is shifted to disorders precipitated by war stress,
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE MEDICAL SCIENCES 173
opportunities for investigation would not be
changed in value, but in direction only.
THE TULANE UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
During its initial three years, the Division of
Psychiatry, established in the School of Medicine
of Tulane University with Foundation assist-
ance, has become a satisfactorily operating unit.
In 1939 the Foundation made a further grant of
$30,000 over the three-year period beginning
September i, 1939.
A staff of three professors, two instructors,
two assistants, a psychologist, and a psychiatric
social worker, has been assembled. The princi-
pal outpatient clinic is in the clinic building for
the School of Medicine, the Josephine Hutchin-
son Memorial Building, and an outpatient clinic
is conducted also at the Charity Hospital in
New Orleans, Besides supervising three wards at
the Charity Hospital, Dr. T. A. Watters gives in-
struction in neurology in its school of nursing.
Beds also are available at the Touro Infirmary
and the Flint GoodHdge Hospital, and local
funds have been given for the hospitalization at
these two institutions of certain clinic patients.
The teaching in the child psychiatric clinic, which is a part of the general psychiatric clinic facilities, will be closely related to the Guidance
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 174 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
Center, which was opened early in 1939 in the
same building. The teaching opportunities pro-
vided by these facilities and the additional staff
are incomparably better than the former re-
sources for teaching Tulane students and treat-
ing the patients in the affiliated hospitals.
The need for psychiatric teaching and therapy
in New Orleans and the South generally is very
great. That the interest of local physicians and
laymen in the work of this department has been
aroused is evidenced by developments such as
the establishment of the Guidance Center with
the aid of local private funds.
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
Toward the establishment of a research unit, chiefly for the study of insulin shock treatment in schizophrenia at the University of Toronto, the
Foundation in 1939 granted $106,080 ($104,000
Canadian) to be used over the period January i,
T939> to June 30, 1944.
For this joint research endeavor the Ontario
Department of Health provides laboratories and a ward for at least twenty patients, besides nurs- ing care and maintenance; and the Department of Research Medicine of the University applies in the clinical field, in cooperation with the psy- chiatric service, neurophysiological investiga- tions, including studies of carbohydrate metab-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation FO/> /s\iNi) r* UA x
Photograph Excised Here
Labornton , THKHHO P.sjchi.unc Hospital
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE MEDICAL SCIENCES 177
olism, which have been going on since 1933 under
the direction of Sir Frederick Banting, head of
the Department. In this way, the body of phys-
iological knowledge, including biochemistry and
electroencephalography, is brought to bear on
the problem of insulin therapy, and other aspects
of the role of carbohydrate metabolism in mental
disease. The laboratories and ward of the unit
are located in the Toronto Psychiatric Hospital, which is on University grounds and operated
through cooperation of the University, city, and province.
The unit affords a further service in that the
training of physicians and nurses of the provin- cial mental hospital system, which has been an important feature of the Department of Psy- chiatry in the University of Toronto, is extended into the research ward. The unit will be able to draw on material from all the provincial mental hospitals, and will give direction to research undertaken in these hospitals.
MASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF MENTAL DISEASES: BOSTON STATE HOSPITAL
In the Division of Psychiatric Research at the
Boston State Hospital investigation is going forward in the fields of pharmacology, neuro- pathology, biochemistry, and endocrinology in their relation to the nervous system. Continuing
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Photograph Excised Here
Treatment \\.ml, Torontu l\\<.hi,irric
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 278 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
aid begun in 1934 toward the salaries of the
director and other research personnel, The
Rockefeller Foundation granted in 1939, $27,400
over a further period of two years beginning
September i, 1939.
As has been brought out in previous reports,
one of the purposes of giving aid to research in
state mental hospitals is to stimulate interest in
the problems of mental disease in these hospitals,
and thus indirectly improve the care of patients.
A method of clinical research on schizophre- nia developed by the unit at the Boston City
Hospital, termed the "total push" method, has served to demonstrate, perhaps more graphically than other work, the possibilities in this direc-
tion. On the theory that the personality retreat of the schizophrenic is enhanced in all directions by the usual hospital care which he receives, selected patients were subjected to care, influ- ences, and psychological motivation and stimula- tion calculated to push them on all fronts of their make-up out of their retreat into more normal social personalities. Although a cure of the under- lying psychosis is not expected from this pro- cedure alone, the improvement of the patients under these measures has been marked. The fact that a treatment using only the ordinary meth- ods for improving health and mental attitude can reverse a deterioration commonly supposed
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE MEDICAL SCIENCES 179
to be practically unalterable has improved the
morale and energy of the institution as a whole.
UNIVERSITY OF LUND
The University of Lund is the intellectual
center of south Sweden, and the Faculty of
Medicine with its institutes and i,ioo-bed hos-
pital is the medical center of the region. Research
in the Department of Medicine of the University,
under Professor Sven Ingvar, has for some years
given much attention to studies of the nervous
system. Professor Ingvar is especially interested
in brain tumors and neuropathology of the mid-
brain. Foundation fellowships have been awarded
in the past few years to three assistants, two of
whom studied neurology and neuropathology.
The County Council of Lund and the Swedish
Government gave sums for the remodeling of
Professor Ingvar's clinic to furnish more space
and for necessary additional equipment, with a view to building up a research and training center in neurological medicine. The Foundation appropriated in 1939,^27,000 to provide 100,000
Swedish crowns, 40,000 crowns to be used for the construction and equipment of an animal house, and 60,000 crowns to be used at the rate of 20,000 crowns annually for the salaries of technical assistants and research supplies, over the three- year period July i, 1939, to June 30, 1942.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 180 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
DIKEMARK MENTAL HOSPJTAL
As in the work at the Boston City Hospital,
one of the chief aims of research at the Dikemark
Mental Hospital, Asker, Norway, on the out-
skirts of Oslo, is to discover the cause or causes,
and pathological processes of the "unknown"
disease, schizophrenia. The approach has been
mainly through a study of the fundamental dis-
turbances in metabolism, particularly that of the amino acids. The Dikemark Hospital is one of the few municipal hospitals in Europe which is con- ducting significant research in mental diseases.
The hospital accommodates nearly eight hun- dred patients, and provides treatment and ob- servation of some twelve hundred additional patients who are boarded out. Four to six junior positions on the staff are reserved for promising students from the University of Oslo. The hospi- tal serves, therefore, as an adjunct to University training, and research at the hospital has the co- operation of psychiatry, anatomy, and other departments of the University. Dr. Asbjorn Foil- ing, professor of the physiology of nutrition at the University, and a former fellow of The
Rockefeller Foundation, is research consultant in physiological chemistry.
In 1939 the Foundation appropriated $17,150 to provide 66,000 Norwegian crowns over the five-year period beginning July i, 1939, to enable
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE MEDICAL SCIENCES l8l
Dr. Rolf Gjessing, director of the hospital, to
intensify and expand the research under his
direction. About half of the grant in the first
year is to be devoted to additional equipment;
the employment of an organic chemist and other
technical assistants will be made possible for the
entire period.
UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
Within the past few years a unit for research
in brain chemistry under Professor R. A. Peters
has grown up in the Department of Biochemis-
try at the University of Oxford. The researches of
Dr. Peters and his group on vitamin Bj led to an
investigation of the metabolic changes associated
with disturbances in the nervous system caused
by a deficiency in this vitamin, and an increasing
interest in its relation to metabolism in the brain.
The work has now progressed to fundamental
studies of the chemistry of the brain.
Relatively little research in brain chemistry is
being done. At the same time results of recent
work have shown that much help in the solution
of problems of mental and nervous diseases
may be expected from further studies in this
field.
In each of the years 1937 and 1938 the Founda-
tion made a small grant in aid to the work at the
University of Oxford chiefly for the specific prob-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 182 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
lem of the metabolism of pyruvic acid in the brain.
In order to make possible further progress in the
research which has so far proved fruitful, the
Foundation granted in 1939, $12,000 to purchase up to £2,400, to be available during the four-
year period beginning July I, 1939.
In the early 1920*3 the Foundation gave aid
toward the construction of a building for the De-
partment of Biochemistry, and endowment for
that Department.
RESEARCH IN NEUROPHYSIOLOGY,
ENDOCRINOLOGY, ETC.
YALE UNIVERSITY
The Adolescence Study Unit of Yale Uni-
versity is a cooperative enterprise of the School
of Medicine, which provides the personnel for the
physiological and anatomical studies, and the
Institute of Human Relations, which gives other
assistance, particularly the services of a psy-
chologist. Biochemical tests for male and female hor-
mones have been developed and improved. As- says of these substances are compared with the
developmental status of the child as determined
by physiological and anatomical studies and measurements. Results of the many detailed
tests and measurements indicate a close rela-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE MEDICAL SCIENCES l8j
tionship between the degree of physical maturity
of the child (regardless of chronological age) and
the degree of emotional maturity.
Some of the methods which have been devised
seem likely to be of practical value in other
fields of study, and a small group of younger
workers under Dr. William W. Greulich is being
trained to use them.
The General Education Board aided this
project during its initial three years. For com-
pletion of the studies the Foundation made to
Yale University in 1939 a terminal grant of
$36,000 covering the two-year period beginning
July i, 1939, to be applied toward the salaries
and research expenses which the School of Med-
icine contributes to the work.
UNIVERSITY OF BRUSSELS
Research in neurophysiology and endocri-
nology and the relationship of neurophysiological
and endocrinological functions to each other has
been actively pursued under Professor Frederic
Bremer in the Laboratory of General Pathology
at the University of Brussels. Studies are being
made of the cerebral cortex with a view to ob-
taining further knowledge of epilepsy and hys-
teria; of the centers in the hypothalamus and
their relation to the problem of sleep; of the mechanism of heat control; and of the connection
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 184 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
of the visual and auditory pathways with other
parts of the nervous system.
Toward Professor Bremer's research the Foun-
dation contributed in 1939, $24,850 to provide
710,000 Belgian francs to be used in decreasing amounts over the five-year period beginning
October 15,1939. A small grant in aid was made by the Paris office to give temporary assistance until the larger grant should become effective.
The Foundation's aid will be used chiefly for equipment and supplies during the first year, and will provide over the full period salaries for research assistants.
MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL OF
GREAT BRITAIN
The Medical Research Council of Great
Britain, established in 3913 and supported by the British Government, conducts, promotes, and aids medical research in Great Britain. Research is carried on directly under the auspices of the
Council at the National Institute for Medical
Research, Hampstead, London, and by mem- bers of its external research staff stationed in various clinics and other institutions. In carrying out its function of promoting and aiding re- search, the Council awards about 30 per cent of its funds in grants to investigators in universi- ties, medical schools, hospitals, and other insti-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE MEDICAL SCIENCES 185
tutions throughout the country. Since 1923 the
Council has administered fellowship funds pro-
vided by the Foundation for medical fellowships
in Great Britain. The Foundation has also made
grants to the Council for the administration of
specified research projects in other institutions,
and for research under its own auspices.
During the past two years the Medical Re-
search Council found that a large number of
worthy applications could not be considered be-
cause of insufficient funds. As many of these
projects are in the fields of psychiatry, neurol-
ogy, and endocrinology in which the Foundation
is interested, the Foundation granted in 1939,
$50,000 to provide £10,000 over a period of five
years beginning February i, 1939, to be allotted
by the Council to research in these subjects.
NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON MATERNAL HEALTH
Toward research expenses of special studies conducted under the auspices of the National
Committee on Maternal Health, New York, the
Foundation granted in 1939, $ 12,000 over the two-year period ending September 30, 1941, A concurrent grant made in 1938 toward adminis- trative expenses of the Committee also expires on the same date.
The special studies in the psychological aspects
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 186 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION of sterility and the relation of sex phenomena to anxiety states which this grant assists received previously a grant in aid for one year. The funds are to be used for three investigators, a full- time fellow in obstetrics and a part-time fellow in psychiatry at the College of Physicians and
Surgeons, Columbia University, and a part-time fellow in obstetrics at Cornell University Medical
College.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA: INSTITUTE OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
In continuation of aid begun ten years ago the
Foundation in 1939 appropriated $75,000 over a period of five years beginning July I, 1939, to the work of the Institute of Experimental Bi- ology, University of California, under the direc- tion of Dr. Herbert M. Evans. During the period of the latest previous grant (1936 to 1939) the
Institute has reported progress in studies of the hypophysis, the thyroid hormone, the adrenal gland and its secretion, made further refinements in certain tests for sex hormones, and published studies indicating that vitamin E, besides its relation to reproduction, has a general metabolic importance.
For the future, the laboratory hopes to gain more definite information about the chief differ- ences in the chemical structure and the biological
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE MEDICAL SCIENCES 187
action of thefiv e best known pituitary hormones, and add to present knowledge of the chemical and biological nature of the vitamins, through its systematic study of purified hormone samples and vitamin concentrates. In addition, Dr. Evans plans to conduct neuroanatomical studies of ver- tebrates suffering from vitamin deficiency.
TEACHING AND RESEARCH IN CHILD PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGY
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA
To help in establishing a center for teaching and research in psychiatry and child guidance which is being developed in the Catholic Uni- versity of America, Washington, D. C., under the direction of the Rev. Thomas V. Moore, pro- fessor and head of the Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, the Foundation granted in 1939, $85,000 for a period of five years beginning September i, 1939. This aid makes possible the provision of a psychiatrist, a psychologist, a remedial teacher, a psychiatric social worker, a secretary and technician, and an assistant social worker. The University hopes also that a fellow- ship may be set aside from these funds to enable a psychiatrist to become familiar with the methods of this clinic. The objectives of the work in child guidance
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 188 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
are not only to treat the child, but to help in ad- justment within the family, and to try to remove
specific difficulties by remedial teaching. These
aims are assisted by arrangements for coopera-
tion with the Departments of Sociology and
Education.
The Catholic University, besides its regular
undergraduate work, is a center for advanced and
postgraduate courses, and many of the students
are being trained as future leaders and teachers
in the Catholic priesthood, schools, and welfare
administration. To the National Catholic School
of Social Service, which is an integral part of the
University and cooperates closely with the De- partment of Psychology and Psychiatry, come a large proportion of the Catholic women going into this work.
CHILD RESEARCH COUNCIL OF DENVER
A detailed study of one hundred children from birth to maturity is the well-defined undertaking of the Child Research Council of Denver. Vari- ous studies and tests are made from as many viewpoints as possible, ranging from anthropo- metric measurements of structure and bones to observation of the child in relation to his environ- ment. Studies are made of the teeth and jaws, nose, throat, ears, sinuses, lungs, heart, and other
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE MEDICAL SCIENCES
organs; basal metabolism and various other
tests are made; photographs and x-ray pictures
are taken. All the observations and tests are
made at regular, frequent intervals. The aim of
these studies is to chart more accurately the
boundary of the zone separating health from
disease; to recognize the variations consistent
with healthy growth, and those conditions which
need adjustment by outside interference. Nu-
merous parallel laboratory research projects are
constantly conducted by the regular and volun-
teer staff.
While the Council is an independent institute, supported in the main by the Commonwealth
Fund, it is housed in the School of Medicine of the University of Colorado; its director is asso- ciate professor of pediatrics in the School of
Medicine, and its salaried staff of twenty is aug- mented by a volunteer staff of about thirty, most of whom are members of the faculty of the medical school. This close relationship with the
School of Medicine gives the Child Research
Council ready access to representatives of all the medical sciences.
For aid toward the salary of a psychologist and small incidental expenses, the Foundation ap- propriated in 1939, $19,200 to be used over a six-year period beginning October i, 1939. The
Foundation is also aiding the Psychiatric Liaison
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Department of the University of Colorado. The presence of the Child Research Council in the medical school, with its voluminous data, and its relationships to the several departments is, in a less direct way, of value in contributing to the ideal of synthesis in medical teaching.
THE FORMAN SCHOOLS LITCHFIELD, CONNECTICUT
Among groups of children it has been found that some who are entirely normal or above nor- mal in intelligence often have special difficulties in reading, spelling, or writing, which interfere seriously with their expected performance of school work. Other children have a greater or less degree of lack of coordination in muscle control, especially in performing some of the finer movements such as writing. Often the potentialities of such children, subsequently found to be brilliant, have been seriously under- rated because of these barriers to the acquire- ment of a conventional school training.
The Forman Schools, Litchfield, Connecticut, organized for operation on a nonprofit basis, accommodate about seventy boys in four sepa- rate age groups from eight to seventeen. Like other boys' schools in the quality and capacities of the pupils, the Forman Schools are perhaps
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE MEDICAL SCIENCES
exceptional in the interest taken in detecting
and correcting these particular difficulties among
their pupils. It was precisely because of this
interest and because the Forman Schools have
not modified their selection of students, and thus
represent a characteristic and normal sample of
scholars, that it was selected as a place in which
to extend these special studies. The Foundation granted to the Forman
Schools in 1939, $50,000 over the five-year
period beginning September I, 1939, to make possible the devotion of part of the time of Dr.
Samuel T. Or ton, formerly professor of neurology
and neuropathology at Columbia University,
and long interested in disabilities of speech and reading, and the full time of an assistant to a study both of these difficulties and of methods of corrective training. The funds provided will be sufficient for some additional apparatus, sup- plies, and other expenses incident to the re- search. While the Foundation's interest is more particularly in the neurological aspect of the work and the training which the assistant will receive, the grant also should contribute toward the development of improved methods of second- ary teaching, especially in the less pronounced cases of muscular incoordination, as in the cases of reading, speech, and similar difficulties.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 192 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
TEACHING OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
While a graduate School of Hygiene and Pub-
lic Health has been a part of the Johns Hopkins
University since 1916, until 1939 no formal de-
partment existed in the School of Medicine for
the teaching of public health to undergraduate
students of medicine. Such instruction was pro-
vided through a series of lectures given chiefly
by members of the staff of the School of Hygiene
to third-year students. Early in 1939 the Founda-
tion appropriated to Johns Hopkins University
$350,000, to be expended at the rate of not more
than -$35,000 a year after July i, 1939, for the
establishment of a Department of Preventive
Medicine in the School of Medicine. The Founda-
tion's grant will be used for salaries of staff,
including a professor of preventive medicine, and incidental expenses.
The Foundation has recently aided at the
Johns Hopkins University two projects which are directly connected with the work of the new
Department. The International Health Division of the Foundation in 1938 supplied funds for the purchase of land on which the city is to build a headquarters for the Eastern Health District, a combined enterprise of the School of Hygiene
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE MEDICAL SCIENCES 193
and the city of Baltimore. Space will be provided
in this building for the Department of Preventive
Medicine. Also, the Division of Medical Sciences
has been aiding, as an experimental study of
social, economic, and environmental factors which
affect the well-being of the individual patient, a
program of lectures, demonstrations, and practi-
cal home visits given as a part of the third-year
course in preventive medicine. At Johns Hopkins
University are other activities which, though less
directly, can be of particular advantage to a
department of preventive medicine: a strong
department of psychiatry can assist in mental
hygiene; help from the School of Hygiene can be had in special fields; and the Department of
the History of Medicine can contribute through its interest in social medicine.
TEACHING OF LEGAL MEDICINE
HARVARD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL
The coroner system, thought to have origi- nated in the reign of Henry I of England, early in the twelfth century, is the system most com- monly used in the United States to determine the cause of deaths occurring under suspicious or unusual circumstances. A thorough examination in a case of suspected crime would assume the services of a competent pathologist with a
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 194 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
thoroughly trained staff to which subsidiary
scientific investigations might be detailed. How- ever, the coroner is usually an elected individual
and a layman, who uses the ordinary practicing
physician as an assistant. He is, besides, ex-
pected to perform all those vitally important functions of a bureau of criminal investigation
up to and including identification of the person
causing the death. Only in a few states and
cities in the United States has this inexcusably
medieval system been replaced by the medical
examiner system. Legal medicine in continental Europe has had
a comparatively long development. Many in-
stitutes of legal medicine were founded there in the nineteenth century. The first chair of legal
medicine in the United States was established at
Harvard University in 1937, in memory of one
of the pioneers among medical examiners, Dr. George B. Magrath.
The Department at Harvard is headed by a pathologist, Dr. Alan R. Moritz, who has spent
two years in Europe to secure necessary supple- mental training in legal medicine. In 1939 the
Foundation granted $15,000 over a period of approximately four years ending Jure 30, 1943, to be used toward the salaries of two assistants.
A substantial start has been made in a branch of medicine of great potential value in the protec-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE MEDICAL SCIENCES 195
tion of human life and the administration of
justice. It is to be hoped that increasing demand for medical examiners will follow the creation of
the means to train them.
TEACHING OF DENTAL MEDICINE
HARVARD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF DENTAL MEDICINE
Dental diseases, which afflict practically every-
one, constitute one of the great public health tasks of the future. Present methods of repair and correction, though valuable and excellent, con-
tribute but little toward prevention. The leaders of the dental profession have long been desirous of improving the character of dental education, and no one among them would see with reluc- tance larger resources for investigation in dental problems. Most students of dental education
believe that a shift from emphasis upon mechani- cal ingenuity to emphasis upon the biological sciences underlying medicine itself but equally applicable to dentistry would form the wisest course for the improvement in dental education. The dentist stands to gain from a wider knowl- edge of medicine — and he knows it. The physi- cian would profit from a better knowledge of the factors underlying the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the oral cavity — whether he
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 196 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
knows it or not. The time has arrived for some
active and intelligent team play between a well- supported school of dentistry and a school of
medicine.
The Foundation has aided dental research at
Yale University and the University of Rochester
for the purpose of finding and training teachers
and investigators in dentistry of a calibre and
outlook similar to the best traditions of medicine.
In the absence, however, of a dental school
where teaching and investigation of a high order
could be carried out, suitable opportunities have
been lacking for personnel so trained.
In recognition of the present situation in dentistry Harvard University has drafted a reorganization of its dental school, which will place dentistry on the basis of a specialty of medicine. The Dental School will become the
School of Dental Medicine, and graduates of the
School of Dental Medicine, after finishing the same preclinical courses and much of the- same clinical work given the medical students, will be entitled to the degree of Doctor of Dental
Medicine. No longer apart from the advantages of the Medical School, and no longer with courses shorter or more limited in scope, the dental stu- dents in this new departure in dental education will be encouraged to a new status. Exclusively dental training, especially the technical and
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE MEDICAL SCIENCES
mechanical procedures, will be given principally in a fifth year. Four full-time professorships in dental medicine will be called for, and research will be better supported. The aim of the School is to produce graduates who will be prepared as teachers, investigators, and broadly trained clinical specialists. It will bring medical training to bear on the problems of dentistry, and tend to infuse the biological and preventive outlook into dental teaching and re- search. To aid this reorganization in dental teach- ing, the Foundation granted in 1939, $400,000 as endowment to the School of Dental Medicine of Harvard University, on condition that the Uni- versity increase endowment of the School by $2,150,000, $1,000,000 to be transferred from University funds, and $1,150,000 to be secured elsewhere before October 1,1941.
MEDICAL RESEARCH — FLUID FUND
THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE
Like many other medical schools at this time, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medi- cine has found it necessary to cut budgets con- siderably as a result of lowered income. The economy measures tend to keep research at a minimum, and to prohibit expenses for any new
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 198 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
projects, or the extension and development of
research already under way. The scientific po-
tentialities of a good staff are especially ham-
pered in such a situation.
At present practically all those funds of the
School of Medicine which are restricted to. re-
search are designated for specific studies and can
not be appjied to any of the needs which arise in
various departments from time to time. A fluid
research fund can be used for any department
and applied wherever the promise of excellent
research is thought to be greatest. As a form of
aid which is most helpful in a time of financial
stringency, the Foundation granted early in
J939> $90,000 to the School of Medicine of Johns
Hopkins University over the six-year period end-
ing December 31, 1944, for a fluid research fund.
It might be added for the guidance of donors
interested in medical research that few ways of
spending money on the part of persons not pre- pared to supervise the expenditure of large sums, can be found to be more productive than the fluid research fund.
FELLOWSHIPS
As the war in Europe has made it unlikely that the fellowship program there can be con- tinued except for a few isolated cases, and as it is also impossible to send fellows from the United
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE MEDICAL SCIENCES 199
States to centers in Europe where in normal times they would wish to study, it is expected that the fellowship program for 1940 will be much reduced. Only $50,000, therefore, was ap- propriated in December 1939 for fellowships in the medical sciences during the year 1940, as contrasted with $ 120,000 provided for each of the years 1938 and 1939.
Sixty fellowships were administered directly by the Division of Medical Sciences during the year 1939. They were granted to individuals from seventeen different countries, who studied in six different countries. The countries of origin and the numbers from each were as follows:
Great Britain, eight; France, five; Finland and
Sweden, four each; the Netherlands, three;
Canada and Japan, two each; Argentina, Bel- gium, Germany, Italy, Java, Latvia, Mexico,
Portugal, and Switzerland, one each; and the
United States, twenty-three. Of these fellows forty-seven studied in countries other than their own: in Great Britain, fifteen; France, four;
Canada, three; the Netherlands and Sweden, one each; and the United States, twenty-three. Thir- teen fellows appointed in the United States worked at training centers in their own country.
Of the total of sixty individuals, forty-two devoted their fellowships to work in neurology and psychiatry and related subjects; six to public
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2OO THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
health teaching and research; four to endocri-
nology; two each to chest surgery and medical
library administration; and one each to legal
medicine, cancer research, histology and endocri-
nology, and nutrition in relation to alcoholism.
In 1937 the Foundation provided funds to the
National Research Council, Washington, D. C.,
for fellowships in the medical sciences over the
period July i, 1938,, to June 30, 1941. Twenty-
two fellows were at work during all or part of the
year 1939 on fellowships awarded from these
funds. Thirteen fellowships were continued from
the previous year, and nine began in 1939.
Awards are made to selected applicants in the
United States and Canada. Twenty-one fellows
studied in the United States and one in Sweden.
Also in 1937 the Foundation granted funds for fellowships to the Medical Research Council of
Great Britain for a three-year period ending
June 30, 1940. Seven fellows were at work during some time in 1939. Six continued their work from
the previous year, and one began in 1939. Six studied in the United States, and one in France.
One fellow returned home because of the war be- fore the expiration of his fellowship; three other fellows who sailed for home in September had practically completed their periods of study. Five appointments which had been made for study in the United States were cancelled.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2OI
The fellowship program at the Peiping Union
Medical College, Peiping, China, conducted with
funds provided by the Foundation, was larger
in 1939 than in previous years, although the ex-
penditure for this purpose was -very much
smaller because of the extreme drop in exchange.
Eight grants were in effect in 1939 for research
fellowships at the College, and 135 smaller
grants for other postgraduate fellowships. The
143 individuals represented sixty-four different
institutions in China. Practically all departments
of the College received fellowship workers; the
largest numbers in any one department were
eleven in physiology and ten in public health. Of
the 143 total, fifty-eight were nurses who re-
ceived graduate training in the School of Nurs-
ing. Fifteen members of the staff of the Peiping
Union Medical College received fellowships for
study abroad during 1939, thirteen in the United
States, one in Canada, and one in both the
United States and Germany.
GRANTS IN AID
It is expected that the grant in aid program
may be used in Europe to deal with emergency
situations brought about as a result of the war to
keep a productive research group together, or to
provide funds when advance is blocked by failure of adequate resources; and in the United States
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2O2 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION possibly to accelerate work offsetting the inevi-
table decline in research in Europe. Although some of the normal demands on the fund, such as exploration of projects previous to recommend- ing grants by the trustees, may be less, emer- gency needs might well exceed the usual allow- ance, and for this reason, |i25,000 as compared with $90,000 in 1938, was appropriated in 1939 for the requirements of 1940.
From funds provided in 1938, thirty-five grants in aid in the medical sciences were al- lotted by the officers in 1939. They ranged in amount from $250 to $5,000, and totaled $74,-
360. Of the twenty-six grants for research in
Europe, all were for one year or less; of the nine grants in the United States, four were for two years, three for one year, and two for shorter periods. The funds were to be used chiefly for technical assistance, laboratory equipment, and supplies.
The research aided was in the fields of concen- tration of the Division of the Medical Sciences, psychiatry, neurology, and related subjects, with the exception of one grant for the organization of a cooperative medical library service in Lon- don, one in nutrition, one for the study of ge~ netic-endocrinological relations, and two in endo- crinology. Eight of the scientists whose work was aided had been fellows of either The Rocke-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2OJ
feller Foundation or the Medical Research Coun-
cil of Great Britain, the fellowship funds of
which are contributed by the Foundation.
The thirty-five grants were distributed among
ten countries, as follows: England, twelve;
France, five; Denmark, three; Germany, two;
Belgium, Canada, the Netherlands, Norway, and
Switzerland, one each; and the United States, eight. As most of the European grants were made early in 1939 and covered only one year, some of the institutions which received grants in aid for this period reported but slight disturbance to the work caused by changes to a war basis.
It is inevitable, however, that war and research do not go well together, and the effectiveness of many research projects diminished as the year drew to a close.
From a special fund provided for the travel of individuals and commissions, a small sum was granted to enable a Canadian professor to visit the United States to observe the teaching of preventive medicine in a few university medical schools where this subject is well organized.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE NATURAL SCIENCES
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE NATURAL SCIENCES STAFF
During 1939
Director
WARREN WEAVER
Associate Director
FRANK BLAIR HANSON
Assistant Directors
HARRY M. MILLER, JR.
W. E. TISDALE
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation NATURAL SCIENCES
INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT 209 EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY Aid to Groups Leland Stanford Junior University: The Bio- logical Sciences 209 Amherst College: Department of Biology 211 Long Island Biological Association: Summer Symposium 213 Genetics University of Missouri 214 Brown University 218
CHEMISTRY IN ITS RELATION TO BIOLOGY The Johns Hopkins University: Studies of the Chemical Structure of Physiologically Active Substances 220 California Institute of Technology: Develop- ment of Organic Chemistry in Relation to Bio- logical Problems 223 University of Minnesota: Studies of Lipid Me- tabolism 227 University of Utrecht: Research in the Biochem- istry of Plant Growth Substances 228 University of Minnesota: Investigations of the Mechanism of Osmosis 230 University of Oxford: Addition to the Labora- tory of Organic Chemistry 231
PHYSICS IN ITS RELATION TO BIOLOGY University of California: Cyclotron Research 233 Washington University, St. Louis: Construction of Cyclotron 235 University of Chicago: Studies in Molecular Spectra 237
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2O8 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
PHYSICS IN ITS RELATION TO BIOLOGY — Continued
Spectroscopic and Chemical Studies in Certain Diseases Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research 238 Memorial Hospital for the Treatment of Can- cer and Allied Diseases 240
FELLOWSHIPS 241
GRANTS IN AID 243
GENERAL PROGRAM
American Mathematical Society: International Mathematical Review Journal 245 Brown University: Establishment of a Microfilm Photographic Laboratory 246 National Research Council: Support of General Activities 248
FORMER PROGRAM
The Johns Hopkins University: The Biological Sciences 249 Yale University: Laboratories of Primate Bi- ology 250
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE NATURAL SCIENCES
FOR the support of its program in the nat-
ural sciences the Foundation appropriated
$2,005,831 in 1939. The greater part of this
amount was contributed for work in experimental
biology, the field of study on which the program
places its chief emphasis at the present time. The
choice of this field for concentration of interest
was determined by the belief that the health
and happiness of man depend in a fundamental
way on his understanding of life processes and
the mechanism of such phenomena as heredity
and the growth and development of the minute
structures that constitute his bodily make-up.
The Foundation aims to further this understand-
ing by helping to bring to bear on the unsolved
problems of biology the powerful research tech-
niques which have been developed in modern
physical and chemical laboratories, and by foster-
ing cooperative attack on these problems by in-
vestigators working from many angles.
EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
AID TO GROUPS
LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY:
THE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
The first president of Stanford University,
David Starr Jordan, was a naturalist, deeply
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 210 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
interested in the living world. It is only natural
that under his leadership the biological sciences
at Stanford had a vigorous and successful early
development. This development, moreover, has
been a continuous one to the present time, the
biological group there having a particular inter-
est in drawing upon the experimental methods of
the chemist and physicist in their endeavors to
solve basic biological problems. In the School of
Biological Sciences a closely collaborating group
of biologists has been formed which studies prob-
lems centering principally around the "simplest
protoplasmic unit or primordial cell." At present
seven separate lines of research are represented
by this group: plant physiology, especially bio-
electric phenomena and photosynthesis; photo-
biology, especially the effects of ultraviolet light
upon microorganisms; experimental morphology,
using the method of transplant reactivities be-
tween species and their hybrids, and looking
toward analysis of the phenomena of develop- ment in chemical and physical terms; microbiol-
ogy, especially chemical activities of bacteria
and the pigments; experimental embryology, especially induced cell polarity and differentia-
tion; physiological genetics, especially the chem- ical nature of gene action; and experimental protistology, especially induced protoplasmic re- organization in relation to the effects of x-rays.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE NATURAL SCIENCES III
The chemice-physical attack upon biological
problems often requires methods and equipment
even more refined and precise than those em-
ployed in the study of nonliving matter. Con-
stant temperature rooms and air conditioning
make delicate work possible; and x-ray equip-
ment, apparatus for radiating ultraviolet light,
and other precision equipment are necessary for
the experiments. Since 1934 the Foundation has
contributed toward equipment, technical assist-
ance, and other general expenses. In 1939 the
Foundation gave $200,000 toward the work of this group of investigators of fundamental bio- logical problems. The amount has been paid to the University in a lump sum subject only to the condition that not more than $20,000 shall be used in any one year.
AMHERST COLLEGE:
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
An example of significant scientific investiga- tion carried out in a department of a compara- tively small institution is furnished by the
Department of Biology at Amherst College.
Here active research is going on in growth, em- bryology, and genetics. Among other studies on growth by Professor Otto Glaser, head of the
Department, are those relating to the discovery that in the chick, the relationship between age
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 212 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
and weight appears to be, simply stated, similar
to compound interest with a systematic decline
in rate. Studies in embryology carried out by
Associate Professor O. E. Schott6 have centered
particularly around regeneration and the action
of organizers. Tissue transplanting experiments
seem to show that regenerating cells of adult
amphibians are really capable of undergoing a renewed embryonic differentiation long after
they have apparently been destined to become
"leg" or " tail" cells. These results should throw light eventually on the processes of morphogene- sis and of cell differentiation of proliferating tis- sues. In genetics Professor H. H. Plough has developed a new and more accurate method of determining the number of mutations in any one generation of fruit flies, which makes more nearly exact the tracing of mutations caused by exposure of larvae to sublethal high and low temperatures and other treatment.
Aid given by the Foundation for the three- year period ending December 31, 1939, provided apparatus, including a room having temperature and humidity control, and research and technical assistance. In 1939 the Foundation continued aid for equipment and other general expenses includ- ing salaries of research and technical assistants, in the amount of $32,500 over the period Jan- uary i, 1940, to June 30, 1945, with the under-
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE NATURAL SCIENCES
standing that #1,500 should be devoted to perma-
nent equipment.
LONG ISLAND BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION:
SUMMER SYMPOSIUM
A five-week symposium bringing together in-
vestigators actively interested in selected fields
of quantitative biology, or in methods and the-
ories applicable to work in these fields, is held
each summer at the Biological Laboratory in
Cold Spring Harbor, under the sponsorship of the
Long Island Biological Association. These meet-
ings are part of the Laboratory's policy of foster-
ing a closer relation between biology and the
basic sciences, and at each one effort is made to
have every important aspect of the particular
subject under consideration adequately repre-
sented from the physical and chemical, as well as from the biological, point of view.
About thirty persons, acknowledged experts in
the field which is to be the subject of discussion, are invited to each summer symposium. In ac- cordance with a program carefully prepared in advance a paper is read each day by some mem- ber of this group, and a general discussion fol- lows, which often lasts for several hours. Ab- stracts of the discussion are prepared, and these, together with the papers themselves, are printed in an annual volume.
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 214 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION
The symposia have been held yearly since 1933
and have dealt with the following subjects:
surface chemistry and its bearing on biological
phenomena; general problems of growth; photo-
chemistry and photosynthesis; excitation phe-
nomena; enzymes, hormones, and vitamins; pro-
tein chemistry; and biological oxidations. The
Rockefeller Foundation has contributed toward
the support of the symposia since 1934. During
the past year it appropriated $10,000 toward the
costs of the 1940 session, which is to be devoted
to the consideration of cell membrane structure
and permeability. The funds provided by the
Foundation are used for the traveling and Jiving
expenses of the participants in the symposia, for
research expenses during a brief period following
the sessions, for clerical and administrative costs,
and for the publication of the annual volumes
containing the papers and the discussions.
GENETICS
UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI
Research in genetics at the University of
Missouri^ Columbia, is an important and expand- ing field. The work represents a collaboration of interests in departments of the College of Arts and Sciences, the College of Agriculture, and the
2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Photograph* Excised Here at tin. Sihonl ofliiologK.i] Sciences, Sianfoul I tmusin, C.ilifmni.i 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE NATURAL SCIENCES 217 Agricultural Experiment Station. The principal lines of investigation are the genetic nature of induced and spontaneous mutations; chromo- somal derangement; the genetic effects of ultra- violet radiation; and the genetics of polyploidy, or the phenomena of multiple chromosomes. The general program is under the direction of Dr. Lewis J. Stadler, professor of field crops, aided by the assistant professor of botany, who is especially interested in x-ray induced chromo- somal derangements; the assistant professor of physics, a biophysicist, interested chiefly in ex- periments with ultraviolet radiation; and a group of well-trained younger investigators. Research in genetics is also stressed in the Department of Zoology, which works closely with this group. The significance and nature of this work sug- gested that it should be housed in one building with greenhouses and experiment fields and gar- dens conveniently at hand. As the building pro- gram of the University has been restricted, it has not been possible to bring the investigators together, and the work has been proceeding with much inconvenience. The individuals concerned are located in three different buildings, one of them unsuited for laboratory work, and in space which is needed by other departments; and the radiation equipment is housed at an inconvenient 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Photograph Excised Here ic-. Huildiiig, I'iiivetxity of MI.S.MUIM 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 218 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION distance from the plots and greenhouses where it is chiefly used. As suitable and convenient laboratory quar- ters seem necessary for further efficient develop- ment of this important program, the Foundation granted $80,000 for the construction and equip- ment of a genetics laboratory building. The Foundation also continued its aid to research, entered upon in 1936, by a grant of $20,000, over the five-year period beginning July i, 1939, to be expended at the rate of $5,000 a year for the first three years, and at a decreasing rate there- after, with the expectation that the University will correspondingly increase its support of the work. BROWN UNIVERSITY With the assistance of allotments by the offi- cers of the Foundation in 1936 and 1938 from funds for grants in aid, Professor Paul Sawin of Brown University, Providence, has been able to take over and continue research on unique stocks of rabbits representing genetic strains built up over some thirty-five years of research by Dr. William E. Castle, professor emeritus of genetics, of Harvard University. In 1939 the Foundation granted $9,000 for studies in genet- ics at Brown University under Dr. Sawin over the five-year period beginning June i, 1939. Of 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE NATURAL SCIENCES 219 this grant $1,000 was to be used for enlarging the quarters of the colony so as to make con- veniently accessible all animals under close observation. For the expenses of housing and feeding the approximately three hundred to four hundred rabbits, and for part-time research assistance, $8,000 was granted to be used in amounts decreasing annually to allow the Uni- versity gradually to take over the complete ex- pense, of which it is at present contributing about three-eighths. This research lies principally in the relatively new field of immunogenetics. It has long been known that some rabbits normally possess type specific agglutinins for human blood cells, but as the blood of all rabbits does not have this char- acteristic, the studies at Brown seek to discover and develop strains of rabbits which can be de- pended upon to produce the desired sera. The lack of such strains has recently been felt to be a considerable handicap in the study of type spe- cific substances in man, and these studies in immunogenetics should be of importance, there- fore, from the medical as well as the biological standpoint. Dr. Sawin and his assistants at Brown will con- tinue further the study of the mutations obtained by Professor Castle, and will investigate also the inheritance of certain anatomical differences. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 220 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION CHEMISTRY IN ITS RELATION TO BIOLOGY THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY: STUDIES OF THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES The structure and function of biological sub- stances present a particular challenge to chemis- try. In addition to the importance of knowing more about life processes is the fact that the complexity of the large molecules which compose biological compounds provides an exceptional opportunity for studying the operation of many of the more subtle Jaws of chemistry and phys- ics. The pattern and organization of the mole- cules of these substances make possible a class of structure-dependent phenomena which cannot exist in simple molecules. Thus from the stand- point of both the chemist and the biologist, bio- chemistry opens up rich fields for exploration. The relation of chemistry to the problems of biology is one of the Foundation's chief interests in the field of the natural sciences, and several of the appropriations of the past year were made to further research in this general area. Among these was a grant of $30,000 to the Johns Hop- kins University for studies in the Department of Chemistry, under the direction of Professor 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE NATURAL SCIENCES 221 D. H. Andrews, on the chemical structure of physiologically active proteins. The organic chemist has determined the struc- ture of thousands of organic compounds. He has learned the make-up of the molecules of which they are composed, and in a very large number of instances he is able to synthesize the substances. But the molecular structure of the proteins, that grpup of substances of paramount importance to plant and animal life, still remains a mystery. The proteins have an outstanding role in plant and animal physiology, for they are present in almost every organ and have a part in practically every vital process. They are the basic materials of which man's muscles, tendons, and connective tissues are made, and they are important con- stituents of the blood, digestive juices, and other body fluids. In addition to many substances necessary to the life of plants and animals, the proteins also include such enemies as toxins and viruses. It is the structural properties of the complicated protein molecules which make possi- ble their many different uses, such as carrying oxygen in the blood stream, assisting in the metabolism of the food taken into the body, and protecting the body against the invasion of harmful foreign substances. Thus a knowledge of their structure is of major importance. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 222 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION Studies in the field of protein structure have shown the complexity of this subject and have led to the development of various specialized methods. These include, among others, the techniques of organic chemistry, microchemistry, crystallography, x-ray analysis, spectroscopy, radiochemistry, and thermodynamics. Professor Andrews and his colleagues are applying these particular techniques to the investigation of many of the physiologically significant proteins. An important feature of their work is the study of the numerous pigments which play a leading role in the life processes of plants and animals. Among these substances are hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying pigment of the blood; cyto- chromes, pigments which enable the muscles to utilize the oxygen for purposes of combustion; chlorophyll, which makes it possible for plants to accomplish photosynthesis, that is, to build up chemical substances with the aid of light; cata- lase, by means of which the plant protects itself against the hydrogen peroxide formed in the course of photosynthesis; and a widely scattered group of enzymes, the peroxidases and oxidases, which permit plants to perform oxidations at room temperature. The Foundation's grant toward the support of Professor Andrews' work will be available over the four-year period ending June 30,1943, for the 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE NATURAL SCIENCES purchase of equipment and for the salaries of research assistants. CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY: DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY IN RELATION TO BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS Research m the molecular structure of the proteins is receiving Foundation support also at the California Institute of Technology, where work in thisfield 1i s being carried out as a part of a broad program in bio-organic chemistry, which the Institute is developing with Foundation as- sistance. Under the direction of Professor Linus Pauling, a group of workers in the Institute's Crellin Laboratory of Chemistry are attacking the problem of protein structure through x-ray studies of simpler related substances, such as the ammo acids and the peptides, combinations of two or more amino acids. Chemical investigation has established the fact that proteins are made up of amino acids held together in chains by linkage between their carbon and nitrogen atoms, but it has not been possible to discover by chemical techniques alone the configuration of these chains or the nature of the linkage exist- ing within them. With their x-ray methods, however, Professor Pauling and his associates are making significant progress. They have already succeeded in determining the structure of crys- 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 224 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION tals of the amino acids glycine and alanme, and the related diketopiperazine, and are studying the structure of other amino acids and peptides. Some of the other work included in the Insti- tute's program in bio-organic chemistry are studies by Professor E. R. Buchman on the physiological action of analogues of vitamin Biy which are giving clues to the mechanism of the activity of this vitamin; research by Profes- sors A. J. Haagen-Smit and J. B. Koepfli on plant growth substances; investigations by Pro- fessor C. G. Niemann on the nature of the fatty substances of brain and nerve tissue; and studies by Professor L. Zechmeister on substances re- lated to the carotenoidsj the forerunners of vitamin A. In December 1937 the trustees of The Rocke- feller Foundation authorized the executive committee to appropriate to the California In- stitute of Technology sums totaling not more than $300,000 during the six-year period be- ginning July i, 1938, for the development of chemistry in its relation to biological problems, the amount in any year of the period not to ex- ceed $70,000. In both 1938 and 1939 a grant; of $70,000 was made toward the fulfilment of this commitment. These sums were budgeted by the University for salaries of research assistants and for equipment and supplies. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation ®*k Photograph Excised Here Crdim ].abnr;itor\, Califui'ina Institute of' 'IVf!inu!ng\. At udrk on the nature nf' the f",itt\ Milixt;incfs in hram ;IIH] ncr\'r flSMlO, 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE NATURAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA: STUDIES OF LIPID METABOLISM Among the materials which go into the make- up of plant and animal tissues are a group of substances known as the lipids. They include such compounds as the fatty acids, the neutral fats, and the various sterols, and they are known to have a vital role in protoplasmic behavior. Their multiple functions cannot be understood, however, until far more is known about their ele- mentary chemistry and the factors that control their transport, rearrangements, and synthesis into the final complexes found in the cells. At the University of Minnesota, Professor George O. Burr and his associates in the Department of Botany are using spectrographic methods and other modern techniques in the study of the chemical structure and the behavior of these cell constituents. To assist the University in the support of this work over a five-year period be- ginning July i, 1939, the Foundation appropri- ated $15,000 to cover the salary of a research assistant for Professor Burr and toward the pur- chase of supplies and equipment. Professor Burr is at present devoting his atten- tion to the isolation of the fatty acids and their isomers, that is, substances having the same chemical composition but differing in their physi- cal properties because of a different arrangement 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation \£R FO/, &%$%&&> £*v &/fjF*Jfr\&£) & Photograph Excised Here Conductivity measurements. De|iartment of PliN.siokigy, l']ii\ersit\ of" Minnesota. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 228 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION of the atoms in the molecule; to the determina- tion of the organic structure of the newly isolated substances; to the synthesis of these substances; and to the study of their biological activity. He is seeking to develop more accurate and delicate spectroscopic techniques for the identification of unknown lipid constituents and for following the rate of transport and metabolism of known spectroscopically active fatty acids. He is using radioactive phosphorus as an aid in the synthesis of lipids. Members of the Departments of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pediatrics at the University of Minnesota and of the Department of Physiology at Ohio State University are cooperating with Professor Burr in this work. UNIVERSITY OF UTRECHT: RESEARCH IN THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF PLANT GROWTH SUBSTANCES For several years Professor Fritz Kogl, direc- tor of the Department of Organic Chemistry of the University of Utrecht, has been engaged in biochemical studies of the growth-promoting substances with which plants are provided, notably the hormone-like auxin, of which there are at least two forms, and the vitamin-like biotin. His early work was concerned with the isolation of these substances and the study of their chemical structures. More recently he has 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE NATURAL SCIENCES 229 been investigating their roles in the physiology of both plants and animals. These later investiga- tions have opened up new lines of research along which Professor Kogl now plans to work. To aid the University in providing additional research assistance and certain essential equipment for this broader program the Foundation appropri- ated $21,375 for its use during the five years 1939-i943- Professor Kogl's new program, now well under way, includes (i) investigations of the relation of the hormone-resembling auxins to such phenom- ena as the turning of plants toward the light, and the invariable upward growth of their shoots and downward growth of their roots; (2) research on other plant hormones, particularly those that stimulate cell division; (3) studies of the signifi- cance of biotin in the germination and physiology of higher plants and in the growth of bacteria; (4) attempts to breed pathogenic bacteria in a synthetic medium by means of the growth sub- stances now known; and (5) investigation of growth substances occurring in extracts of embryos. The University has provided new quarters for the Laboratory of Chemistry, where Professor Kogl has space for large extraction equipment, three well-designed rooms for microanalysis, a balance room, a physical chemistry room, a 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 230 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION general research room for fifteen persons, and private research rooms for a dozen more. UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA: INVESTIGATIONS OF THE MECHANISM OF OSMOSIS In order to maintain its integrity the living organism must keep its internal environment relatively constant in composition. One of the mechanisms by which it moves materials within its system to accomplish this end is osmosis, or diffusion through cell membranes, separating two solutions, which tends to equalize the concentra- tions of these solutions. For example, through osmotic work the higher animals and man are able to keep their salt content constant by pre- venting its loss from the intestines and kidneys when the rate of its intake is low and by bringing about its excretion when its intake is high. The ability of the organism to carry on os- motic transportation in order to keep its content of certain substances constant is one of its most important characteristics. In fact, life under changing circumstances would be impossible without this ability. The mechanism of the func- tion is imperfectly understood, however, al- though it has been studied extensively. At the University of Minnesota osmotic work has been under investigation for a number of years in the Department of Physiology under 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE NATURAL SCIENCES the direction of Professor M. B. Visscher. Papers have been published by the staff on certain phases of this research, but many problems re- quire further study. To assist Professor Visscher in extending the scope of his investigations the Foundation made a grant of $16,500 to the Uni- versity to be available during the three years beginning July I, 1939. Professor Visscher plans to investigate further the factors involved in selective osmotic work in living systems through extension of fundamental knowledge of the physical chemistry of mem- branes of the types present in living systems, and through analysis of the behavior of the living systems themselves in the light of information obtained in the physicochemical studies. The two kinds of work can be carried on simultane- ously with profit, for each is dependent on the other. The Foundation's grant will be used for salaries of research assistants, for additional equipment for electrical measurements, for the construction of electroosmotic cells and auxil- iary apparatus, and for materials to be used in the studies. UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD: ADDITION TO THE LABORATORY OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY To enable the University of Oxford to add a new wing to the Dyson Perrins Laboratory, an important center of research in organic chemis- 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 232 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION try, the Foundation appropriated $115,000 to- ward the cost of erecting and equipping this addition. The new space will aid studies in the field of organic chemistry as applied to biological problems. At the present time a large group of workers is carrying on special research of this kind at the Laboratory under the leadership of Sir Robert Robinson, its director. Many of these persons occupy research rooms that house not only their own particular equipment but also such general service equipment as centrifuges, microanalysis equipment, and high pressure distillation ap- paratus. It often results, under these circum- stances, either that special research must be interrupted to permit the use of the general service apparatus for other purposes, or that this apparatus becomes unavailable until an oppor- tune break can be made in the special work. Moreover, there are certain important types of research that cannot be carried on satisfactorily in a general chemical laboratory. The new wing will permit the separation of such special services from general research and teach- ing, and will thus promote the efficiency of all phases of the Laboratory's work. It will provide rooms for microanalysis and semimicroanalysis, for microbalances, for catalysis-hydrogenation, high vacuum distillation, spectrography and polarimetry, and for bacteriology and other mi- 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE NATURAL SCIENCES 233 croorganism cultures, as well as five research laboratories for senior workers. The Foundation's active connection with Professor Robinson's work goes back to 1933, when a small grant in aid was made to the Dyson Perrins Laboratory to provide equipment and special supplies for research on the chemistry of organic coloring substances of plants and related vitamins. In 1936 a second grant was made to the Laboratory, to be available over a five-year period for the support of studies of protein structure and of synthetic analogues of the sex hormones and corticosterone, a crystalline steroid with the activity of the adrenocortical hormone. PHYSICS IN ITS RELATION TO BIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA: CYCLOTRON RESEARCH Although several cyclotrons have been built at the University of California, where the theory of the machine was first worked out by Professor E. O. Lawrence, director of the Radiation Labo- ratory, the technical capabilities of the cyclotron and its use in other departments of research, such as medical and biological, are in only the earliest stages of development. A powerful cyclotron, suitable for medical and biological research, was completed in the early part of 1939, and was 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 234 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION producing a few months later deuteron rays of 16,000,000 volts. As has been described in previ- ous reports, the cyclotron is a machine which by whirling at extremely high speeds the nuclei (deuterons or alpha particles) of such atoms as heavy hydrogen or helium, imparts to these nuclei enormous energies, and directs this stream of ultra high speed particles at a target. The impact of these particles causes changes in the element used as a target; different substances may become radioactive for varying lengths of time, from seconds to many years, or may even be changed in character entirely, constituting a true transmutation of elements. Neutrons (ele- mentary particles with mass but with no electri- cal charge) are knocked out of the atomic nuclei of certain elements in great numbers. The neu- tron beam thus formed appears to have effects on biological tissue which differ in certain important respects from the effects of x-rays or other forms of radiant energy. Investigators at the University of California are studying the effects of neutron rays on bio- logical material, and endeavoring to discover whether they may have important uses in therapy. Both medical and biological research at the University is using, in many different types of investigation, synthetic radioactive substances as "tagged atoms." For instance, radioactive 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE NATURAL SCIENCES 2J5 iodine can be traced in animals in a study of iodine metabolism in its relation to the thyroid and thyroid disease. The possibility of adminis- tering harmless synthetic radioactive substances as a therapeutic measure in certain diseases is also being explored. Toward the expenses of a research program in biology and medicine based on the use of the cyclotron and its products, the Foundation granted to the University of California in 1939 $50,000 to be used over a period of three years beginning July i, 1939. Aid toward the construc- tion of the present medical cyclotron in the Radi- ation Laboratory of the University of California was given in 1938. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, ST. Louis: CONSTRUCTION OF CYCLOTRON Washington University recently found itself ready to develop further its Institute of Radiol- ogy. After a year of study, it was decided that the cyclotron offered important possibilities for fur- ther medical and clinical research in radiation and radioactive substances, and that a cyclotron would be additionally valuable because of the wide range of use to which its products could be put in other departments. The research will be in some respects similar to that carried on at the University of California in the medical and 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION biological sciences; but it is clearly desirable that several centers undertake investigation in this as yet little explored field. Studies with animals will be made of the effects of the neutron beams, especially of the possibili- ties of their use in the treatment of malignant and other diseases. Some of the results already ob- tained at the University of California offer a cer- tain amount of tentative encouragement in this direction. The clinical departments at St. Louis will experiment also with the synthetic radio- active substances produced by the cyclotron. Laboratory workers, particularly in the depart- ments of biochemistry and physiology, are eager to secure tagged atoms as research tools in many of their problems. Aside from the purely medical field, the cyclo- tron and its products are desired for problems such as the following: in experimental biology, to observe the localization of substances in the cell membrane; in experimental embryology, to ob- serve certain stages in the development of cells and the mechanism of chromosome action; in genetics, to study the production of mutations by radiation with high voltage neutron, deuteron, or proton beams. The labeled atoms are further desired for use in research in chemistry, botany, zoology, and dental science. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE NATURAL SCIENCES Income from an endowment for the Edward Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology will support the operation of the cyclotron. Toward the cost of its construction the Foundation granted $60,000 to Washington University in 1939, to be avail- able until June 30, 1941. UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO: STUDIES IN MOLECULAR SPECTRA Physiologists, pharmacologists, and biochem- ists are greatly interested in the relationship between the structure of substances and their physiological activity. Recent advances in ex- perimental and theoretical techniques have made it possible to study, by means of their spectra, not only the structure of atoms, but also the structure of certain molecules. In the Depart- ment of Physics of the University of Chicago investigations are going forward under Professor Robert S. Mulliken on simple polyatomic mole- cules which can be studied in the vapor state. Many of the substances studied, such as carbon dioxide, water, and oxygen, are of obviously great importance in biological chemistry. It is planned to investigate also some of the "free radicals," the building stones of complex biological mole- cules, for example, NH2 and CH8. Study and analysis of the data obtained may well help in an 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 238 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION understanding of photochemical processes, of the fundamental electrical structure of molecules, and in general of the mechanism of chemical reactions. For this work it is necessary to have a powerful source of light to produce the spectra with suf- ficient intensity; expertly designed and con- structed apparatus in order to separate the in- numerable fine lines of the spectra clearly; and experienced workers to carry out the measure- ments and interpret the results. To help in the advancement of this research, the Foundation granted in 1939, $24,000 over the three-year period beginning July I, 1939, to pro- vide further equipment, especially materials for the construction of new and larger spectrographs, supplies, and additional personnel, including a research assistant, computer, and mechanic. SPECTROSCOPIC AND CHEMICAL STUDIES IN CERTAIN DISEASES Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. Studies of certain anemias at The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research under Dr. C. P. Rhoads have indicated that a principal factor in these diseases seems to be the presence of an agent which actively destroys the blood cells, rather than a failure of the body to produce them in sufficient numbers. The destructive substance 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE NATURAL SCIENCES may enter the body from the outside, but may be due to a "conditioned deficiency," a deficiency in vitamins which reduces the body's ability to counteract the toxic effect of an ordinarily harm- less substance within the body. The deficiency may exist in spite of suitable and adequate diet when the protective substance does not reach the proper place in a usable form; or specific vitamin needs may be greatly increased beyond the ordi- narily adequate dietary supply because of chem- ical abnormalities of the body. Destruction of the blood in the circulation appears to be controlled by the amount of destructive substance in the blood, and the ability of the body to counteract it. The spectroscope has been found to afford a simplified and time-saving method of analyzing and identifying the constituents of body fluids. An important part of Dr. Rhoads* work has been clinical and animal studies of what the body does with the substances which are toxic in certain circumstances. Through elaborate, and precise chemical techniques, substances are isolated from the body fluids, the blood, urine, etc., and are studied in the spectroscope. It is hoped that this procedure will throw light on abnormalities in metabolism which upset the balance between the toxic and toxic-controlling substances in the body. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 240 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION Evidence from other laboratories has indicated that chemicals derived from coal tar cause leu- kemia in mice. These compounds also cause cancer in mice; and these and similar chemicals are seen to cause anemia in man. The possibility of relationship between these chemicals and their action and effect in the body, and the problem of malignant disease in general suggested further study in this direction. For these spectroscopic and chemical studies the Foundation granted to the Rockefeller Insti- tute |i 5,000 over a three-year period beginning January i, 1939. Memorial Hospital for the Treatment oj Cancer and Allied Diseases, New York. Before the close of the year 1939 Dr. C. P. Rhoads became direc- tor of the Memorial Hospital. As he did not wish to interrupt his research, and it was established that his research assistant and technician, toward whose salaries the Foundation was contributing, would continue with him, the grant to the Rocke- feller Institute was cancelled as of November i, 1939, and a new grant was made to the Memo- rial Hospital of Ji i ,465.45, the balance of the grant made previously to the Institute, for the period November I, 1939, to December 31, 1941. The Institute will loan to Dr. Rhoads the spec- troscope which he has been using, and which is necessary for the continuation of his work. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE NATURAL SCIENCES 24! FELLOWSHIPS Because of anticipated reductions in the fellow- ship program due to present world conditions, $50,000 was appropriated in 1939 for fellowships in the natural sciences during the year 1940, as compared with $140,000 provided for the year 1939. Eighty-seven per cent of the fellowships were granted for study in countries other than the fellow's own in 1939, but if war continues, the interchange between European countries and between European countries and America will be reduced to a very few instances, if not com- pletely interrupted. Thirty-five new fellowships were granted in I939> of which two were to individuals who had held fellowships previously; and forty-two fellow- ships were carried over from the previous year. A total of seventy-seven advanced workers, therefore, were receiving training and experience in research through these fellowships during either all or part of the year. The fellows represented eighteen different countries, and studied in seven different coun- tries. The distribution of fellowships by countries of origin was as follows: from Great Britain, twenty-one; Denmark, Germany, and the Neth- erlands, five each; Peru and Sweden, three each; Czechoslovakia, France, Hungary, Latvia, and 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 242 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION Switzerland, two each; Bulgaria, Canada, Fin- land, Italy, Lithuania, and Norway, one each; and the United States, nineteen. Twelve fellows studied in England; five each in Denmark, the Netherlands, and Sweden; two in Switzerland; one in Canada; two in both the Netherlan4s and Denmark, and one in both England and Sweden; and forty-four in the United States. The subjects in which these workers conducted their research covered a large number of the special fields in the natural sciences. They may be grouped roughly as follows: biochemistry, twenty-five; physiology, twenty-four; experi- mental biology and experimental embryology, four each; chemistry and physics, three each; genetics and biophysics, two each; and physical chemistry applied to biology, physico-biochem- istry, histology, experimental morphology, en- docrinology, tissue metabolism,filtrabl eviruses , cytology, plant pathology, and biomathematics, one each. Besides the fellowships which it administers directly in the natural sciences, the Foundation has contributed to the National Research Coun- cil since 1919 for a fellowship program in the physical sciences (physics, chemistry, and mathe- matics), and since 1923 for fellowships in the biological sciences. In 1939, $180,000 was ap- propriated to the Council for fellowships in the 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation tHE NATURAL SCIENCES 243 natural sciences to cover the period July i, 1940, to June 30,1943, at a rate of not more than $60,- ooo a year. From funds provided by the Foundation for the year 1939 the National Research Council supportedfifty-fou r fellowships, thirty of which were carried over from the previous year, and twenty-four begun in 1939. Six fellows studied abroad, three in England, two in Germany, and one in Sweden. The fellowships were granted for research in the following subjects: zoology and botany, ten each; physics and astronomy, nine; chemistry, nine; geology and geography, seven; anthropology and psychology, six; and mathe- matics, three. GRANTS IN AID In addition to appropriations discussed in the preceding pages, which provided assistance for research projects in fields of the natural sciences over varying periods of years, the Foun- dation madefifty-eigh t grants in aid during 1939 to give short-term support to investigators who were undertaking promising new studies in cer- tain of thesefield so r bringing work of importance to completion. These grants ranged from §375 to $7,500 and amounted in all to ?T 54,756. All but three of these contributions were for the support of work in experimental biology or 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 244 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION of projects related to this field. Thirteen of the grants were for research in physics or physical chemistry having a bearing on biological prob- lems, twelve for studies in biochemistry, nine for work in general physiology, five for research in genetics, four for research in embryology, four for studies in the chemistry of natural products, four for projects in molecular and mathematical biology, two for investigations of the effects of radiation on biological processes, one for studies in endocrinology, and one for work in nutrition. Of the three grants for projects falling outside the general program in experimental biology, one was for research in meteorology, one to make possible the completion of an improved differential ana- lyzer under construction at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and one for the support of a special microfilm project in connection with the publication of the new journal, Mathematical Reviews. Thefifty-eigh tgrant s were distributed among the following countries: the United States, thirty- three; England, four; France, four; Denmark, three; Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Scotland, and Sweden, two each; Austria, Belgium, Canada, and Switzerland, one each. The Foundation appropriated $ 160,000 in 1939 to finance grants in aid in the natural sciences during the coming year. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE NATURAL SCIENCES 245 GENERAL PROGRAM AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY: • INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICAL REVIEW JOURNAL In 1939 the Foundation made three appropria- tions in the field of the natural sciences for work not directly within its special sphere of interest — experimental biology. One of these was a grant of $12,000 to the American Mathematical Society, to be available during the period July I, 1939, to June 30, 1942, toward the establishment of an international review journal of mathe- matics to be published in the United States under the editorship of Professor Otto Neugebauer and Professor J. D. Tamarkin of Brown University. This journal is sponsored by the American Mathematical Society and by other scientific organizations. The Carnegie Corporation made an appropriation of $60,000 toward the founding of the journal, and the American Mathematical Society and the Mathematical Association of America will each contribute $1,000 a year to- ward publication costs. Brown University is providing the necessary office space and the serv- ices of the two editors. The subscriptions have come in at a very gratifying rate, and the journal already has a wider circulation than any other mathematical journal published. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 246 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION The new journal will summarize and coordi- nate the mathematical research literature of the world. It will cover not only pure mathematics but also the many phases of applied mathematics in so far as they are of definite mathematical interest. It will appear monthly in a large double column format. The editors have brought to- gether a group of over three hundred collabora- tors who will write the reviews. These persons have been chosen from practically all nations of the world and include leading specialists in all the most important fields of mathematical sciences. Mathematical Reviews will be of interest and value not only to the mathematician but to theo- retical physicists, astronomers, chemists, econo- mists, and biologists. Advances in mathematical knowledge and techniques have for their ultimate field of application the whole range of quantita- tive science. Progress in all of the analytical and quantitative branches of science depends in a fundamental and limiting way upon advances in mathematics. BROWN UNIVERSITY: ESTABLISHMENT OF A MICROFILM PHOTOGRAPHIC LABORATORY A second grant made during the year in a field outside the regular program in the natural sci- ences went to Brown University for the installa- 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE NATURAL SCIENCES 247 tion of a microfilm photographic laboratory and the operation over afive-yea r period of a service for supplying microfilm copies of mathematical literature to scholars in all parts of the world. This appropriation amounted to $49,500 and will be available until June 30, 1944. Brown University has an excellent mathemat- ical library of some eighteen thousand volumes. By establishing a microfilm laboratory it will be able to supplement these works with film ma- terial so that it will have a collection that will be essentially complete as a mathematical scholar's library, and it will be able to furnish microfilm or other photographic copies of any of the material in this collection on a cost basis, The microfilm service will be an important adjunct to the new international journal, Mathe- matical Reviews, which has its headquarters at Brown University; for the journal will have full use of the laboratory facilities in order that it may offer, as a regular service to its subscribers, opportunity to obtain at cost a microfilm copy of the full text of any article abstracted and re- viewed in its pages. The American Mathematical Society, which is sponsoring Mathematical Re- views, is arranging to procure satisfactory ma- chines for reading the films, which can be sup- plied at low cost. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 248 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL: SUPPORT OF GENERAL ACTIVITIES The Rockefeller Foundation has contributed toward the work of the National Research Coun- cil over a period of many years. In 1939 it ap- propriated funds totaling $61,956.54 toward the administrative budget of the Council and for the support of conferences and committees organized by the Council, for special studies, and for con- tributions to international scientific projects. Of this sum $i 1,956.54 was appropriated for im- mediate payment to the Council to restore to it a balance of a previous grant toward its adminis- trative budget which, through an inadvertency, had been refunded to the Foundation. The re- maining $50,000 was grarited for use during the two years July i, 1940, to June 30, 1942. The National Research Council is an organiza- tion of the scientific men of America. It was es- tablished in 1916 by the National Academy of Sciences at the request of the President of the United States, and is supported by the coopera- tion of the major scientific and technical societies of the country and by special gifts. Its general purpose is to stimulate research in the mathe- matical, physical, and biological sciences and in the application of these sciences to engineering, agriculture, medicine, and other fields. The Council is composed of nine major divi- 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE NATURAL SCIENCES 249 sions arranged in two groups. One of these com- prises seven divisions representing, respectively, physics, mathematics, and astronomy; engineer- ing and industrial research; chemistry and chemical technology; geology and geography; the medical sciences; biology and agriculture; and anthropology and psychology. The other group comprises two divisions representing, respec- tively, foreign relations and educational rela- tions. With the divisions are associated various technical committees, appointed to have charge of projects undertaken by the Council. The Council has as its aims to survey the larger possibilities of science, to formulate compre- hensive projects of research, to develop effective means of utilizing the scientific and technical resources of the country for dealing with these projects, to promote cooperation in research in the United States and abroad, and to give en- couragement to individual initiative as funda- mentally important to the advancement of science. FORMER PROGRAM THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY: THE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES In 1930 the Foundation granted to the Johns Hopkins University for research in the biological 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 25O THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION sciences $3875500 over the period July i, 1930, to June 30, 1940. The sums paid yearly by the Foundation were allotted by the authorities of the University to the undergraduate and gradu- ate biological sciences of the University, and to the Department of Biology in the School of Hy- giene and Public Health. Also in 1930, the Foundation pledged the sum of $500,000 as an endowment, to be paid on or before the expiration of the ten-year grant on July i, 1940, on condition that an equal amount be designated by the University for the same purpose. As it had then received funds which could be devoted to this purpose, the University in the fall of 1939 set aside $500,000 to match the Foundation's pledge. The Foundation, therefore, fulfilled its pledge by appropriating $500,000 toward endowment of the Departments of the Biological Sciences of the Johns Hopkins Uni- versity, payment to be made as of June 30, 1940. YALE UNIVERSITY: LABORATORIES OF PRIMATE BIOLOGY In the belief that long-continued observation of one or more of the primates most closely related to man would be of significance to the progress of the biological sciences in general, and especially for investigation of psychobiological, physiological, pathological, medical, and other 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE NATURAL SCIENCES 25! problems, many of which cannot be attacked with human subjects, a breeding and experiment station for chimpanzees was established near Orange Park, Florida, in 1929, with aid from the Foundation. A smaller anthropoid laboratory had been established earlier in New Haven for observation and study by workers at the Uni- versity, and has been conducted as a part of the larger project. The actual work of the experiment station at Orange Park was begun with a colony of about fourteen chimpanzees. The station has demon- strated that chimpanzees can be successfully reared in a subtropical climate, and in captivity. On June 30, 1939, the number of animals which had been born at the station totaled twenty- seven, of which seventeen were living. Because the life span of these apes is comparatively long (at least one animal is known to have lived to the age of thirty-five years in captivity), a thor- ough biological study of chimpanzees whose life history is completely known, is necessarily a somewhat deliberate affair. However, valuable information relative to the biology of the chimpanzee has accumulated steadily and at an increasing rate, and is now ample to form a back- ground against which the specialized studies may be interpreted. Among research problems which have been attacked during this period are studies 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 252 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION in the physiology of reproduction, measurements of basal metabolism, studies of drug addiction, learning and memory, sensory capacities and perceptual abilities, social factors in behavior. The close of the first decade afforded to the Yale Corporation and the incorporators of the Laboratories an opportunity for appraisal of the work already done and a restatement of objec- tives in the light of past progress. The appraisal recognized that the chimpanzee has special use- fulness and importance for the advancement of research in several different fields because the brain, nervous system, and mental processes are structurally and philogenetically close to those of man, and the sexual cycle and reproductive physiology of the chimpanzee are very similar to the human patterns. For the future, research will tend to be concentrated within the fields of gen- eral psychobiology, neuropsychobiology, psy- chopathology, biology of reproduction, and ex- perimental sociology. In so far as practicable, the Laboratories plan to develop further their services to investigators elsewhere, in this coun- try and abroad, through cooperative undertak- ings and common use of facilities, such as the loan, gift, or sale of animals, the furnishing of an- atomical materials and physiological products, and provision at the Laboratories for visiting workers. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE NATURAL SCIENCES 253 To accommodate the research program, and especially to make room for visiting investiga- tors, another laboratory building is necessary. Early in 1939 the Foundation appropriated to Yale University toward its Laboratories of Pri- mate Biology $35,000 for the erection of a physiological laboratory at Orange Park, Flor- ida, and $189,000 toward expenses over a five- year period beginning with $50,000 for the year 1939-1940 and decreasing yearly to $25,000 for the year 1943-1944. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE SOCIAL SCIENCES STAFF During 1939 Director JOSEPH H. WILLITS Associate Director SYDNOR H. WALKER Assistant Directors TRACY B. KITTREDGE STACY MAY 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE SOCIAL SCIENCES INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT 259 INSTITUTIONAL GRANTS Social Science Research Council, New York i. Committee on Social Security 261 2. Committee on Social Security: Special Studies 262 3. Committee on Social Security: Fluid Fund 263 4. Public Administration Committee 264 5. Public Administration Committee: Fluid Fund 264 6. Administrative Budget 265 National Bureau of Economic Research i. Research and Cooperative Programs 266 2. Financial Research 270 Brookings Institution 271 Council on Foreign Relations 272 Canadian Institute of International Affairs 274 Foreign Policy Association, New York: Latin American Information Service 276 University of Wisconsin 277 London School of Economics and Political Science 279 Dutch Economic Institute 280 University of Pennsylvania: Industrial Research Department 281 Oxford University: Trade Cycle Research 282 University of Chicago: School of Social Service Administration 283 Syracuse University: School of Citizenship and Public Affairs 284 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 258 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION INSTITUTIONAL GRANTS — Continued University of California: Bureau of Public Ad- ministration 285 Harvard University: Graduate School of Public Administration 287 University of Virginia: Bureau of Public Adminis- tration 288 FELLOWSHIPS 289 GRANTS IN AID 292 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE SOCIAL SCIENCES DURING 1939 The Rockefeller Founda- tion appropriated $2,027,700 for sup- port of its program in the social sciences. It is not possible to separate grants sharply into disciplinary fields, for the various recognized disciplinary fields are, fortunately, discovering that they are parts of one whole. But for pur- poses of convenient classification, the traditional fields have some indicative value and may, there- fore, be used. The greater part of this sum was voted for the support of economic research of diverse kinds. The largest of the sums for eco- nomic research was for the National Bureau of Economic Research, to which appropriations totaled 1940,000, some of this amount being for support over a ten-year period. The Brookings Institution received a grant of $225,000, this be- ing for general support of its budget over a three- year period. Other institutions receiving assist- ance for economic research were the London School of Economics and Political Science, the University of Oxford, the Dutch Economic In- stitute, the University of Wisconsin, and the University of Pennsylvania. For research and training in the field of gov- ernment, especially public administration, grants totaled $234,000. In this field support was voted 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation l6o THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION to the Social Science Research Council, the Graduate School of Public Affairs of Harvard University, Syracuse University, the University of California, and the University of Virginia. For studies in the field of international rela- tions, sums were voted to the Foreign Policy Association, the Council on Foreign Relations, and the Canadian Institute of International Affairs. These grants totaled $85,100. Grants to the Social Science Research Council amounted to $270,000, for general support and for specific purposes. The Foundation operates a fellowship pro- gram in the social sciences, chiefly for the devel- opment of able young workers in this field in Europe. For this purpose $50,000 was appropri- ated in 1939. This was in addition to the sum of $75,000 previously voted to the Social Science Research Council for the fellowship program which it operates in this country. Finally, $125,000 was appropriated for grants in aid to be made directly by the Foundation, in addition to the sum of $25,000 appropriated to the Social Science Research Council for the same purpose. Grants in aid are relatively modest sums granted to individual scholars, within universi- ties or organizations, who are working on a wide variety of topics. Their purpose is to permit, for example, the furnishing of interim support, dur- 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 261 ing temporarily abnormal circumstances; to sup- ply small sums to complete minor but worthwhile projects, and to make exploratory investigations into problems which may subsequently be found to be desirable for support through regular ap- propriations. INSTITUTIONAL GRANTS SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH COUNCIL NEW YORK i. Committee on Social Security. — The Foun- dation appropriated $60,000 to the Social Science Research Council over the two-year period July i, 1940, to June 30, 1942, for work in the field of social security. Since 1935 the Social Science Research Council has had a separately financed Committee on Social Security concerned with the examination of the problems involved in social insurance and relief, the relations of the various social insurances to each other and to relief, and the effects of insurance and relief on economic stability. This Committee endeavors to envisage the problem of social security in its entirety with a view to integrating the field and initiating desirable research. The Committee has maintained contact with public officials and private agencies functioning in this area. Upon the completion of the task of coordination and 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 262 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION assembly, the results of research are brought to the attention of officials and others in a position to utilize them. Four substantial books have been published, and two additional volumes are in preparation. The Committee's monographs, pamphlets, and articles have influenced other research in social security as well as aided in the development of governmental programs. In the period for which the current grant has been made the Committee expects to engage less in research projects under its-own immediate direction and to devote its resources instead to planning, stimulating, and consultative activities. The foci of interest might be indicated as follows: (a) the economic im- plications of the social security and relief prob- lems; (b) the relation of social security and relief programs to special types of economic insecurity; (c) the general administrative problems of social insurance and relief programs; (d) a series of special problems in unemployment insurance, old age benefits, unemployment relief, and public assistance; (e) the exploration of the desirability and feasibility of research concerning health - insurance and medical relief matters. 2. Committee on Social Security: Special Stud- ies. — For initiating a study of the interrelations between the social security program and the na- tional income in the United States the Founda- 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 263 tion has appropriated $15,000 to the Social Science Research Council for the use of its Committee on Social Security for a period of two years beginning November i, 1939. This project is a step in the Committee's plan of focusing its attention in the immediate future on the eco- nomic implications of the social security plan. The fundamental statistics necessary for the understanding of the social security program were first developed; specialized projects are now in order. The new study will be closely linked with research upon the relation between the so- cial security program and national income. The Foundation has been supporting research into national income as part of the program of the National Bureau of Economic Research. Close collaboration of the two groups is assured and the project has also the assurance of active support by the Social Security Board. 3. Committee on Social Security: Fluid Fund. — An appropriation of $15,000 was made to the Social Science Research Council for the use of its Committee on Social Security for a period of approximately one year for organizing explora- tory studies, conferences, and small projects in the field of social security. Similar funds in the past have enabled the Committee to operate with desirableflexibilit yan d to provide for a series of undertakings, each small in itself, but 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 264 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION as a group important in contributing to the broad program of the Committee. With the new emphasis upon the stimulation, rather than the actual performance, of research the fluid fund will be employed chiefly for the support of con- ferences and for the preparation of memoranda critically appraising the present status of re- search and proposals for future research. 4. Public Administration Committee. — The Foundation appropriated $60,000 to the Social Science Research Council over the two-year period July i, 1940, to June 30, 1942, for the use of its Public Administration Committee. The Committee has undertaken a series of substantial studies grouped under two general headings: (i) administrative problems of new and emerging governmental activities; and (2) appraisal and review of significant developments in adminis- tration during the last three decades. A considerable portion of the energies of the Committee has been devoted to charting areas of needed research and stimulating scholars in the fields concerned to undertake such research, After the studies now under way have been com- pleted, the Committee proposes to emphasize the planning and stimulation rather than the execution of research, 5. Public Administration Committee: Fluid Fund. — For exploratory studies, conferences, and 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 265 small projects in the field of public administra- tion, The Rockefeller Foundation made a grant of $15,000 to the Social Science Research Council for the use of its Public Administration Com- mittee for a period of approximately one year. Such fluid funds when provided in the past have been used for exploring the possibilities of larger research ventures, calling groups together for conferences that would help develop useful pro- grams, and support of small projects of impor- tance to the larger strategy of the Committee's activities. 6. Administrative Budget. — The Foundation appropriated $105,000 to the Social Science Research Council for general administrative expenses during a period of three and one-half years beginning January i, 1940. The Council is organized as a planning body representing the entire area of the social sciences and concentrates upon the stimulation and direction of research. During the past fifteen years it has undertaken to promote work in neglected fields, to improve research methods, and to develop satisfactory research personnel. There has been a conscious effort to stimulate cooperation among the several disciplines in the social sciences. The Council disburses funds for fellowships, grants in aid, and specific programs, but its chief function is to pro- vide leadership in social research. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 266 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION To accomplish its program the Council has a permanent secretariat and numerous committees of more or less permanent structure which plan research in selected areas. A relatively large proportion of the funds at the disposal of the Council is expended upon committees and con- ferences. The present grant is for the mainte- nance of a central secretariat in New York whose regular members are supplemented from time to time by special technical personnel. NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH i. Research and Cooperative Programs. — The Foundation appropriated $870,000 in 1939 to the National Bureau of Economic Research toward its general support over a ten-year period begin- ning January i, 1940. As a national center of economic research, the Bureau has for twenty years cooperated with governments, universities, learned societies, and individuals in conducting exact and impartial investigations in the field of economic, social, and industrial problems. Its Board is composed of men of widely different interests and points of view; its research staff is drawn from the faculties of various universities. Publications up to the present include more than forty major tides and seventy bulletins. The program of the National Bureau is con- 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Photograph Excised Here Studies published In the Niilion.i] BUKMU of Kuiiiumic u«-^^-^tiA^-j-j^'1'^^^ • .„"-'• '• , —r—^ 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 269 earned with such central economic subjects as production, changing productivity, national in- come and its distribution, wages, profits, profes- sional incomes, the proportions of national in- come which go for consumption and savings, gross and net capital formation and obsolescence, the behavior of prices and credit, especially con- sumer credit, bond yields and bond prices, the ebb and flow of trade unionism — and, underly- ing all, the fluctuations of prosperity and depression. This program, which involves con- tinuing study of the dynamics of economic change, has developed significantly over a score of years. The National Bureau is a coordinating body as well as an independent research agency. Since 1935 it has increasingly emphasized interinstitu- tional cooperation in economic'research by draw- ing together university faculty members who are working on a particular problem. Three functions of the Bureau stand out: the execution of a program of research initiated and developed by the Bureau itself; the occasional pursuit of research projects originating exter- nally, or at least initiated not wholly by the Bureau itself as a part of its own integrated pro- gram; and finally, the sponsoring of continuing conferences, such as those on prices, on national wealth and income, onfinancia l research, and on 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 27O THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION fiscal policy, by which leading technical workers In an area — men and women with a variety of methods of work, of experience, and of points of view — are brought together to plan research and division of labor in research more intelligently. 2. Financial Research. — For the support of the staff and studies of the Committee on Finan- cial Research over a two-year period beginning in January 1940, the Foundation appropriated the sum of $70,000. The cooperative financial research program, begun in 1937 at the sugges- tion and with the support of the Association of Reserve City Bankers and with the active co- operation of government specialists, will be con- tinued. The first study, "Consumer Credit and Installment Financing," was completed during the winter of 1939-1940. The results of this study are expected to lead to a better understanding of credit problems in a relatively new area of bank- ing and finance and to the development of higher credit standards and sounder supervisory poli- cies. The project brought together a research staff composed of economists from the Federal Reserve Board, Harvard and Columbia Uni- versities, the University of Pennsylvania, and Swarthmore College. A second study, now well under way, is con- cerned with the market record of domestic cor- poration bonds for the period 1900-1939, and is 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 27! being carried on with the cooperation and financial support of several federal government agencies and private financial advisory services. The results should furnish useful materials for the development of higher standards and better investment procedures by banks and investors generally. Plans for a third study, "The Changing Finan- cial Requirements of American Business/' have been completed and will be executed with the collaboration and support of the Association of Reserve City Bankers and the cooperation of government agencies and numerous individuals interested in this field. Changes in financial structure from 1900 to 1939 will be analyzed. Taken as a whole, these studies should lead to a clearer understanding of the ways in which financial organization and policy, public and private, affect economic maladjustment and de- pressions. BROOKINGS INSTITUTION To the Brookings Institution there was ap- propriated the sum of $225,000 toward the support of its general program after July i, 1939, for three years, with the understanding that not more than $75,000 shall be expended in any year, The Brookings Institution was created in 1928 through the consolidation of the Institute of Gov- 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 272 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION ernment Research, the Institute of Economics, and the Robert Brookings Graduate School of Economics and Government into a single organi- zation. The program includes the development of organized research and training for research in various divisions of the social sciences, the facili- tation and stimulation of scientific activities in the country as a whole, and constructive leader- ship in the solution of economic, social, and political problems. The Institution was designed to serve as a center through which the resources of Washington could be made available to visit- ing scholars from all over the world. In the twelve years since its establishment the Brookings Institution has been chiefly productive in the area of economic research. Publications have been predominantly economic and have concerned questions of prime public importance. The Institution, in cooperation with some twenty of the country's leading universities, provides an opportunity for postdoctoral students who desire a period of work in Washington under the direction of the experienced staff of the Institu- tion. About fifteen fellowships are made available annually. COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS For a number of years the support of certain national centers for the study of international 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 273 problems has been an important part of the Foundation's program in the social sciences. With such assistance Chatham House in London, the Centre d'Jitudes de Politique Etrangere in Paris, three Scandinavian centers, the Council on Foreign Relations and the Foreign Policy Association in New York, as well as centers in Canada, Australia, Rumania, and Poland, have developed programs of study, research, and publication. There has been considerable co- ordination of effort and communication among these organizations. In 1939 the Foundation made a grant of $44,- 500 to the Council on Foreign Relations toward the support of groups engaged in the study of problems involved in the present war and in the peace settlement to follow. The Council, with headquarters at 45 East 65th Street, New York City, is a nonpartisan and noncommercial organization whose program of research, study, and publication is directed toward promoting intelligent thinking upon American foreign pol- icy. Its membership, limited by charter to 400 resident and 250 nonresident members, is com- posed of men of many professions with a variety of interests and views. Conferences and special meetings are also included among the Council's activities. Its regular publications are the quarterly re- 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 274 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION view. Foreign Ajjairs> and two annuals, The Political Handbook of the World and The United States in World Affairs. The Council also stim- ulates and publishes special studies on interna- tional questions. In view of the war in Europe, the Council on Foreign Relations has organized special groups for studying the course of the war and the effect of hostilities upon the United States, with the purpose of working out concrete proposals de- signed to safeguard American interests in the settlement which will be undertaken at the close of hostiilties. The special groups are unified through a central planning committee. CANADIAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The Canadian Institute of International Af- fairs, Toronto, has received $30,600 (Can. $30,- ooo) from The Rockefeller Foundation for its general budget during the three-year period July i, 1939, to June 30, 1942. This Institute has just celebrated its tenth anniversary as an unofficial and nonpartisan organization for the study of British Commonwealth and interna- tional affairs and their relation to Canada. Its position and procedure are similar to the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House), London, with which it is affiliated. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 275 The Canadian Institute is, however, organized on a federal basis adapted to conditions in Canada and has seventeen branches from Halifax to Victoria, with a membership representative of widely different communities. It is responsible for Canadian collaboration with the Institute of Pacific Relations and the International Stud- ies Conference and also maintains close con- tacts with the Foreign Policy Association and the Council on Foreign Relations, New York, through joint research undertakings and study groups. The general objective of the Institute is to create intelligent public opinion in Canada on international affairs. Study groups, lectures, and publications furnish the material for the dis- cussion in which the Institute members partici- pate. Even though Canada has become involved in the war, the Canadian Institute of Interna- tional Affairs expects to continue its activities with two goals in mind: (i) the maintenance of a completely free and balanced discussion in its private branch meetings and study groups; (2) the concentration of its activities, through re- search, discussion groups, speakers' programs, and public education, upon the problems of the settlement that may come after the war and the effect of the war upon Canada. The Institute serves as a clearinghouse for Canadian institu- 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 276 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION tions which will carry on research on peace and war conditions. FOREIGN POLICY ASSOCIATION, NEW YORK: LATIN AMERICAN INFORMATION SERVICE The Foundation has contributed to the Re- search Department of the Foreign Policy Associ- ation for a number of years, as well as to certain experimental programs which it has initiated. Recently the Foreign Policy Association has undertaken to develop a specific Latin-American program of research and educational activities. For some time its staff has included an expert responsible for research and publication on Latin America. Reports on Latin America have been issued, and among its "Headline Books'* series there appeared in 1939 the survey entitled, The Good NeigJibors, the Story of the Two Americas. An appropriation of $10,000 was made in 1939 to the Foreign Policy Association for the sup- port of a single development of .the Latin-Amer- ican program, the publication of "Pan American News," in the period from September i, 1939, to December 31, 1941. The "News" takes the form of a fortnightly letter similar to the "Washing- ton News Letter" now prepared by the Foreign Policy Association for the National Peace Con- ference. The "Pan American News" goes to newspapers and cultural and educational institu- 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 277 tions in both the United States and Latin America. The digest for distribution in the United States is based upon study of selected Latin-American newspapers supplemented by information obtained directly from other sources. The material includes direct quotation from the papers of Latin-American countries and selection of interpretative material. The news letter, in mimeographed form, is offered for subscription to various groups and individuals as inexpen- sively as possible. The Latin American Informa- tion Service also plans to provide a news letter in Spanish and Portuguese for distribution to leading Latin-American newspapers and cultural and educational institutions, presenting an ob- jective review of outstanding developments in Washington affecting American foreign policy, with particular attention to issues of interest to Central and South American countries. The first issue appeared February i, 1940. UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN The Foundation appropriated $29,100 to the University of Wisconsin, available during the two-year period beginning October i, 1939, for a study of the amount and distribution of income within Wisconsin, National income estimates up to comparatively recent years have been limited to crude over-all approximations available only 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 278 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION at intermittent dates. Measures have been devel- oped, however, in the last two decades providing significant breakdowns of the national total and available annually over a substantial period of time. The continuing availability of this body of knowledge is basic in efforts to place the study of economic processes and economic policy upon a factual foundation. Although the estimates of national income in this country are now held to be fairly depend- able, further refinement is needed if the accuracy and serviceability of this knowledge is to be what it should and can become. Information as to distribution of income by size is largely limited to income of persons in the higher income brack- ets. In addition to accurate knowledge of income in the lower brackets, better breakdowns of the origin and distribution of income in various parts of the country are needed. The Wisconsin data cover substantial parts of the income distribu- tion not covered by federal data and it is the intention to explore them as thoroughly as possible. The University of Wisconsin and the Wis- consin Tax Commission have already spent ap- proximately $200,000 in preparing and analyzing income data collected by the Commission, under a Works Progress Administration grant. The study for which a Foundation grant is now made 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 279 is to be built upon this earlier study and to utilize its results. The work is under the super- vision of the University of Wisconsin and will be directed by the Wisconsin Income Committee. LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE The Foundation made an appropriation of 151,250 as an emergency grant to the London School of Economics and Political Science. Owing to the war, an appreciable loss of income from tuitions was handicapping the activities of the School. The war had also made it necessary to move the physical headquarters out of London. The present grant is considered an emergency one, and is given to insure the continuity of the work of the School so far as is possible in view of the war situation. As a center of research in the social sciences, the London School, a division of the University of London, has a unique status among British institutions. Last year the School published an extensive review of its development during the past fifteen years, which included the erection of new buildings, a new library, enlarged book collections, new equipment, new professorships, new courses of instruction, new projects in re- search, and a greatly enlarged endowment. Of a total of 3,000 students over 700 were registered 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 280 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION from countries outside Great Britain. Of the 300 postgraduate and research students, about half come from foreign countries. The international character of the School is evidenced by the equally wide distribution of its graduates. An internationally recognized staff includes seventy- six full-time teachers in "normal" times. DUTCH ECONOMIC INSTITUTE In spite of the hazards to scientific work which the war creates, a grant was made in the latter part of 1939 to the Dutch Economic Institute hoping to enable it to continue at full activity. The sum of $18,000 was appropriated to this Institute toward its general budget for the three- year period beginning September I, 1939. The Dutch Economic Institute has all of the Netherlands for its laboratory. It has established cooperative relations with government and with business and has access to essential data for the study of Dutch economic problems. Leaders of industry and labor are members of its Board. In the eight years of its existence the Institute has published studies on wholesale and retail prices in the Netherlands and Belgium, on seasonal cycles of economic life in the Netherlands, on specific industries, on expansion of public works and the resulting effect on the national economy and public finances, on the quantitative relation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 28l between public and private investment, on mort- gage companies and urban real estate financing, and on the age of capital goods as an index of a moving equilibrium. The Institute has published regularly an Economic Statistical Monthly Review. The new grant is intended to enable the In- stitute to complete various projects on which work has already been begun and to proceed with a new program of studies of the financial and capital structure of the Netherlands. There are projected a number of studies on the effect of the war, particularly of the blockade, upon the eco- nomic life of the Netherlands. UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA: INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH DEPARTMENT The Industrial Research Department of the University of Pennsylvania received a grant of $n,ooo for a study of old Philadelphia business records and a study of the character of persistent unemployment in Philadelphia between 1919 and 1939- A well-known business concern (The A. P. Wetherill Company) in continuous operation from 1777 to the present decade has donated its complete records up to 1900, including its deal- ings with other enterprises — wholesale, retail, and manufacturing — to the Industrial Research Department of the University of Pennsylvania. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 282 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION These materials will afford an opportunity to study the way in which wages, hours, employ- ment, costs, production, prices, profits, stocks, and many other factors have interacted over a long period of time, and especially before, during, and after depressions and also during and after great wars. It is expected that subsequent records of this company up to the time of this depression will be made available to the Department. The other study involves the analysis of avail- able Philadelphia labor market materials col- lected over a period of ten years. To understand the nature of the "hard core" of unemployment which is likely to remain, the character of persons unemployed and the reasons for the unemploy- ment must be studied not only extensively on a national basis but intensively in local labor markets. This intensive study is possible because of the availability of rich materials upon the Philadelphia labor market; their interpretation and analysis should throw light on relief and so- cial security policies. UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD: TRADE CYCLE RESEARCH The University of Oxford was given a grant of ^4,250 toward the cost of completing a pro- gram of trade cycle studies. A series of research projects related to the problems of the trade cycle in England in the 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 283 postwar period was outlined late in 1936 by the Economic Research Group at Oxford, and work has proceeded since 1937. These projects included a study of capital market fluctuations and labor marketfluctuations ; a cooperative investigation into British business activity since 1924 and the influence of variations in interest rates on eco- nomic activity; and a study of the origin and course of recovery in British economic activity since 1931. Four volumes have already been pub- lished. The trade cycle program has been mainly concerned with fundamental statistical investiga- tions and with empirical studies of the actual be- havior of entrepreneurs at different phases of the trade cycle. An effort has been made to check the assumptions of business cycle theory in the light of experience subsequent to the World War. UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO: SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SERVICE ADMINISTRATION A grant of $60,000, on a matching basis, was made to the University of Chicago toward the budget of the School of Social Service Adminis- tration over the three-year period July 1,1939, to June 30, 1942. Interest in the development of the School dates from 1926, when its opportunity for leadership was recognized. It is a division of graduate education in the University of Chicago, and has set standards accepted throughout the 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 284 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION country both as to admission requirements and curriculum content. The School has provided personnel for the public welfare programs, which have expanded in an unprecedented manner within the past five years, and also faculty for new training schools which have sprung up to meet the increased demand for social workers. In a ten-year period (1928-1938) the full-time student enrollment increased from 95 to 729, The students come from every state in the United States, from Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Canada, and various European countries. Social research is an integrated part of the School's program, and several publication series, which include the Social Service Review^ the "So- cial Service Series," and "Social Service Mono- graphs," have been inaugurated. The Review is a scientific quarterly journal with a subscription list of nearly two thousand. The "Social Service Series," begun in 1925, was planned as a pioneer collection of source materials. Of the "Social Service Monographs," thirty-three volumes have been published in the past seven years. SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY: SCHOOL OF CITIZENSHIP AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS In 1939 The Rockefeller Foundation made a grant of $50,000 to Syracuse University on a contingent basis for use by its School of Citizen- ship and Public Affairs in conducting a training 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 285 course in public administration over a period of five years beginning July i, 1939. Among American universities, Syracuse Uni- versity has pioneered in offering graduate train- ing designed to equip college graduates for public careers. Up to 1939 there were ninety-nine gradu- ates, most of whom entered and remained in the public service field. The courses at Syracuse are oriented from the point of view of the practical administrator who must know something about many fields, and they deal essentially with administrative pro- cedures. The School attempts to give the student some knowledge of the entire range of adminis- trative procedure instead of concentrating upon two or three specialized areas. The course at Syracuse represents only one of a variety of experiments in training for public administration. The School of Citizenship is cooperating in the introduction into professional schools of courses in administrative procedure covering such subjects as social work, forestry, civil engineering, and public health, and is also active in preparing teachers* handbooks. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA: BUREAU OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION The sum of $30,000 has been appropriated to the University of California for the use of its Bureau of Public Administration in establishing 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 286 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION measurement standards for local government activities in the San Francisco-Oakland metro- politan region over a three-year period beginning July i, 1939. The functions of government that will be studied are: fire protection, welfare activi- ties, police protection, public works relating to streets (including construction, maintenance, lighting, and cleaning), public health, library service, public personnel, city planning and zon- ing, finance-bonded indebtedness, and finance- tax delinquencies. Previous attempts to construct standards for measuring local government efficiency have proved ineffective because of inadequacies and lack of standardization in public records and accounting, the unwillingness of public officials to cooperate, the many variables in the back- ground conditions from one jurisdiction to an- other, and the difficulty of devising significant indices of efficiency. The present project, how- ever, promises results both because the area under consideration is favorable for this type of study, and because certain types of basic data have already been collected and are available. If this study successfully surmounts obstacles in- herent in the problem it is attacking, it should provide a model that has long been awaited and which should find wide use throughout the country. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE SOCIAL SCIENCES HARVARD UNIVERSITY: GRADUATE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION The Foundation provided $55,000 to Harvard University toward the annual budget of its Graduate School of Public Administration over a period of five years beginning July I, 1940. This School was organized in 1937 for the purpose of developing and coordinating University interests in training for public administration and in pro- moting research in that field. The Department of Government of Harvard University, which had been conducting a training program in public administration, was formally merged with the Graduate School of Public Administration in 1939. The School has the status of a separate entity within the University, but its faculty in general have dual appointments in other schools or departments. The School is housed in the new Littauer Center of Public Administration. Public administration at Harvard is regarded as related primarily to the formulation of public policy rather than as a special discipline dealing with administrative organization and procedure. Research seminars are organized around such topics as agricultural, forestry, and land policy, the economics of collective bargaining, fiscal policy, government control of private enterprise, the legislative process, political parties, price 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 288 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION policies, public contracts, federal administration. These research seminars make continuous use of consultants recruited from men who have had practical experience in dealing with the problems under discussion. There have been eighteen graduates of the School of Public Administration, of whom fifteen hold responsible administrative positions in gov- ernment. The University now offers a doctorate in political economy and government. UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA: BUREAU OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION The University of Virginia was given $24,000 toward support of its Bureau of Public Adminis- tration over a four-year period beginning July i, 1940. This Bureau is now in its fourth year of operation, under its reorganized and reoriented program of public administration research. Toward the end of 1938 the Governor consti- tuted the Virginia Council on Public Administra- tion, composed of the presidents of the Univer- sity of Virginia, the College of William and Mary, and the Virginia Polytechnic Institute, the deans of Washington and Lee University and the Uni- versity of Richmond, and the ranking heads of the official research agencies of government within the State. The staff of the Bureau of Pub- 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 289 lie Administration has been officially designated as the Council's secretariat, although the Bureau remains a part of the University of Virginia, which provides its quarters and budget. Under the Council's direction the Bureau has embarked upon a program of research that will serve as a guide to governmental agencies in promoting the welfare of the Commonwealth. The task of the Bureau is to find research men * within the State who are willing and competent to undertake such studies, to facilitate their ef- forts in every way, and to see that the findings are put into a form most likely to be useful to government officials and citizens. The Bureau has completed ten substantial studies on matters of importance in Virginia affairs. A larger number of studies are in progress, with the active cooperation of representatives from eighteen separate institutions within the State. In addition, a number of unpublished studies have been completed as service jobs for governmental officials or agencies. FELLOWSHIPS In 1939 the Foundation appropriated $50,000 for the support of fellowships in the social sci- ences during the year 1940. It also administered fifty-eight fellowships in this field from funds 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 290 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION which had been allocated previously. Of these fifty-eight fellowships, twenty-one were new ap- pointments in 1939, two were reappointments, and thirty-five were carried over from the pre- vious year. The countries represented by the men and women who worked in the social sciences under this fellowship program, the fields in which they pursued their research, and the countries in which they studied are summarized below: Subject of No. of Country of No. of Country of No. of Study Fellows Origin Fellows Study Fellows International Rela- Australia 3 England 2 tions 19 Bulgaria 2 Latin America.... 4 Public Administra- Canada i Scandinavian Coun- tion 6 Denmark 2 tries 2 Economics 27 France 2 Switzerland 2 Social Work 3 "'Germany i United States 47 Sociology * Great Britain 5 Several European Cultural Anthro- Greece i Countries I pology 2 Lithuania I — — Mexico 2 58 58 Netherlands a Norway i Poland 3 Rumania 2 Sweden 2 Switzerland 5 United States 21 Yugoslavia 2 58 From funds provided by the Foundation for fellowships during the period April i, 1938, to March 31, 1941, the Social Science Research 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 29! Council administered fourteen postdoctoral re- search training fellowships and thirty-five pre- doctoral field fellowships during the year 1939. Twenty of these fellows continued their work from 1938; twenty-eight began their studies in 1939, and one in January 1940. Of the Council fellowships forty-seven were granted to citizens of the United States and two to Canadians. These fellows received research training in vari- ous fields of study in the United States and foreign countries, as is shown in the following tabulation: No. of No. of Subject of Study Fellows Country of Study Fellows Political Science 10 United States 28 Economics 23 England 9 Economic History i Nigeria 2 Social Psychology i Sweden 2 Clinical Psychiatry i Switzerland 2 Geography 2 Canada i History 5 France i Anthropology 6 Japan I — Mexico i 49 Timbuctoo I Turkey I 49 The total number of persons who have re- ceived fellowships in the social sciences from The Rockefeller Foundation and the Social Sci- ence Research Council is given in the following table, which lists the new appointments in the years shown. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 292 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION °O Rockefeller Foundation... 177 43 44 73 6° 44 S3 35 22 24 29 21 625 Social Science Research Council ...... 61 25 28 25 2° !5 J3 *3 19 I2 2I 29 916 GRANTS IN AID The Foundation administered twenty-six grants in aid in the social sciences in 1939, the amounts ranging from $400 to $7,500 and totaling $97,965. These grants were distributed among eleven nations: England, four; Switzerland, three; Aus- tralia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Poland, Rumania, and Sweden, one each; and the United States, eleven. Over half of the grants were concerned with problems in international relations, direct re- search activities constituting nearly three-quar- ters of the projects aided. Research into prob- lems of balance of power policy, into neutrality, diplomatic relations, regional federation, and refugee adjustment were among the timely top- ics. Several conferences to discuss international problems were also supported. Among the remainder, grants were made to finance income studies, including several income- tax studies, business cycle studies, Latin-Ameri- can studies, social security studies, a project in 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 293 public administration, and one in industrial relations. The grants in aid were practically equally divided between projects under the auspices of American and of foreign universities, but in the case of grants in aid to research institutes and national committees (nonuniversity) the dis- tribution was nearly two to one in favor of the foreign agencies. This is largely due to the war conditions in Europe, where it is only possible to support certain institutions on a year to year basis, and for projects of limited extent which can be completed within a given time. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES STAFF During 1939 Director DAVID H. STEVENS Assistant Directors JOHN MARSHALL IRVING A. LEONARD 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT 299 DRAMA National Theatre Conference: Fellowships for Ad- vanced Training in Drama 302 Studio Theatre School, Buffalo: School and Com- munity Program in Drama 303 Stevens Institute of Technology: Control of Sound and Light for Dramatic Purposes 305 Vassar College: History and Index of the Work of the Federal Theatre 307 LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS Bibliotheque pour Tous: Service for Young Readers 310 American Library Association: American Books for European Libraries 311 American Library Association: Union List of Serials 313 New York Public Library: Development of a Microfilm Service 315 New York Museum of Science and Industry: New Methods of Museum Management 316 Museum of Modern Art: Educational Program 320 RADIO AND FILMS Princeton University: Study of the Value of Radio to Listeners 322 Harvard University: Lectureship in Broadcasting 324 American Film Center: Production and Use of Motion Pictures 325 National Committee of the United States of Amer- ica on International Intellectual Cooperation: International Film Exchange 327 National Film Society of Canada: Development of Educational Film Services 328 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 298 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION LATIN-AMERICAN INTERESTS Library of Congress: Hispanic Foundation 330 American Library Association: Library Coopera- tion with Latin America 331 University of Chile: Development of a Central Library 333 FAR EASTERN STUDIES American Council, Institute of Pacific Relations: Source Material on Chinese History 334 Development of Chinese and Japanese Studies in American Universities and Colleges 336 GRANTS IN AID 338 FELLOWSHIPS 340 GENERAL PROGRAM Payne Fund: Experiments in New Methods of Teaching English to Foreign-Born Adults 341 Harvard University: Studies in Criticism and the Uses of Language 342 Princeton University: Studies of Public Opinion 344 Boston Symphony Orchestra: Establishment of Berkshire Music Center 345 American Council of Learned Societies: Fellow- ships, Planning Committees, Foreign Activities 347 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES IT IS the peculiar function of the humanities to help maintain a balance of values. Today their opportunity is unusually great to pro- mote human welfare by widening the channels of communication and by protecting the sources that sustain moral, spiritual, and intellectual vitality. Facts of the present press upon our knowledge of mankind from past generations so insistently that proportions may easily be lost. Some nations have yielded to this pressure: all are affected by it. More than ever, the humani- ties should now draw on past and present to out- line the future, by increasing the appreciation of man and his qualities and by stimulating indi- viduals to free expression. The work of The Rockefeller Foundation in the humanities during 1939 followed the pattern of earlier grants directed toward the development of a wider diffusion of knowledge and a freer ex- pression of individual abilities through the arts. The program deals with the possibilities of print, film, and radio for improved cultural communica- tion among nations; the control of languages to serve universal needs for the exchange of ideas; and the cultivation of regional and national inter- 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 3OO THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION pretations of American life through the arts of drama. Progress toward these aims appears in grants of the year. Many of these are the outcome of earlier work aided by smaller grants and by fellowships. In drama, the strength of the inde- pendent theatre in all parts of the United States now assures a steady development of creative work. The Federal Theatre opened avenues that are being used by the National Theatre Confer- ence and the Dramatists Guild to give American drama a new regional character. National organi- zations to direct noncommerical uses of film are now ready not only for distribution but for pro- duction and for international exchange. Film is being linked to theatre as universities extend their training in playmaking to script writing, while many of them regularly produce by broad- cast as well as on the stage. Indeed, the most rapid development of program has been in radio, through studies of its influence and potential values to society. This research already demon- strates the importance of efforts to bring this new means of communication into use with the same freedom and diversity as the printed page, the documentary film, or the staged play. Less rapid but as significant for the future of cultural interchange are developments in the field of language. We now have sufficient personnel 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES in American universities to stimulate Chinese studies in various fields of contemporary impor- tance. General projects are becoming feasible as research in language touches primary sources. To a less degree the same is true of Japanese studies and of Russian. The survey courses on the Far East for first- and second-year students in our universities are yielding materials that will be useful in colleges and thereafter in secondary schools. As production of materials in English increases, the claim of the Far East on the atten- tion of this coming generation will be realized. Similarly, though of a less degree, there is a growing knowledge of Latin-American culture. For this extension of American understanding throughout both continents, there is need for easy use of the essential languages by scholars who desire to transmute learning into common knowledge for all. It is for such purposes that The Rockefeller Foundation's program in the humanities will con- tinue its aid to language projects and to applica- tions of language control for international com- munication involving the use of English, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, and Russian. To a certain de- gree this will undoubtedly require parallel work for development of libraries and archives, and some satisfactory beginnings have been made dur- ing the year with plans of this nature. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 302 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION DRAMA NATIONAL THEATRE CONFERENCE: FELLOWSHIPS FOR ADVANCED TRAINING IN DRAMA The Foundation has contributed toward the advancement of American drama by assisting a few universities and other organizations to ex- tend their facilities for training men and women for leadership in the field of the theatre. In 1939 aid of this kind was given through a grant of $25,000 to the National Theatre Conference to enable it to provide fellowships during a period of three years for persons of demonstrated ability preparing for careers as directors or technical workers in nonprofit community or university theatres. The National Theatre Conference is an organi- zation of limited membership representing the interests of the independent theatre and of drama in education. It has been in existence since 1932 and now has national offices in Cleveland, Ohio, at Western Reserve University. Originally it set out to act in an advisory capacity to all nonprofessional dramatic groups through nine regional offices in various parts of the country, to raise the standard of work of these groups, and fco open professional outlets for graduates of uni- versity departments of drama. Since 1935 it has concentrated its efforts on the development of 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES higher standards of training in the theatre arts in the graduate schools and on advisory service to all schools, colleges, settlement houses, and rural drama groups. Because of the growing demand in the United States for personnel of administrative and tech- nical ability to direct such work in drama, the Conference now proposes to maintain a fellow- ship program to train men and women for posts through advanced study. It expects to make about seven awards a year. During their periods of study the fellows will work in community or university theatres accredited by the Conference. The first committee appointed to direct the fellowship program of the Conference included Paul Green of the University of North Carolina, Frederic McConnell of the Cleveland Playhouse3 Allardyce Nicoll of Yale University, John Dol- man of the University of Pennsylvania, and E. C. Mabie of the University of Iowa. STUDIO THEATRE SCHOOL, BUFFALO: SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY PROGRAM IN DRAMA A number of centers throughout the United States are doing significant work in demonstrat- ing the place of drama in community life. One of these, the Studio Theatre School in Buffalo, New York, received a Foundation grant in 1939 to assist it in expanding its teaching services. This 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 304 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION i School, now in its thirteenth year, is providing training in theatre arts through courses of study and participation in its annual productions. The School is incorporated as an educational institution by the New York State Board of Regents. It aims to give the public an under- standing and appreciation of the theatre and to develop individual talents in dramatic arts. Its interests are entirely nonprofessional; its in- struction is on the professional level, however, and many former students are working in the commercial theatre, in radio, in adult education, or as teachers in public schools. Throughout the academic year the School offers regular courses in theatre arts for students in the University of Buffalo, for pupils of the elementary and high schools, and for adults. The School also gives extension courses for the employees of large business organizations and of city institutions. Tuition fees cover a part of the running expenses of the School. The full-length productions of the School are given by advanced students and nonprofessional actors of the community. These productions are supported by the dues of some 950 subscribing members and by individual admission fees. Nine plays, classical and modern, have nine or ten productions each during a winter season. The School also maintains a summer theatre where 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES 305 public performances an.d courses in drama are given from June to September. During the past twelve years over four hundred persons have acted in seventy-nine full-length School plays in public performance, and more than a hundred have worked on costuming, stage design, scene building, and painting. Two years ago, with the aid of subscriptions from over two thousand residents of Buffalo and the vicinity, the School purchased and remodeled a building suited to its work. This provided a theatre and workrooms of ample size. But $23,000 remained to be paid on the property, and the annual interest on this sum, together with the payments for debt retirement, left the School with insufficient funds from income for the necessary increase of staff. The Foundation therefore made a grant of $25,000 to the School to enable it to pay off die debt and to purchase essential equipment. The resulting release of income for operating expenses perm its the School to strengthen its staff and insure the continu- ance of teaching and production on a high level. STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY: CONTROL OF SOUND AND LIGHT FOR DRAMATIC PURPOSES The reaction of an audience to a stage play is strongly influenced by the lighting and sound 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 306 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION effects employed in its production. In the modern theatre the use of controlled light to create mood and atmosphere has reached a high degree of development, but only recently has serious at- tention been given to the potentialities of controlled sound as a means of stimulating the emotional response of the audience. Although resonating contrivances, explosions, and crashes have been employed in the theatre from the early days of the drama, the users of these devices have been concerned with variety in sound rather than with its scientific control. This lag in the develop- ment of an important aid to dramatic effective- ness has been largely the result of the limitations to control inherent in the sources of sound. At Stevens Institute of Technology, during the past few years, Professor Harold Burris- Meyer and his associates have been testing methods for controlling sound in the theatre so that it may be as dramatically useful as light. They have developed a technique whereby they can greatly increase the artistic and dramatic effectiveness of a play through control of the in- tensity, source, and quality of any sounds. Fur- ther research is needed, however, on the tech- niques of sound production and control; also, before the dramatic use of controlled sound can be put to general use there must be careful measurement of the physical and psychological 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES 307 i effects of sound upon audiences. To assist Pro- fessor Burris-Meyer in continuing his investiga- tions during the three-year period beginning July i, 1939, the Foundation made a grant of $30,000 to Stevens Institute of Technology. By observation of the reactions of individuals and of large groups during repeated testings Pro- fessor Burris-Meyer will collect data on the part that sound may have in the total effect of the sensory appeals of the theatre. His further work on the mechanical and physical conditions of sound control will include experiments on stages in New York City and in academic theatres of the nearby areas. Substitution of light effects for stage sets will also be employed in some produc- tions, with the purpose of developing techniques to reduce production costs while giving the artist a more flexiblemod e of stage expression. VASSAR COLLEGE: HISTORY AND INDEX OF THE WORK OF THE FEDERAL THEATRE The Federal Theatre was established as one of four undertakings in the field of the arts with the central aim of relief. Its operations began in August 1935 and were concluded on June 30, 1939. The artistic aim of the project was to reach the entire country with a program of play pro- duction. During the four years of its existence it expended approximately $30,000,000. Ninety 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 308 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION per cent of this sum was for labor costs on the re- lief basis, with a maximum of 13,700 persons on the employed lists. Only 35 per cent of the pro- ductions had entrance charges, and these were kept at low levels; yet over $2,000,000 was paid in by the public in admission fees, or sufficient to cover all but the labor costs of the project. While the Federal Theatre was in operation, 2,560 persons on its rolls who had formerly been employed by commercial theatres returned to their professional status or received assign- ments in radio or film studios. A fair number of others obtained posts as teachers in community work or in professional schools. Apart from the value of its relief aspects, this government project created a new tradition in the American theatre that may have nation-wide influence. If this is to be so, it is necessary to make use now of opportunities to conserve the results of the project. It is clearly in the interests of the theatre and of the fine arts in general that a permanent record of the project be compiled and that the valuable material collected in the course of its operation be made available to educational, civic, and other groups. Vassar College, which has on loan from the government a full set of Federal Theatre records, is sponsoring the preparation of a complete fac- tual history of the project and an index of the 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES 309 materials in its records. Professor HalJie Flana- gan of the faculty of the College, who was direc- tor of the Federal Theatre for the entire period of its existence, will write the history. Mr. Emmet Lavery, former director of its National Service Bureau, will compile the index and pre- pare bulletins on the material in the records. The Foundation has made a grant of $17,500 toward the expenses of these undertakings. The collection of Federal Theatre records com- prises some ten thousand volumes, bound and unbound. It contains source material on the ori- gin and development of the first government- sponsored theatre in the United States; a library of approximately one thousand plays produced under the auspices of the Federal Theatre, each book complete with text, director's and techni- cian's score, designer's sketches for sets and cos- tumes, electrical and property plots, programs, and press notices; a collection of several hundred press books, giving reviews, editorials, and gen- eral articles on the Federal Theatre from its in- ception; a complete photographic record of activities; complete sets of Federal Theatre magazines and publications; complete reports of the very considerable research by staff workers, including some twenty volumes ready for publi- cation; and a library of some five thousand vol- umes presented to the Federal Theatre project. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 3IO THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS BlBLIOTHEQUE POUR ToUS: SERVICE FOR YOUNG READERS Since its establishment in 1920 the Biblio- th£que pour Tous has promoted education among all classes in Switzerland through its circulating book service, which provides reading matter im- partially for the three Swiss language groups, French, German, and Italian. It is an independ- ent library, receiving its income in part from the Swiss Confederation and the various cantons, and in part from voluntary contributions of asso- ciations and individuals. It is restricted by no allegiance to political, religious, or class interest. Its books are selected by a committee represent- ing all points of view. From its central headquarters in Bern and from seven regional stations, shipments of from 20 to 100 volumes go regularly to local libraries, schools, clubs, business houses, and community groups. Systematic rotation gives each station a changing stock of books throughout the year. In addition, professional books are sent from Bern to individuals on special order. The books in the Bibliotheque's collection of some one hundred and fifty thousand volumes are for readers sixteen years of age and over, as © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES 3II its regulations originally restricted its services to this age group. For some time, however, the governing board has been working on plans for extending the library's facilities to younger read- ers. To aid the board in putting these plans into effect The Rockefeller Foundation made a grant of $25,000 to the Bibliotheque to be available during a three-year period for the purchase of a collection of books for children between the ages of eleven and sixteen and for other expenses in- cidental to the establishing of a youth library on the pattern developed for older readers. Books for this youth library will be selected from a list of titles compiled by a committee of the Swiss Teachers' Association for readers be- tween the ages of eleven and eighteen, and from a list of works in English drawn from the care- fully prepared compilations of the American Library Association. A library of this kind will give the youth of the country a wide choice of both standard and contemporary works and will encourage freedom of selection and thought at an age level when habits in reading and thinking are commonly determined. AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION: AMERICAN BOOKS FOR EUROPEAN LIBRARIES The American Library Association maintains a Committee on International Relations for 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 312 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION study of all forms of library development. Through recent surveys this Committee deter- mined that the Library Association would per- form a very useful service if it could facilitate the acquisition and circulation of American books by European libraries and so give the people of many countries freer access to American thought. Acting on this decision, the Association worked out a plan to allot to central library agencies in certain countries funds ranging from $500 to $1,500 per country yearly, over a period of three years, for the purchase of books in the United States. Libraries to be selected will be those or- ganized to distribute books to a large public through such facilities as interlibrary loan sys- tems or traveling collections. The libraries par- ticipating in the plan will send their orders for books to the office of the American Library Asso- ciation's Committee on International Relations, in New York City, which will arrange for their purchase and shipment. To assist the Associa- tion in developing this plan The Rockefeller Foundation made an appropriation of $60,000, available for three years. It was decided to introduce the plan first in several countries of Northern and Western Eu- rope that had given special evidence of interest in American publications. Negotiations were 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES 313 begun September i, 19393 and by the end of the year funds had been allotted to libraries in Great Britain, France, Eire, Norway, Sweden, Den- mark, Netherlands, Switzerland, and Finland. Orders were also received from most of the libra- ries, and shipments were made despite delays caused by the war. Two requirements are made of the libraries re- ceiving grants: that they do not reduce their regular purchase of American books and that they request books of general, and not limited or scholarly, appeal. For selection of titles, the libraries have the current issues of Booklist and the American Book Review Digest, which are sent to them by the Association, and accumulated requests of their own readers. AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION: UNION LIST OF SERIALS The Foundation made another appropriation to the American Library Association in 1939, amounting to $38,600, for the preparation of a new edition of the Union List of Serials in the United States and Canada. It had previously made two grants in aid to the Association, totaling $7,500, for preliminary work on this project, which was begun in June 1938. The List is an index to all material in serial form, with the 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 314 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION exception of newspapers, in the important libra- ries of this country and Canada. It is the only resource that exists for locating files of serials, and is consequently of great value in making all periodical literature of the world available on loan. The first edition of the Union List of Serials, published in 1927, is a volume of 1,588 pages naming the journals, periodicals, and other serials issued up to and including the year 1925 that are held by 226 libraries. During the years since the publication of the first edition of this List, all the reporting institutions have made ex- tensive additions to their collections of serials and many libraries that did not report their holdings for that edition wish to be included in the new one. As the original supporting libraries are not in a position to contribute toward this revision, the Foundation is providing the funds required for the work. Responsibility for the new edition is divided between the American Library Association, which will direct the preparation of copy, and the H. W. Wilson Company, which will take care of printing and publishing. The Library of Con- gress furnishes quarters for the editorial staff, the assistance of its Serials Division, and service from all its collections. The project also involves a contribution in time, materials, and labor on 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES 315 the part of each library whose periodical holdings are to be reported. NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY: DEVELOPMENT OF A MICROFILM SERVICE In microphotography a library has an impor- tant means of increasing its service to scholarship and research, for through this process it can make the rare and valuable materials in its col- lections readily available to other libraries, to academic and research institutions, and to indi- vidual scholars anywhere in the world. During the past year The Rockefeller Founda- tion made a grant of $15,000 to the New York Public Library to provide its Reference Depart- ment at the central building with modern facili- ties for microfilm copying; $10,000 of this sum is for fitting out a laboratory and $5,000 for a re- volving fund to produce materials for sale to other libraries and to make negative films of its extensive collections for a file that will slowly become a source of income. Noteworthy collections in the Library having national and international use are the maps, manuscripts, genealogical and local records, music scores, drama documents, and periodicals. Its collections of periodicals and newspapers are exceptional, and requests for copies of mate- 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 316 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION rial from these sources are constantly received. These demands have been met in so far as pos- sible by the Photographic Division of the Li- brary, which has been handicapped by its lack of modern filming mechanism for handling long runs of material. Despite this disadvantage the Division has a good record of performance in microcopying. It handled the filming of the New York Times for the years 1914 to 1918 and is now directing the filming of back files of the New York Tribune from 1841 to 1934 and of its successor the Herald Tribune. With its new equipment the Photographic Di- vision will be able to develop an adequate service for outside applicants, and it can also restore to use a great quantity of material now held out of circulation, such as old newspapers and litera- ture on poor paper, which are in many instances among the most valuable possessions of the Li- brary. In addition to preserving original material, this system will conserve space, as the papers will be removed from the active shelves. NEW YORK MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: NEW METHODS OF MUSEUM MANAGEMENT In recent years museums have been giving in- creasing thought to the problem of making their cultural resources of greater educational value to the public. JVew methods of operation and new 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Photograph Excised Here New Yoik Museum of Science and Industn. Demountlatmg to school ihildmi (lit- IJ.ISK nmuipus in electrical science. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES display techniques are being tried out with this end in view. The Rockefeller Foundation has aided experimentation at several centers. It has made two grants, one of $50,000 in 1935 and another of $25,000 this year, to the New York Museum of Science and Industry, which has been, instituting marked innovations in methods of display and financing, and in public relations. The New York Museum of Science and Indus- try is reporting and interpreting to the man in the street the achievements of the man in the research laboratory. In experiment with meth- ods of display and of educational presentation, its staff has a remarkable record for variety and ingenuity. Permanent exhibits in eleven divisions within small areas deal with such subjects as food, industries, textiles, transportation, com- munication, and aviation. This permanent back- ground of fundamentals of science and industry is a resource comparable to the reference value of a library. Temporary exhibits from outstanding research laboratories and industries give the pub- lic constant demonstrations of new discoveries and important technical developments. Such ex- hibits for fixed periods have been supplied by somefift ymajo r industries. The museum is not intended as a place where scientific oddities may be seen, nor is it intended to supplant technical schooling, but to give a comprehensive view of 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation :ihr': *&* Photograph Excised Here The American Library Association studies relations with Latin-American countries. Uruguay contributes to the Latin-American exhibit at the Enoch Pratt Free Library. Photograph Excised Here Oriental Library, Claremont Colleges, California. The 4,200 volumes emphasize sources and treatment of modern (mainly since 1850) political, economic, geographic, and historical problem.s of the- Far EaM. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION the development of scientific and industrial skills and of their relation to daily life. The Museum charges a small admission fee to provide for maintenance costs and also to limit the visitors to those especially interested in its exhibits. It is open twelve hours a day. From February 1936 to October 31, 1939, it had an average monthly attendance of 38,597. Of the total of 1,717,550 admissions during that period, only 258,477 were without charge; this total of free admissions represents the average yearly at- tendance of 60,000 New York school children. These facts are of importance as proof that vital- ity of museum work can bring public financing, at least in a metropolitan center; and, further, that a museum can compete in evening hours with the great variety of interests appealing to working people for their free time. MUSEUM OF MODERN ART: EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM Another museum receiving a Foundation grant during the past year for the furtherance of its educational work was the Museum of Modern Art, which was founded in 1929 to encourage interest in the arts of the present day and to de- velop esthetic values in American life. Working through those forces that condition public taste, and using new methods as well as 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES new mediums, the Museum is attacking the fundamental cultural question of how art can be brought intimately into the life of a community. By frequent change of exhibits it seeks to reach a wide public and to satisfy diverse artistic tastes. In the country at large as well as in New York City, it has the advantage of moving with the needs and opportunities of the times rather than over the full record of art history. Though the Museum has a permanent collection to which carefully selected additions are made from time to time, it does not plan to keep this intact in- definitely. For the historical scholar, however, it is accumulating materials on various aspects of contemporary art. It has a library of significant motion picture films of the past forty years from many countries, an exceptional collection of prints, and a stock of lantern slides for its educa- tional work. Nationally, its publications and circulating exhibitions have stimulated interest in contemporary art by their critical valuations and discriminating treatment of modern forms. Recently the work of the Museum was given a permanent home in a new building, erected by subscription, that will satisfy the varied demands for service. Though the building provides in- creased facilities, it requires materially larger maintenance expenditures. Funds for operation come from a small endowment, subscriptions, 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation J22 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION membership dues, and admission fees. In order to stabilize the yearly budget, the trustees plan to increase the regular income from various sources as rapidly as possible. To assist the program tem- porarily, the Foundation will contribute $75,000 over a two-year period. Of this sum, $30,000 is for rotating funds of $ 15,000 each, for the expense of circulating exhibitions and of publications; $45,000 will go toward current operating ex- penses from July i, 1939, to June 30, 1941. RADIO AND FILMS PRINCETON UNIVERSITY: STUDY OF THE VALUE OF RADIO TO LISTENERS With some seven hundred broadcasting sta- tions in operation in the United States and mil- lions of homes equipped with receivers, there can be little question of radio's importance as a means of mass communication. What radio is doing for its listeners is a matter of considerable interest. In September 1937 the School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton Univer- sity, with the aid of a two-year grant from The Rockefeller Foundation, undertook to answer such relevant questions as: What people listen? What do they listen to? Why do they listen? and How are they affected by what they hear? 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES 323 By the summer of 1939 the School had com- pleted some ninety investigations bearing on the role which radio plays in the lives of listeners. These studies dealt with such subjects as the fac- tors on which listening interest seems to depend, the characteristics of listeners attracted by differ- ent types of programs, news broadcasting and its relation to news in print, and music in broad- casting. One special study investigated the "panic" occasioned by Orson Welles' broadcast "The War of the Worlds." In some cases it was necessary to develop new methods for securing the necessary data, but in other cases reliable evidence could be obtained from work done by the radio industry or other research agencies. To enable the School to interpret the general findings and to prepare the material for publica- tion, the Foundation, in 1939, made a further grant of $17,500 which finances the work through February 1940. A series of books and research monographs will be the result. Typical of the books to appear is a volume scheduled for early publication dealing with the role of radio as a means of mass communication in the United States in comparison with the role of print. An- other, to be published by the Princeton Univer- sity Press, gives a full report of the studies of the "panic" mentioned above. Perhaps of more special interest are such research monographs as 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION one already issued under the title of The Social Stratification of the Radio Audience. Other more technical monographs will deal with the methods which the project has developed and tested in its work. HARVARD UNIVERSITY: LECTURESHIP IN BROADCASTING What radio is doing as a medium of mass com- munication has recently become a subject of growing interest to student and faculty groups in a number of departments of Harvard Univer- sity. A group in the Department of Government has been investigating the part of radio in the formation of public opinion. In the Department of Psychology, studies have been made of the psychology of broadcasting. The School of Edu- cation has been exploring the possibilities of radio in formal education; and the University's col- laboration, through its Radio Committee, with the World Wide Broadcasting Foundation has acquainted members of its faculty with the prob- lems of planning and producing radio programs, On the technical side, the Cruft Laboratory, ad- ministered jointly by the Graduate School of Engineering and the Department of Physics, has made important contributions. To coordinate these various interests and to establish broadcasting as a subject of serious 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES 325 study, the University in 1939 created a lecture- ship in broadcasting. The Rockefeller Founda- tion made a grant of $24,000 to the University to support the work of this lecturer during the three-year period ending August 31, 1943. The primary purpose of the program will be to en- courage and give direction to studies of broad- casting as a means of mass communication, AMERICAN FILM CENTER: PRODUCTION AND USE OF MOTION PICTURES The Foundation made appropriations in 1939 to three organizations concerned with develop- ment of a wider range of use for motion pictures. The American Film Center, a non-profit organi- zation established in August 1938 to promote the production and use of films of educational value, received a grant of $6o3ooo toward its work over the two-year period ending December 31, 1940. The purposes and methods of work of the American Film Center were recently outlined in the following paragraphs: The Film Center encourages production in wider educa- tional fields and promotes fuller use and appreciation of such [educationals] film by schools and organizations. It enlists financial and educational sponsors for such motion pictures. By lending its cooperation and endorsement, it becomes a representative of education among the makers, distributors, and consumers of films. The Center works with established producers as adminis- 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION trator, consultant, and researcher, but it is not a producer. It brings distributors and consumers together, but it is not a film exchange. It assists museums, clubs, schools, and such agencies to round out logical, correlated educational film programs, but it is not an exhibitor. Education implies the awareness and information that make independent citizens. Yet, although the cinema is an able aid in this process, its resources as teacher have been tapped but little. The sound picture in particular created new audience desires and opened up wider horizons for education. Several noteworthy movements sprang up to exploit these new possibilities. Educators, industries, Hollywood producers, and government agencies have subsidized and supported such programs. However, they have not achieved complete success because producers and consumers have not found a common meeting ground. The American Film Center is providing that meeting ground. Its purpose i$ two-fold — to increase the educa- tional value of films of all kinds, and to make the public aware of these values in documentary and theatrical motion pictures. The American Film Center, as a liaison between sponsors and film makers and between film makers and consumers, works through committees of specialists created to guaran- tee the educational quality of films which bear the Center's endorsement. Each committee, in itsfield , works with pro- ducers of anything from a one-reel film to a major feature — from planning a production program, consulting on script writing, doing research and editing, tofina lapprova l of the finished product. Thus the Film Center, by viewing a specific educational field as a whole, can correlate already produced films and indicate what new films willfi tint o the program. To put its committees' findings into action, the Center evolves pro- duction programs in which separate films add up to a whole 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES 327 story — of housing, health, public administration, jobs, or anything else that goes into civilized life. The next stage is to promote full audience understanding. Tp this end, the Film Center cooperates with film libraries, commercial exchanges, and government agencies. The Center publishes guides for leaders of clubs and study groups, and its doors are always open to them for the use of films in their programs. As part of this program, the Ameri- can Film Center is a clearinghouse for inquiries about films and film programs, publishes a News Letter, and from time to time gets out catalogues that integrate educational films in various fields. The basic budget of the Film Center is at present met by the grant of the Foundation. Special projects have been financed by the Com- mittee on Scientific Aids to Learning, and theNa- tional Committee of the United States of America on International Intellectual Cooperation. NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ON INTERNATIONAL INTELLECTUAL COOPERATION: INTERNATIONAL FILM EXCHANGE Easy international interchange of educational films depends on two things: a recognized agency to certify that the films to be circulated are of an educational nature, and a coordinating body through which importers and exporters may offi- cially deal with each other. The twenty odd coun- tries which are signatories of the League of Nations' Convention for Facilitating the Inter- 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 328 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION national Circulation of Films of an Educational Character enjoy these advantages through the League-sponsored Paris Institute of Cinema- tography, which issues certificates as to the educational character of films and acts as a clear- inghouse for distributors. Importers and exporters in the United States do not have access to these services because this country has not ratified the Convention. They are handicapped by tariffs and by delays incident to establishing the educa- tional status of films they wish to interchange. Under the Convention, educational films circu- late between signatories duty free. The Foundation made a grant of $7,500 to the National Committee of the United States of America on International Intellectual Coopera- tion to enable it to develop, jointly with the American Film Center, means for facilitating the exchange between the United States and other countries, of motion picture films of educational and cultural importance. In November 1939 the International Film Center was incorporated, by the National Committee and the American Film Center, to work in these fields. NATIONAL FILM SOCIETY OF CANADA: DEVEL- OPMENT OF EDUCATIONAL FILM SERVICES The National Film Society of Canada, char- tered by the Canadian Government in 1935 to 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES 329 encourage and promote the study, appreciation, and use of motion pictures as educational and cultural forces, received a Foundation grant of $19,380 for use during the two-year period be- ginning September i, 1939. The first aim of the Society is to give advice and service to Canadian schools, colleges, and other educational groups, on films produced in other countries. The Film Society has its headquarters in Ottawa and branches in ten other Canadian cities. It now maintains libraries of film for rental in five of the nine Canadian provinces and expects shortly to establish similar depots for the others. This service is now offered to over four thousand members. The work of the Society during itsfirs t years consisted mainly in obtaining and renting Cana- dian films wanted for showing by its members. In 1938, with the help of a grant in aid from the Foundation, it investigated the possibilities of improving its service, especially through the international exchange of educational films. It now cooperates with such agencies as the Film Library of the Museum of Modern Art, the Association of School Film Libraries, and the Motion Picture Project of the American Council on Education. Through the instrumentality of the British Imperial Relations Trust, a Canadian Film Com- 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 330 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION mittee has recently been established to serve as a liaison agent between the government, organi- zations interested in educational films, national education institutions, and the National Film Society. This Committee has designated the Film Society to act as its executive agent for all projects within the scope of the Society's interest. LATIN-AMERICAN INTERESTS LIBRARY OF CONGRESS: HISPANIC FOUNDATION An important step in the development of better inter-American cultural understanding was taken during the past year by the opening at the Library of Congress in Washington, D. C, of the Hispanic Foundation, a division created to organize and concentrate in one location the Library's extensive facilities for studies in the field of Hispanic cultures. The Hispanic Foundation was created at the Library of Congress by a series of gifts. The first of these was an endowment received in 1927 from Mr. Archer M. Huntington, founder of the Hispanic Society of America, for the purchase of Spanish, Portuguese, and Latin-American books. A subsequent endowment from the same source provided for a consultant in Hispanic literature, and an anonymous donor contributed funds for the room where the general Hispanic collection 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES 331 of the Library is now centered. Congress ap- propriated funds, as of July I, 1939, for the sala- ries of a director of the new foundation and of a consultant in Portuguese studies, as well as for minimum operating costs. A large mass of Hispanic material scattered throughout the Library in books, serial issues, and journals must be properly catalogued to put these resources at the disposal of the public. For this purpose a competent cataloguer, well versed in Hispanic cultures, is needed to organize this special collection effectively and to develop the necessary techniques for its utilization. Biblio- graphical services are being developed to make accurate information quickly available and to complete an analysis that will produce an index for future purchases. An annual guide to His- panic periodicals and a record of current in- vestigations in the field of Hispanic cultures will also be prepared. To assist the Library of Con- gress for a period of two years in providing the personnel necessary for preparing the catalogue, bibliographies, and other compilations, the Foun- dation made it a grant of $22,000. AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION: LIBRARY COOPERATION WITH LATIN AMERICA The Rockefeller Foundation has contributed funds for surveys of library resources, training of personnel, and improvement of cataloguing 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION services in a few Latin-American institutions. It has paralleled this assistance with grants to a few centers in the United States actively extending knowledge of Latin America in this country and improving inter-American intellec- tual cooperation through specific projects.' In 1939 it appropriated $30,000 to the Ameri- can Library Association for studies covering the general field of relations with Latin-American countries. A committee of the Association will undertake to direct, over a period of three years, a series of exploratory studies of library condi- tions and distribution methods affecting the exchange of books and other materials in print between the United States and Latin America. Among other matters, it plans to investigate exchange relations now existing between im- portant libraries of the United States and Latin America, both public and private; possibilities of improving the systematic exchange of publica- tions; distribution of scholarly journals; use- fulness of existing Latin-American collections in the United States; growth of public interest in the United States in Latin-American subjects as shown by purchases and circulation figures of libraries; opportunities to serve both Spanish and English readers through encouraging translation of works for trade distribution. The Library of Congress is providing quarters for the staff en- 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES 333 gaged in these studies, as well as the free service of its consultants and bibliographers. Results of these studies will influence the fu- ture work of the Library of Congress in its new Latin-American section, by defining desirable lines for continuing services to scholars, to general readers, and to the book trade. The studies are closely related to projects that the Foundation has aided earlier for the improvement of interna- tional copyright agreements and for free inter- change of children's literature in translation. UNIVERSITY OF CHILE: DEVELOPMENT OF A CENTRAL LIBRARY The Foundation made a grant of $8,000 to the University of Chile to assist it, during a two- year period ending December 31, 1941, in de- veloping a central library. This University, now about a century old, is one of the leading institutions of its kind in South America, with a student body representa- tive of the continent. It has an enrollment of approximately six thousand students, about one thousand of whom are foreigners, chiefly from Latin-American countries, some coming from as far north as Costa Rica. The seven departments that constitute the University, each with its own library, are scat- tered about the Chilean capital. The need to bring together in a central building the various 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 334 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION collections of books, totaling about one hundred thousand volumes, has long been felt by the Uni- versity administration. Now, suitable quarters in the main building have been made available, and some equipment in the form of shelving, desks, and tables is at hand. The University budget provides for maintenance. In connection with the new library, the admin- istration proposes to establish a school of libra- rianship. First, however, it plans to organize the library as a highly efficient unit, to serve both as a training center and a model for libraries throughout Chile. To realize these objectives the purchase of new library equipment and standard works of reference is essential. The Foundation has made a grant to assist the University to ob- tain the materials necessary for the successful or- ganization of the library and, temporarily, to pay salaries of assistants for the preliminary work. FAR EASTERN STUDIES AMERICAN COUNCIL, INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS: SOURCE MATERIAL ON CHINESE HISTORY Under the auspices of the American Council of the Institute of Pacific Relations and the Inter- national Institute of Social Research, Dr. Karl A. Wittfogel and several Chinese associates col- lected, during the years 1935-1938, extensive 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES 335 source material on Chinese social, economic, and cultural history. This material, consisting of over fifty thousand excerpts varying in length from a few lines of translation to more than two hun- dred pages, was taken from the twenty-six Dynastic Histories, the collected biographies attached to these histories, and special treatises. These source works furnish first-hand records of Chinese civilization from 300 B.C. to 1911 A.D. Dr. Wittfogel, now working at Columbia University in the quarters which the University provides for the International Institute of Social Research, is preparing the original extracts and parallel English translations for publication. This task involves verifying the extracts and the translations; supplying footnotes on proper names, institutions, technical terms, and pas- sages of especial difficulty; and making up page copy to bring together on a given page the origi- nal text, its translation, and footnotes. The Foundation has made a grant of $31,700 to the American Council of the Institute of Pacific Rela- tions to enable it to provide Dr. Wittfogel with editorial assistance for this work during the three- year period ending June 30, 1942. As a final check on the material, microfilm copies of the manuscript will be sent to other scholars in Great Britain, China, and the United States for reading. Thus, in its completed form, 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION the work will represent results possible only through collaboration between philologists famil- iar with the original texts and persons experi- enced in modern methods of historical research. It will make available to Western scholars a large amount of source material on Chinese society and history buried in documents to which few Occidentals have access, and it will provide stu- dents of the Far Eastern problems of today with a historical background necessary to the under- standing of these problems. DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE AND JAPANESE STUDIES IN AMERICAN UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES The Foundation appropriated funds to three educational centers in the United States during the year to aid them in extending their facilities for the study of Far Eastern history, language, and culture. Stanford University received a grant of |i5,000 to be available for five years, beginning July i, 1939, for the purchase of Chinese works and for the salary of a recent Chinese appointee to the Department of English, Dr. Shau Wing Chan, who is developing courses in Chinese literature in translation and in the Chinese language. Dr. Chan has prepared an introductory primer and a syllabus for teaching the Chinese classics, popular 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES 3J7 literature, and philosophy. These will be brought into print for general use, with the purpose of advancing Far Eastern studies at the undergrad- uate level in other universities and colleges as well as at Stanford. A grant of $i5,000 was made also to Claremont Colleges, toward stabilizing a Far Eastern pro- gram that has been under development for sev- eral years. Of this sum, $5,000 will be used to supplement salary funds during the period 1939- 1942, and $10,000 for the purchase of library materials as needed. This part of the Far Eastern program at the Claremont Colleges is under the direction of Dr. Charles F. Fahs, whose appoint- ment in 3936 as instructor in Oriental affairs at Pomona College, after the completion of his training in the Far East under a General Educa- tion Board fellowship, was made possible by a three-year Foundation grant. The courses in Far Eastern subjects fall into two groups. At the junior college level, sophomores are admitted to year surveys of Oriental civilization, Oriental history, and Oriental literature in translation. Senior college and graduate students are eligible for the courses in economic problems of the Orient, Oriental philosophy, Far Eastern diplo- matic history, Chinese political theory, and the Chinese and Japanese languages. Columbia University received a grant of $9,000 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION for the support of a part-time visiting lectureship in Japanese cultural history during the period January i, 1940, to June 30, 1943. The lecturer designated under this grant is Sir George Sansom, who held a term appointment of this kind at the University during 1935-1936 through Founda- tion support. Sir George's duties over a period of thirty-five years in Japan as counsellor to the British Embassy have given him a thorough un- derstanding of the history and the cultural movements of that country. Under his new ap- pointment he will devote half of each year to lecturing in the Graduate School on the Japanese language, history, and institutions. The creation of this lectureship will advance Japanese studies in the University substantially. The Foundation has made previous grants, total- ing 142,500, to Columbia University for the development of Chinese and Japanese studies. The greater part of this sum was given for the purchase of books and periodicals in these lan- guages. The University library now has over seventy thousand Chinese books, about thirty thousand Japanese books, and a representative collection of periodicals and serial publications in both languages. GRANTS IN AID The Foundation made forty-three grants in aid during 1939 to individuals or institutions for 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES 339 special studies or preparatory work bearing on programs in the humanities to which it is giving developmental support, or to make possible the completion of research or publication related to these programs. The grants varied in amount from $300 to $7,500 and totaled $109,247.55. Five of the grants were for projects to extend international library service, five for projects in microphotography as related to library service, and one for the analysis of the results of recent research in reading. Four grants were made to further inter-American cultural understanding; four to advance cultural interchange between America and the Far East; one for studies of Turkish history and language; six for work con- nected with the development of regional drama, and one for study of the relations between com- mercial and n on-professional groups active in the development of American drama; four for the investigation of matters pertaining to inter- national broadcasting and one for the develop- ment of a regional broadcasting program in the United States; two for studies of the role of mo- tion pictures in American life and three for proj- ects relating to the production and distribution of educational films. There were two grants for studies to further the educational work of mu- seums; and one grant for each of the following purposes: studies in connection with the excava- 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 34° THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION tion of the Athenian Agora; the completion of a book on German cultural influence in the United States; the purchase of a collection of American books for a proposed Anglo-American Institute at the University of Groningen; and the expenses of a delegate to a conference of the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation, on the in- terpretation of the natural sciences to the general public, FELLOWSHIPS During 1939 the Foundation supported sixty- eight fellowships in fields of the humanities to which it is giving developmental aid. Fifty-three of the men and women holding these appoint- ments were citizens of continental United States, four were from Puerto Rico, three from Canada, two each from Argentina and Chile, and one each from China, France, Great Britain, and Japan. Thirty-four of the fellowships were new awards of 1939, and thirty-four were held by recipients of aid in previous years. The fellowships were distributed among the following fields: radio production and research on radio listening, eighteen; dramatic art, thirteen; motion picture production, twelve; library ad- ministration, nine; research on simplified meth- ods of teaching languages, seven; study of Far Eastern languages, for work in connection with 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES 34! the promotion of international cultural relations, six; Hispanic studies, two; history of art, one. Fifty-seven of the fellows spent the entire year in the United States. Of the others, three worked in both the United States and England, two in the United States and Canada, one in the United States and Mexico, one in England, one partly in England and partly in Ireland, one in Mexico, Guatemala, and Peru, one in Chile, Argentina, and Brazil, and one in Japan. GENERAL PROGRAM PAYNE FUND: EXPERIMENTS IN NEW METHODS OF TEACHING ENGLISH TO FOREIGN-BORN ADULTS In 1938 the Payne Fund, with the aid of a small Foundation grant, undertook, in coopera- tion with the Massachusetts State Department of Education, a preliminary inquiry into the practicability of improving English texts and manuals for teaching English to foreign-born adults in the United States. Trial of the plan showed its possibilities not only for the foreign- born adult but also for the child who is learning English as his mother tongue. To assist the Fund in a wider testing of the plan and in developing programs for training teachers for the work, the Foundation appropriated $22,000 for use during the period February i, 1939, to June 30,1944. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION Under the direction of the Fund, experimental materials and methods are being tested in classes of foreign-born adults at a number of centers in Massachusetts having diversified types of popu- lation. A similar program is being conducted with classes of adults and children in Washington. Trial and observation on an extended scale will give validity to the results and will also produce the necessary guides for proper training of teach- ers. This program of work has direct bearing on researches of Dr. I. A. Richards, under Founda- tion support, to develop the freer use of English as an auxiliary language for all purposes of inter- national communication. HARVARD UNIVERSITY: STUDIES IN CRITICISM AND THE USES OF LANGUAGE For some years the Foundation has been aiding plans to simplify the teaching of English in for- eign countries, particularly in the Far East. Dur- ing 1939 an extension of such work to Latin- American countries and in our border states started with the appointment of research fellows for work on English and Spanish texts. These fellowships were made possible by the appoint- ment at Harvard University of Dr. I. A. Rich- ards, who will continue to direct work in China while entering on new investigations of the uses of language generally. These studies will bear 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES 343 upon the development of literary criticism as well as upon the meanings of language. Dr. Richards is concerned with the ways of comprehension, and particularly with the part that language as a system of symbols plays in comprehension. In one phase of his present pro- gram, he is holding seminars for teachers of English in American schools that are extending his methods for the improvement of learning processes through English studies to general ap- plications in the school curriculum. An analysis of the processes by which words come to have different senses in our understanding develops an ability for interpretation in other subjects and in the daily operations of life. The method also provides foreign language groups with a first step toward learning normal English by giving a control of meanings and structure. Persons hav- ing need of English as their primary auxiliary language benefit from the application of these methods within the special pattern of their pri- mary language. For all students of literature, such preliminary analysis of the full meaning of words in their common usage is equally effective toward a method of literary criticism concerned with the total effect of materials on the mind of the reader. A grant of $50,000 from the Foundation is to supplement funds of Harvard University to maintain the work over a period of five years. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 344 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION PRINCETON UNIVERSITY: STUDIES OF PUBLIC OPINION Although the study of public opinion in the United States has been increasing during the past twenty years, basic information on its formation and operation are lacking. The war in Europe has given this country an unusual op- portunity for studying the development of public opinion, the changes which opinion undergoes under varying conditions} and the reasons for change. Research of this kind was undertaken at the School of Public and International Affairs of Princeton University under the direction of Professor Hadley Cantril, who plans to draw from such agencies as the American Institute of Public Opinion the data for judging the influence of three major media of mass communication — radio, print, and film — on the formation of public opinion regarding the war. The Institute of Public Opinion has used in its interviews many questions touching on such topics as neutrality and rearmament, but it has drawn off from its returns only the data required for its news releases. In these releases, it usually gives a gross percentile score of the division of opinion, sometimes adding percentile subscores for the distribution of results under subheadings of region, age group, or political party. Professor Cantril, after examining the ballots taken by the 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES 345 Institute over a five-year period, concluded that retabulation of the data would supply essential facts on the formation and trend of opinion from peace to war time and from one stage to another under the force of successive war crises. It is expected that further analysis of the data will demonstrate the influence of such factors as family relationship, educational experience, and occupation; the group origins of reported inten- sity of opinion or apparent lack of it on many issues. Additional questions leading to evidence of this nature will be used from time to time dur- ing the course of the analysis. To assist the School of Public and Interna- tional Affairs in obtaining the equipment neces- sary for duplicating and retabulating records and in providing research and clerical assistance, the Foundation made a grant of $15,000 to Princeton University for the use of the School during the year 1940. BOSTON SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA: ESTABLISHMENT OF BERKSHIRE Music CENTER Through an appropriation of $60,000 The Rockefeller Foundation is assisting the Boston Symphony Orchestra to establish a summer cen- ter of musical education, under the direction of Serge Koussevitsky and others, at Tanglewood, 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 346 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION Massachusetts, where for several years the Or- chestra has held a symphonic festival in August. The sessions of the Center in 1940 will continue from July 8 until August 18. Three week ends of festival concerts will come within this period. The Center will have two sections: one, known as the Institute for Advanced Study, will be limited to persons having a thorough preliminary musical training and studying to make music their career; the other, the Academy, will be for music lovers with less specific qualifications but possessing an intelligent interest in music and a wish to increase their power of interpretation. Of some three hundred students to be chosen from the applicants for admission to the Center, a committee will select fifty for work at the Institute. The Institute will offer classes in orchestral conducting and instruction in individual and group performance, in dramatic interpretation, and in advanced composition. The Academy, or general school, will also give opportunity for individual and collective performances of stu- dents enrolled in large units to study choral, or- chestral, and chamber music. They will have lectures on musical development, form, and style, and on the underlying aesthetic principles. There will be no attempt to cover in a systematic way the history or theory of music, but rather to 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES 347 stimulate participation, expression and creative- ness. Each Academy student will belong to either the school orchestra or the Festival chorus. A faculty of persons outstanding in musical education and production has been secured for instruction in composition, direction, and indi- vidual performance. A group of special guest lectures will hold a series of general sessions. Intensive development of individual abilities will be the constant aim of the Director and the staff. The Foundation's appropriation to the Center is for the two years 1940 and 1941: $10,000 will be provided during thefirs tyea r for remodeling three buildings for assembly and classes, and for the construction of a small theatre for school rehearsals, chamber concerts, and presentations by the class in opera dramatics; $25,000 will be available for each of the two years toward faculty salaries and for a scholarship fund. AMERICAN COUNCIL OF LEARNED SOCIETIES: FELLOWSHIPS, PLANNING COMMITTEES, FOREIGN ACTIVITIES A new grant of $80,000 to the American Council of Learned Societies is to carry established activi- ties at the level of recent years through aid of The Rockefeller Foundation. From July i, 1939, to June 30,1941, this sum is to be used for fellow- 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 348 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION ships and for planning committees of the Council. Two special interests to be supported at the level of $10,000 for each over the two-year period, are the work of the committees on the Far East and that of the Executive Committee for strengthen- ing international relations in the humanities. The Council maintains planning committees related to all its constituent societies. Some of these are effective for social sciences as well as for the humanities. The Joint Committee on Ma- terials of Research and the Committee on Latin- American Studies illustrate such cooperation. Those in the foreground because they are devel- oping new practice in American institutions are the Committees on Chinese and Japanese Stud- ies, Indie and Iranian Studies, Musicology, the Humanities in American Colleges and Uni- versities. To each committee is assigned sufficient funds for occasional meetings and for the expense of secretarial work. One result of such constant relationship of committee members appears in the development of courses announced in the calendars of universities and colleges. Another effect is evident in the active interest in summer seminars dealing with the materials in such un- developed disciplines in American universities as Turkish and Arabic literature and history. The committees also are of service to the Council in 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE HUMANITIES 349 its foreign relations with scholars and societies working in the same fields. Internationally the Council has new impor- tance by reason of the rapid change in some European countries from objective studies to nationalistic interest Furthermore, the opening of new possibilities of cooperation in Latin America and in the Far East puts increased re- sponsibility upon the Council. The director is now the president of the International Union of Academies and also of the International Com- mission of Historical Sciences. In 1938 he visited the major capitals of Europe to deal with the interests of these two organizations. Last year he made a similar journey of some four months through Latin America. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation SPECIAL RESEARCH AID FUND FOR DEPOSED SCHOLARS 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation SPECIAL RESEARCH AID FUND FOR DEPOSED SCHOLARS SINCE May 1933 the Foundation has aided institutions in the United States and elsewhere to absorb into their staffs scholars displaced from positions in their own countries for political reasons. During 1939 thirty-eight grants were made to thirty different institutions, twenty-six in the United States, two in France, and one each in Belgium and Argentina, toward the salaries of thirty-eight individuals, seven of whom had received previous aid. The countries from which these scholars were displaced were Germany, seventeen; Austria, eight; Czechoslovakia, five; Italy, four; Spain, two; and Poland and Hungary, one each. The special interests of the scholars were divided according to the fields of the Foundation's work as follows: medical sciences, five; natural sci- ences, eight; social sciences, seventeen; humani- ties, seven; and one, not classified. The grants ranged in amount from $810 to $7,000 (over a period of three years), and totaled $116,010. In some cases more than one grant has been made toward the assistance of one individual, 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 354 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION often to give the university a longer time in which to arrange provision for the total salary from its own funds, or to assist the individual in changing to another position offering greater chances for advancement or permanence, or better adapted to his special interests. All actions were taken upon application of the institution where the scholar was to work; the period of aid ranged as a rule from one to three years, with the longer grants usually at a decreasing rate to allow the institution to take over the obligation with a minimum of disturbance to its budget. In most cases the institutions receiving funds have given reasonable assurance that the positions offered would lead to permanent placement of the scholar. Through this policy scholars denied the opportunity for work in their own countries have been enabled to continue their contribu- tions to scholarship; and the academic life of many institutions has been greatly stimulated. The Foundation has appropriated $775,000 for this program since May 12, 1933, including appropriations amounting to $100,000 in 1939. Grants have been made toward the salaries of 199 scholars in new positions, forty-four in the fields of the medical sciences; forty-three in the natural sciences; seventy-four in the social sciences; thirty-seven in the humanities; and one unclassified. These scholars have migrated from 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation DEPOSED SCHOLARS 355 the following countries: Germany, 167; Austria, seventeen; Italy, six; Czechoslovakia, five;Spain , two; and Poland and Hungary, one each; and have found positions in thirteen other countries, principally in the United States. In view of the widespread interruption of academic careers throughout the world, it was voted, at the end of 1939, to discontinue this special fund and to consider future cases in connection with regular Foundation programs. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation CHINA PROGRAM 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation CHINA PROGRAM STAFF During 1939 SELSKAR M. GUNN, Vice-President of The Rockefeller Foundation JOHN B. GRANT, M.D.1 MARSHALL C. BALFOUR, M.D.2 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation CHINA PROGRAM INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT 361 EDUCATION AND RURAL RECONSTRUCTION National Council for Rural Reconstruction 362 Chinese National Association of the Mass Educa- tion Movement 364 Yenching University: College of Public Affairs 365 Nankai University: Institute of Economics 366 AGRICULTURAL PROJECTS University of Nanking: Department of Agricul- tural Economics 367 National Central University: Department of Ani- mal Husbandry 367 National Agricultural Research Bureau 368 PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICAL EDUCATION National Health Administration: Training In- stitute 369 Commission on Medical Education 370 FELLOWSHIPS 371 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTAL AID 372 EMERGENCY FUND FOR CHINESE INSTITUTIONS 373 EMERGENCY AID FOR FOREIGN COLLEGES IN CHINA Associated Boards for Christian Colleges in China 374 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation CHINA PROGRAM present China program of the Foundation was designed to aid practi- cal efforts in administration, education, agriculture, economics, and medicine, for com- munities predominantly rural in character. This program in rural reconstruction was initiated in 1935 for an experimental period of three years. Before the three-year period had elapsed, however, the military conflict so changed the situation in China that appraisal of the program on its original basis was not possible. As the cooperating institutions had made much progress in the brief interval of normal operation, the Foundation continued its aid in the emergency so that personnel and institutions might be held together. With the assistance of this policy the various units have been preserved and have begun to reestablish work on a regular basis. The difficulties in moving institutions over long distances through areas where there are no adequate modern transportation facilities, and in resettling them in the comparatively back- ward southwest provinces called for a consider- able period of readjustment. Since this situation has prevented the formulation of plans for the orderly termination of the China program in its present form, grants have been extended from 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 362 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION year to year. For the year 1939-1940 the Foun- dation provided through the China program a total of $133,860 for the nine institutions with which the program is cooperating; $50,000 for fellowships; and $15,000 for research and developmental aid. For emergency aid to Chinese educational and scientific institutions, $25,000 was appropriated for the year 1939; and to the Associated Boards for Christian Colleges in China for nine institutions, $75,000 was ap- propriated for the year 1938-1939. Reports from these institutions are rendered according to the school year. As the year 1939- 1940 is not yet complete, the following report, for the most part, is based on work conducted during the year 1938-1939. EDUCATION AND RURAL RECONSTRUCTION NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR RURAL RECONSTRUCTION During the year 1938-1939 it became increas- ingly clear that the county of Tingfan in Kwei- chow Province, where the Council had estab- lished its Rural Service Training Institute upon its removal to the southwest, was not a suitable area in which to cultivate the concept of uni- versity graduate training in a rural community. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation CHINA PROGRAM 363 Cooperation with the graduate work of the mem- ber institutions of the Council had to be prac- tically abandoned. The initial aim of the Council was to provide facilities for research and training for postgraduate students and for the personnel of its member institutions in the fields of eco- nomics, civil administration, education, social medicine, agriculture, sociology, and engineering, as related to rural reconstruction. These services were to be rendered through the Council's Rural Service Training Institute in a community in which organized field work promoted the re- search and training objectives of the Institute. Such a plan was in operation under the Council for about a year in North China before the emergency caused the Institute's removal to Tingfan. Tingfan's considerable lag in culture and edu- cation, and its bi-racial character made it prac- tically impossible to secure enough local leaders to lay a foundation for the more intensive work required to provide university training at a postgraduate level. These considerations Jed recently to a decision to remove the Institute to Pishan county in Szechwan, where, as the In- stitute of Rural Research and Training, it plans to collaborate closely with the Mass Education Movement, and resume cooperation on a uni- versity basis with its member institutions. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 364 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION The Public Health Personnel Training Insti- tute of the National Health Administration and the new National College for Rural Reconstruc- tion have recently been included in the Coun- cil's membership. The other members are Nan- kai University, Yenching University, the Peiping Union Medical College, the University of Nan- king, and the Chinese National Association of the Mass Education Movement. For the year 1939-1940, which is proving to be a year of transition, the Foundation allotted to the National Council for Rural Reconstruction from China program funds, $185,000 Chinese currency and $5,000 U. S. currency. CHINESE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF THE MASS EDUCATION MOVEMENT Although the training of leaders of various grades has been a necessary part of the work of the Mass Education Movement, it is primarily interested in the direct application of the various reconstruction techniques in practical ways, and in the dissemination of their benefits as widely as possible among the masses of the people, During the year 1938-1939 the Mass Education Movement was occupied in withdrawal from direct participation in rural reconstruction pro- cedures in Hunan Province and measures to establish itself in Szechwan, where its work is at present concentrated. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation CHINA PROGRAM 365 A campaign for mass education and rural re- construction was instituted along the more easily traversed highways and waterways of Szechwan, and reconstruction was developed in the prefecture of Ta Chu, where the provincial government plans to set up a school of public administration for the training of personnel needed to introduce widespread reforms in the administration of counties and smaller govern- mental units. Plans for the National College of Rural Re- construction, with the county of Pishan as a practice area, are an important part of the pres- ent work of the Mass Education Movement. The research and graduate training features of the College are to be developed in the Institute of Rural Research and Training under the direction of the National Council of Rural Reconstruction. From the China program fund for the year 1939-1940, $50,000 Chinese currency was al- lotted toward the general budget of the Chinese Mass Education Movement. YENCHING UNIVERSITY: COLLEGE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS The College of Public Affairs of Yenching Uni- versity completed its tenth year in 1939. During this time the College has granted the Bachelor of Arts degree to 524 students and the Master's 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 366 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION degree to forty-three advanced students. As a member of the National Council for Rural Re- construction, Yenching University took an ac- tive part in the Rural Institute of the Council during the Institute's brief period of operation in North China, and is attempting at present to maintain closer contact with western and south- western China, and to resume its share in the Council's work. For the year 1939-1940, $60,000 Chinese cur- rency was granted to the College of Public Af- fairs of Yenching University from China pro- gram funds. NANKAI UNIVERSITY: INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS Nankai University has merged its under- graduate teaching in the National Southwestern Union University, Kunming (composed also of Tsinghua and Peita Universities), but the Insti- tute of Economics is housed in a separate build- ing where it maintains graduate instruction. Research was rapidly adjusted to the new con- ditions and location, and articles by staff mem- bers have appeared in both English and Chinese journals. For the Institute of Economics during the year 1939-1940, the Foundation allotted from China program funds $20,000 Chinese currency and $3,000 U. S. currency. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation CHINA PROGRAM 367 AGRICULTURAL PROJECTS UNIVERSITY OF NANKING: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS The transfer of the University of Nanking to western China was accomplished with a mini- mum of disorganization, and the institution has become almost completely oriented in its loca- tion at Chengtu on the campus of West China Union University. Besides the regular work of the College of Agriculture and Forestry, a num- ber of training and extension courses of various grades are being conducted. The Department of Agricultural Economics, which has been receiving aid through the China program, has become one of the strongest de- partments in the College, and is probably the most important department of its kind in China. Among its published studies are the books, Chi- nese Farm Economy and Land Utilization in China. The journal, Economic Facts^ continues to report the research of the Department, and for the gen- eral public the Economic Weekly is being issued. From China program funds, $70,000 Chinese currency was allotted by the Foundation for the year 1939-1940. NATIONAL CENTRAL UNIVERSITY: DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY National Central University's research proj- ect in animal husbandry at Chengtu is working 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation j68 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION in close cooperation with the Szechwan Bureau of Animal Industry. With help from the funds granted by the Foundation the Department of Animal Husbandry of National Central Uni- versity and the Bureau of Animal Industry in 1939 established jointly a hog farm at Neichiang, about midway between Chungking and Chengtu. Studies of breeding, feeding and management, marketing, and of the packing industry are being conducted. The Foundation continued aid to this project for the year 1939-1940 by an allotment of $i5,000 Chinese currency from China program funds. NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH BUREAU The insect control program of the National Agricultural Research Bureau has been con- tinued actively in the southwestern and western provinces. The Bureau cooperates with the gov- ernment's general program to increase crops, and especially to encourage cotton growing m south- west China. Research on the various problems and methods of control and the promotion of campaigns for control were the principal activi- ties of the Bureau during the year 1938-1939. Counties or other areas were selected as centers for the demonstration of control measures, and 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation CHINA PROGRAM 369 campaigns were carried out against cotton plant pests, the rice borer, the red scale of orange trees, and the smut of wheat and barley. For the year 1939-1940 China program funds were allotted to this project in the amount of $35,000 Chinese currency and $3,000 U. S. currency. PUBLIC HEALTH AND MEDICAL EDUCATION NATIONAL HEALTH ADMINISTRATION: TRAINING INSTITUTE The National Health Administration's Public Health Personnel Training Institute occupies a Buddhist temple and hastily constructed dormi- tories in the city of Kweiyang. During the year 1938-1939 the Institute provided instruction in public health at the National Kweiyang and Hsiang-Ya Medical Colleges. The teaching staff numbered fourteen, and the students about 130 early in 1939. The Institute's courses for health officers, nurses, and midwives were short be- cause of the pressing demand for technical personnel. As the agency is cooperating with the National Council for Rural Reconstruc- tion in the administration of social medicine, the Institute maintained health services for 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 37° THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION field instruction and experience in the county of Tingfan. From China program funds the Training In- stitute was provided with $ 139,000 Chinese cur- rency and $7,720 U, S. currency for the year 1939-1940. As of July i, 1939, administration of this project was transferred from the China program to the International Health Division, of the Foundation, which will administer and provide the funds for any aid to this project which the Foundation may contemplate in the future. COMMISSION ON MEDICAL EDUCATION The Commission on Medical Education, upon its removal with the National Government to Chungking, found it necessary to adjust its undertakings to emergency conditions, while at the same time keeping in view the need to de- velop and maintain proper standards in medical education. As the result of a survey and plan made by the Commission, most of the country's medical schools are concentrated at four centers, Kunming, Chengtu, Kweiyang, and Chungking, where the available teaching staff, equipment, and other facilities are used cooperatively in so far as is possible, Besides its supervisory and other activities, during the year 1938-1939 the Commission was occupied with a proposal for a 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation CHINA PROGRAM 371 system of pharmacy education, plans for courses in midwifery and nursing for rural health workers, and the editing of medical textbooks. The Commission on Medical Education re- ceived from China program funds $32,000 Chi- nese currency for the year 1939-1940. FELLOWSHIPS Three fellows from China were studying abroad under the China program during the year 1939; one of these worked in embryology at the Nutrition Laboratory of the Carnegie Institu- tion in Boston; one in plant pathology at Cornell University; and one in anatomy and physiology at the Strangeways Laboratory, Cambridge, England. A fourth fellow returned home early in the year because of illness. During the year 1938-1939 a total of 206 in- dividuals held local fellowships administered by the several institutions which had received allot- ments for this purpose, as follows: National Health Administration, 137; Commission on Medical Education, twenty-two; Mass Educa- tion Movement, fifteen; Yenching University, eleven; University of Nanking, ten; Nankai Institute of Economics, five; National Council for Rural Reconstruction, four; and Lingnan University, two. Of these, thirty-one fellows studied to be medical officers and thirty-two to 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION be midwifery teachers. Other subjects studied were public health nursing, seventy-eight; rural education, sixteen; rural economics, twelve; pathology, seven; local government, six; pharma- ceutics and agriculture, five each; physiology, three; parasitology, biochemistry, and psychi- atry, two each; bacteriology, anatomy, sociol- ogy, Chinese history, and rural social adminis- tration, one each. In 1939 the China program provided $50,000 U. S. currency for fellowships for the period ending June 30, 1940. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTAL AID Ten grants totaling 116,446.69 and ranging in amount from $232.54 to $3,000 were allotted in China from research and developmental aid funds during the year 1939. These grants are given to small projects which can usually be completed in a short time and at small expense. Four of the grants in 1939 were to institutions included in the China program; the others were for a variety of special needs at various other institutions. For the period ending June 30, 1940, the China program provided in 1939, $15,000 U. S. currency for research and developmental aid grants. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation CHINA PROGRAM 373 EMERGENCY FUND FOR CHINESE INSTITUTIONS In January 1939 the Foundation made avail- able to December 31, 1939, $25,000 U. S. cur- rency as an emergency fund for grants to Chi- nese educational and scientific institutions. China program aid to the general budgets of institu- tions with which it cooperated did not cover emergency needs, such as the loss of impor- tant equipment and literature. Emergency as- sistance to Chinese institutions not included in the China program also can be of strategic im- portance in preserving the country's educational efforts. Nine grants were made from this fund to eight institutions, principally for purchases to be made abroad, as follows: to the Hsiang-Ya College of Medicine for aid to its general budget in the financial emergency, $3,000; to the National Health Administration Training Institute for replacement of essential items in the reference library, $3,000; to the National Agricultural Research Bureau for scientific equipment and literature, $3,000; to the National University of Yunnan for scientific equipment and literature for the Departments of Physics and Chemistry5 $3,000, and Biology, $2,000; to the National Tsing Hua University Institute of Agricultural 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 374 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION Research for equipment and supplies, $2,500; to Szechwan Provincial Health Administration for equipment and supplies for its Institute of In- fectious Diseases, $3,000; and to the National Council for Rural Reconstruction and Nankai University for exchange to be used in the pur- chase of equipment, books, and supplies, $300 each; a total of $20,100. EMERGENCY AID FOR FOREIGN COLLEGES IN CHINA ASSOCIATED BOARDS FOR CHRISTIAN COLLEGES IN CHINA Continuing aid previously given toward the emergency needs of a group of institutions repre- sented by the Associated Boards for Christian Colleges in China, the China program in 1939 provided $75,000 allotted by the associated boards for the year 1938-1939 as follows: Cheeloo University $ 5,000 Fukien Christian University 4,000 Ginling College 7,000 Hua Chung College 4,000 Lingnan University 10,000 University of Nanking 15,000 University of Shanghai 4,000 West China Union University 10,000 Yenching University 16,000 $75,000 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation CHINA PROGRAM 375 The government has given encouragement and aid to these institutions in recognition of the important part which they are playing in the life of China, especially in this emergency. Their needs are urgent, since many of the institutions which have moved are conducting refugee and other work on their own campuses. Yenchlng University has the largest enrollment in its history; the combined institutions operating in the foreign concession of Shanghai have an en- rollment of over 2,800; and the institutions which have moved long distances and now operate with much reduced facilities have all the stu- dents which they can accommodate. The present needs of the country and the new locations in the interior have led these colleges and universities to increase emphasis on rural reconstruction and sociology. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation REPORT OF THE TREASURER 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation TREASURER'S REPORT IN the following pages is submitted a report of the financial transactions of The Rocke- feller Foundation for the year ended De- cember 31, 1939. A summary of commitments and funds avail- able for commitment follows: Outstanding commitments, December 31, 1938 Unpaid appropriations 325,384,000.02 Unappropriated authorizations and pledges 1,791,188.00 #27,175,188.02 Commitments during 1939 Appropriations Public Health $2,000,000,00 Medical Sciences 1,927,180.00 Natural Sciences 2,005,831.54 Social Sciences 2,027,700.00 Humanities 992,180.00 Program in China 300,000.00 Miscellaneous 100,000.00 Administration Scientific Divisions 575,099.50 General 276,926.50 310,204,917.54 Less appropriations for which funds were previously authorized or pledged... 759,000.00 39,445,917 54 Plus authorizations for later appropri- ation by the Executive Committee. 17,50400 9,463,421.54 Forwarded 336,638,609.56 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 380 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION Brought forward #36,638,609.56 LESS Payments during the year 1939.... #12,910,583.69 Sum of unused balances of appropri- ations and authorizations allowed to lapse (net) 832,814.84 13,743,398.53 Outstanding commitments, December 31, 1939 Unpaid appropriations #21,929,745.48 Unappropriated authorizations and pledges 965,465.55 $22,895,211.03 FUNDS AVAILABLE FOR COMMITMENT Balance, December 31,1938 #1,899,994.46 Add Income and refunds received during the year 1939 Income #6,627,433.44 Refunds 14,190.68 Gift received from Mr. Carlos E. Fernandez 9.00 Lapses during 1939 (net) 832,814.84 Amount transferred from Principal Fund to cover appropriations made at meeting of April 5,1939 1,845,000.00 9,319,447.96 #11,219,442.42 Deduct Net commitments during 1939 as shown on previous page 9,463,421,54 Balance, December 31,1939 #3,756,020.88 The balance in Principal Fund, December 31, 1938, amounted to $148,004,942.09. Appropria- tions from principal during the year resulted in a decrease of $1,845,000, or a balance December 3!> J939> °f $I46jI59?942'o9' There was no 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation TREASURER'S REPORT 381 change in the Reserve for Contingent Projects Account. At the close of the year the accounts of the Comptroller, the accounts of the Treasurer, and the securities owned by the Corporation have been examined by Messrs. Haskins & Sells, Certified Public Accountants, who have rendered a report on their examination to the Committee on Audit. The financial condition and operations are set forth in the appended exhibits as follows: Balance Sheet Exhibit A Statement of Principal Fund Exhibit B Statement of Reserve for Contingent Projects Exhibit B Summary of Funds Available for Commit- ment and Disbursement Exhibit C Summary of Appropriations, Authorizations, and Pledges Exhibit D Statement of Building and Equipment Fund. Exhibit E Statement of Appropriations Made During the Year 1939 Exhibit F Statement of Appropriations (During 1939 and Unpaid Balances as at December 31, 1938, of Prior Year Appropriations) and Payments Thereon During 1939 Exhibit G Statement of International Health Division — Designations During 1939, Unpaid Balances asat Decembei'31, i938,ofPrior Year Desig- nations, and Payments Thereon During 1939 Exhibit H Statement of Transactions Relating to In- vested Funds Exhibit I Schedule of Securities on December 31,1939.. Exhibit J 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 382 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION EXHIBIT A BALANCE SHEET —DECEMBER 31, 1939 ASSETS INVESTMENTS Securities (Ledger valuation) $156,387,813.55 CURRENT ASSETS Cashondeposit 314,838,358.54 Cost of sterling purchased to meet specific appropriations of at least the same dollar amount 263,848.65 Advances and deferred charges under appropriations and sundry accounts receivable 1,048,781.60 16,150,988.79 BUILDING AND EQUIPMENT In New York 357,162.24 In Paris 63,793.40 120,955.64 2172,659,757.98 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation TREASURER'S REPORT 383 EXHIBIT A BALANCE SHEET —DECEMBER 31, 1939 FUNDS AND OBLIGATIONS PRINCIPAL FUND 3146,159,942.09 RESERVE FOR CONTINGENT PROJECTS 1,700,000.00 COMMITMENTS Unpaid appropriations 321,929,745.48 Unappropriated authorizations and pledges 965,465.55 22,895,211.03 FUNDS AVAILABLE FOR COMMITMENT 1,756,020.88 CURRENT LIABILITIES Accounts Payable 27,628.34 BUILDING AND EQUIPMENT FUND 120,955.64 2172,659,757.98 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT B % 4^ STATEMENT OF PRINCIPAL FUND Balance, December 31,1938 3148,004,942.09 Deduct H Amount transferred to Appropriations Account to cover the following appropriations made at meeting of April ft 5,1939 ja RF 3903S Leland Stanford Junior University 3200,000.00 O RF 39036 Johns Hopkins University 350,000.00 g RF 39037 National Bureau of Economic Research 870,000.00 M RF 39038 Brookings Institution, Inc 225,000.00 £j RF 39050 Available for expenditure in support of the China Program 200,000.00 1,845,000.00 r w Balance, December 31,1939 3146,159,942.09 * .. *j O STATEMENT OF RESERVE FOR CONTINGENT PROJECTS § Balance, December 31,1938 (Unchanged) 31,700,000.00* O ======1-3 * Authorized by Trustees at meeting of O April 15,1936 3500,000.00 ^ December 1,1937 1,200,000.00 31,700,000.00 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT C SUMMARY OF FUNDS AVAILABLE FOR COMMITMENT AND DISBURSEMENT AMOUNTS AVAILABLE Balance, December 31, 1938 For unpaid appropriations 325,384,000.02 For unappropriated authorizations and pledges . 1,791,188.00 Funds available for commitment 1,899,994.46 229,075,182.48 Income and refunds received during the year 1939 Income. $ 6,627,433.44 -3 Refunds. . . 14,190.68 g 26,641,624 12 w Gift received from Mr. Carlos E. Fernandez. . 9.00 Ej Amount transferred from Principal Fund to cover appropriations made at meeting of April 5, tfl 1939 . . 1,845,00000 8,486,633.12 ^ en 337,561,815 60 <# DISBURSEMENTS W Public Health ...... 22,348,541.66 O Medical Sciences . 2,899,29648 £[ Natural Sciences . . 1,853,404.72 Social Sciences. . . 3,322,631.44 Humanities . 1,329,378.37 Program in China 240,41862 Miscellaneous 130,935.80 Administration ^ Scientific Divisions 523,410.95 op Genera! 262,565.65 12,910,58369 Balance, December 31,1939 .... 324,651,231.91* * See details on following page. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Co 00 ON EXHIBIT C — Continued This balance is available as follows For unpaid appropriations . . 321,929,74548 For unappropriated authorizations and pledges. . ... 965,46555 322,895,21103 Probable payments in the following years O 1940 ...... 312,395,756 03 g 1941 ...... 5,069,887 00 w 1942 ...... 3,051,753 00 gj 1943...... 1,277,560 00 f 1944...... 879,207.00 g 1945...... 80,048 00 * 1946 ...... 38,500 00 "J 1947 ...... 55,000 00 ° 1948 ...... 27,500 00 Z _ O 322,895,211 03 H Balance available for commitment ...... 1,756,02088 Balance, December 31,1939, on preceding page 324,651,23191 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT D SUMMARY OF APPROPRIATIONS, AUTHORIZATIONS, AND PLEDGES Unpaid appropriations and unappropriated authorizations and pledges, December 31, 1938 Unpaid appropriations #25,384,000.02 Unappropriated authorizations and pledges 1,791,188.00 327,175,188.02 Appropriations and authorizations during the year ended December 31, 1939 Appropriations 210,204,917.54 ^ Less appropriations for which funds were previously authorized or pledged 759,000.00 W > 29,445,917.54 £ Plup authorizations for later appropriation by the Executive Committee 17,504.00 9,463,421,54 ^ 336,638,609.56 w LESS j* Payments during the year 1939 312,910,583.69 *o Sum of unused balances of appropriations and authorizations allowed to lapse 832,814.84 13,743,398.53 ® Balance, December 31,1939 322,895,211.03* * This balance consists of Unpaid appropriations ...... 321,929,745.48 Unappropriated authorizations and pledges ...... 965,465 ,55 322,895,211.03 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Co CO CO H EXHIBIT E n STATEMENT OF BUILDING AND EQUIPMENT FUND O BALANCE NET ADDITIONS BALANCE ^ DEC. 3 1,1938 1939 DEC. 31, 1939 ^ New York Office M Library ...... 216,300.0 0 $672.74 £16,972.74 £ Equipment ...... 39,032.32 1,157.18* 40,189.50 W Paris Office *J Part interest in building occupied by Paris Office ...... 63,793.40 ...... 63,793.40 § 3119,125.72 31,829.92* ^120,955.64 ^ •After deducting depreciation of $4,438.83. g 2! 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT F APPROPRIATIONS MADE DURING THE YEAR 1939 PUBLIC HEALTH International Health Division of The Rockefeller Foundation 32,000,000.00 MEDICAL SCIENCES Psychiatry, Neurology, and Allied Subjects Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C 385,000.00 Child Research Council of Denver, Colorado 19,200.00. Columbia University, New York City 42,000.00 Dikemark Mental Hospital, Asker, Norway 17,150.00 Forman Schools, Litehfield, Connecticut 50,000.00 Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 48,000.00 Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia 60,000.00 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 71,000.00 Massachusetts Department of Mental Diseases, Boston 27,400.00 Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 20,000.00 Medical Research Council, London, England 50,000.00 National Committee on Maternal Health, New York City 12,000.00 Tavistock Clinic, London, England 19,500.00 Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 30,000.00 University of Brussels, Belgium 24,850.00 University of Colorado, Denver 30,000.00 University of Illinois, Urbana 35,000.00 University of Lund, Sweden 27,000.00 University of Oxford, England 12,000.00 University of Toronto, Canada 106,080.00 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHI BIT F — Continued MEDICAL SCIENCES — Continued Endocrinology University of California, Berkeley ...... #75,000. 00 Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut ...... 36,000.00 Teaching of Public Health in Medical Schools Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland ...... 350,000.00 Fellowships ...... 50,000.00 General Grants in Aid ...... 125,000.00 Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts ...... 415,000.00 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland ...... 90,000.00 W £1,927,180.00 NATURAL SCIENCES 3 Experimental Biology % Amherst College, Massachusetts ...... 332,500.00 ^ Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island ...... 9,000.00 H California Institute of Technology, Pasadena ...... 70,000.00* O Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland ...... 30,000.00 ^ Leland Stanford Junior University, Palo Alto, California ...... 200,000.00 Long Island Biological Association, Cold Spring Harbor, New York ...... 10,000 . 00 Memorial Hospital for the Treatment of Cancer and Allied Diseases, New York City ...... 1 1,465 .45 * Appropriations for which funds were previously authorized. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York City 53,534 55 University of California, Berkeley 50,000 00 University of Chicago, Illinois 24,000.00 University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 31,50000 University of Missouri, Columbia. . 100,00000 University of Oxford, England 115,000.00 University of Utrecht, Netherlands .. 21,37500 Washington University, St. Louts, Missouri . . . 60,00000 Fellowships JQ Administered by the Foundation . . , 50,000 00 W National Research Council, Washington, D. C . 180,00000 w General £g American Mathematical Society, New York City . . 12,000 00 w Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island . . . 49,50000 *L Grants in Aid 160,000 00 w National Research Council, Washington, D. C. .. . 61,956 54 j£ Former Program 13 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland ...... 500,000 00* ^ Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut H Laboratories of Primate Biology Expenses 189,000.00* Building 35,00000 ?2,005,831 54 - Co * Appropriations (or which funds were previously authorized. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT F — Continued vg SOCIAL SCIENCES Social Security Dutch Economic Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands 218,000.00 ,-j National Bureau of Economic Research, New York City 940,000.00 E Social Science Research Council, New York City 90,000.00 University of Oxford, England 4,250.00 § University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 11,000.00 O University of Wisconsin, Madison 29,100.00 g Public Administration *3 Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 55,000.00 (-. Social Science Research Council, New York City 75,000.00 ^ Syracuse University, New York 50,000.00 ja University of California, Berkeley 30,000.00 *$ University of Virginia, Charlottesville 24,000.00 § International Relations !2{ Canadian Institute of International Affairs, Toronto, Ontario 30,600.00 O Council on Foreign Relations', New York City 44,500.00 ^ Foreign Policy Association, New York City 10,000.00 Q General 2 Brookings Institution, Washington, D. C 225,000.00 Grants in Aid 125,000.00 London School of Economics and Political Science, England 51,250.00 Social Science Research Council, New York City 105,000.00 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Fellowships #50,000.00 Former Program University of Chicago, Illinois ...... 60,000.00 $2,027,700 00 HUMANITIES Drama Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 230,000 00 3 Studio Theatre School, Buffalo, New York . . . . 25,000 00 W Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York ...... , 17,500.00 [^ Libraries and Museums Cj American Library Association, Chicago, Illinois ... . 128,60000 5 Bibliothe-que pour Tous, Berne, Switzerland ...... 25,000.00 fci Library of Congress, Hispanic Foundation, Washington, D. C, ...... 22,00000 w Museum of Modern Art, New York City ... . 75,000.00 ^ New York Museum of Science and Industry, New York City ...... 25,000 00 ^ New York Public Library, New York City . 15,000 00 O University of Chile, Santiago ...... 8,00000 2j Radio and Film American Film Center, Inc., New York City . . 60,000,00 Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 24,000.00 National Committee of the United States of America on International Intellectual Cooperation, New York City 7,500.00 National Film Society of Canada, Ottawa 19,380.00 GO Princeton University, New Jersey 17,500.00 ^ 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT F - Continued & HUMANITIES — Continued Latin-American and Far Eastern Interests Claremont Colleges, California ...... 215,000.00 H Columbia University, New York City...... 9,000.00 E Institute of Pacific Relations, American Council, New York City ...... 31,700.00 ^ Leland Stanford Junior University, Palo Alto, California ...... 15,000.00 § Fellowships O Administered by the Foundation...... 50,000.00 ^ American Council of Learned Societies, Washington, D. C ...... 30,000.00 *| National Theatre Conference, Cleveland, Ohio ...... 25,000.00 £2 General g American Council of Learned Societies, Washington, D. C ...... 50,000.00 <# Boston Symphony Orchestra, Massachusetts...... 60,000.00 ^ Grants in Aid ...... 120,000.00 O Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts ...... 50,000.00 ^ Payne Fund, New York City...... 22,000.00 O Princeton University, New Jersey ...... 15,000.00 ^ ?992,180.00 § PROGRAM IN CHINA Associated Boards for Christian Colleges in China, New York City 275,000.00 Chinese Mass Education Movement 9,500.00 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Emergency Fund #25,000.00 Fellowships 50,000.00 Ministry of Education, Nanking 6,080.00 Nankai University, Tientsin 6,800.00 National Agricultural Research Bureau, Ministry oflndustry and Agriculture, Nanking 9,650.00 National Central University, Nanking 2,850.00 National Council for Rural Reconstruction 40,150,00 National Health Administration of China, Nanking 34,130.00 Research and developmental aid grants 15,000.00 p University of Nanking 13,300.00 W Yenching University, Peiping 11,400.00 w Genera! 1,140.00 £ 3 3300,000.00 MISCELLANEOUS Special Research Aid Fund for European Scholars 3100,000,00 ADMINISTRATION New York, European, and China Offices Scientific Divisions 3575,099.50 General Administration 276,926.50 3852,026,00 Oo 310,204,917.54 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT G APPROPRIATIONS (DURING 1939 AND UNPAID BALANCES AS AT DECEMBER 31, 1938, OF PRIOR YEAR APPROPRIATIONS) AND PAYMENTS THEREON DURING 1939 1939 g APPROPRIATIONS PAYMENTS W PUBLIC HEALTH 5d Fellowships in Nursing (RF 33018) $1,000.00 2 § International Health Division of The Rockefeller Foundation* f Prior years (RF 36130,37113) 1,522,079.84 1939 (RF38103) 2,200,000.00 1940 (RF 39096) 2,000,000.00 Revolving Fund. To provide working capital (RF 29093) 200,000.00 M League of Nations, Geneva, Switzerland TowardsupportoftheworkoftheHealthOrganisation(RF34178) 39,731.57 Q Schools and Institutes of Hygiene and Public Health cj Japan. Tokyo Q Construction and equipment (RF 32116) 65,735.30 65,735.30 > Rumania. Bucharest. M Construction and equipment (RF 33078) 16,970.71 2 Health Center (RF 33079) 15,000.00 Sweden. Stockholm Construction and equipment (RF 38099) 270,000.00 48,357.43 * A completefinancia lstatemen t of the work of the International Health Division for 1939 will be found in Exhibit H, pages 436 to 4S6. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Schools of Nursing Emergency aid to schools of nursing in Europe to the development of which the Foundation has previously contributed (RF 31099) 223,294.92 323,294.92 School of Nursing, Bucharest, Rumania. Building (RF 3S099) 6,161.69 State Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czechoslovakia. School of Nurses in Public Health and Social Welfare. Improvement of teaching services (RF 30082) 6,700.00 University of Toronto, Ontario. School of Nursing. Endowment (RF 38104) 255,000.00 249,414.06 ^ 9) MEDICAL SCIENCES ^ Psychiatry, Neurology, and Allied Subjects w Boston University, Massachusetts ^ Researches on cerebral cortex (RF 36104) 1,250.00 1,250.00 W Catholrc University of America, Washington, D. C. •» Teaching and research in psychiatry and child guidance (RF 39026) 85,000.00 10,000.00 " Centre Neurologique de Bruxelles,Belgium.Research (RF38007) 8,647.43 3,389.83 pj Chi cago Area Project, Chicago, Illinois. General budget (RF 3 703 5) 18,668.11 18,668.11 g Child Research Council of Denver, Colorado. Psychological studies (RF 39028) 19,200.00 1,300.00 $ Columbia University, New York City ^ Study of constitutional aspects of disease (RF 36103, 39005) 49,115.88 14,000,00 Teaching and research in neurology (RF 38080) 90,000.00 11,822.62 Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Study of reflex behavior in relation to neuroses (RF 38018) 29,000.00 15,500.00 Dikemark Mental Hospital, Asker, Norway Research on mental disease (RF 39044) 17,150.00 2,358.49 <£ 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT G — Continued % 1939 °° APPROPRIATIONS PAYMENTS MEDICAL SCIENCES — Continued Psychiatry, Neurology, and Allied Subjects — Continued H Emma Pendleton Bradley Homej Providence, Rhode Island 5 Research in electroencephalography (RF 38069) £12,500.00 35,000.00 ^ Forman Schools, Litchfield, Connecticut O Studies on apraxia and related phenomena in children (RF 3906S) 50,000.00 5,120.00 2 Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts W Teaching and research in psychiatry (RF 37017,39027) 107,000.00 70,342.11 £j Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts f Research in epilepsy at Harvard Medical School and Boston City Hospital (RF 37060) 26,250.00 17,500.00 M Research in industrial hazards (RF 37055) 254,258.39 78,447.21 *• Research in neurophysiology (RF 36125) 52,500.00 15,000.00 g Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia ^ Research and teaching in psychiatry (RF 37009,39043) 69,229.30 24,000.00 % Institute forPsychoanalysis , Chicago, Illinois 5 General activities (RF 38021) 112,500.00 33,750.00 H Research and teaching (RF 35041) 1,440.22 Cr. 1,052.53 O Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland ^ Development of neurology (RF 36022) 12,429.41 7,805.66 Neurological research (RF 37080) 6,012.50 1,568.88 Researchand teaching in psychiatry (RF 37018,39020) 82,422.06 28,425.00 Study and teaching in child psychiatry (RF 35010) 7,111.93 6,900.00 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation London County Council, England Research in psychiatry at Maudsley Hospital (RF 35108, 38061) 2117,400.48 $11,656.25 Massachusetts Department of Mental Health, Boston Publication of statistical data on mental disease in Massachusetts (RF3S003) 13,499.34 Research in psychiatry at Boston State Hospital (RF 3S006, 39024) 34,250.00 13,700.00 McGill University, Montreal, Canada Research in epilepsy and dementia (RF 38068) 41,727 93 11,833.01 Medical Research Council, London, England ^ Research in endocrinology, psychiatry, neurology, and allied subjects (RF 39002) 50,000.00 7,031.25 W Research in field of hereditary mental diseases (RF 37056) 10,642.64 1,407.38 ^ Studies in human genetics in relation to mental disease, Gal ton Laboratory, University of C London (RF35057,36132) 20,275.25 6,720.13 g National Committee on Maternal Health, New York City ^ Toward budget (RF 380S4) 15,000.00 2,825.00 w" Special studies (RF39066) 12,000.00 1,500.00 & National Committee for Mental Hygiene, New York City [^ Support of activities (RF 36025) 15,000.00 15,000.00 O Support of Division of Mental Hospital Services (RF 36055) 8,027.66 8,000.00 ^ National Hospital for Diseases of the Nervous System, Queen Square, London, England Endowment of research (RF 35040) 1,350.00 Building (RF 35040) 1,404.96 Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois Research in neuroanatomy (RF 37010) 17,500.00 4,892.60 Royal Medico-Psychological Association, London, England ^ Teaching and training in psychiatry (RF 37098) 6,120.50 1,405.50 ^ 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT G — Continued $ o 1939 APPROPRIATIONS PAYMENTS MEDICAL SCIENCES — Continued ^ Psychiatry, Neurology, and Allied Subjects — Continued \$ Tavistock Clinic, London, England ^ Research in field of psychosomatic medicine (RF 39067) £19,500.00 21,640.62 O Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana p< Subdepartment of psychiatry W Development (RF 36086}....'. 4,000.00 4,000.00 g Maintenance (RF 39021) 30,000.00 5,000.00 r University of Alabama, University, Alabama M Research in neurophysiology (RF 36105) 1,284.02 1,245.04 * University of Brussels, Belgium § Research in neurophysiology and endocrinology (RF 39068) 24,850.00 cj University of California, Berkeley % SupportofchildguidanceprogramoftheInstituteofChiIdWelfare(RF36133) 7,009.29 7,000.00 £ University of Cambridge, England $ Department of Experimental Medicine. Research (RF 37137) 38,887.00 5,604.00 O Department of Experimental Psychology. Research and alterations (RF 37079) 56,800.00 10,924.59 ^ University of Chicago, Illinois Psychiatric teaching and research (RF 38016) 125,000.00 50,000.00 University of Cincinnati, Ohio Research in neurology in relation to nutrition (RF 37107) 30,000.00 7,274.75 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation University of Colorado. School of Medicine, Denver Teaching of psychiatry (RF 37019,39022) $35,120.00 39,880.00 University of Edinburgh, Scotland Research in neurology (RF 36054) 33,418.34 4,686.25 t University of Freiburg, Germany Neuropsychiatric research (RF 37138) 12,969.17 4,883.69 University of Helsinki, Finland Research in neurophysiology (RF 37099) 7,280.31 3,827.57 £ University of Illinois, Urbana W Development of teaching and research in psychiatry at the Medical School in Chicago £J (RF 36085,39023) 42,500.00 13,740.48 3 University of Leiden, Netherlands ^ Research in child psychiatry (RF 34145) 8,857.41 2,403.72 ^ University of Lund, Sweden w Enlargement of research facilities in neurology (RF 39063) 27,000.00 W University of Oslo, Norway ^ Research in neuroanatomy and neuropathology (RF 37057) 4,228.41 2,004.72 O University of Oxford, England £| Research in brain chemistry (RF 39061) 12,000.00 University of Paris, France Endowment of neurosurgery (RF 37115) 60,000.00 39,496.88 University of Rochester, New York Virus research (RF 36027) 2,000.00 2,000.00 University of Toronto, Canada 4>. Research in psychiatry (RF 39001) 106,080.00 24,861.69 ° 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT G — Continued 1939 APPROPRIATIONS PAYMENTS MEDICAL SCIENCES — Continued Psychiatry, Neurology, and Allied Subjects — Continued Walter and Eliza Hall Insti tute of Research in Pathology and Medicine, Melbourne, Australia ^ Research on virus diseases, with special reference to neurotropic viruses (RF 37011) 22,043.75 21,857. SO g Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri O Research in neurophysiology (RF 38017) 78,000.00 11,97575 g Support of Department of Neuropsychiatry (RF 38067) 125,00000 49,897.24 ^ Worcester State Hospital, Massachusetts J2 Research on dementia praecox (RF 37034) 25,231.68 15,555.33 r Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. School of Medicine Ej Development of psychiatry (RF 29002, 37114) 385,130 04 87,500.02 ^ Experimental studies in neurophysiology (RF 36013) 1.53 O Endocrinology 3 Brush Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio O Researches on human ovuladon (RF 37032) 9,000.00 6,000.00 ^ Columbia University, New York City g Researches in endocrinology (RF 37074) 31,500.00 19,856.96 § Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts Researches in endocrinology (RF 37078) 9,500.00 4,500 00 Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Research on the parathyroid hormone and calcium and phosphorus metabolism (RF 38082) 18,000 00 4,000.00 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation National Research Council, Washington, D. C. Committee for Research in Problems of Sex (RF 37123) 2184,122.23 364,318.99 Ohio State University, Columbus Research in endocrinology (RF 37082) 3,750.00 3,750.00 Philadelphia Institute for Medical Research, Pennsylvania Research in endocrinology (RF 36100) 4,500.00 4,500.00 University of California, Berkeley _j Research on hormones and vitamins (RF 36008, 39062) 82,500.00 14,962.89 !» University of Paris, France £. Research in endocrinology and vitamins (RF 35147) 3,551.32 425.66 £J Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut ^3 Research in endocrinology (RF 39003) 36,000.00 9,000.00 « Teaching of Public Health in Medical Schools w~ Cornell University Medical College, New York City M Maintenance of Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (RF 36057) 70,000.00 28,000.00 pi Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Q Development of reaching in public health and preventive Vnedicine (RF 380S1) 17,914.76 6,723.01 93 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. School of Medicine ^ Teaching of hygiene and preventive medicine (RF 39036) 350,000.00 350,000.00 Fellowships Administered by The Rockefeller Foundation (RF 32110, 341(52,35172,36144,37129,38113, 39112) 346,795.08 86,042.48 Medical Research Council, London, England (RF 37033) 28,551.61 10,850.89 National Research Council, Washington, D. C. (RF 37061) 69,950.01 27,186.70 Q Co 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT G - Continued £ 1939 APPROPRIATIONS PAYMENTS MEDICAL SCIENCES — Continued , General $> Commission on Graduate Medical Education, New York City W Study of graduate medical education (RF 38010) 324,000.00 212,000.00 & Cornell University Medical College, New York City O Studies of the role of the glands of internal secretion in relation to growth and inheritance P* (RF 30006) 39,010.69 15,926.96 £j Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire W Research in physiological optics (RF 38083) 50,000.00 20,000.00 f Grants in Aid 2 (RF 35.173, 36148,37125,38109,39116) 278,832.45 92,089.55 * Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts O Development of legal medicine (RF 39029) 15,000.00 2,500.00 g Schoolof Dental Medicine. Endowment (RF 39111) 400,000.00 § Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland £j Institute of History of Medicine (RF 38022) 142,500.00 15,000.00 M School of Medicine. Fluid Research Fund (RF 39004) 90,000.00 20,000.00 § Leland Stanford Junior University, Palo Alto, California Researches under Professor Thomas Addis (RF 37030) 12,000.00 6,529.43 Research Council of the Department of Hospitals, New York City Research on chronic diseases (RF 38008) 44,000.00 19,690.73 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Royal Caroline Institute, Stockholm, Sweden Research in biochemistry (RF 34144) 31,957.52 £ University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Institute of Human Genetics. Building and equipment (RF 36053) 25,286.07 17,730.46 Endowment (RF 36053) 4,244.19 University of Oregon, Portland Construction of library for School of Medicine (RF 38011) 94,649.74 94,649.74 University of Paris, France. Radium Institute ^ Division of Biophysics (RF 32076) 50,418.54 6,162.35 w Former Program jjj American University of Beirut, Lebanon c3 Endowment of medical sciences, nursing, and premedical subjects (RF 38057) 1,000,000.00 1,000,000.00 ^ Improvement of teaching facilities in the medical sciences, nursing, and the premedical & subjects (RF 31124) 4,166.74 4,166.74 ^ Institute of the Educational Sciences, Geneva, Switzerland & General budget (RF 32002, 34121,35152,36106) 3,791.71 % Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland O Study of deafness (RF 32024) 28,575.34 15,000,00 * Leland Stanford Junior University, Palo Alto, California Fluid research fund in medicine (RF 38060) 70,000.00 15,000.00 Medical literature for Russia (RF 36121) 5.37 National Research Council, Washington, D. C. Work of the Committee on Drug Addiction (RF 36011) 65,225.23 32,093.54 Peiping Union Medical College, China ^ Allowance for a widow of staff member (RF 29034) 5,346.02 1,783.32 £ 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT G — Continued 1939 APPROPRIATIONS PAYMENTS MEDICAL SCIENCES — Continued ^ Former Program — Continued W University of Copenhagen, Denmark ^ Research on inheritance in relation to blood groupings (RF 34112) 31,924.33 3693.33 '^ University of Paris, France O Department of Parasitology. Support (RF 36056) 7,764.67 £j Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee M School of Medidne. Fluid research fund (RF 31136) 5,000.00 5,000.00 £ Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri f Maintenance of Departments in the School of Medicine (RF 38059) 380,000.00 38,836.41 £j *J NATURAL SCIENCES .-OI Experimental Biology ^ Amherst College, Massachusetts D Research in genetics, experimental embryology, and growth problems (R F 34130,39104).. 34,100.00 1,600.00 ^ Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island g Researches in genetics (RF 39032) 9,000.00 2,400.00 25 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena Developments of chemistry in its relationship to biological problems (RF 38086,39073)... 110,000.00 59,226.45 Carlsberg Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark Special researches under direction of Professor Linderstr^m-Lang (RF 37024) 12,493.51 3,733.61 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation College de France. Laboratory of Atomic Synthesis, Paris Research on biological problems (RF 37093) $12,000.00 33,000.00 Columbia University, New York City Researches in nutrition (RF 37084) 8,250.00 5,500.00 Researches in Departments of Biochemistry and Urology and in the Presbyterian Hospital (RF 38020) 5,200.00 5,200.00 Researches on problems of metabolism, with the aid of chemical isotopes (RF38026) 65,400.00 14,100.00 Cornell University, Ithaca, New York ^ Research in nutrition (RF 36029) 22,522.48 7,500.00 W Researches on biochemistry of proteins, peptides, ami no acids, hormones, and related com- ^ pounds (RF 38094) 25,450.00 10,479.28 Z Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule, Zurich. Laboratory of Organic Chemistry ^ Researches on constitution and synthesis of physiologically active compounds (RF 38042) 53,935.99 9,529.39 /a Fondation Rothschild, Paris, France, Institute of Physicochemical Biology » Researches in cellular physiology, chemical embryology, and genetics (RF 36067) 38,154.12 3,704.94 5" Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts *$ Chemical research to determine the heats of organic reactions (RF 38019) 19,000.00 7,497.95 O Researches in Department of Physical Chemistry (RF 38038) 90,000.00 14,799.38 ^ Research on physical and chemical properties of synovia] fluid (RF 36082) 2,100.12 2,100.00 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland Researches in biochemistry (RF 39017) 30,000.00 3,500.00 Researches on the role of certain mineral elements in metabolism (RF 36099) 16,252.75 6,499.58 Leland Stanford Junior University, Palo Alto, California Biological research (RF 39035) 200,000.00 200,000.00 4;, Research in chemophysical biology (RF 3S174) 5,000.00 5,000.00 ^ 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT G — Continued 1939 APPROPRIATIONS PAYMENTS NATURAL SCIENCES — Continued . Experimental Biology — Continued ft Long Island Biological Association, Cold Spring Harbor, New York w Support of symposia in summers of 1939 and 1940 (RF 37076,39015) 220,000.00 £10,000,00 g Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth, England O Building and equipment (RF 38071) 10,266.00 9,378.75 g McGill University, Montreal, Canada • ^ Research in the Department of Genetics (RF 36097) 1,660.37 1,244.14 W Memorial Hospital for the Treatment of Cancer and Allied Diseases, New York City tr1 Research on spectroscopic and chemical aspects of certain deficiency diseases (RF 39089) 11,465.45 1,465.45 ^ National Research Council, Washington, D. C. ^ Committee on Effects of Radiation on Living Organisms (RF 35095, 38072) 24,086.34 22,256.42 O Researches in biophysics (RF 37020) 63,793.49 24,366.55 '§ New York University, New York City O Researches in cellular physiology (RF 38085) 25,000.00 5,000.00 % Oregon State College, Corvallis g Research in Department of Chemistry (RF 36069) 3,250.00 3,250.00 g Princeton University, New Jersey Researches in organic chemistry (RF 37052) 8,000.00 5,500.00 Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, New York City Research on spectroscopic and chemical aspects of certain deficiency diseases (RF 39006) 3,534.55 2,220.38 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine Research in mammalian genetics (RF 35159) £5,000.00 £5,000.00 State University of Iowa, Iowa City Investigations on the physiology of the normal cell (RF 35050) 7,750.00 5,500.00 Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, England Building and equipment of additional wing (RF 37109) 6,720.62 5,552.86 University of Berne, Switzerland Researches in physiology (RF 37054) 17,607.73 3,424.66 ^ University of California, Berkeley W Completing essential equipment of Radiation Laboratory (RF 38005) 7,500.00 7,500.00 ^ Cyclotron research (RF 39042) 50,000.00 8,333.00 G University of Cambridge, England. Molteno Institute of Biology and Parasitology pj Research in cellular physiology (RF 35146) 15,718.76 5,620.11 ^ University of Chicago, Illinois w Biological research (RF 35053,38037) 150,053.69 59,861.20 W Endowment of biological research (RF 38036) 1,500,000.00 ® Research in application of spectroscopic methods to biological problems (RF 36081) 16,077.45 10,700.00 O Researches in molecular spectra (RF 39030) 24,000.00 4,550.00 " Research in surface chemistry (RF 36080) 78.68 University of Copenhagen, Denmark Special research in application of methods of physics, chemistry, and mathematics to biological problems (RF 35043) 14,957.38 4,842.63 University of Illinois, Urbana Research in spectroscopic analysis of water (RF 36016) 44.09 Cr. 61.64 ^ Research in biochemistry of ami no acids (RF 38039) 67,500.00 15,000.00 $ 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT G — Continued 1939 APPROPRIATIONS PAYMENTS NATURAL SCIENCES — Continued , Experimental Biology — Continued m University of Leeds, England W Research in the x-ray analysis of biological tissues (RF 35145, 38041) ...... $52,128. 64 310,305 . 53 g University of London, England O Researches on vitamins, sterols, and related compounds (RF 38070) ...... 54,388.50 5,970.19 University of Manchester, England Researches on vitamins, sterols, and related compounds (RF 37031) ...... 14,718.93 ...... & University of Michigan, Ann Arbor f Research in the physiology of respiration (RF 35049) ...... 7,575 . 96 5,000.00 £J University of Minnesota, Minneapolis „ Cost of high-pressure generator and for researches in biology and medicine (RF 37053) . . . 15,000.00 4,945 . 86 O Researches in lipid metabolism (RF 39031) ...... 15,000.00 1,500.00 £ Researches on mechanism of osmosis (RF 39056) ...... 16,500.00 2,750.00 a University of Missouri, Columbia jj? Construction and equipment of laboratory for genetics research (RF 39040) ...... 80,000,00 80,000.00 g Research in cytology and genetics (RF 36098, 39041) ...... 22,750.00 5,249. 50 § University of Oxford, England Construction and equipment of research laboratory for organic chemistry (RF 39039) ____ 1 15,000.00 ...... Research in application of mathematical analyses to biological problems (RF 35144) ____ 2,906. 25 ...... Research on the synthesis of proteins (RF 36083) ...... 20,839.97 3,515.63 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Research on influence of minerals and other elements in diet upon resistance to infection (RF 3707S) $4,000.00 $3,000.00 University of Rochester, New York Researches on biological and medical problems (RF 38025) 29,500.00 11,500.00 University of Stockholm, Sweden Research in biophysics, chemical biology, and cell physiology (RF 35142) 729.48 Researches under direction of Professor Runnstrom (RF 370?2,38024) 36,436.43 8,464.31 H Scientific equipment and materials for researches under direction of Professor von Euler & (RF 37023) 11,700.00 6,053.27 £ Wenner-Grens Institute of Experimental Biology J2 Construction and equipment (RF 37021,38023) 51,273.39 41,144.09 £j University of Uppsala, Sweden. Institute of Physical Chemistry W Research on the physiochemical properties of proteins and other heavy molecules (RF «• 35044) 28,617.79 8,347.49 W University of Utrecht, Netherlands p5 Researches in biochemistry of growth substances (RF 39007) 21,375.00 2,021.56 g Research in spectroscopic biology and addition to laboratory (RF 37094) 34,872.50 8,040.10 & University of Virginia, Charlottesville ^ Development of ultracenrrifuges (RF 37008) 405.53 University of Wisconsin, Madison Research in immunogenetics (RF 38073) 23,025.00 4,754.13 Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri Construction of cyclotron in the Institute of Radiology (RF 39069) 60,000.00 15,000,00 Research in biochemistry (RF 38074) 15,000.00 3,483.23 •£ Research in general physiology and experimental embryology (RF 38040) 45,000.00 9,362.79 "-< 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT G — Continued 1939 APPROPRIATIONS PAYMENTS NATURAL SCIENCES — Continued Experimental Biology —• Continued Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut w Experimental embryology (RF 36015) $2,500.00 Cr.£608.03 O Fellowships £* Administered by The Rockefeller Foundation (RF 32111,35178,36145,37130,38114,39113) 352,255.26 101,731.05 w National Research Council, Washington, D. C. (RF 36070, 39070, 39103) 276,162.20 60,174.18 $ General tr1 American Mathematical Society, New York City jij Establishing an International Review Journal of Mathematics (RF 39071) 12,000.00 5,000.00 J*3 Expenses of 1940 International Congress of Mathematicians (RF 37108) 5,000.00 ^ Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 2 Installing microfilm photographic laboratory and supplementing through filming the re- ^ sources of the library in mathematics (RF 39072) 49,500.00 14,700.00 P China Medical Board, Inc., New York City -3 Peiping Union Medical College, China O Human paleontological research in Asia (RF 32100, 36137) 60,298.54 18,540.58 ^ Grants in Aid.(RF 36079, 36149, 37126, 38110, 39117) 444,421.58 140,928.72 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Construction of differentia] analyzer (RF 36071) 22,540.08 18,262.36 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation National Research Council, Washington, D. C. Support of central purposes (RF 36136, 39010, 39102) 286.9S6.S4 236,956.54 Former Program American Institute of Physics, New York City Scientific publications (RF 35122) 2,621.87 1,126.64 California Institute of Technology, Pasadena _, Development of natural sciences, including buildings and equipment (RF 30080) 500,000.00 500,000.00 !» Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts £; Geophysical research (RF 35194) 17,500.00 10,000.00 «• International Commission for the Polar Year 1932-33, Copenhagen, Denmark ^ Equipment and expenses (RF 34132) 12,000.00 M Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland - Departments of Biological Sciences Endowment (RF 39090) 500,000.00 « Research (RF 30005) 42,500.00 28,750.00 g University of Leiden, Netherlands ja Purchase and endowment of a photographic telescope for the Union Observatory, Johannes- ^ burg, Union of South Africa (RF 30021, 34100) 12,738.45 6,162.84 University of Szeged, Hungary Department of Science. Scientific equipment (RF 31025) 1,237.65 509.17 University of Virginia, Charlottesville Graduate research in the natural sciences (RF 34153) 7,500.00 5,000.00 4*- i—i Co 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT G — Continued $ 1939 APPROPRIATIONS PAYMENTS NATURAL SCIENCES — Continued >-j Former Program — Continued jjj Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut w Laboratories of Primate Biology, Orange Park, Florida O Expenses (RF 29090,39008) .... . 3235,44516 244,887.90 g Physiological laboratory building (RF 39009) . 35,00000 35,000.00 w *J W SOCIAL SCIENCES t-1 Social Security £ Austrian Institute for Trade Cycle Research, Vienna & General budget (RF 37104). 15,73157 ... "1 Dutch Economic Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands 2 General budget (RF 36076,39085) 25,95961 4,32433 X Geneva Research Center, Switterland P Collaborative study of commercial policy (RF 38095) .. 45,000 00 20,498.19 -3 League of Nations, Geneva, Switzerland O Analytical research work of the Financial Section and Economic Intelligence Service -^ (RF 33023,37116) 106,25801 7,35562 London and Cambridge Economic Service, England Research on business cycle (RF 37067) 8,828.43 4,52755 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation National Bureau of Economic Research, New York City Committee on Financial Research. Staff and studies (RF 39106) 270,000.00 $ Planning and research in field of finance (RF 37139) S3.71S.94 35,399.46 Research and cooperative programs (RF 39037) 870,000.00 870,000.00 National Institute of Economic and Social Research of Great Britain, London Toward general budget (RF 37049) 126,966,25 23,242.50 Ontario Medical Association, Welland, Ontario £J Development of medical relief records (RF 37016) 4,145.48 2,488.64 pj Social Science Research Council, New York City J^ Committee on Soda! Security c} Organizing exploratory studies, conferences, or small proj ects in the field of social security 2 (RF 38064,39082) 26,000.00 4,000.00 ^ Study of interrelations between social security program and national income in the w United States (RF 39083) 15,000.00 & Study of mobility of labor and unemployment (RF 37105) 5,000.00 5,000.00 % Study of state unemployment compensation administration (RF 38101) 20,000.00 15,000.00 O Study of unemployment relief policies in New Jersey (RF 36114) 374.82 374.82 * Work in the field of social security (RF 37070, 39081) 105,000.00 28,827.22 State Charities Aid Association, New York City Establishing local citizens public welfare committees in New York State (RF 37111) 57,844.96 30,209,70 University of Louvain, Belgium. Institute of Economics Business cycle research (RF 36115) 1,142.84 Cr. 75.75 General budget (RF 38102) 14,000.00 2,713.24 4^ 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT G — Continued * 1939 APPROPRIATIONS PAYMENTS . SOCIAL SCIENCES — Continued jjj Social Security — Continued W University of Oxford, England W Business cycle research (RF 37015,39060) -.... $8,628.55 £3,974.13 o University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia R Industrial Research Department £j Study of an old Philadelphia company and study of unemployment in Philadelphia W (RF39080) 11,000.00 £ University of Sofia, Bulgaria. Statistical Institute of Economic Research ^ General budget (RF 37110) 20,833.19 7,058.34 ^ University of Wisconsin, Madison O Study of amount and distribution of income in Wisconsin (RF 39079) 29}100.00 3,750.00 £; Public Administration Q American Association of Schools of Social Work > Development of standards for training public welfare officials (RF 38014) 24,750.00 15,000.00 M American University, Washington, D. C. § Training program for government employees of Latin-American countries (RF 38063)... 14,400.00 7,200.00 Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Program of training and research in public administration (RF 36093) 31,223.42 14,943.15 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts Graduate School of Public Administration. Development of organization and program (RF 37002) 238,042.07 32,789.41 General budget (RF 39109) 55,000.00 Program of consultants (RF 38062) 20,000.00 4,617.75 Training in public service (RF 35078) 29,693.52 12,680.67 National Institute of Public Affairs, Washington, D. C. ^ Training of administrative personnel for the Indian Service (RF 37106) 36,000.00 13,469.82 tfl Training of personnel attached to federal services (RF 38047) 96,250.00 35,000.00 jjj Pacific Northwest Council of Education, Planning, and Public Administration C Administration, research, and publication (RF 38048) 63,500.00 24,417,73 jJJ Social Science Research Council, New York City !*J Public Administration Committee w* General expenses, exploratory studies, conferences, and small projects (RF 35114,36140, to 38035, 39057, 39084) 137,515.20 42,091.69 £ Study of administrative methods of Department of Agriculture (RF 37140) 21,075.35 11,408,99 O Study of the administrative organization of the Tennessee Valley Authority (RF 36040) 4,652.04 300.00 £3 Survey and appraisal of council-manager form of local government (RF 37066) 4,666.70 4,666.70 Survey of programs of training in public administration (RF 37065) 8,750.00 Spelman Fund of New York, New York City Support of work in public administration (RF 35199, 38049) 2,100,000.00 450,000.00 Syracuse University, New York. School of Citizenship and Public Affairs Research and training (RF 32037, 35139,39058) 57,500.00 14,000.00 4*. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT G — Continued 1939 APPROPRIATIONS PAYMENTS SOCIAL SCIENCES — Continued Public Administration — Continued University of California, Berkeley. Bureau of Public Administration Establishing measurement standards for local government activities in the San Francisco- « Oakland metropolitan region (RF 39059) 330,000.00 35,000.00 O University of Chicago, Illinois G Training and research in public administration (RF 38091) 62,500.00 25,000.00 W University of Minnesota, Minneapolis ^ Program of training for the public service (RF 36065) 35,000.00 17,350.81 r University of Southern California, Los Angeles. School of Government pi Development of program (RF 38033) 30,000.00 12,000.00 * University of Virginia, Charlottesville. Bureau of Public Administration ^ Program of service and research (RF 36066,39108) 39,554.53 10,149.27 § International Relations % American Geographical Society, New York City ^ Preparation and publication of Millionth Map of Hispanic America (RF 35028) 5,000.00 H Canadian Institute of International Affairs, Toronto, Ontario O General budget (RF 36075, 39033) 32,198.05 8,209.54 ^ Canton of Geneva, Switzerland. Department of Public Instruction Graduate Institute of International Studies. Maintenance (RF 29136,38045) 593,416.88 72,564.92 Centre d'Etudes de Politique Etrange're, Paris, France General budget (RF 38046) 102,000.00 19,333.42 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Council on Foreign Relations, New York City Research in problems involved in peace settlement following present war (RF 39110) 244,500.00 £11,125.00 Research progrsm'(RF 35189, 38015) 65,000.00 17,564.21 Work of American Coordinating Committee of the International Studies Conference (RF 38034) 12,000.00 12,000.00 Foreign Policy Association, New York City Department of Popular Education (RF 37119) 50,000.00 25,000.00 Latin American Information Service (RF 39074) 10,000.00 2,500.00 ^ Research Department (RF 38106) 75,000.00 25,000,00 w Geneva Research Center, Switzerland ^ General research budget (RF 37068) 25,514.58 8,760.60 3 Harvard University and Radcliffe College, Cambridge, Massachusetts j^ Research in the field of international relations (LS 993) 126,742.43 16,273.32 ^ Institute of Economics and History, Copenhagen, Denmark w Budget of International Relations Section (RF 36111, 38065) 18,039.14 5,227.47 & Institute of Pacific Relations ^ American Council, New York City. General expenses (RF 38108) 30,000.00 15,000.00 O International Secretariat. Studies of issues involved in present situation in the Far East ^ (RF 38013) 77,208.73 34,115.50 Pacific Council, Honolulu, Hawaii. General expenses and research program (RF 38107).. 80,000.00 40,000.00 International Information Committee, Stockholm, Sweden Research and popular education in international problems in Sweden (RF 38001) 17,217.90 7,243.31 International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation, Paris, France Danubian Economic Study (RF 37118) 13,000.00 9,000.00 ^. Maintenance and conferences (RF 37117) 50,000.00 37,560.87 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT G — Continued g 1939 APPROPRIATIONS PAYMENTS SOCIAL SCIENCES — Continued ,_, International Relations — Continued CrJ International Studies Conference w Special grants in aid (RF 36017) $2,925.52 3 g League of Nations, Geneva, Switzerland. Fiscal Committee o Study of international double taxation problems (RF 33004) 24,057.90 gj Library of International Relations, Chicago, Illinois hj General budget (RF 36095) 20,000.00 8,750.00 W Norwegian Committee for International Studies, Oslo f Development of program of research and popular education in international problems in ^ Norway (RF 37102) 17,473.48 6,987.61 ^ Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, England O Research program (RF 37004) 140,700.00 28,102.50 § Study of workings of Geneva Convention in Upper Silesia (RF 37103) 338.75 rj Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut jjjj Research in international relations (RF 35079) 20,000.00 15,000.00 g General ^ Brookings Institution, Washington, D. C. General research program (RF 36062, 39038) 262,500.00 262,500.00 Grants in aid in thefield so f social security, international relations, and public administration (RF 35192,36150,37127, 38096, 38111, 39118) 281,971.66 82,091.19 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Institute of Economic and Social Research, Paris, France Establishment and support (RF 33072) 3137,190.10 326,104.67 London School of Economics and Political Science, England Emergency fund (RF 39095) 51,250.00 National Bureau of Economic Research, New York City General research program and expense of office of Executive Director (RF 36064) 66,250.00 66,250.00 Social Science Research Council, New York City Administrative expenses (LS 875, RF 39107) 136,250.02 31,250.02 3 Conferences and planning (RF 31127, 38043) 178,316.31 47,020.96 W General research projects (RF 31126) 96,578.03 9,228.31 £ Grants in aid of research (RF 37050, 38044) 77,205.00 25,447.02 <=i Fellowships ^ Administered by The Rockefeller Foundation /tf Former program (RF 34044, 34173, 3519S) 16,510.57 1,517.72 »" Infield so f social security, international relations, and public administration (RF 35191, ^ 36146, 37131, 38115, 39114) 271,957.22 92,174.09 £ Soda! Science Research Council, New York City O (RF 37051) 193,500.00 50,600.00 3 Former Program American Statistical Association, Washington, D. C. General budget (RF 35197) 4,500.00 3,000.00 American University of Beirut, Lebanon Work in the social sciences (RF 35070) 6,000.00 4,500.00 Columbia University, New York City ^ Research in the social sciences (RF 30036-37) 85,807.94 50,783.29 g 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT G — Continued +. 1939 £ APPROPRIATIONS PAYMENTS SOCIAL SCIENCES — Continued Former Program — Continued ,, Grants in Aid K Europe (RF 35196) 3365.30 Cr.$96.79 » Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts ^ Research in anthropology (RF 36035) 2,500.00 2,500.00 o Research in the social sciences (RF 32032,35086) 135,527.43 54,000.00 g Institute of Economics and History, Copenhagen, Denmark ^ General budget (RF 36110) 4,872.60 2,100.84 W International Institute of African Languages and Cultures, London, England f* General budget (RF 35085) 5,000.00 5,000.00 £ Lei and Stanford Junior University, Palo Alto, California ^ Research in the social sciences (RF 37069) 12,500.00 10,000.00 O London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London, England S Library development (RF 31030) 22,926.20 8,175.84 o Purchase of land for expansion of school plant (RF 31028) 34,140.38 % Research fund (RF 35067) 3,000.00 g McGill University, Montreal, Canada % Research in the social sciences (RF36078) 12,858.67 10,208.88 National Bureau of Economic Research, New York City International study of the history of prices (RF 29138, 33113) 11,786.18 8,300. IS New York School of Social Work, New York City General budget (RF 32043) 10,000.00 7,500.00 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow. Economic Institute Research program (RF 3S076) £2,000.00 22,000.00 Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana. School of Social Work General budget (RF 32044) 4,000.00 4,000.00 University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Social Sciences Research (RF 35068) 10,000.00 7,500.00 University of Chicago, Illinois Aid to social science facilities (RF 31133, 3S087) 150,000.00 25,000.00 ^ Local community research (RF 31131) 31,522.50 W School of Social Service Administration £J General endowment (RF 34057) 500,000.00 <=! Current expenses (RF 34059, 39045) 85,000.00 25,000.00 j£ University of Manchester, England J^ Work of Economic Research Department (RF 3S07S) 1,500.00 1,500.00 w" University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Institute for Research in the Social Sciences j*j Support (RF 35069) 10,000.00 7,500.00 " University of Oslo, Norway. Institute of Economics § Research program (RF 36112) 18,000.00 7,500.00 3 University of Oxford, England Development of program in the social sciences (RF 34154) 49,426.54 22,600.23 University of Paris, France Research in the social sciences (RF 35072) 53,431.18 12,302.77 University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Wharton School of Finance and Commerce. Indus- trial Research Department •£• Support (RF 35074) 10,000,00 7,500.00 £ 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT G — Continued t 1939 •* APPROPRIATIONS PAYMENTS SOCIAL SCIENCES — Continued Former Program — Continued j-j University of Stockholm, Sweden jjj Research in the social sciences (RF 36092) 34,000.00 £4,000.00 ^ University of Texas, Austin O Research in the social sciences (RF 37003) 10,000.00 7,500.00 £ University of Virginia, Charlottesville W Institute for Research in the Social Sciences ^ Support (RF 34175) 5,000.00 3,750.00 r Welfare Council of New York City £ Research Bureau. Budget (RF 36139) 45,000.00 30,000.00 * Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. School of Applied Social Sciences 5 Support (RF 32042) 5,000.00 3,750.00 § Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Institute of Human Relations ^ Research in psychology, child development, and social sciences (RF 29008) 75,000.00 75,000.. 00 ° MH HUMANITIES O Drama ^ Carolina Art Association General expenses of Dock Street Theatre, Charleston, South Carolina (RF 38051) 12,500.00 5,000.00 Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Work in drama (RF 36002) 2,500.00 2,500.00 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Leland Stanford Junior University, Palo Alto, California Development of program of School of Drama (RF 37006) 310,000.00 310,000.00 National Theatre Conference, Cleveland, Ohio General expenses and royalty fee for noncommercial productions (RF 38054) 11,500.00 2,978.71 Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois Development of school and community drama (RF 36073) 2,625.39 2,625.39 Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey Research in control of sound and light for dramatic purposes (RF 39075) 30,000.00 5,850.00 ^ Studio Theatre School, Buffalo, New York ^ Development of school and community program in drama (RF 39011) 25,000.00 25,000.00 £! University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill w Current expenses of work in drama (RF 37028, 38050) 30,750.00 14,250.00 ^ Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York W Preparation of reports of the Federal Theatre Project and of national modes of operation - in the field of community drama (RF 39087) 17,500.00 8,750.00 ™ Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut M Aid in acquiring and operating a motion picture camera for the use of the Department of j? Drama (RF 36096) 3,500.00 3,500.00 % Development of library in Department of Drama (RF 35092) 2,195.40 2,195.40 "* Libraries and Museums American Library Association, Chicago, Illinois Aid in connection with the General Catalogue of the Bibliotheque Nationals (RF 36020)... 30,000.00 Committee on International Relations. European activities (RF 39048) 60,000.00 17,000.00 Preparation of new edition of Union List of Serials in the United States and Canada (RF 39051) 38,600.00 10,000.00 "fc Studies of library cooperation with Latin America (RF 39047) 30,000.00 7,500,00 ^ 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT G — Continued 1939 APPROPRIATIONS PAYMENTS HUMANITIES — Continued j Libraries and Museums — Continued Jrj Biblioth£que pour Tous, Berne, Switzerland & Book purchases and development of regional services (RF 39049) $25,000,00 34,000.00 g British Museum, London, England O To enable the Museum to offer to American libraries, at a discount, subscriptions to the j*j new edition of its Catalogue of Printed Books (RF 29086, 30076) 85,962.79 1,682.61 *j Buffalo Museum of Science, New York jj( Training museum personnel (RF 37071) 18,750.00 18,750.00 r Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts £j Microfilm copies of foreign newspaper files (RF 38090) 4,000.00 2,000.00 ^ Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. Hispanic Foundation O Development of catalogue of Hispanic material and organization of bibliographical services S (RF 39097) 22,000.00 o Museum of Modern Art, New York City jjj Expensesofamilaringexhibitions,pubKcation'piirposes,andcurrentexpEnses(RF39025) 75,000.00 45,000.00 g National Central Library, London, England 3 Establishment of Bureau of American Bibliography (RF 37059) 8,189.05 2,156.26 National Library of Peiping, China Support of Quarterly Bulletin of Chinese Bibliography (HP 1$\ 50) 1,125.00 Cr. 138.26 Development of library services (RF 36072) 17,500.00 3,750.00 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation New York Museum of Science and Industry, New York City General budget (RF 39100) 225,000.00 £15,000.00 New York Public Library, New York City Development of services in microfilm (RF 39098} 15,000.00 Princeton University,1 New Jersey Index of Christian Art (RF 38100) 50,000.00 4,000.00 Society of the Friends of the -BrbliotMque Nattonale, Paris, France Expenses of printing the General Catalogue (RF 29089) 2,000.00 1,000.00 ^ Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana ft Cataloguing collections of museum of the Middle American Research Institute (RF 38098) 5,000.00 > University of Chile, Santiago £J Development of its central library (RF 39094) 8,000.00 >o University of New Mexico, Albuquerque W Development oflibrary resources (RF 38089) 4,784.00 4,784.00 £J- University of Oxford, England w Bodleian and other libraries. Development (RF 31121) 1,214,677.79 486,807.54 w Radio and Film g American Film Center, Inc., New York City >a General expenses (RF 39012) 60,000.00 30,925.00 H Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts Lecturer in broadcasting (RF 39086) 24,000.00 Museum of Modern Art, New York City General support of Film Library (RF 38055) 55,000.00 35,000.00 National Committee of the United States of America on International Intellectual Co- operation, New York City p International exchange of motion pictures of educational and cultural value (RF 39055) 7,500.00 5,187.50 ^ 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT G — Continued £ 1939 APPROPRIATIONS PAYMENTS HUMANITIES — Continued ^ Radio and Film — Continued ffi National Film Society of Canada, Ottawa ^ General expenses (RF 39045) 319,380.00 24,254.53 g Princeton University, New Jersey. School of Public and International Affairs O Study of value of radio to listeners (RF 37072, 39076) 30,250.00 27,250.00 g University Broadcasting Council, Chicago, Illinois ^ Developing radio programs of educational and cultural value (RF 37073) 25,000.00 17,500.00 ^ World Wide Broadcasting Foundation, Boston, Massachusetts t" Development of radio programs of educational and cultural value (RF 38056) 77,000.00 40,240.84 ^ Studies of American Culture ^ Authors' League of America, New York City O Preparation of a series of American plays (RF 36124) 1,325.72 982.13 ^ Latin-American and Far Eastern Interests U American Council of Learned Societies, Washington, D. C. ^ Cataloguing American collections of Chinese and Japanese books (RF 37120) 55,429.40 9,800.00 g Chinese and Japanese studies (RF 37096) 4,343.81 4,343.81 SJ Handbook of Latin American Studies (RF38012) 15,000.00 5,202.51 Summer seminars in Far Eastern studies (RF 38088) 7,500.00 Claremont Colleges, California Development of Far Eastern studies (RF 39077) 15,000.00 5,000.00 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Columbia University, New York City Japanese studies (RF 37112) £5,000.00 32,500.00 Books and teaching materials in Far Eastern languages (RF 38030) 20,000.00 5,000.00 Visiringlectureron Japanese cultural history (RF 39093) 9,000.00 Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Development of Far Eastern studies (RF 38087) 13,250.00 4,875.00 Harvard University,Cambridge, Massachusetts Translating, abstracting, and indexing works on oriental art (RF 35120) 1,608.61 900.00 jj Institute of Pacific Relations. American Council, New York City H English translations of source materials on Chinese history (RF 39052) 31,700.00 5,950.00 {£ Experiments in intensive teaching of Chinese language (RF 35182) 195.00 c! Internationa! Bureau of Education, Geneva, Switzerland. Children's Literature Section 2 Studies in Latin-American countries (RF 38003) 8,000.00 4,000.00 fo Leland Stanford Junior University, Palo Alto, California w* Development of Far Eastern studies (RF 39053) 15,000.00 1,687.50 & Orthological Institute, London, England Eg General expenses and developing texts in Basic English (RF 35181) 784.37 O Orthological Institute, Peiping, China £% General expenses (RF 37012) 8,633.60 3,648.22 Pomona College, Claremont, California Development of Far Eastern studies (RF 36033) 750.00 750.00 Princeton University, New Jersey Development of Far Eastern studies (RF 38029) 13,650.00 2,565.10 Royal Ontario Museum of Archaeology, Toronto, Canada 4*. Teaching and research in Far Eastern subjects (RF 37121) 20,000.00 4,921.89 ^ 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT G — Continued £ 1939 o APPROPRIATIONS PAYMENTS HUMANITIES — Continued Latin-American and Far Eastern Interests — Continued o University of Chicago, Illinois ffi Books and teaching materials in Far Eastern languages (RF 38031) 220,000.00 £5,000.00 w Development of new materials for teaching Chinese languages and literature (RF 363 22)... 13,000.00 3,112.15 § University of Colorado, Boulder O Development of Far Eastern studies (RF 36117) 1,000.00 1,000.00 j* University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia >rj Development of Far Eastern studies (RF 38028) 12,500.00 5,000.00 f2 Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut f Development of Chinese studies (RF 37026) 16,600.00 7,800.00 £ Fellowships ^ Administered by The Rockefeller Foundation (RF 35065,35184,36147,37132, 38116,391 IS) 185,450.34 66,327.56 O American Council of Learned Societies, Washington, D. C. S (RF 36141,39046) 37,500.00 32,500.00 O Authors' League of America, Inc., New York City ^ (RF 38053) 23,500.00 9,500.00 g National Theatre Conference, Cleveland, Ohio % (RF 39019) 25,000.00 1,000.00 General American Council x>f Learned Societies, Washington, D. C. Expenses of planning committees and foreign activities (RF 36141,39046) 57,500.00 7,500.00 General activities (RF 34157, 35168, 38105) 114,773,67 33,100.20 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Boston Symphony Orchestra, Massachusetts Berkshire Music Center (RF 39101) 360,000.00 3 Grants in Aid (RF 36151, 37128,38112, 39088, 39119) 241,116.26 85,822.39 Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts Research in field of criticism andin usesof language (RF 39018) 50,000.00 5,000.00 International Committee of Historical Sciences, Paris, France Toward general budget, increasing distribution of publications, and expenses of next Con- "3 gress (RF 37141) 9,800.00 pj National Committee of the United States of America on International Intellectual Coopera- •** tion, New York City Q Committee on Copyright (RF 38066) 8,500.00 8,500.00 g Payne Fund, New York City p) Preparation of English texts and programs of teacher training in English studies for classes w* of foreign-born adults (RF 39013) 22,000.00 22,000.00 jo Princeton University, New Jersey. School of Public and International Affairs ^ Studies of public opinion (RF 39099) 15,000.00 8,000.00 O Former Program £j American School of Classical Studies, Athens, Greece Fellowships in archaeology in connection with the excavation of the Athenian Agora (RF 38097) 25,000.00 25,000.00 Museum to house objects excavated at the Agora (RF 37089) 150,000.00 25,000.00 American Schools of Oriental Research, Baghdad, Iraq, and Jerusalem, Palestine Current expenses (RF 36061; 5,000.00 5,000.00 ^ Endowment (RF 36061) 81,508.46 34,169.56 Co 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT G — Continued £ 1939 K> APPROPMATIONS PAYMENTS HUMANITIES — Continued Former Program — Continued ^ Universify of Chicago, Illinois W Research in the humani ties(R F 35029) 37,500,00 27,500.00 W University of London, England. School of Oriental Studies 2 Research in African linguistics (RF 36003) 3,631.24 3,120.83 O F PROGRAM IN CHINA fjj Associated Boards for Christian Colleges in China, New York City W Emergency grants to private universities and colleges in China (RF 39064) 75,000.00 75,000.00 £ Chinese Mass Education Movement W General budget (RF 37041,38075,39050) 23,717.32 6,314.09 * Chinese Ministry of Education, Nanking Q Expenses of a Commission on Medical Education (RF 38075, 39050) 14,304.30 3,950.55 3 Emergency Fund (RF 37124,39016) 42,500.00 15,945.00 § Fellowships. Foreign and local (RF 36050,37047,38076,39050) 155,398.79 23,368.71 > Ministry of Industry and Agriculture, Nanking. National Agricultural Research Bureau M Insect control work (RF 38075,39050) 17,356.99 8,501.89 § Nankai University, Tientsin. Institute of Economics General budget (RF 38075,39050) 11,943.91 6,366.17 National Central University, Nanking. College of Agriculture Development of work in animal husbandry and veterinary preventive medicine (RF 38075, 390SO) 5,413.39 2,033.34 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation National Council for Rural Reconstruction General budget (RF 39050) {540,150.00 $12,606.38 National Health Administration of China, Nanking Training of health personnel (RF 37045, 38075, 39050) 78,052.32 34,518.25 National Rural Administration Training Institute Expenses (RF 38075) 50,767.02 22,743.15 North China Council for Rural Reconstruction Toward expenses (RF 37038) 31,543.93 Cr. 1,935.30 Research and Developmental Aid (RF 37048, 37142, 38076, 39050) 34,856.16 14,773.12 Unallocated balance of 1939-40 appropriation (RF 39050) 1,140.00 University of Nanking. Departments of Agricultural Economics and Science General budget (RF 38075, 39050) 26,800.00 11,494.49 Yenching University, Peiping. College of Public Affairs General budget (RF 38075, 39050) 20,842.46 4,738.78 MISCELLANEOUS Commission on Interracial Cooperation, Atlanta, Georgia General budget (LS 999) 15,433.41 10,264.15 Exchange Fund (RF 35100) 39,715.44 History of the Rockefeller Foundation (RF 37037) 12,632.02 2,773.31 Playground and Recreation Association of America, New York City General budget (LS 1000) 30,000.00 20,000.00 Special Research Aid Fund for European Scholars (RF 34028, 35020, 35135, 35153, 36090, 37090,38092, 39034,39078,39092) 227,687.42 74,765.07 University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Child study and parent education (LS 933-34) 33,968.48 10,182.36 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation •• EXHIBIT G — Continued * 1939 APPROPRIATIONS PAYMENTS MISCELLANEOUS — Continued *3 University of Toronto, Canada 5 Development of child research and parent education (RF 30054) ...... 314,962 . 22 39,984 .12 ^ Visits by individuals and commissions (RF 30101) ...... 12,235.33 2,966.79 O ADMINISTRATION 2 Scientific Divisions W 1938 ...... 61,772.6 8 24,863.98 g 1939 ...... 562,889. 50 498,546. 97 i* 1940...... 556,535.0 0 ...... £ General 5s 1938 ...... 40,934.54 16,111.59 g 1939 ...... 290,527.50 246,454.06 § 1940 ...... 273,991 .00 O 335,588,917.56 LESS 0 Unused Balances of Appropriations Allowed to Lapse ...... 748,588.39 * TOTAL NET APPROPRIATIONS AND EXPENDITURES 234,840,329.17 312,910,583.69 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation REFUNDS ON PRIOR YEAR CLOSED APPROPRIATIONS Eastern Mediterranean. Anopheline Surveys. .. (IH 36009) {58400 Encyclopaedia oj tbe Social Sciences . . . (RF32114) 1,545 13 FIJI Islands, South Pacific. Public Health Administration .. . (IH 34075) 12 SO Jamaica. Yaws Study...... (IH 31164) 1,31597 jj Johns Hopkins University . . . (RF 37081) 177 SI £ Massachusetts General Hospital ...... (RF 35024) 3364 > National Agricultural Research Bureau . . . (RF 37044) 1,37647 Q National Central University . ... (RF 37043) .37 g National Health Administration . . (RF 36044) 27 19 jo New York University (RF3S176) 12 w* Research Aid Grant, Natural Sciences, Europe . .... (RF 34039) 74914 » Social Science Research Council (RF 37086) 2,938.52 £ University of Alaska (RF 36074) 1,642.95 O University of Chicago . ... . (RF3203S) 3,44286 2j University of Liverpool .... (RF 32014) 14753 University of Utrecht (RF 35143) 1201 Yenching University (RF 36043) 68477 314,19068 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT H P INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION ^ DESIGNATIONS DURING 1939, UNPAID BALANCES AS AT DECEMBER 31,1938 OF PRIOR YEAR DESIGNATIONS, AND PAYMENTS THEREON DURING 1939 PRIOR 1939 1939 g DESIGNATIONS DESIGNATIONS PAYMENTS ft CONTROL AND INVESTIGATION OF SPECIFIC DISEASES AND DEFICIENCIES ja Anemia O Puerto Rico fi 1938 (IH 37038) 31,229.04 3 £1,209.41 W 1939 (IH 36047,38043) • 300.00 3,500.00 3,010.50 w Intestinal Parasites, including Hookworm £J Africa W Egypt * 1937-38 (IH 36080,37036,37039) 4,936.26 687.98 g 1939 (IH 38044-45) 3,135.00 1,430.82 ej United States g Johns Hopkins University. School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, > Maryland jj 1938-39 (IH 37040) 1,173.12 1,170.38 ° Malaria Caribbean Area Costa Rica 1937-38 (IH 37027,38007) 180.63 123.12 1938-39 (IH 38008) 625.22 615.10 1939-40 (IH 38089,39011) 3,30000 1,040.51 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Cuba 1938-40 (IH 37087) 313,524.71 $ 38,116.38 Panama 1938 (IH 37041) 1,985. IS 1,682.86 1939 (IH 38049) 2,000.00 S66.72 Puerto Rico 1936-38 (IH 3S127) 20.33 15.93 Salvador ^ 1938-39 (IH 36047, 38083) 800.00 772.95 & 1939-40 (IH 39020) 1,500.00 ^ Europe, Africa, and Near East J2 Albania jo 1937 (IH 36083) 10.98 « 1938-40 (IH 33077,37089) 5,729.01 5,729.01 ^ 1939 (IH 38092) 2,500.00 701.31 BaJkans, Italy, and Northern Europe W 1938 (IH 37044) 1,798.00 1,798.00 g 1939 (IH 38050) 9,000.00 8,933.23 ja Bulgaria ** 1937-38 (IH 36088) 3,793.34 209.09 Cyprus 1938 (IH 37045) 2,375.55 844.83 1939-40 (IH 38093) 20,140.00 3,175.40 Egypt 1938 (IH 37094,38039) 572.38 471.84 & 1939 (IH 38051) 2,400.00 2,043.28 ^ 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT H — Continued & PRIOR 1939 1939 °° DESIGNATIONS DESIGNATIONS PAYMENTS CONTROL AND INVESTIGATION OF SPECIFIC DISEASES AND DEFICIENCIES — Continued Malaria — Continued 2 Europe, Africa, and Near East — Continued W England ya University of Cambridge. Molteno Institute of Parasitology ^ 1936-39 (IH 36051) . . .. 2860 07 % 279645 * 1939-41 (IH 39014) . 1,500.00 ** Greece W 1937 (IH 36090) . , . 2,48028 £ 1938 (IH 37046) ...... 7,10102 5,66941 W 1939-40 (IH 38094) 11,00000 3,26708 * Italy g Institute of Public Health, Rome. Laboratory C 1937 (IH 36091) ... 2,125 73 § 1938-39 (IH 37092) .. 23,80738 13,14479 > Mediterranean Region w 1939-40 (IH 39021) . . 22,50000 . . | Portugal 1938 (IH 37047). . 2,39468 1,38791 1939-40 (IH 38095) ... . . 20,000.00 6,77290 Spain 1936 (IH 35133) ... 2,454 06 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Far East India 1937-38 (IH 37014,37048) $4,6&0.08 2 $3,550.24 1939 (IH 38052) 27,360.00 13,005.15 Mexico 1938-39 (IH 38021) 16,017.68 4,330.50 South America Brazil 1929-30 (IH 28183,29217) 13,877.19 423.33 g Anopheles gambiae Control Pi 1938 (IH 38028) 1,500.00 1,198.71 > 1939-40 (IH 38091,39025) 180,000.00 74,875.67 C British Guiana pj 1939-41 (IH 39018) 10,000.00 ^ United States w Florida g 1938-39 (IH 36047, 37042,38015, 38046) 8,890.54 14,800.00 13,194.82 £ Johns Hopkins University. School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, O Maryland H 1938-39 (IH 38016) 2,750.00 2,749.40 1939-40 (IH 38047) 3,000.00 949.34 University of Chicago, Illinois 1938 (IH 37043) 1,148.44 1,148.42 1939 (IH 38048) 2,000.00 1,054.34 Miscellaneous 4^ Special investigations ^ 1938 (IH 37031) 259.03 214.10 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT H — Continued I PRIOR 1939 1939 DESIGNATIONS DESIGNATIONS PAYMENTS CONTROL AND INVESTIGATION OP SPECIFIC DISEASES AND DEFICIENCIES — Continued _j Mental Hygiene ffi Johns Hopkins University. School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, w Maryland g 1938-39 (IH 37049) ' 310,700.00 3 37,993.37 a W9-40 (IH 38053) 13,200.00 gj Tennessee. State Department of Health >*j 1938-39 (IH 37050) 12,064.34 11,904.51 £ 1939-40 (IH 38054) 16,000.00 3,395.09 r Nutrition £j Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee ^ 1939-41 (IH 39003) 40,000.00 5,106.06 O Rabies • §J Alabama O 1938-39 (IH 37081,38013,38081,39007) 15,734.13 9,820.00 14,649.84 % Respiratory Diseases g Influenza Studies z; Europe Hungary 1938(IH37052) 3,049.04 3,049.04 1939 (IH 38057) 6,000.00 413.00 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation United States California 1938-40 (IH 38014,39016) 223,430.00 33,000.00 310,249.78 Minnesota 1937-39 (IH 37021,38056) 10,717.61 258.06 10,846.77 1939-40 (IH 38056) 11,041.94 • New York 1937-39 (IH 36049,37084) 5,080.06 4,676.19 H 1939-40 (IH 38084) 10,500.00 1,449.02 & New York University ^. 1938-41 (IH 38023) 17,500.00 6,585.81 g Respiratory Virus Research jo Argentina W 1940-42 (IH 39024) 20,000.00 % Study of the Common Cold „ Columbia University, New York fJ 1938-39 (IH 37051) 7,540.82 5,965.45 2 1939-40 (IH 38055) 11,000.00 3,041.79 ft Scarlet Fever ^ Rumania 1937-38 (IH 36043, 38030) 2,561.73 2,320.52 1939 (IH 38058) 21,500.00 6,118.47 Smallpox Spain Study of vaccine virus 4^ 1936 (IH 35144) 1,950.08 1,235.19 M 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT H — Continued $ PRIOR 1939 1939 *° DESIGNATIONS DESIGNATIONS PAYMENTS CONTROL AND INVESTIGATION OF SPECIFIC DISEASES AND DEFICIENCIES — Continued Syphilis H California ^ 1939-42 (IH 39008) $ $20,160.00 % ^ Johns Hopkins University. School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, O Maryland ^ 1937-39 (IH 370J7, 37083, 38005, 38082, 39009) 7,514.61 10,115.00 12,355.86 M 1940-41 (IH 39017,39068)...' 24,530.00 g North Carolina f 1940-42 (IH 39022) 14,000.00 £ Tuberculosis ' *> Caribbean Area g Costa Rica CJ 1939-42 (IH 39013) 20,000.00 1,282.93' '2 Jamaica •£ 1938 (IH 370S4) 5,160.88 2,273.51 H 1939-41 (IH 38087) 47,250.00 13,613.91 O Puerto Rico ^ 1938-39 (IH 38026) 2,360.00 1,839.17 Europe Austria 1938-39 (IH 37090) 15,760.00 7,732.77 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation United States Committee on Neighborhood Health Development of New York City 1938-41 (IH 38031) $ 12,800 00 $ £6,374.54 Consultant 1938-41 (IH 38003) 3,252.34 Cornell University Medical College, New York City 1937-38 (IH 36047,37019) 64234 433.20 1938-39 (IH 38004) 10,73291 30,31802 £ 1939-40 (IH 38059) .. 13,500.00 3,05472 M Tennessee ^ 1938-39 (IH 37053) 9,11517 8,36929 d 1939-41 (IH 380S5) 24,20000 2,83991 g| Yellow Fever ^ Africa w 1937 (IH 36109) 5,050 06 g 1938 (IH 37057) 5,647 74 5,647 74 ™ 1939 (IH 38063) 15,000.00 4,80456 O Caribbean Area, 1-3 Centra] America and West Indies 1939-40 (IH 38088) 3,00000 264.87 Europe France. Pasteur Institute, Paris 1937 (IH 36095) 609.87 1938 (IH 37056) 1,192.43 437.95 .£. 1939 (IH 38062) 1,500.00 465.62 £ 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT H —Continued pwoa 1939 1939 £ DESIGNATIONS DESIGNATIONS PAYMENTS £ CONTROL AND INVESTIGATION OF SPECIFIC DISEASES AND DEFICIENCIES — Continued Yellow Fever — Continued South America ^ Brazil a 1938 (IH 37055, 38022).. 356,027.85 3 £43,9.14.74 f 1939 (1H 38060)..... 125,000,00 122,963.28 g British Guiana o 1939-40 (IH 39019) 2,000.00 gj Colombia ' hj 1938 (IH 37055) 10,731.20 8,096.48 W 1939 (IH 38060) 50,000.00 35,183.47 t- Laboratory building S 1938-39 (IH 37030,38029) 5,013.91 3,770.62 ^ Peru O 1939 (IH 38061) 8,000.00 2,500.00 ^ Other countries of South America, including international administration Q 1938 (IH 37055) 6,154.55 2,013.44 j* 1939 (IH 38060)...... 16,300.00 8,493.86 g Other Studies . • 53 Collection and Testing of Wild Animals for Use in the Study of Diseases of Public Health Interest .... 1938-40 (IH 38042,38080,39063) «..:„..;, 24,781.25 1,142.51 10,373.08 Statistical Analyses of the Records of Certain Specific Diseases 1936-38 (IH 36033) 143.69 1939 (IH 38064) 500.00 212.74 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation LABORATORIES OF THE INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION AT THE ROCKEFELLEB INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH, NEW YORK CITY 1938 (IH 37058,38018) $13,210.21 % 313,168.97 1939 (IH 38065,39002) 122,000.00 119,912.63 Equipment 1939-40 (IH 39065) 5,000.00 STATE AND LOCAL HEALTH SERVICES Public Health Administration Africa £j Egypt n 1939 (IH 38071) 2,175.00 836.33 £ Canada c! Nova Scotia £j 1937-41 (IH 36022) 27,504.95 10,907.64 ^ Caribbean Area w Costa Rica 5° Office in San Jos<§ ^ 1938 (IH 37062) 650.96 582.63 g 1939 (IH 38069) 2,700.00 1,906.85 Q Panama 1938 (IH 37063) 1,131.37 578.14 1939 (IH 38070) 2,000.00 1,214.22 Puerto Rico 1937-38 (IH 36056) 146.00 94.24 West Indies and Central America -fc. 1938 (IH 37061) 1,982.00 560.09 & 1939 (IH 38068) 1,500.00 983.3S 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT H — Continued & PRIOR 1939 1939 DESIGNATIONS DESIGNATIONS PAYMENTS STATE AND LOCAL HEALTH SERVICES — Continued _, Public Health Administration — Continued X Far East w Fiji Islands g 1938 (IH 37067) $550.60 $ $411.51 o 1939 (IH 3807S) 1,125.00 866.10 gj India • *) 1938 (IH 37064-65) 1,632.32 600.69 " 1939 (IH 38072-73) 4,940.00 1,931.99 r Netherlands India 5 1938 (IH 37066) 1,292.94 954.79 ^ 1939 (IH 38074) 4,390.00 2,225.74 O Mexico £ Central Administration and Training Station O 1938 (IH 37059-60) 1,413.13 595.53 > 1939 (IH 38066-67) 4,275.00 2,755.41 g United States £ Alabama 1938-40 (IH 37080) 12,856.27 6,358.75 State Health Surveys 1935-40 (IH 35065) 3,920.48 364.36 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Divisions of Vital Statistics Canada Manitoba 1938^10 (IH 37085) £13,666.50 $ £6,304.05 1939-44 (IH 39005) 3,060,00 395.10 Nova Scotia 1938-J2 (IH 37026) 8,160.00 2,485.49 Divisions of Epidemiology ,_j Canada J° Alberta ^ 1938-40 (IH 38006) 7,829.81 56.98 g British Columbia fa 1938-40 (IH 38006) 8,154.93 1,688.13 « Public Health Laboratories » Canada ,. Prince Edward Island Pd 1939-43 (IH 38035) 15,300,00 g Caribbean Area fs Central America "^ Costa Rica 1938-39 (IH 38027,38037) 819.93 744.49 1939-40 (IH 39023) 500.00 Public Health Nursing United States Committee on Neighborhood Health Development of New York City jl 1938-40 (IH 37079) 26,536.23 10,346.76 ^ 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT H — Continued PRIOR 1939 1939 £ DESIGNATIONS DESIGNATIONS PAYMENTS °° STATE AND LOCAL HEALTH SERVICES — Continued Sanitary Engineering Africa j-j Egypt H 1936-38 (IH3S104) 2343.50 g $ v Canada O Nova Scotia 2 1936-39 (IH 34064) 2,670.08 2,308.00 W Far East . £ India t* 1939-40 (IH 38076, 39015,39026) 10,290.00 703.44 w Other State Health Services *° Canada g Quebec. Division of Tuberculosis cj 1939-42 (IH 39006) 7,580.00 1,843.93 3 Europe ^ Hungary £ Survey of Public Health Machinery O 1938 (IH 37068) 1,575.00 1,277.37 ^ Local (County) Health Departments Canada British Columbia 1935-39 (IH 35083) 1,260.42 989.69 1936-41 (IH 36021,38020,38024) 53,041.43 17,387.46 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Ontario 1935-39 (IH 34065) 36,263.86 $ 32,480.08 Quebec 1938-43 (IH 3S025) 15,300.00 4,967.96 Caribbean Area Costa Rica 1938-39 (IH 38009, 38090) 1,399.54 995.49 1939-40 (IH 39012) 2,000.00 118.33 £j Cuba M 1938-41 (IH 37088) 19,538.32 7,450.05 j£ Nicaragua £ 1937-38 (IH 37032) 364.37 92.85 g Panama & 1937-39 (IH 36066,36107) 2,580.87 1,308.70 * Salvador g 1937-38 (IH 37033) 689.20 " Europe ° Albania H 1936-40 (IH 36028,37089) 13,723.00 6,299.27 Tirana Health Center. Construction and equipment (IH 360S2, 37028).. 7,599.24 4,095.49 Austria 1936-39 (IH 35154) 3,355.63 1,649.36 Greece 1936-40 (IH 36029) 5,482.38 0.67 ^ 1938-42 (IH 37034) 10,000.00 v5 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT H — Continued +. PRIOR 1939 1939 ^o DESIGNATIONS DESIGNATIONS PAYMENTS STATE AND LOCAL HEALTH SERVICES — Continued Local (County) Health Departments— Continued . Europe — Continued Jrj Hungary W 1938 (IH 37069-73) 24,490.00 $ 23,643.33 * Italy 8 1938-42 (IH 3703S) 18,000.00 K Portugal £j 1939 (IH 38096) : 10,000.00 4,570.69 W Rumania t" Institute of Hygiene, Bucharest. Development of health center £J 1935-40 (IH 35058) 4,638.34 4,026.14 £ Spain O 1936 (IH 36008) 3,000.00 g Turkey t3 Health Center, Istanbul $» 1936-39 (IH 36016) 3,142.96 1,964.54 g Health Center, Ankara ^ 1938-42 (IH 37093) 56,700.00 Far East India Bengal 1938-43 (IH 38011) 24,000.00 1,692.09 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Bombay 1939-43 (IH 38097) .. $ . . 322,80000 3 Delhi 1937-42 (IH 36110) ... 20,68997 . 4,31119 Madras 1937-40 (IH 36044) ...... 11,57758 3,77501 Mysore 1936 40 (IH 35156) .. 11,72802 .. 2,494.19 g Sanitation Research pi 1938-39 (IH 38012,38041) .. ... 1,407.03 .... 956 63 £ United Provinces c; 1932-38 (IH 31163) 4,22273 .... Cr. 240 53 g Java f<3 19,37-40 (IH 34143) .. .. . 9,86818 . . 1,93952 c/>" 1938-40 (IH 36045) ... 6,23507 3,23297 V Mexico Sjj 1936-41 (IH 35084,36065,37086,38036) 23,581.18 . 7,898 41 O United States £[ New York 1935-39 (IH 34047,34132) 12,56013 . . 6,13599 PUBLIC HEALTH EDUCATION Schools of Hygiene and Public Health Canada University of Toronto. Developmental aid 4^ 1940-44 (IH 39004,39067) 41,400.00 £ 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT H — Continued PRIOR 1939 1939 •£• DESIGNATIONS DESIGNATIONS PAYMENTS ^ PUBLIC HEALTH EDUCATION —• Continued Schools of Hygiene and Public Health— Continued Europe H Bulgaria. Institute and School of Hygiene, Sofia •£ Rural Health Demonstration W 1938-41 (IH 38010,3907S) 317,800 00 {512,000 00 3263 41 g Greece. National Institute of Hygiene, Athens O 1936-37 (IH 36015) 1,481.41 W 1938 (IH 37074) 3,999.60 . 3,42001 £j Hungary. State Hygienic Institute, Budapest W 1938-40 (IH 37091) 2,663.53 ... 1,502.10 £ Turkey. School of Hygiene, Ankara £ 1936-37 (IH 36030) .. 3,173.09 £ 1938-39 (IH 37075,38040) 6,740 00 1,284 46 O Far East g Japan. Institute of Public Health, Tokyo rj Field Training Area jj* 1935-40 (IH 32188,37037) 10,831.28 .... 1,78199 g United States § Johns Hopkins University. School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland Health Center. Land 1938 (IH 38032-33) 35,00000 25,000.00 Department of Biostatistics 1939-40 (IH 39010) . . . . . 2,900.00 2,900 00 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Developmental Aid 1940-44 (IH 39066) $ 352,50000 £ Schools of Nursing Canada University of British Columbia, Victoria 1936-40 (IH 36035) 5,154,95 2,05214 University of Toronto 1937-39 (IH 37006) .. . . 5,45937 . 4,955.22 H 1939-41 (IH 38086) .. 2,04000 1,34437 g Caribbean Area > Panama, Santo Tomas Hospital. School of Nursing ^ 1937-42 (IH 37015) . ... 27,32078 .. 6,414.25 £ Europe |J Denmark w" 1938-41 (IH 37029) 20,430.00 8,068.81 ^ Rumania. School of Nursing, Bucharest (fl Developmental aid Q 1936-41 (IH 35085) 5,114.59 ... 5 36 ya South America Brazil. School of Nursing, Rio de Janeiro Salary and travel of acting directress 1937-40 (IH 36036) 3,165.62 United States Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York 1937-39 (IH 37004) 5,000.27 5,000.00 £ 1939-43 (IH 38019) 30,000.00 . .. . 4,50000 °° 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT H — Continued PRIOR 1939 1939 jj£. DESIGNATIONS DESIGNATIONS PAYMENTS PUBLIC HEALTH EDUCATION — Continued Schools of Nursing — Continued United States — Continued H University of California, Berkeley ^ 1937-40 (IH 37005) 23,600.00 $ 32,400.00 ^ University of Washington, Seattle O 1935-39 (IH 35005) 2,795.00 2,477.50 g Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee W 1936-40 (IH 36012) 4,500.00 3,000.00 g Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio t" 1937-39 (IH 37007) 2,500.00 2,500.00 £ Other Schools 9° First National Midwifery School, Peiping, China ^ 1938 (IH 37095) 1,106.15 Cr. 1,800.10 § Training Stations 2! Caribbean Area >£ Panama H 1937-38 (IH 36074) 976.90 691.35 O Puerto Rico ^ 1937-38 (IH 36073) 371.35 174.00 United States Harvard University. School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts Field training and study area 1935-40 (IH 34068) 10,150.62 5,028.48 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Johns Hopkins University. School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland Field training and study area 1937-42 (IH 37018) £67,598.22 3 323,890.28 Fellowships, Travel of Government Health Officials and Teachers of Public Health, and Training of Health Workers 1936 (1H 35113) 24,332.98 400.98 1937 (IH 36072,37022-23) 16,131.00 2,351.35 _, 1938 (1H 37076-77,38078) 136,183.18 500.00 108,916.49 P 1939 (IH 38077,39073) 210,410.00 75,810.35 g Other Training 52 Committee on Neighborhood Health Development, New York City pa Consultant W 1939-40 (IH 38083) S.000.00 2,083.30 *- North Carolina. Public Health Education and School Health Service w 1939-43 (IH 38034) 25,000.00 W Exhibits at New York World's Fair 2 1939-40 (IH 38017) 10,000.00 10,000.00 ja Study of schools of public health and institutes of hygiene *~* 1939 (IH 39001) 2,762.49 2,762.49 FIELD SERVICE Salaries and Expenses of Staff 1938-39 (IH 37078, 38079) Salaries 13,879.79 491,000.00 488,343.22 Commutation 4,670.16 49,000.00 44,622.95 £ Travel 24,106.68 146,500.00 152,009.76 ^ 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT H — Continued n PRIOR 1939 1939 § DESIGNATIONS DESIGNATIONS PAYMENTS ^ FIELD SERVICE — Continued Q Salaries and Expenses of Staff — Continued ^ Medical examinations ...... $27178 #1,50000 31,125.45 W Field equipment and supplies...... 3,547.70 5,00000 2,473.86 $ Pamphlets and charts ...... 90322 7,00000 5,281.71 r Express, freight, and exchange ...... 65675 1,00000 12683 w Insurance and retirement allowances ..... 23,60148 57,00000 54,31414 ^ Bonding ...... 1,706 25 3,000 00 740 09 g Automobiles ...... 1,00000 ...... 3 Field office expenses ...... 2,26053 5,00000 2,63269 3 Director's Fund for Budget Revision (IH 34006, 36047) . . 5,169 00 ...... > Exchange Fund (IH 33052, 33077) ...... 21,52144 ...... H 31,522.079.84 32,200,000 00 31,961,739.95 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT I STATEMENT OF TRANSACTIONS RELATING TO INVESTED FUNDS STOCK DIVIDENDS RECEIVED SHARES LEDGER VALUE Standard Oil Co. (New Jersey) 27,218-166/200 g. H •—- ^ ADDITIONS TO LEDGER VALUE > AMOUNT Q Payments to Protective Committees added to cost of securities: fo 3274,000 Kansas City, Ft. Scott & Memphis Ry. Co. Refunding 4s/36. Advance of £4 per 31,000 bond. #1,096.00 g 75,000 New Orleans, Texas & Mexico Ry. Co. Non-Cumulative Income Scries "A" Ss/JS (C/D). w- Advance of #4 per31,000 bond 300.00 ^ 2,500,000 St. Louis-San Francisco Ry. Consolidated Mtg. Series "A" 4>£s/7S. Advance of $2 per W 31,000 bond 5,000.00 % 1,500,000 St.Louis,SanFranciscoRy.PriorLienSeries"A"4s/50.Advanceof32.50per31JOOObond.. 3,750.00 ^ H Payments for legal services added to cost of securities: #400,000 New York, Lake Erie& Western Docks & Improvement Co. 1st Extended Ss/43 516.75 1,918,500 St. Louis, Southwestern Ry. Gen. & Ref. Mtg. Series "A" 5s/90 120.00 310,782.75 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT I — Continued STATEMENT OF TRANSACTIONS RELATING TO INVESTED FUNDS — Continutd SECURITIES SOLD, REDEEMED, GIVEN IN PAYMENT or APPROPRIATIONS, AND EXCHANGED ^*~r\ LEDGER AMOUNT °° VALUE RECEIVED BONDS 315,000 Bethlehem Sted Corp. Cons. S. F. Series "E" 3%s/66, redeemed 315,860.31 215,150,00 -J 13,750 Calgary Protestant Public School District No. 19, Province of Alberta 5s/39, re- ^ deemed 11,687.50 13,750.00 „ 665,000 Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. Receivers' Equip. 5s/35-39 (Payment of 20%).. 130,672.50 133,000.00 O 9,000 Consolidation Coal Co. Notes Ss/50, sold 9,000.00 9,000.00 2 80,000 Illinois Central R. R. Equip, Series "M" 4^8/39, redeemed 78,800.00 80,000.00 W 200,000 The Ladede Gas Light Co, Ref. & Ext. Mtg. 5s/39, extended to Aprill, 1942 g 30,000 Pennsylvania R.R. Co. Gen. Equip. Trust Cert. Series "D"4>gs/39,redeemed 29,550.00 30,000.00 f 13,200 Phelps Dodge Corp. 3^s/52,redeemed 14,334.37 13,860.00 w 100,000 Southern Pacific Co. Equip. Series "I" 43^s/39,redeemed 98,500.00 100,000.00 *> 50,000 St. Louis-San Francisco Ry. Equip. Series "CC" 4s/39, redeemed 45,882.06 50,000.00 g 3432,286.74 3444,760.00 %^ O > STOCKS H Shares O 10,000 Manhattan Ry. Co. Modified Guaranteed 5% Stock (Stamped) deposited with *" Chemical Bank & Trust Co. and Certificate of Deposit received in exchange 3 3 8,000 South West Pennsylvania Pipe Lines (Par 350) exchanged for (Par 310) stock 10,900 Standard Oil Co. (New Jersey) given to American University of Beirut in part pay- ment of appropriation 368,556.75 499,601.50 3368,556.75 2499,601.50 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation DEDUCTION FROM LEDGER VALUE #1,750,000 Refund from Protective Committee used to adjust ledger value of: Interborough Rapid Transit Co. 1st fieRef . 5s/66 (This issue has again been deposited and Certificate of Deposit received in exchange) 217,500.00 317,500.00 3818,343.49 3961,861.50 Balance ...... 143,518.01* H --- - jo 3961,861.50 3961,861.50 > ===^======M cj RECONCILIATION $a W Ledger value of securities, December 31, 1938 ...... 3157,339,992.30 ^ Advances to Protective Committees and payments for legal services added to the ledger w value of securities ...... 10,782.75 * 3157,350,775.05 Deduct Ledger value of securities sold, redeemed, or given in payment of appropriation, etc ...... 3818,343 . 49 Balance used to write down ledger value, as above ...... 144,618.01 962,961 ,50 Ledger value of securities, December 31,1939 3156,387,813.55 * This balance of $143,S18,01, plus liquidating dividends of $S per share on 220 shares Chehalia & Pacific Land Co., or 81,100, resulting In a total of 8144,618.01. was used to write down the ledger valuation of $446,300 par value Chicago. Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific 5s/75 "A". 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT J 1* SCHEDULE OF SECURITIES ON DECEMBER 31, 1939 BONDS a INTEREST DATE OF FOUNDATION'S FOUNDATION'S W NAME AMOUNT RATE MATURITY LEDGER VALUE TOTAL Jtf PER CENT PER CENT LEDGER VALUE ^ 7*T?* W Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry, One Hun- *1 dred-year Adjustment Mortgage Gold W (Stamped) 4 July 1995 3420,000.00 75. 3315,000 00 P Baltimore & Ohio R.R. Refunding & Genera] W Mortgage Gold Series "A" 5 Dec. 1995 1 750,000 00 80 1,400,000 00 ^ **! Baltimore & Ohio R.R. Refunding & Genera] o Mortgage Series "F" 5 Mar. 1996 495,500.00 101 8848 504,839 38 3 2J Bethlehem Steel Corporation Consolidated O Sinking Fund Series "E" 3! Oct. 1966 816,000 00 92 4020758 754000 94 > Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Ry. jH— t Consolidated First Mortgage Gold 5 Apr. 1934 64,000 00 101 5625 65 000 00 2 Calgary Protestant Public School District No. Serially 19, Province of Alberta s June 2, 1940-48 71,000.00 85. 60,350 00 Chicago & Alton R.R. Refunding Mortgage Gold 3 Oct. 1949 551,000 00 65. 358,150 00 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Chicago City & Connecting Rys. Collatera Trust (Certificates of Deposit) 5 Jan. 1927 31,305,000.00 52. 3678,600.00 Chicago & Erie R.R. First Mortgage Gold .... 5 May 1982 156,000.00 93. 145,080.00 Chicago, Junction Rys. & Union Stockyards Co. Forty-year Mortgage and Collateral Re funding 5 Apr. 1940 500,000.00 93. 465,000.00 133 bonds @ Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. Receivers 3200 each or £» Equipment Gold Series "D" (80% paid) 5 Aug. 3936 26,600.00 91.25 24,272.50 £ 133 bonds @ «> Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. Receivers' 3400 each or Equipment Gold Scries "D" (60% paid). . . . 5 Aug. 1937 53,200.00 95.625 50,872.50 W 133 bonds @ SJ Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. Receivers' 3600 each or Equipment Gold Series "D" (40% paid) 5 Aug. 1938 79,800.00 97.0833 77,472.50 w 133 bonds @ o Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. Receivers' 3800 each or Equipment Gold Series "D" (20% paid) 5 Aug. 1939 106,400.00 97.8125 104,072.50 H Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry. Receivers' Equipment Gold Series "D" 5 Aug. 1940 133,000.00 98.25 130,672.50 Chicago, Milwaukee Si St. Paul Ry. General Mortgage Gold Series "C" 4--* tSt May 1989 500,000.00 103. 515,000.00 Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific R.R. Fifty-year Mortgage Series "A" 5 Feb. 1975 446,300.00 62.5962334 279,366.99 "^ 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT J—-Continued INTEREST FOUNDATION'S FOUNDATION'S NAME RATE DATE OF AMOUNT LEDGER VALUE ToTAt PER CENT MATURITY PEK CENT LEDGER VALUE 3 Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific R.R. !« O Convertible Adjustment Mortgage Series 0 "A" 5 Jan. 2000 21,785,200,00 40 80324109 2728,419 46 X Chicago Si North Western Ry. General Mort- W gage % 5 Nov. 1987 201,000 00 98.097 197,175.00 W ["• 500 bonds @ t-1 Chicago Rys. Co. First Mortgage Gold (25% 3750 each or W paid) (Certificates of Deposit) 5 Feb. 1927 375,000 00 96 360,000 00 ^ **j The Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Ry. Co. O First and Refunding Mortgage Gold 4 Apr. 1934 3,345,000.00 81.458204 2,724,776.93 3 2} The Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Ry. Co. O Ten-year Certificates of Indebtedness of the > Trustees 3i July 1947 609,300 00 100.9051386 614,815 01 w Chicago, St. Louis & New Orleans R.R. Con- solidated Mortgage Gold H June IS, 1951 200,000.00 66. 132,000.00 Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Ry. General Mortgage . 4 June 1993 700,000 00 83 89285 587,250 00 Cleveland Short Line Ry. First Mortgage Gold . 4i Apr. 1961 500,000.00 95. 475,000.00 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation • Consolidation Coal Co, Secured Notes 5 July 1950 #485,000. 00 100. 3485,000.00 Denver & Rio Grande R.R. First Consolidated 4 Jan. 1936 810,000 00 96.4238456 781,033.15 Denver & Rio Grande Western R.R. General Mortgage (Assented subject to plan) 5 Aug. 1955 574,000.00 59. 338,660.00 Edmonton School District No. 7 Debenture 5 Apr. 15, 1953 dated Feb. 1, 1937 4£ Feb. 1, 1967 350,000,00 81. 283,500.00 £j Erie R.R. General Mortgage Convertible Gold M Series "B".. 4 Apr. 1953 3,065,000 00 74.717586 795,742.30 £ 380,000 due a May 1 each !* Illinois Central R.R. Equipment Series "M". . 44 year 1940-41 160,000.00 98.5 157,600.00 P Illinois Central R.R. Refunding Mortgage Gold 4 Nov. 1955 1,233,000.00 S2.459S5 1,016,730.00 w* Illinois Central R.R. & Chicago, St. Louis, New *f Orleans R.R. Joint First Refunding Gold W Series "A" 5 Dec. 1963 1,000,000.00 90. 900,000.00 O Imperial Chinese Government Hu Kuang Rys. Sinking Fund Loan of 191 1 s June 15, 1975 £189,000 34. 321,300.00 Interborough Rapid Transit Co, First & Re- funding Mortgage Gold (Stamped) (Certifi- cate of Deposit) s Jan, 1966 $1,750,000.00 96.8571428 1,695,000.00 Kansas City, Fort Scott& Memphis Ry. Refund- ing Mortgage Gold 4 Oct. 1936 274,000.00 96. 155708 263,466.64 ^ ft 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT J—-Continued INTEREST FOUNDATION'S FOUNDATION'S NAME RATE DATE OF AMOUNT LEDGER VALUE TOTAL PER CENT MATURITY PER CENT LEDGER VALUE £« Kansas Ciry Southern Ry. Refunding & Im- & provement Mortgage Gold 5 Apr. 1950 3550,000 00 84. ?462,000 00 £ Kansas City Terminal Ry. First Mortgage Gold 4 Jan. 1960 500,000.00 75. 375,000.00 & The Laclede Gas Light Co. Refunding & Ex- W tension Mortgage Gold 5 Apr. 1942 200,000.00 102.3797 204,759.41 W f Lake Erie & Western R.R. Second Mortgage r1 Gold 5 July 1941 100,000.00 100. 100.000.00 S Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Ry. First Mortgage Gold 3i June 1997 926,000 00 87. 805,620.00 o Louisville & Nashville-Southern Ry. Monon cj Collateral Joint Fifty-year Gold 4 July 19S2 775,000 00 72. 558,000.00 § Mexico, Republic of, Consolidated External Loan, Series "C" (Assenting bonds) 5 June 1945 343,380.00 35.0515463 120,360.00 3 Class "A" Certificates for Interest in arrears 150,228.75 6. 9,013.73 § Missouri-Kansas-Texas R.R. Prior Lien Gold Series "A" 5 Jan. 1962 331,250.00 78.5 260,031.25 Missouri-Kansas-Texas R.R. Prior Lien Gold Series "B" » 4 Jan. 1962 331,250.00 64.5 213,656.25 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Morris & Essex R.R. First Refunding Mortgage Gold 3i Dec. 2000 2175,000.00 82 75 3144,812.50 Mutual Fuel Gas Co. First Mortgage Gold. . . 5 Nov. 1947 250,000.00 100. 250,000.00 National Rys. of Mexico Prior Lien Fifty-year Sinking Fund (Assenting bonds) 44 July 1957 350,000.00 13. 45,500.00 Secured 6% Notes for coupon due January 1,1914 Jan. 1933 1,125.00 59. 663.75 _, National Rys. of Mexico Certificates Scries "A" Interest in arrears 47,857.50 5.50 2,632 16 £ National Rys. of Mexico Certificates Series in "B" Interest in arrears 94,500.00 .50 472.50 % New Orleans, Texas & Mexico Ry, Non-Cumu- M lative Income Gold Series "A" (Certificates •s* of Deposit) 5 Oct. 1935 75,000.00 99.45 74,587.52 £ New York Central R.R. 10 year Secured Sink- ing Fund 31 Apr. 1946 979,000.00 97.948125 958,912.11 5 O3 New York Connecting R.R. First Mortgage ft Gold Series' "A" 4J Aug. 1953 500,000.00 95.69073 478,453.65 H New York, Lake Erie & Western Docks & Im- provement Co. First Extended Gold 5 July 1943 400,000.00 90. 1291875 360,516.75 Northern Pacific Ry. Refunding & Improve- ment Mortgage Gold Series " A " July 2047 1,390,000.00 85.04676 1,182,150.00 Northwestern Elevated R.R. First Mortgage Gold 5 Sept. 1941 500,000.00 70. 350,000.00 "^ On 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT J — Continued .._,.. .^ INTEREST FOUNDATION'S FOUNDATION'S ON NAME RATE DATE OF AMOUNT LEDGER VALUE TOTAL PER CENT MATURITY PER CENT LEDGER VALUE tt 330,000 due M Pennsylvania R.R. General Equipment Trust May 15 each Certificates Series "D" year 1940-41 360,000.00 98.5 359,100.00 o Pennsylvania R.R. General Mortgage Gold O Series "A" 41 June 1965 1,500,000.00 98.25 1,473,750.00 M Phelps Dodge Corporation Convertible De- benture , June 15, 1952 134,200.00 108.59375 145,732.82 £ Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co. Re- r funding Mortgage Sinking Fund Gold • 5 Jan. 1973 167,000.00 94.252347 157,401.42 % Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Ry. Consolidated Mortgage Gold Series "I". ... Aug. 1963 500,000.00 103. 515,000.00 ° Public Service Corporation of New Jersey Per- petual Interest Bearing Certificates 6 550,000.00 84. 462,000.00 O Raleigh & Gaston R.R. First Mortgage Gold -} Fifty-year (Certificates of Deposit) 5 Jan. 1947 250,000.00 95. . 237,500.00 o Reading Co. General & Refunding Mortgage Gold Series "A" 4i Jan. 1997 333,000.00 94.25 313,852.50 $50,000 due St. Louis-San Francisco Ry. Equipment Gold May 15 each Series "CC" 4 year 1940-43 200,000.00 90.41364 180,827.28 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation St. Louis-San Francisco Ry. Prior Lien Golc Series "A" 4 July 1950 31,500,000 00 73 £1,095,000 00 St. Louis-San Francisco Ry. Consolidated Mort- gage Gold Series "A" 44 Mar. 1978 2,500,000.00 14 2 355,000 00 St. Louis Southwestern Ry. General & Refund- ing Mortgage Gold Series "A " 5 July 1990 1,918,500 00 66 798999 1,281,538 80 3100,000 due Southern Pacific Co. Equipment Gold Series June 1 each "J" year 1940-41 200,000 00 98 5 197,000.00 _j Southern Pacific Co. — Central Pacific Stock Collateral Gold 4 Aug. 1949 100,000 00 76. 76,000.00 ^ Southern Pacific R.R. First Refunding Mort- gage Gold 4 Jan. 1955 100,000 00 86. 86,000.00 ^ Standard Oil Co. (New Jersey) Twenty-five W 3 year Debentures June 1961 15 000,000 00 98 14,700,000 00 ^(/} Tennessee Coal, Iron & R.R. Co. General Mort- gage 5 July 1951 400,000 00 92. 368,000.00 pj United Electric Co. of New Jersey First Mort- o gage Gold 4 June 1949 500,000 00 72, 360,000.00 ja United States of America Treasury Notes, Se- ries "A" dated June 15, 1937 II Mar. 15, 1942 5,000,000.00 100.206562 5,010,328.13 Wabash R.R. Second Mortgage Gold s Feb. 1939 120,000.00 97,8 117,360.00 Washington Ry, & Electric Co. Consolidated Mortgage Gold 4 Dec. 1951 450,000.00 83,5 375,750.00 Western Pacific R.R. First Mortgage Gold Series "A" (Assenting) 5 Mar. 1946 200,800.00 83. 166,664.00 "^ TOTAL BONDS 353,476,164.87 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT J — Continued + c\ MISCELLANEOUS STOCKS NUMBER FOUNDATION'S FOUNDATION'S NAME or LEDGER VALUE TOTAL a-j SHARES PER SHARE LEDGER VALUE w # o American Telephone & Telegraph Co. Capital 5,400 3182 9171296 2987,752 50 o Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. 5% Non-Cumulative Preferred 5,000 98 25 w 491,250.00 w Atlanta Birmingham & Coast R.R. 5% Guaranteed Cumulative Preferred. . 4,062 94. 381,828,00 w^ Bethlehem Steel Corp. (Delaware) 7% Cumulative Preferred 400 129.07367 51,629.47 f The Buckeye Pipe Line Co, Capital (Par $50) 49,693 62.767S873 3,119,109.72 r Central National Bank of Cleveland Common (Par 320) 8,482 32.114764 272,397.43 w Chehalis & Pacific Land Co. Capital 220 1 00 Chicago City & Connecting Rys. Participation Certificates Preferred (Cer- tificates of Deposi t) (No par) 17,530 1 00 Chicago City & Connecting Rys. Participation Certificates, Common (No nar) r *" ' • 10,518 1 00 § Chicago & Eastern Illinois Ry. 6% Cumulative Preferred 3,000 5, 15,000.00 Cleveland Arcade Co. Capital 2.500 98.62222 246,555.56 Cleveland Trust Co. Capital 638 192 22824 122,641 62 Colorado & Southern Ry, 4% First Non-Cumulative Preferred 4,800 54. 259,200.00 Consolidated Edison Co. of New York, Inc. 25 Cumulative Preferred (No nar) 13,333 91.75 1,223,302.76 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Consolidated Edison Co. of New York, Inc. Common. ... 22,200 345 260923 31,004,792 50 Consolidation Coal Co. Rights to purchase Common Stock . 5,875 Continental Oil Co. (Delaware) Capital (Par $5) ... . 60,627 11 15222 676,125.70 Denver & Rio Grande Western R.R. 6% Cumulative Preferred 3,280 5 16,400.00 Eureka Pipe Line Co. Capital (Par £50) 12,357 45. 556,065 00 Illinois Central R.R. 6% Non-Cumdative Preferred " A " 2,857 15 50 44,283 50 Illinois Central R.R. Common . . 4,070 9 625 39,173 75 Indiana Pipe Line Co. Capital (Par 310) 74,535 11 7 872,059 50 International Harvester Co. 7% Cumulative Preferred 45,721 115 5,257,915 00 M > International Nickel Co. of Canada, Ltd. Common 30,600 65.139 1,993,253 40 00 Interstate Natural Gas Co, Inc. Capital (No par) . . . 33,763 14 958453 505,042.25 c! V Kanawha & Hocking Coal & Coke Co. 7% Cumulative Preferred . . . 202 20. 4,040 00 W Kanawha & Hocking Coal & Coke Co. Common. ... 668 4. 2,672 00 Kennecott Copper Corporation Capital (No par) . . 33,100 59 780393 1,978,731 03 Manhattan Ry. Capital (Modified Guarantee) (Certificate of Deposit) 10,000 60 600,000.00 w Middle West Corporation Capital (Par $5) 68,351 92 9 75 666,431.22 Xf Missouri-Kansas-Texas R.R. 7% Cumulative Preferred "A" .... 10,499 41 982284 440,772 00 o National Fuel Gas Co. Capital (No par) .... 847,060 7.75 6,564,715 00 National/Transit Co. Capital (Par 312.50) .. 126,481 12 7 1,606,308 70 New York Transit Co. Capital (Par 35) 24,784 6 5 161,096 00 Northern Pipe Line Co. Capital (Par 310) . . 27,000 8 3333 225,000.00 The Ohio Oil Co. Non- Voting Cumulative 6% Preferred 10,500 103 5 1,086,750 00 The Ohio Oil Co. Common (No par value) 94,684 35.375 3,349,446 50 Pere Marquette Ry. Cumulative 5% Preferred 5,740 49.6600627 285,048 76 ON Phelps Dodge Corporation Capital (Par 325) ... 37,600 52 7167925 1,982,151 40 VD 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation EXHIBIT J — Continued NUMBER FOUNDATION'S FOUNDATION'S o NAME OP LEDGER VALUE TOTAL SHARES PER SHARE LEDGER VALUE -3 X Provident Loan Society of New York 6% Certificates (Principal Amount) 2266,000 100% 2266,000.00 w Southern Pipe Line Co. Capital (Par 210) 24 845 f, 7? 9* South West Pennsylvania Pipe Lines, Capital (Par 310) . 8000 37 5 •^ on nnn nn O Standard Oil Co. (California) Capital (No par) O 60967 17 2? 1 fiCI AGfi 7C W Standard Oil Co. of Indiana, Capital (Par $25) .... 691 140 78 Qn IQ 071 SUMMARY 253,476,164.87 Miscellaneous Stocks ...... 102,911,648.68 TOTAL 2156,387,813.55 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation HASKINS & SELLS CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS 67 BROAD STREET, NEW YORK ACCOUNTANTS* CERTIFICATE THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION: We have examined the balance sheet of The Rockefeller Foundation as of December 31, 1939, and the related sum- maries and schedules of funds, appropriations, and invest- ment securities for the year 1939, have reviewed the system of internal control and the accounting procedures of the Foundation, and have examined or tested its accounting records and other supporting evidence by methods and to the extent we deemed appropriate. The investment securities at December 31, 1939, were counted by us and the cash balances were confirmed to us by the depositaries. No effect has been given in the accompanying state- ments to accrued income not received or to expenditures made from advance accounts not reported in time to be recorded when the books were closed as of December 31, '939- In our opinion, subject to the foregoing, the accompany- ing balance sheet and related summaries and schedules of funds, appropriations, and investment securities, fairly present the financial condition of The Rockefeller Founda- tion at December 31, 1939, and the results of its operations for the year ended that date, in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles followed by the Foundation on a basis consistent with that of the preceding year. HASKINS £ SELLS New York, March 25, 1940. 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INDEX 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INDEX AARHUS, University of, Post- Studies of sylvatic plague, 32, graduate School of Nursing, 142,447 152 Albuquerque, New Mexico, 427 Accountants' Certificate, 471 Aldrich, Winthrop W., viii, ix, 81 Addis, Thomas, 404 American Association of Schools Administration, 379,385, 395, 434 of Soc!ai Work> Pittsburgh, Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti Mos- Pennsylvania^^ quitoes, 26, 27, 31 American Book Review Digest, 313 Africa American Coordinating Commit- Local health services, 415, 448 tee» see Council on Foreien Malaria control and investiga- Relations, International ttonsi-mtic, tfi»i , 32,11501 Tir, AV4377 _ Studies Conference Studies of intestinal parasites, American Council on Education, 436 Washington, D. C., 329 Travel and training grants, 148 American Council of Learned So- Yellow fever studies, 28, 31, 32, aeties, Washington, D. C. 92,109-111,443 Cataloguing American collec- Stt a/so names of cities, coun- tions of Cjlinese an^ JaP»- tries, and institutions nese bo°Mi &* African Linguistics, w Jnterna- Comniittte on Latin American tional Institute of, and Lon- Studies»6o don, University of, School Far Eastern swdies' 4^8 of Oriental Studies Fellowships, planning commit- Agora Museum, Athens, Greece, ,tees> and foreign ^tivities, 431 60, 69-70,76,347-349,394, Aguas de Moura, Portugal, 119 /-. , • •• ,. , General activities, 430 Alabama rr »/./•/• ^ „ ... . , , , , . . Handbook of Latttt American Public health administration, „ ,. ' g „ v.44 ,. American Culture, Studies of, Rab.es studieSj 30,120-130, 440 Amefjcan Fj]m ^ , ' Alabama, University of, 4co york ^^ a Alaska, 93 m 43? Albania American Geographical Society, Local health departments, 135, jsjew yorfc c;ty 449 f _ Millionth map of Hispanic Malaria control and investiga- America 418 tions, 32, 118-119,437 American Institute of Physics, Travel and training grants, 148 New York City, 413 Albany, New York, TOO American Institute of Public Opin- AJberta, Province of, Canada ion, New York City, 344 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INDEX American Library Association, growth studies, 42,211-213, Chicago, Illinois 390,406 Catalogue of Bibliotheque Na- Andrews, D. H., 221, 222 tionale, 425 Anemia, 32,133, 436 Committee on Internationa] Re- Animals, Use of, in Study of lations, 59, 311-313, 393, Virus Diseases, 93, 94, 95, 425 101, 102, 103,104,105, ni Library cooperation with Latin Ankara, Turkey, 152, 450, 452 America, 60, 331-333, 393, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 410 425 Anopheles Mosquitoes, 18-23, 9i- Preparation of Union List of 93, 113-117, 119, 120, 439 Serials, 60, 313-315, 393, Anthropology, 290, 291 425 Appleget, Thomas B., viii, ix, 81 American Mathematical Society, Applications Declined during 1939, New York City ?6~77 Expenses of 1940 International Appropriations Account, Summary Congress of Mathemati- of, 83 cians, 412 Appropriations, Authorizations, and International Review Journal Pledges, Summary of (Ex- of Mathematics, 44, 245- hibit D), 387 146, 247,391, 412 Appropriations Made during 1939, American National Committee on 6-9, 20,389-434 International Intellectual Argentina Cooperation, see National Fellowships and research aid Committee of the United funds, 147, 199, 340, 341, States of America on In- 353 ternational Intellectual Co- Respiratory virus research, 441 operation Arkansas, 136 American School of Classical Asia, see names of cities, countries, Studies at Athens, Greece, and institutions 76, 431 Asker, Norway, 180,389, 397 American Schools of Oriental Re- Associated Boards for Christian search, Baghdad, Iraq, and Colleges in China, New Jerusalem, Palestine, 431 York City, 72, 362, 374- American Statistical Association, 375, 394,432 Washington, D. C., 421 Association of Reserve City Bank- American University, Washing- ers, Chicago, Illinois, 56, ton, D. C., 416 270, 271 American University of Beirut, Association of School Film Li- Lebanon, 405,421 braries, New York City, Amherst College 329 Research in genetics and ex- Athens, Greece, 119, 431, 452 perimental embryology and Atlanta, Georgia, 433 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INDEX 477 Austin, Texas, 424 Bengal Presidency, India Australia, 93, 273, 290, 292, 402 Local heaJth services, 145-146, Austria 450 Grants in aid, 244,353,355 Berkeley, California, 33,186, 390, Local health services, 135, 449 391,392,400,403,409,418, Tuberculosis studies, 442 423,454 Austrian Institute for Trade Cycle Berkshire Music Center, see Boston Research, Vienna, 414 Symphony Orchestra Authors' League of America, Inc., Be'rlin, Germany, 58 New York City, 76,428,430 Berne, Switzerland, 310, 393, 426 Berne, University of, 409 BAGHDAD, Iraq, 431 Bevier, George, 86 Bailey, Charles A., 86 Bibliothe'que Narionale, Paris, Balance Sheet (Exhibit A), 382- France, 58,425,427 383 Biblioth£que pour Tous, Berne, Balfour, Marshall C, 86, 358 Switzerland Balkans, The, 437 Book purchases and develop- Baltimore, Maryland, 131, 132, ment of regional services, 133, *5°> J6l> J9a> *97> 59>31°-3iI>393>426 389> 39°» 39l* 398> 4°3> 404, Biology, Experimental, 6, 40, 209- 405> 40?j 4i3, 436,439, 440, 240,390,406-4:2 442,452, 455 Birmingham, Alabama, 129, 130 Banting Institute, Toronto, Can- Bodleian Library, see under Ox- ada, 38 ford, University of Banting, Sir Frederick, 177 Bogota*, Colombia, 31,106 Barber, M. A., 19 Bohr, Niels, 10 Bar Harbor, Maine, 409 Bolivia, 31 Barlow, Claude H., 86 Bombay, India, 145,451 Barnard, Chester I., ix Bond, Earl D., 166 Bates, Marston, 86 Bond, Thomas, 164 Bauer, Johannes H., 86 Booklist, 313 Bayne-Jones, Stanhope, viii, ix, Boston, Massachusetts, 91, 163} 8M6 i93» 19$, 37*. 389> 39^ Seal, George J., viii, ix, Si 399, 402, 428, 454 Bedford Hills, New York, 100 Boston City Hospital, 178, 180, Beeuwkes, Henry, 86 398 Beirut, University of, see American Boston State Hospital, 38, 177- University of Beirut 179,399 Belgium, 148, 183, 199, 203, 244, Boston Symphony Orchestra 280,389,397,400,415 Berkshire Music Center, 69, Belknap, Chauncey, viii, ix, 81 345~347j 394. 43l Bellevue Hospital, New York City, Boston University, 397 124 Boulder, Colorado, 430 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 478 • INDEX Boulder County, Colorado, 136 Research in genetics, experi- Boyd, Mark R, 86 mental embryology, and Brazil growth problems, 42, 218- Anopheles gambiae control, 439 219, 390, 406 Fellowships, 147,341 Brush Foundation, Cleveland, Malaria control and investiga- Ohio, 402 tions, 18-23, 32> 9a> n5> Brussels, Belgium, 397 117,439 Brussels, University of Nursing education, 453 Research in neurophyslology Yellow fever control and investi- and endocrinology, 10, 38, gations, 26-32, 94,444 J 83-184, 389,400 Yellow fever virus and vaccina- Bucharest, Rumania, 152, 396, tion studies, 94-96,105-111 397,450, 453 Bremer, Fr€denc, 183,184 Buchman, E. R., 224 British Broadcasting Corporation, Budapest, Hungary, 33, iai, 122, London, England, 66 152,452 British Columbia, Canada Buffalo Museum of Science, 426 Division of Epidemiology. Study Buffalo,New York, 67,303,393,425 of sylvatic plague and Buffalo, University of, 304 Rocky Mountain spotted Bugher, John C., 86 fever, 32,142, 447 Building and Equipment Fund, Local health services, 144,448 Statement of (Exhibit E), British Columbia, University of 388 152, 453 Bulgaria British Guiana Fellowships, 242, 290 Malaria control and investiga- Local health services, 135 tions, 32,118,439 Malaria control and investiga- Yellow fever control, 31, 444 tions,437 British Imperial Relations Trust, Public health education, 34,152, see National Film Society of 452 Canada Also, 416 British Museum, London, 58, 426 Burke, Alexander W., 86 Broadcasting, see Radio Burr, George O., 41, 227-228 Brookings Institution, Washing- Burns-Meyer, Harold, 306, 307 ton, D. C, Business Cycle Research, 259, General research program, 55, 282-283, 292 259s 271-272, 392, 420 Bwamba, Uganda, 109, in Brown University Aid to microfilm photographic CAIRO, Egypt, 120 laboratory and to mathe- California matics library, 44, 246-247, Influenza studies, 33, 121, 123, 391,412 441 Mathematical Reviews, 245 Syphilis studies, 32,133, 442 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INDEX 479 Also, 68,390, 394,404,405,407, Public health and nursing edu- 422, 425, 428, 429 cation, 152,448,451, 453 California Institute of Technology Provincial and local health serv- Development of natural sciences, ices, 33, 135, 141, 143, 144, including buildings and 445,447,448, 451 equipment, 413 Tuberculosis studies, 32 Development of organic chem- Also, 54, 67, 273, 313, 328, 389, istry in relation to biological 393,399,401,408,422,428, problems, 223-224,390,406 429>434 California, University of See also names of cities, institu- Bureau of Public Administra- ti°ns, and provinces tion, 57, 260, 285-286, 392, Canadian Institute of Interna- 4ig tional Affairs, Toronto Completing essential equipment General budget, 55, 260, 274- of Radiation Laboratory, 276,392,418 409 Cantril, Hadley, 344 Cyclotron research, 42, 233-235, Cape Breton District Health De- 391, 409 partment, Canada, 144 Division of Nursing, 34, 152,454 Caribbean Area Institute of Experimental Biol- Local health services, 33, 135, ogy. Studies in endocrinol- 445> 447> 449 ogy, 39,186-187,390,403 Malaria control and investiga- Institute of Social Sciences, 423 *i°ns, 436 Support of child guidance, 400 Public health and nursing edu- Also, 33 cation, 453. 454 Cambridge, England, 371,409 Tuberculosis studies, 128, 442 Cambridge, Massachusetts, 390, Yellow fever studies, 443 392» 393> 394> 398? 402,404, ^fe a^° naines of cities and 407,412,413,417,419,422, islands 426, 427,429, 431 CarJsberg Foundation, Copen- Cambridge, University of hagen, Denmark, 406 Department of Experimental Carnegie Corporation of New - Medicine, 400 York, 245 Department of Experimental Carnegie Institution, Boston, Psychology, 400 Massachusetts, 371 Molteno Institute of Parasitol- Carolina Art Association, Charles- ogy, 112,409, 438 ton, South Carolina, 424 Canada Carr, Henry P., 86 Fellowships, grants in aid, and Carter, Joseph C., 86 travel grants, 147, 148,149, Castle, William E., 218, 219 199, 200,201, 203, 242, 244, Catalogue of Printed Books, see 290, 291, 340, 341 British Museum 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 480 INDEX Catholic University of America, Malaria control and investiga- Washington, D. C. tions, 112,439 Teaching and research inpsychi- Psychiatric teaching and re- atry and child guidance, 38, search, 400 187-188,389, 397 Research in the humanities, 393, Causey, Ottis R., 86 4j2 Central America, 33,277,443,445, Research in surface chemistry, 447 409 Ste also names of cities and School of Social Service Admin- r C°Srt A »!•• istration, 57, *83-284,418, Centre d Etudes de Pohtique ,3- &range-re, Paris, France, Studies in molecular spectra, 42, a73> 418 237-23 8,391,409 Centre Neurologique de Bruxelles, cm Psychiatry> 3?> ,3^,, Belgium, 397 m ^ Ceylon, 147 Chad Re^ch Council of Denver, Chan, Shau Wing, 336 Colorado "Changing Financial Require- Psychological studies, 39, 18*- ments of American Busi- g g „ >t nH. y> o •" o?/ n, Tr.7 Chile, 147,340,34i Changsha, China, 71 ^ Universit of Chapel fill, North Carolina, 423) Development of a central H. 4.2C i ™ • u • i M n i brary> ^33-334,393,4«7 Chanty Hospital, New Orleans, pr- Louisiana 173 Agricultural program, 361, 367- Charleston, South Carolina, 424 g Charlottesville, Virginia, 392,411, Appropriations and payments r. 413,418,424 for china program, 8, 72, Chatham House, London, Eng- 36*. 379,38* 394-395,43*- land, 273, 274 434 Cheeloo University, Chengtu, Education and rural reconstruc- China>374 don, 8,70, 361-366 Chemistry in Relation to Biology, Emergency funds, 362, 373-374, 22o^33 395,432 Chengtu, China, 71, 367, 368, 370 Fellowships and grants in aid, 71, Chicago Area Project, 397 ?2> ?fi> aoi> 34O) ^ 37I_ Chicago, Illinois, 169, 393, 397, 372,395,432 398> 399> 4or, 420, 425, 428 Program, 70-73,357-375 Chicago, University of public health and medical edu- Biological research, 391, 409 cation, 369-370 Far Eastern studies, 430 Research and developmental Local community research, 423 aid, 362,372,395, 433 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INDEX 481 Staff conducting China program Cold Spring Harbor, New York, in *939> 358 43* 2I3> 39°> 4°8 Also, 58, 405,426, 429, 454 College de France, Paris, 407 See also names of cities, mstitu- College of William and Mary, tions, and provinces 288 China Medical Board, Inc., New Collins, Ralph K., 86 York City Colombia Maintenance of Peiping Union Fellowships, 147 Medical College, 73 Yellow fever investigations and Paleontological research in Asia, vacdnarionstudies,3J, 105- 412 106,444 Chinese Farm Economy, 367 Colorado, 136,389,397 Chinese Language, Culture, and Colorado, University of History, see Far Eastern Far Eastern studies, 430 Studies and Institute of School of Medicine. Psychologi- Pacific Relations cal studies, 38, 166, 169, Chinese Mass Education Move- 188-190, 389, 401 ment, see Chinese National Columbia, Missouri, 414, 391, 410 Association of the Mass Columbia University Education Movement Books and teaching materials in Chinese Ministry of Education, Far Eastern languages, 429 Nanking, China Japanese studies, 337-338, 394, Commission on Medical Educa- 429 tion, 71,370-371,395,432 Research in Departments of Bio- Chinese National Association of chemistry and Urology, 407 the Mass Education Move- Research in endocrinology, 402 ment, 71,363,364-365,371, Research in nutrition, 407 394,432 Research on problems of me- Chungking, China, 71,368,370 tabolism, 407 Cincinnati, University of, 400 Research in the social sciences, Claremont, California, 429 421 Claremont Colleges Studies of the common cold, 32, Far Eastern studies, 68, 337, 121-122,441 394,4^8 Also, 191,270,335 Cleveland, Ohio, 302, 394, 402, Columbia University. College of 424,425,430,454 Physicians and Surgeons Cleveland Playhouse, 303 Study of constitutional aspects Closcpet Health Unit, Mysore, of disease, 40,389,397 India, 145 Teaching and research in psy- Cobb, Stanley, 163 chiatry and neurology, 98- Coggeshall, Lowell T., 86 99,170-171,186,389, 397 Cold, Common, 32, 99, 103, 121, Also, 153 44' Columbus, Ohio, 403 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 482 INDEX Commission on Graduate Medical Compton, Karl T., ix Education, New York City, Connecticut, 190, 389, 390, 391, 404 398, 402, 403, 412, 414, Commission on Interracial Coop- 420,424,425, 430 eration, Atlanta, Georgia, "Consumer Credit and Installment 433 Financing," 470 Commission on Medical Educa- Control and Investigation of don, China, see Chinese Specific Diseases and De- Ministry of Education ficiendes, 34, 105-134, 436- Committee on Copyright, see 444 National Committee on In- Copenhagen, Denmark, 406, 413, ternational Intellectual Co- 419, 422 operation Copenhagen, University of Committee on Drug Addiction, Institute of Human Genetics, see under National R esearch 405 Council Research on inheritance in rela- Committee on Effects of Radia- tion to blood groupings, 406 tion on Living Organisms, Special research in biological see under National Research problems, 10, 409 Council Cornell University, Ithaca, New Committee on International Re- York lations, see under American Cooperation in influenza studies, Library Association IOO Committee on Latin American Far Eastern studies, 429 Studies, see under American Research in biochemistry, 407 Council of Learned Societies Research in nutrition, 407 Committee on Neighborhood Health ^ of ^ behayior jn rela_ Development, see M»Ar New tion w neurQ York City „, , . , i- • -n LI- A j • • Work in drama, 424 Committee on Public Admmistra- . tion, see under Social Science „ S° ,, . . .., ,. , „ , Research Council Corndl Umwwty Medical Col- Committee for Research in Prob- leSe> New YorkLClt>L , , lems of Sex, see under Na- Department of Public Health tional Research Council and Preventive Medicine, Committee on Scientific Aids to 4°3 Learning, see wwfcrNational Stlldies of the Blands of internal Research Council secretion, 404 Committee on Social Security, Tuberculosis studies, 125,443 see under Social Science Re- Corvallis, Oregon, 408 search Council Costa Rica Commonwealth Fund, New York Local health services, 135, 445, City, 163,189 449 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INDEX 483 Malaria control and investiga- lie health and preventive tions, 32, 116,436 medicine, 403 Public health laboratory, 447 Training and research in public Travel and training grants, 148 administration, 416 Tuberculosis studies, 32,128,442 Dartmouth College, 404 Council on Foreign Relations, New Debevoise, Thomas M., viii, ix, York City 81 International Studies Confer- Delhi, Province of, India, 145,451 ence, 275, 419,410 Denmark Research programs, 57,260,272- Fellowships, grants in aid, and 274,392> 4*9 travel grants, 147, 203, 24i, Countries Aided by Rockefeller 242,244,290,292,313 Foundation Funds, 8,9,32, Public health and nursing edu- 76> 135> *99> 29° cation,34,152,453 County Council, Lund, Sweden, Also, 405, 406, 409, 413,419, 179 422 Covington, Platt W., 86 Dental Medicine, see Medicine, Cracow, Poland, 423 Dental Cracow, University of, 12 Denver, Colorado, 39, 188, 389, Crawford, Porter J., 86 399, 401 Crowell, F. Elisabeth, 86 Dikemark Mental Hospital, Asker, Cuba Norway, 38, 180-181, 389, Fellowships and training grants, 397 147, 148 District Health Department, East- Local health services, 135,449 ern Ontario, Canada, 144 Malaria control, investigations, Dock Street Theatre, see Carolina and surveys, 32,116, 437 Art Association Cuernavaca, Mexico, 152 Dodds,Harold W., viii, ix, 81,82 Cultural Exchange, see Far Eastern Dolman, John, 303 Studies, Humanities, Latin Domagk, Gerhard, 17 American Studies Douglas, Lewis W,, viii, 5x, 81, 82 Cyclotron, 42,233-237, 411 Drama, 66, 67, 300, 302-309, 339, Cyprus 340,393,424-425 Fellowships, 147 Dramatists' Guild, New York Malaria control, 32, 437 City, 300 Czechoslovakia Draper, George, 40, 170 Aid for deposed scholars, 353, Dulles, John Foster, viii, ix, 81 355 Durazzo, Albania, 119 Fellowships, 147, 241 Dutch Economic Institute, Rot- Nursing education, 152,397 terdam, Netherlands, 55, 259,280-281,392,414 DALHOUSIE Universi ty Dyer, Brian R., 86 Development of teaching in pub- Dynastic Histories, 335 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 484 INDEX EARLE, Walter C., 86 Providence, Rhode Island, East, The 398 Local health services, 135, 446, Endocrinology, 160, 182-187, 199> 448, 450-4P 200, 202, 390, 402-403 Malaria control and investiga- England tions, 437, 439 Fellowships and grants in aid, Public health education, 451 242, 243, 244, 290, 291 , 292, East Harlem Nursing and Health 341 Service, New York City, 153 Also, 93, 1 12, 181, 203, 283, 389, Eastern Health District, Haiti- 391, 392, 399, 401, 403, more, Maryland, 131, 132, 408,409,410,414,416,420, 133> i S°> * 92-~I93 4« > 4^2, 423, 426, 427, 429, Eaton, Monroe D., 87 432> 438 £cole Centrale des Arts et Manu- See also names of cities and in- factures, Paris, France, n stitutions £cole Normale Superieure, Paris, Entebbe, Uganda, 32, 109 France, n Epidemiology, Divisions of, see Economic Facts ,367 under Public Health Work Economic Research, 259, 266-272, Escambia County, Florida, 113 279-281 Espirito Santo, State of, Brazil, 30 Economic Statistical Monthly Re- Euler> H*ns von, 411 wVw,28i Europe Economic Weekly,^ Fellowships and grants in aid, Ecuador, 25 *9*> aol> ^02,203, 412 Edinburgh, University of, 4oi TInfluf "za "^ .! 21 ' Edward Mallinckrodt Institute of Local health semces' Radiology, 237 448*449 Malana control and mvestiga- i j • • • r tons, 437 Control and investigation of Schools and institutes of hygiene intestinal parasites, 32, 133, and ^ 152,452 Division of Sanitary Engineer- Schools of nursing) mg,44» Special research aid fund, 395, Local health services, 445 .-_ Malaria control and investiga- Tuberculosis studies, 442 rions, 32, 1 20, 437 yellow fever studieSj 443 EidgenSssischc Technische Hoch- Also, 54, 58, 93, 180 schule, Zurich, Switzerland, $M al$0 names of cities, coun- 4°7 tries, and institutions Eire, 3 13, 341 Evans, Herbert M., 186, 187 Elmendorf, John E., 87 Evanston, Illinois, 425 Emma Pendleton Bradley Home, Exchange Fund, 433, 456 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INDEX 485 FAHS, Charles F., 337 Films, 66-67, 299> 3°°, 322/ 325~ Far Eastern Studies 330, 339, 340, 393, 427-428 Chinese language, culture, and Finland, 9, 59, 147, 148, 199, 242, history, 66, 68, 301, 334-338, 292,313,401 394,428,429,430 * First National Midwifery School, Fellowships and grants in aid, Peiping, China, 454 339» 34° Flahiff, Edward W., 87 Japanese language, history, and Flanagan, Hallie, 309 culture, 301, 336-338, 394, Fleming, William L., 87 428,430 Flint Goodridge Hospital, New See also American Council of Orleans, Louisiana, 173 Learned Societies, Humani- Florida, 43, 1 13, 251, 253, 414, 439 ties, and Institute of Pacific Florida State Hospital, Chatta- Relations hoochee, 1 13 Federal Reserve Board, 270 Foiling, Asbjorn, 1 80 Federal Theatre, wVassar College Fondation Rothschild, Paris, Fellowships France, 407 In the humanities, 76, 300, 302, FgreiffJ ^.^ ^ 340-341,347-348,394,430 Foreign Policy Association, New In the medical sciences, 76, 160, york Q J62-I63, 166, 186, 198-20!, D ^ of p lar IT n th,e naturail sciences• , 76,, 241- T . >. , , ' ' Latin American Information In public he'ahh and nursing, 75, Service' 146-150,396 „ In the social sciences, 76, 272, Reseal'ch Dement, 41 9 289-292, 393, 421 Also> 275 Under China program, 71, 72, Forman Sc.hools' Litchfield, Con- 76,371-372,395,432 necticut Set also American Council of Stu 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 486 INDEX Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Grants in aid Canada, 144 In the humanities, 338-340,394, Freeman, A. W., 131 431 Freeman, Douglas S., viii, ix, 81, In the medical sciences, 160, 8a 001-203,390,404 Freiburg, University of, 401 In the natural sciences, 243-244, Fukien Christian University, 391,412 Shaowu, China, 374 In the social sciences, 260-261, Fulton-Montgomery Health Dis- 292-293,392,420, 422 trict, New York, 144 Under China program, 71,72 Funds Available for Commitment, See also Europe, Research Aid 380,385 Funds, and Social Science Funds, Invested, Statement of Research Council Transactions Relating to Great Britain, 9, 40, 58, 76, 184, (Exhibit I), 457-459 J99> *>3» a4*> 279-280,290, 3*3, 340 GALTON Laboratory, see under See also names of cities and in- London, University of stitutions Gasser, Herbert S., viii, ix, 81,82 Greece General Education Board, 154, Fellowships, 147,290,431 183,337 Local health services, 33, 135, Genetics,42,214-219 449 Geneva, Canton of, Switzerland Malaria control and investiga- Department of Public Instruc- tions, 32,119,438 tion,4i8 Museum for objects excavated Geneva Research Center, Switzer- at the Agora, 431 land, 414,419 Public health education, 452 Geneva, Switzerland, 396,405,420, Green, Paul, 303 429 Greene, Jerome D., viii, 81 Georgia,433 ^ Gregg, Alan, viii, ix, 81,156 Germany, 16, <$, 199, 201, 203, Greulich, William W., 183 241,243,290,292,353,355, Groningen, University of, 340 401 Guanacaste, Costa Rica, 116 Gifford, Walter S., viii, ix, 81 Guatemala, 147,341 Gilmore, Raymond M., 87 Guayaquil, Ecuador, 25 Ginling College, Chengtu, China, Guidance Center, New Orleans, 374 Louisiana, 173-174 Gjessing, Rolf, 181 Guindy, Madras, India, 120 Glaser,Otto, 211 Gunn, Selskar M., viii, ix, 81,358 Good Neighbors, The Story of the Two Americas, 276 HAAGEN-Smit, A. J., 224 Goodpasture, Ernest W., 86 Hackett, Lewis W., 86 Grant, John B., 87,358 Hahn, Otto, 15 © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INDEX 487 Hahn, Richard G., 87 Translating, abstracting, and Halifax, Nova Scotia, 403, 416 indexing works on oriental Hampstead, England, 93, 184 art, 429 Hanover, New Hampshire, 404 Also, 218, 270 Hanson, Frank Blair, 206 "Headline Books," 276 Harvard University Hegner, Robert, 112 Chemical research to determine Heilbron,I.M., 10 the heats of organic reac- Helsinki, University of, 401 tions, 407 Henry Phipps Institute, Philadel- Development of legal medicine, phia, Pennsylvania, 125 40, 193-195, 404 Hill, Rolla B., 87 Geophysical research, 413 Hispanic America, Millionth Map Graduate School of Public Ad- of, see American Geograph- ministration, 56, 260, 287- ical Society 288,392,417 Hispanic Foundation, 56- 60, 330- Lectureship in broadcasting, 331,393,426 66, 324-325, 393, 427 History of T/te Rockefeller Founda- Microfilms of foreign newspa- tion, 433 pers, 426 Hoboken, New Jersey, 393, 425 Research in anthropology, 422 Hookworm Disease, 32, 133, 436 Research in Department of Hopkins, Ernest M.,viii,ix, 81 Physical Chemistry, 407 Horsfall, Frank L., Jr., 87 Research in endocrinology, 402 Hsiang-Ya College of Medicine, Research in epilepsy, 398 China, 369, 373 Research in industrial hazards, Hua Chung College, Talifu, China, 398 374 Research in neurophysiology, Hudson, New York, 100 398 Hughes, Thomas P., 87 Research on physical and chem- Humanities ical properties of synovial Appropriations and payments, fluid, 40? t 8, 379> 385. 393-394, 424- Research in the social sciences, 432 422 Fellowships, 76, 300, 302, 340- School of Dental Medicine, 39, 341, 347-348, 394>43° *9S-*97> 39°> 4°4 Former program, 43I~43a School of Hygiene and Public Grants in aid, 338-340, 353, Health, 150, 151, 454 354, 394,431 Studies in criticism and the uses Program, 57-70, 295-349 of language, 68, 342-343* Staff during 1939, 296 394, 431 Hunan Province, China, 364 Teaching and research in psy- Hungary chiatry and neurology, 38, Fellowships and grants in aid, 163-164,389, 398 147, 148, 241, 253,355 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 488 INDEX Influenza studies, 33, 121, 122- Sciences, Geneva, Switzer- 123,440 land, 405 Local health departments, 450 Institute of Human Relations, see Public health education, 34,152, Yale University 452 Institute of Hygiene, Bucharest, Survey of public health ma- Rumania, 450 cninery>448 Institute of Malaria, Aguas de Also, 413 Moura, Portugal, 119-120 Huntington, Archer M., 330 Institute of Pacific Relations, Hydride, John L., 87 American Council, New York City ILLINOIS, 170, 391, 393, 397, English translations of source 398,399,400,409,418,420, materials on Chinese his- 423, 425,428, 430, 432,439 tory> 429 ^ Illinois, University of Experiments in intensive teach- Research in biochemistry of ing of Chinese language, 429 amino acids, 409 General expenses, 419 Research in spectroscopic anal- Source material on Chinese ysis of water, 409 history, 68, 275, 334-336. Teaching and research in psy- 394>429 chiatry, 38, 169-170, 389, Institute of Pacific Relations, In- ,OI ternational Secretariat Imperial College, London, Eng- Research in Far Eastern issues, land, 10 .419 T « Institute of Pacific Relations, T, 1t ,. , , , Pacific Council, Honolulu, Fellowships and travel and w " training grants, 147,148 _ , . . . , , . General expenses and research Local health servaces,» 33jj,) 13?jj>, program, 419 145,446,448,450-451 ^ lnstitute of the Pennsylvania Malana control and mvestiga- Hospital) Philadelphia tions, 32,120,121, 439 Research and teaching in psychi- Industrial Research, 57, 259, 281- atrv,38,,64,165,389,398 282, 392, 416, 423 Institute for Psychoanalysis, Chi- Influenza, 32, 33, 91, 93-94, 99- Cag0) Illinois, 398 105, 121-125, 440-441 Institute of Public Health, Rome, Ingvar, Sven, 179 Ita]y> 1I9> ^ Institute of Economics and His- Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, tory, Copenhagen, Den- Japan, 452 mark, 419,422 Institute of Rural Research and Institute of Economic and Social Training, China, see Na- Research, Paris, France, 421 tional Council for Rural Institute of the Educational Reconstruction 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INDEX 489 Institute and School of Hygiene, see Council on Foreign Rela- Sofia, Bulgaria, 152, 452 tions International Bureau of Education, International Union of Academies Geneva, Switzerland, 429 Brussels, Belgium, 349 International Commission for the Intestinal Parasites, 436 Polar Year 1932-1933, 4*3 Iowa> University of, 303, 409 International Committee of His- Iraq, 431 torical Sciences,Paris, France, Istanbul, Turkey, 450 349,43' Itajy International Congress of Mathe- Fellowships and grants in aid, maticians, 1940, 412 148, '99. 242, 353. 355 International Health Division ^^ hea!th services> 33. '35, Appropriations, designations, and 45° payments,389,396,436-456 Mala?a C°ntro1 Mdfl mvestlga- Fellowships and travel and tions, 32, 437, 43» training grants, 146-154 S°'™5 v i t v u Q „ Ithaca, New York, 100, 397, 407, Laboratory research, 1 8, 29, 33, » ' » J?/» f /> 34, 94-105, 121, 445 424 Program, 18-34, 85-154 JACOBS, Henry R., 87 Scientific Directors and staff JacockSj William Rj 8? durmg 1939, 86-87 «/*> Control and Investiga- Swd of ^ pneumonia> tions of Specific Diseases, 101-104 Public Health Education, Travd and train,ng ^ ^ Public Health Work, and Tuberculosis studies, 32, 125- Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research JameSj Co;onel s p<) International Information Com- Janney) John H., 87 mittee, Stockholm, Sweden, Tanan 4^9 _ Fellowships, 58, 147, 199, 291, International Institute of African -4O ^j Languages and Cultures, Public 'hea]th education, ,34, London, England, 422 „ g 4-2 International Institute of Intellec- Japanese Language, History, and tual Cooperation, Paris, Culture, see Far Eastern France, 340, 419 Studies International Relations, 260, 290, Java *9a> 392> 418-420, 421 Fellowships, 147, 199 International Review Journal of Local health services, 33, 135, Mathematics, see American 451 Mathematical Society Jefferson County, Kentucky, 139 International Studies Conference, Jefferson Medical College, 165 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 49° INDEX Jerusalem, Palestine, 431 Jordan, David Starr, 209 Johannesburg Observatory, 413 Johns Hopkins University KAMLOOPS, British Columbia, Departments of Biological Sci- Canada, 142 ences, 049-250, 391, 413 Kendrick, John F., 87 Research in biochemistry, 41, Kentucky, 139 220-223,390,407 Kerr, J. Austin, 87 Johns Hopkins University. School King Institute of Preventive Medi- of Hygiene and Public cine, Guindy, India, 120- Health 121 Department of Biostatistics, 452 Kingston, Jamaica, 125 Developmental aid, 453 Kips Bay-Yorkville Health Center, Eastern Health District, 150, New York City, 127 151,192-193, 455 Kitchen, Stuart F., 87 Health Center, Land for, 452 Kittredge, Tracy B., 256 Hookworm disease studies, 32, Knipe, Frederick W., 87 133 Koepfli, J. B., 224 Malaria studies, 112, 439 Kogl, Fritz, 41, 228, 229 Mental hygiene studies, 38,130- Koussevitsky, Serge, 69, 345 131,440 Kumm, Henry W., 87 Studies of intestinal parasites, Kunming, China, 71, 370 436 Kweichow Province, China, 362 Syphilis studies, 32, 131-132, Kweiyang, China, 71, 369, 370 442 Johns Hopkins University, School LABORATORY Research, see «»- of Medicine der International Health Fluid research fund, 197-198, Division 390, 404 Lambert, Robert A., 156 Institute of the History of Medi- Lambert, Sylvester M., 87 cine, 193, 404 Land Utilization in China, 367 Neurological research, 161-163, Language Studies, 68-69, 341-343 389, 398 Latin American Information Ser- Research on role of certain vice, see Foreign Policy mineral elements in metr.bo- Association lism, 407 Latin American Interests and Research and teaching in psy- 8^168,290,292,301,330- chiatry, 40,193, 389, 398 334,394,428-430 Studies with sulfanilamide, 17 See also American Council of Study of deafness, 405 Learned Societies, Ameri- Teaching of hygiene, public can Library Association, health, and preventive medi- and Foreign Policy Asso- cine, 39,192-193, 390, 403 ciation Johnson, Harald N., 87 Latvia, 199, 241 © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INDEX 49! Lavery, Emmet, 309 Lithuania, 242, 290 Lawrence, E. 0., 42, 233 Local (County) Health Depart- Leach, Charles N., 87 ments, see under Public League of Nations Health Work Convention for Facilitating In- London and Cambridge Economic ternational Circulation of Service, England} 414 Films of an Educational London County Council, England, Character, 327-328 399 Financial Section and Economic London, England, 10, 17, 38, 171, Intelligence Service, 414 184,002,273,389,399,400, Fiscal Committee, 420 403,415,420,422, 426, 429 Health Organization, 396 London School of Economics and Lebanon, 405,421 Political Science, see Lon- Leeds, University of, 410 don, University of Leiden, University of, 10,401, 413 London, University of Leland Stanford Junior University Gallon Laboratory, 399 Biological research, 43, 209-211, Research on vitamins, sterols, 390,407 and related compounds, 410 Development of drama, 425 School of Economics and Politi- Far Eastern studies, 68,336-337, cal Science, 55, 259, 279- 394,429 280,392,421,422 Fluid research fund in medicine, School of Oriental Studies, 432 405 Also, 12,172 Research in chemophysical biol- Long Island Biological Association, °gyj 4°7 Cold Spring Harbor, New Research in protein metabolism York. Summer symposium, and protein chemistry, 404 213, 390,408 Research in the social sciences, Long Island University Medical 422 School, 153 Lennette, Edwin H., 87 Los Angeles, California, 418 Leonard, Irving A., 296 Louisiana, 389,400,423 Liberia, Costa Rica, 116 Louvain, University of, 415 Libraries, 57-61, 310-316, 340, Lund, University of 393, 425-427 Research facilities in neurology Library of Congress, Washington, and psychiatry, 10,38,179- D. C, 59-60, 314,330-331, 180,389,401 393.4^6 Library of International Relations, MABIE, E. C., 303 Chicago, Illinois, 420 Madison, Wisconsin, 392, 411, 416 Linderstr0m-Lang, K. U., 406 Madras City, Madras, India, 120 Lingnan University, Hongkong, Madras, Province of, India, 145, China, 371,374 451 Litchfield, Connecticut, 389, 398 Madrid, Spain, 149 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 492 INDEX Madrid, University of, 12 Mass Education Movement in Magoon, Estus H., 87 China, see Chinese National Magrath, George B., 194 Association of the Mass Mahaffy, Alexander F., 87 Education Movement Maine, 409 Mathematical Reviews, £44, 246, Malaria 247 Control, investigations, and sur- Maudsley Hospital, London, Ehg- veys, 18-23, 3a> 9J> 92~93> land> 399 96-99,11i-iai, 436-439 Maxcy, Kenneth F., viii, 82, 86 Malaria Experiment Station, Rome, May, Stacy, 256 see Institute of Public McConnell, Frederic, 303 Health, Rome, Italy McGill University Malaria Research, Station for, Research in the Department of Tallahassee, Florida, I13 Genetics, 408 Manchester, University of, 410, Research in epilepsy and de- 423 mentia, 399 Manitoba, Province of, Canada, Research in the social sciences, 141,447 422 Marine Biological Association of Mclntosh, William A., 87 the United Kingdom, Ply- McLaren, S. B., 10 mouth, England, 408 Medical Education, see Public Marshall, John, 296 Health and Medical Edu- Maryland, 389,390,391,398,403, cation 404,405,407,413,436,439, Medical Research. Fluid Fund 442,452»455 . 160-161,197-198 Massachusetts Medical Research Council, Lon- Department of Mental Health, don, England 177-179, 389,399 Fellowships, 76, 200, 203, 403 State Department of Education, Research in endocrinology, psy- 341 chology, neurology, and Also, 69,150,346,390,392,393, allied subjects, 40,184-185, 394> 397*402,404,406,407, 389>399 413,417,419,422,426,427, Medical Sciences 428,429,431,454 Appropriations and payments, Massachusetts General Hospital, 7,8,37-40,41-44,160-161, Boston 379, 385, 389-390, 397-406 Research on the parathyroid Fellowships, 76, 162-163, :66, hormone and calcium and 186, 198-201, 390, 403 phosphorus metabolism, 402 Grants in aid, 161,201-203,3S3> Teaching and research in psy- 354,390, 404 chiatry, 163-164, 389, 3-98 Program, 37-40, 155-203 Massachusetts Institute of Tech- Staff during 1939, 156 nology, 244,412 Medicine, Dental, 160, 195-197 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INDEX 493 Medicine, Legal, 160, 193-195, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 391, 410, 200 418,433 Medicine, Preventive, Teaching of, Minnesota 160,192-193 Influenza studies, 33, 121, 123- Mediterranean Region, 438 124,441 Melbourne, Australia, 402 Minnesota, University of Memorial Hospital for the Treat- Child study and parent educa- ment of Cancer and Allied tion, 433 Diseases, New York City Cost of high pressure generator Research on the spectroscopic and for research in biology aspects of certain diseases, and medicine, 410 42,240,390,408 Mechanism of osmosis in living Mental Hospital, Kingston, Ja- systems, 41, 230-231, 391, maica, 125 410 Mental Hygiene, 130-131,440 Program of training for public Mexico service, 418 Fellowships and grants in aid, Research in lipid metabolism, 147,148,149,199,290, 291, 4i, 227-228,391, 410 341 Missouri, 391, 402, 406, 411 Local health services, 33, 135, Missouri, University of 141, 143, 144, 152, 446,451 Laboratory equipment and re- Malaria studies, 32,115-116,439 search in cytology and Public health and nursing edu- genetics, 42, 214, 217-218, cation, 152 391,410 Michigan, University of, 410 Molloy, Daniel M., 87 Microfilm, 61, 244, 246, 315-316, Molteno Institute of Parasitology, 412,426, 427 See Cambridge, University Middle American Research In- of stitute, see Tulane Uni- Monkeys, Use of, in study of yellow versify fever and malaria, 95, 96 Middletown State Homeopathic Montreal, Canada, 399, 408, 422 Hospital, New York, ioo- Moore, Thomas V., 187 101 Morclos, State of, Mexico, 115 Milam, William A., 87 Moritz, Alan R., 194 Miller, Harry M., Jr., 206 Moseley, Henry G.-J., 10 Ministry of Education, Nanking, Mosquitoes see Aedes aegypii and China, see Chinese Ministry Anopheles Mosquitoes of Education Motion Pictures, see Films, and Ministry of Industry and Agri- Museum of Modern Art culture, Nanking, China Muench, Hugo, 87 National Agricultural Research Mulliken, Robert S., 42, 237 Bureau 71, 368-369, 373, Museum of Modern Art, New York 395.43^ City 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 494 INDEX Educational program, 68, 320- Service, Washington, D. C., 322,393,426 188 Film Library, 329,427 National Central Library, London, Museums, 68, 316, 3i9~322> 339> England, 426 393,425-427 National Central University, Nan- Music, see Boston Symphony Or- king, China chestra Research in animal husbandry, Mustard, Harry S., vHi, ix, 82, 86 71,367-368,395,432 Mysore, India, 145,451 National College for Rural Recon- struction, China, 364,365 NAJAFGARH Health Unit, Delhi, National Committee on Maternal India, 145 Health, New York City Nankai University, Kunming, China, Research in neurophysiology and 71, 364,366,371, 395,43* endocrinology, 39-40, 185- Nanking, China, 395,432,433 . 186 389,399 Nanking, University of, Chengtu, National Committee for Mental China Hygiene, New York City, Department of Agricultural Eco- . 399 nomics, 71, 364, 367, 374, Natlonal Committee of the United «g- 4»« States of America on In- Fellowships, 37i ternationdlntdlectual Co- Nashville, Tennessee, 134,406,454 r «P««». New York Qty KT . , A . ee- Committee on Copyright, 431 National Academy of Sciences, T . . ,., r/ 7 , Washington^. C, ,48 In~-O-«*»* «7, National Agricultural R«earch NatJ^l^ Rural Re- Bureau, Cluna,^ Ministry wnsuM&,n, Kweiyang, o ladurtry and Agncuhure ^ ^.^ 6 National Bureau of Economic Re- fifi fi f u XT v i 1-" 3D°> 3°9> 371* 374j 39S> 433 search, New York City Nationd Film Sodety of Canada) Committee on Financial Re- Ottawa search, 55,56,263,270-271, Development of educational 392>41S film services, 67, 328-330, General research program and on* ,2g administration expenses, 4« National Health Administration of International study of the his- China, Nanking tory of prices, 422 Training of health personnel, 71, Planning and research infiel do f 364, 369-370,371,373, 395, finance, 415 433 Research and cooperative pro- National Hospital for Diseases of grams, 259, 263, 266, 269- the Nervous System, Queen 270,392,415 Square, London, England, National Catholic School of Social 399 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INDEX 495 National Institute of Economic Natural Sciences and Social Research of Appropriations and payments, Great Britain, London, 415 7-8,241, 379,385, 390-391, National Institute of Hygiene, 406-414 Athens, Greece, 452 Fellowships, 76, 241-243, 391, National Institute for Medical Re- 412 search, Hampstead, Eng- Former program, 249-253, 391, land, 93,184 413-414 National Institute of Public Af- Grants in aid, 243-244,353,354, fairs, Washington, D. C.,4i7 391,412 National Kweiyang Medical Col- Program, 34-37, 40-44, 205-253 lege, China, 369 Staff during 1939, 206 National Library of Peiping, China Neichiang, Szechwan, China, 368 Quarterly Bulletin of Chinese Netherlands, 199, 203, 241, 242, Bibliography, 426 244,280, 290,313,391,392, National Research Council, Wash- 401,411,413,414 ington, D. C. Netherlands India, 148,446 Committee on Drug Addiction, Neugebauer, Otto, 245 405 Neurology, see Psychi atry, Neurol- Committee on Effects of Radia- ogy, and Allied Subjects tion on Living Organisms, Neurophysiology, 160, 182-187, 408 199 Committee for Research in New Hampshire, 404 Problems of Sex, 403 New Haven, Connecticut, 182,251, Committee on Scientific Aids to 390,391,402,403,412,414, Learning, 327 420,424, 425, 430 Fellowhip program, 43, 76, 200, New Jersey, 393, 394, 408, 415. 242-243> 391, 4<>3» 4'2 4*5. 4*7> 4^8, 429, 431 General budget, 43, 248-249, New Mexico, University of, 427 391, 413 New Orleans, Louisiana, 389, 400, Research in biophysics, 408 423,427 National Rural Administration Newton, Massachusetts, 150, 151 Training Institute, China, New York City 433 Bureau of Nursing, 135 National Service Bureau, see Vas- Committee on Neighborhood sar College, Federal Theatre Health Development, 143, National Southwestern Union Unl- 443, 447, 455 versity, Kunming, China, Influenza studies, 93,100 366 Public health training stations, National Theatre Conference, Cleve- 153 land, Ohio Research Council, 404 Advanced training in drama, 67, Research on chronic diseases, 300, 302-303, 394, 425, 430 404 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 496 INDEX Tuberculosis studies, 127 Niemann, C. G., 224 Welfare Council, 424 Nigeria, 291 World's Fair exhibits, 455 North Carolina Also 29, 32, 33, 42, 57, 94, 170, Local health services, 136 185,240,261,266,273,321, Public health education and 389»39°>391>392>393>394> school health service, 136, 397.399.4°a, 403,407,408, 154,455 412,413,415,417,418,419, Syphilis studies, 442 421,422,426,427,428,429, North Carolina, University of 43°> 43 r> 432»433>44Ij445 Institute for Research in the New York Museum of Science and Social Sciences, 423 Industry Work in drama, 303,425 New methods of museum man- North China Council for Rural agement, 68, 316, 319-320, Reconstruction, see National 393, 427 Council for Rural Recon- New York Public Library struction Development of microfilm serv- Northwestern University ices, 61, 315-316, 393, 427 Development of drama, 425 New York School of Social Work, Research in neuroanatomy, 399 422 Norway, 38, 147, 180, 203, 242, New York State 290,313, 389, 397,401, 423 Charities Aid Association, 415 Norwegian Committee for Inter- Fulton-Montgomery Health Dis- national Studies, Oslo, 420 trict, 144, 451 Nova Scotia Influenza studies, 99, 100, 441 Division of Vital Statistics and Also, 33, 67, 303, 390, 392, 393, Epidemiology, 141,142 397,401, 407,408,411,417, Provincial and local health serv- 424> 4^5* 4^6,429,453 ices» 14*-I43» J44> 445» See also names of cities and in- 447,448 stitutions Also, 403, 416 New York State Training School Nursing Education for Girls* Hudson, 100 Fellowships, 396 New York State Vocational In- Schools of nursing, 34,152,397, stitute, West Coxsackie, loo 453-454 New York University. College of See also Public Health Education Medicine Nutrition Studies, 133-134, 200, Influenza studies, 121,124, 441 202, 440 Research in cellular physiology, 408 OAKLAND, California, 286, 4i 8 Also, 153 O'Brien, Daniel P., 156 New Zealand, 147, 148 Ohio, 302, 394, 400, 402, 424, 425, Nicaragua, 449 430, 454 Nicoll, Allardyce, 303 Ohio State University, 228, 403 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INDEX 497 Ontario Medical Association, Wei- PACIFIC Northwest Council of land, 41 5 Education, Portland, Ore- Ontario, Province of, Canada, gon, 417 144, i?4, 392> 397, 4i8, 449 Palestine, 431 Opie, E. L., 1 25 Palo Alto, California, 390, 394, 404, Orange Park, Florida, 43, 251, 405,407,422,425,429 253, 414 Panama Oregon State Agricultural College, Fellowships, 147 408 Local health services, 135, 445, Oregon, University of. School of 449 Medicine, 405 Malaria control and investiga- Oriente Province, Cuba, 1 16 tions, 32, 1 17, 437 Orthological Institute, London, Public health and nursing edu- England, 429 cation, 34, 453 Orthological Institute, Peiping, Training station, 454 China, 429 " Pan American News," 276 Orton, Samuel T., 191 pa"S, France, 17, 58, 407, 418, Oslo, Norway, 420 4*9, 4*i , 4*7, 43', 443 Oslo, University of Paris Ins™ute of Cinematogra- Institute of Economics, 423 . P ^» 32 r> u • , , Pans, University of Research in neuroanatomy and ' ' . , . , , „ Department of Parasitology, 406 neuropathology, 10. 180, _ ", . &7>^ Endowment of neurosurgery, 4OI Ottawa, Canada, 329, 393, 428 „ ,. T ^ t j TI • • e Radium Institute, 405 Oxford, University of n , . , . , , /. ' . Research in endocrinology and Bodleian and other libraries, vitamins, 403 57~S9) 4 7 Research in the social sciences, Business cycle research, 259, 2» 282-283, 392, 416 Construction and equipment of parkinson, Thomas I., viii, ix, 81 research laboratory for or- Parranj Thomas, ix ganic chemistry, 41, 231- Pasadena, California, 390, 406,413 233)391>4io Pasteur Institute, Paris, France, Development of program in the 17 443 social sciences, 423 Pattukkottai, Madras, India, 120 Research in application of math- Paulj J. Harland, 87 ematical analyses to bio- Pauling, Linus, 223 logical problems, 410 Payments made during 1939 on Research in brain chemistry, 10, appropriations, 396-434, 38, 181-182, 389, 401 436-456 Research on the synthesis of Payne Fund, New York City proteins, 410 Teaching English to foreign- 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 498 INDEX born adults, 68-69, 341- Philippine Islands, 147 342, 394,431 Physics in Relation to Biology, Payne, George C., 87 233-240 Peace River Block Health District, Pickets, Edward G., 87 British Columbia, Canada, Plshan County, Szechwan, China, 144 363» 365 Peiping, China, 201,395,416,419, Plashiodia Studie^ 96-98,113 454 Playground and Recreation Asso- Peiping Union Medical College, ciation of America, New 73,76, 201, 405,412 York Gty, 433 Peita University, Kunming, China, Plough, H. H., 212 366 Plymouth, England, 408 Pennsylvania, 403 Poland, 147, 148, 244, 273, 290, Pennsylvania Hospital, See Insti- 292,353, 355 tute of Polish Academy of Sciences, Cra- Pennsylvania, University of cow, 423 Development of Far Eastern Political Handbook of the World^ studies, 430 Tfa, 274 Research on influence of minerals Political Science, 290, 291 and other elements in diet Pomona College, 337, 429 upon resistance to infection, Poonemallee Rural Health Unit, 411 Madras, India, 145 Teaching and research in psy- Portland, Oregon, 405 chiatry and neurology, 165 Portugal Tuberculosis studies, 125 Fellowships, 147,199 Wharton School of Finance and Local health services, 33,135,450 Commerce. Industrial Re- Malaria control and investiga- search Department, 57,259, tions, 32,119-120,438 281-282, 392, 416, 423 Poughkeepsie, New York, 393,425 Also, 270, 303 Prague, Czechoslovakia, 152, 397 Pensacola, Florida, 113 Prague, University of, 12 Peru Presbyterian Hospital, New York Fellowships and grants in aid, City, 407 147, 241,244,341 President's Review for 1939, 1-84 Yellow fever control, 31,444 Preussische Staatsbibliothek, Ber- Peters, R. A., 181 lin, Germany, 58 Philadelphia Child Guidance Clin- Prince Edward Island, Canada, 447 ic, 165 Princeton University Philadelphia Institute for Medical Division of Far Eastern Studies, Research, 403 429 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 164, Index of Christian Art, 427 281, 282, 389, 392, 398, Research in organic chemistry, 411,416,423,430 408 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INDEX 499 Princeton University. School of Public Health Education Public and International and Public Health Work Affairs Public Health Personnel Training Studies of public opinion, 62, Institute, China, 364, 369- 344-345* 394> 43 * 37° Study of value of radio to listen- Public Health Work ers, 312-324, 393,428 Appropriations and payments, Principal Fund, 6, 84,384 7-8,34,379,385,389,396- Prontosil, see Sulfanilamide 397 Providence, Rhode Island, 218, Collection and testing of wild 390, 391, 406, 412 animals for use in study of Prowazek, Stanislaus, 10 diseases, 444 Psychiatry, Neurology, and Allied Control and investigation of Subjects, 6, jo, 37-39, 159- specific diseases and de- 182,187-191,199, 202, 291, fidencies, 105-134, 436-444 396-403 "*" Divisions of epidemiology, 447 Public Administration, 56-57,259- Divisions of public health nurs- 260, 290,293,392, 416-418, ing, 143,447 420,421 Divisions of sanitary engineer- Public Health Administration, see ing, 146,448 under Public Health Work Divisions of tuberculosis, 448 Public Health Education Divisions of vital statistics, 141, Designations and payments, 34, 447 396, 451-455 Fellowships, 75, 146-150, 199 Fellowships and travel and train- Field service, 455-456 ing grants for health work- Local (county) health depart- ei>s, 75~76» 146-15°* 455 ments, 33, 139-141, 448- Nursing education, 34,397, 453- 451 454 Public health administration, Program, 146-154 147,445-446 Schools and institutes of hy- Public health laboratories, 34, giene and public health, 34, 447 *5P-i$*> 396, 45I~453> 455 State health surveys, 136, 139, See also Public Health and Medi- 446 cal Education and Public State and local health services, Health Work 34,135-146,445-451 Public Health Laboratories, see Statistical analyses of the rec- under International Health ords of certain specific dis- Division and Public Health eases, 444 Work Training stations, 152-153,454- Public Health and Medical Educa- 455 tion, 159-160,403 Puerto Rico Public Health Nursing, see under Anemia studies, 32,133, 436 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 500 INDEX Fellowships, travel and training Richards, I. A., 68, 343, 343 grants, 148 Richmond, University of, 288 Local health services, 445 Rickard, Elsmere R., 87 Malaria control and investiga- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 26, 32, 453 tions, 437 Rio Grande do Norte, State of, Training station, 454-455 Brazil, 19 Tuberculosis studies, 32, 128- Rivers, Thomas M., viii, 86 129, 442 Robinson, Edward, viii, ix, 81 Also 93 Robinson, Sir Robert, 41, 232, 233 Putnam, Persis, 87 Rochester, University of Dental research, 196 QUARTERLY Bulletin of Chinese Research on biological and Bibliography, see National medical problems, 411 Library of Peiping virus research, 401 Quebec, Canada, 144, 449 Rockefeller Institute for Medical Quebec, Province of, Canada Research, New York City, Department of Health. Division 238-239, 391 , 408, 445 of Tuberculosis, 143, 448 Rockefeller, John D., Jr., viii, 81 Queen Charlotte's Hospital, Lon- Rockefdl john D 3rd ^ • don, England, 17 ^* « * T^TI-T. Rockefeller Sanitary Commission, RABIES, 32, 440 y 339, Fever> Jl\L.CLiReedLctSTt« JLAJWCJ1 l»j JJ?l Rome, Italy¥•* , n9T )1 438 Reed, Walter, 28 RoscoeT B- Jackso" Refunds on Prior Year Appropria- Laboratory, Bar Harbor, tions 4-K Maine, 409 Research Aid Funds Rotterdam, Netherlands, 392, 4i4 For China, 433 ^^ Caroline Institute, Stock- For deposed scholars, 351-355, holm.> Sweden> 405 ,„« Royal Institute of International See also Grants in Aid Affairs, Balliol College, Ox- Reserve for Contingent Projects, ford> England, 4^0 Statement of, 384 R°7al Medico-Psychological Asso- Respiratory Diseases, see Common elation, London, England, Cold, Influenza, and Virus 399 Studies Royal Ontario Museum of Archae- Rhoads, C. P., 42, 238, 239, 240 ology, Toronto, Canada, 419 Rhode Island, 390, 391, 398, 406, Rumania 412 Fellowships and grants in aid, Richards, Alfred N., viii, ix, 81 290, 292 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INDEX 5OI Local health services, 33, 135, School of Hygiene, Ankara, Turkey, 396,450 ^ I5»»452 Public health and nursing edu- School of Hygiene, Athens, Greece, cation, 34, 151, 151, 396> U9 397> 453 School of Nursing, Bucharest, Scarlet fever studies, 32,441 Rumania, 152, 397, 453 Runnstrom, John, 411 School of Nursing, Rio de Janeiro, Rural Reconstruction in China, Brazil, 453 8, 70,361-366 Schools and Institutes of Hygiene Rural Service Training Institute, and Public Health, see Pub- China, 362-363 lie Health Education Russell, Paul F., 87 School for Nurses in Public Health Russian Medical Literature, 405 and Social Welfare, Prague, Czechoslovakia, 397 ST. LOUIS, Missouri, 42,235,391, Schools of Nursing, see Nursing 402,406, 411 Education and Public Health Salvador Education Fellowships and travel and train- Schotte", O. E., 212 ing grants, 147, 148 Schwarzchild, Karl, 10 Local health departments, 449 Schwentker, Francis F., 87 Malaria control and investiga- Scotland, 244,401 tions, 32, 437 Scutari, Albania, 119 San Francisco, California, 57, 286, Seattle, Washington, 454 41 g Secretary's Report, 80-84 Sanitary Engineering, Divisions of, Securities, Schedule of (Exhibit J), set under Public Health 460-470 \york Shanghai, University of, 374 San Joaquin County Health Dis- Shannon> Raymond C., 87 trict, California, 32, 133 Shrub Oak New York, 121 San Jose, Costa Rica, I28, 445 f?™™»> Charles A 66 Sansom, Sir George, 338 ^*^™> ™?> 'ft. c • OLM Sirur Heath Unit, Bombay, India,, Santiago, Chile, 393, 427 /J Santiago, Cuba i :6 Skidmore College. School of Nurs- Santo Tomfts Hospital. School of • „_, , .„ _,,, XT n in"> 34) 15Z> 453 Nurong, Panama, 453 Smallpox, 44i Saratoga Spnngs, New York, 453 Sm;th) Hugh R> 8? Sawin, P. B., 42, 218, 219 Smithburn, Kenneth C., 87 Sawyer, Wilbur A., viii, ix, 81, 86 Social Science Research Council, Scandinavia, see names of cities, New York City countries, and institutions Administrative expenses, 55, Scarlet Fever, 32, 441 260, 265-266, 392, 421 Schistosomiasis, 32, 133 Committee on Public Adminis- 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 502 INDEX tration, 55, 260, 164-265, South Dakota, 139 392, 417 Southern California, University of, Committee on Social Security, 418 55, 56, 261-264, 392,415 Spain Conferences and planning, 421 Aid for deposed scholars, 353, Fellowships, 76, 260, 290-292, 355 421 Local health departments, 450 General research projects, 421 Malaria control and investiga- Grants in aid, 260, 421 dons, 438 Social Sciences Study of vaccine virus, 441 Appropriations and payments, Spelman Fund of New York, 417 7-8, 259-261, 379, 385, Sproul, Robert G., ix 392~393» 4J4) 424 Stadler, Lewis J., 217 Fellowships, 76, 260, 272, 289- Stanford University, see Lei and 292, 393, 421 Stanford Junior University Former program, 393,421-414 State Charities Aid Association, Grants in aid, 260-261, 292- see New York State a93> 353» 354» 392> 422 State General Hospital, Denver, Program, 54-57,155-293 Colorado, 166,169 Staff during 1939, 256 State Hygienic Institute, Buda- Social Security, 56, 261-264, 292* pest, Hungary, 33,121,152, 392, 414-416, 420, 421 452 "Social Service Monographs,"284 State Institute of Public Health, Social Seroice Reviewy 284 Prague, Czechoslovakia, 151, " Sod a] Service Series," 284 397 Social Stratification of the Radio State Institute of Public Health, Audience, The, 324 Stockholm, Sweden, 152 Society of the Friends of the Biblio- State and Local Health Services, see th&jue Nationale, Paris, under Public Health Work France, 427 State Psychopathic Hospital, Den- Sociology, 290 ver, Colorado, 166 Sofia, Bulgaria, 152, 452 Stevens, David H., viii, ix, 81, 296 Sofia, University of, 416 Stevens Institute of Technology Soper, Fred L., 87 Research in control of sound and South America light for dramatic purposes, Malaria control and investiga- 67, 305-307, 393, 425 tions, 439 Stewart, Walter W., viii, ix, 81, 82 Nursing education, 453 Stockholm, Sweden, 151, 396, 405, Yellow fever studies, 444 411, 419 Also, 58, 92, 277 Stockholm, University of See also names of cities, coun- Research in biophysics, chemical tries, and institutions biology, and cell physi- South Carolina, 424 ology, 411 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INDEX Research in experimental bi- Szeged, University of, 413 ology,4ii Research in the social sciences, TA CHU, Szechwan, China, 365 414 Taliaferro, W. H., 11 2 Wenner-Grens Institute of Ex- Tallahassee, Florida, 113 perimental Biology, 411 Tamarkin, J. D., 245 Stockton, California, 133 Tanglewood, Massachusetts, 345 Strangeways Research Laboratory, Tavistock Clinic, London, England Cambridge, England, 371, Research in field of psychoso- 409 matic medicine, 10,38,171- Strasbourg, University of, 12 173,389, 400 Strassmann, F., 15 Taylor, Richard M., 87 Strode, George K., 86 Taylor, Ruth G., 87 Studio Theatre School, Buffalo, Tennant, Mary Elizabeth, 87 New York, 67, 303-305, Tennessee 393,425 Mental hygiene studies, 130- Sulfanilamide, 16, 17, 97-98 131, 440 Sulzberger, Arthur Hays, viii, ix, Tuberculosis studies, 127-118, 81,82 443 Svedberg, The, 10 Also, 406, 454 Swarthmore College, 270 Texas, University of, 424 Sweden Theatre, see Drama Fellowships and grants in aid, Theiler, Max, 87, 91 147-148,199, 200, 241, 242, Thompson, Norma S., viii, ix, 81 243, 244, 290, 291, 292 Tientsin, China, 71, 395,432 Public health education, 34 Timbuctoo, 29! Also 9, 38, 179, 313, 389, 396, Ti f Kweichow, China, 362, 401,405,411,419,424 6 Sweet, Winfield C., 87 -, J *J7. Swift/Harold H., viii ix, 81 I™* ^T' "9' «* Swiss Teachers Association, 311 Judaic, W. E" ^ Switzerland, 9, 59, 199, 203, 242, J,0^0' ^P3"' &6> «a 244,290,091, «ga,313, 393, Toronto Canada, 39*, f8,429 396,405,409,4i4l 418, 419, TorontoPsychiatricHosPital,38,177 420,426, 429 Toronto University Sylvatic Plague, 32, 142 Development of child research Syphilis, 32, 131-133, 442 and parent education, 434 Syracuse University Research in psychiatry, 38, 174, School of Citizenship and Public *77> 389> 401 Affairs, 56, 260, 284-285, School of Hygiene and Public 392,417 Health, 451 Szechwan, China, 363, 364, 365, School of Nursing, 34, 152, 397, 373 453 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 504 INDEX Touro Infirmary, New Orleans, Grants in aid and travel and Louisiana, 173 training grants, 148, 149, Trade Cycle Research, see Busi- 201, 202, 203, 244, 292, 353, ness Cycle Research 355 Training Stations, see Public Health Influenza studies, 32, 93, 441 Work Local health services, 152, 446, Travel and Training Grants, see 451 Public Health Education Malaria control and investiga- Treasurer's Report, 377-470 tions, 439 Trois Rivieres City Health Unit, Schools and institutes of hygiene Quebec, Canada, 144 and public health, 150-151, Tsing Hua, National University of, 452-453, 454 Kunming, China, 366, 373 Schools of nursing, 152, 453-454 Tsining, China, 71 State health surveys, 446 Tuberculosis, 32, 125-129, 143, State and local (county) health 44^~443> 448 services, 33, 136-141, 143, Tulane University 144. Middle American Research In- Tuberculosis studies, 443 stitute, 427 AiSO) 54> 56, 262, 274, 303 School of Social Work, 423 See aho names of dties> stateSj Teaching and research in psy- and institutions chiatry, 38, 173-174, 389, Unitfj States in World Affair^ 274 4°° University, Alabama, 400 „ ./ . . University Broadcasting Council, Fellowships. 147, 291 „/. ,„. . 0 T 1 L i L • Chicago, Illinois, 428 Local health services, 33, >3S, Uppsala> Un7ve'rsity of>' 1O> ^ , Public50 health education, 34, Urbana, Illinois,^, 4°', 409 j.2 ,2 Utrecht, University of Turner, Thomas B., 87, 132 Biochemistry of growth sub, stances, 41, 228-230, 391, UGANDA, Africa, 31, 32, 109-1 10 Underwood, Felix J.,viii,ix, 82, 86 Research in spectroscopic bi- Union List of Serials, see American ologX and addition to lab, Library Association oratory, 41 \ United Provinces, India, 451 United States of America VACCINATION studies, 94, 95, Control and investigation of 101,102,106-111,122,125- intestinal parasites, 436 I27 Divisions of public health nurs- See also Influenza, Malaria, ing, 447 Rabies, Tuberculosis, and Fellowships, 147, 198, 199, 200, Yellow Fever 201, 242, 290, 291, 340, 341 Vancouver Metropolitan Health 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INDEX 505 District, British Columbia, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Canada, 144 Research in Pathology and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Melbourne, Aus- Medicine tral'ia, 402 Fluid research fund, 406 Warren, Andrew J., 86 Mental hygiene studies, 131 Warsaw, University of, 12 Nutrition studies, 134, 440 Washburn, Benjamin E., 87 School of Nursing, 34, 152, 454 Washington, D. C., 187, 200, 342, Vassar College 389, 391 , 392, 393, 394, 397, History and index of work of the 403, 405, 408, 412, 413, 416, Federal Theatre, 67, 300, 417, 420, 421, 428, 430 307-309,393,425 Washington Heights, New York, Venezuela, 147 153 Victoria, British Columbia, 453 Washington and Lee University, Vienna, Austria, 414 288 Vilna, University of, ia "Washington News Letter," 276 Virginia Council on Public Ad- Washington University, St. Louis ministration, 288 Department of Neuropsychia- Virginia Polytechnic Institute, 288 trv- Support, 402 Virginia, University of Institute of Radiology. Con- Bureau of Public Administra- struction of cyclotron, 42, tion, 56, 260, 288-289, 392, 23S-237, 391, 4" jg Research in biochemistry, 411 Development of ultracentrifuges, Research 3n &eneral PM°l°gy n and experimental embryol- Graduate research in the natural _. Research in neurophysiology, sciences, 413 r } • °f> Institute for Research in the 0 , . ,. , . ,. . ,. , . 0 . , 0 . School of Medicine. Mainte- Social Sciences, 424 f . , ,..„,. , nance of departments, 406 Virus Studies, 32-31. 94-105, too- .,,, ,. TT . r . c c i >j j^> yt j) Washington, University of, Seattle. 111,124,441 c i. i c \i c ; in MI • School of Nursing, 34, See also Influenza, Malaria, 454 ,r • ^^-^ ^ell°W/e;er Watters, T. A., 173 Visits by Individuals and Com- Weaver> Warre ^ . g xr umTno>434 Weir, John M, 87 Visscher, M. B., 41, 231 Welfare Hospital, New York City, Vital Statistics, Divisions of, sec IOO under Public Health Work Welland, Ontario, 415 Welles, Orson, 323 WALKER, Sydnor H., 256 Wells, Clifford W., 87 Wallkill State Prison, New York, Westchester County, New York , 100 33> 99 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 506 INDEX West China Union University, Worcester State Hospital, Massa- Chengtu, China, 367, 374 chusetts, 402 West Coxsackie, New York, 100 Works Progress Administration, West Indies 278 Local health services, 445 World's Fair, New York, 455 Yellow fever studies, 443 World Wide Broadcasting Founda- See also names ofislands tjon) Boston, Massachu- Western Reserve University setts, 324, 4a8 Nursing education, 152,454 Wright, Darnel E., 87 School of Applied Social Sci- ences, 424 XOCHIMILCO Health Unit and Also, 302-303 _ . . _ ...... - .j „ y, n ,f , Training Station. Mexico, Westfield State Farm, Bedford e Hills, New York, 100 I4'» I44j l & Wetherill Company, A. P., 281 Wharton School of Finance and YALE University Commerce, see Pennsyl- Dental research, 196. vania, Universi ty of Department of Drama, 425 Whipple, George H., viii, ix, 81 Division of Chinese Studies, 430 Whitman, Loring, 87 Experimental embryology, 412 Wilbur, Ray Lyman, viii, ix, 81 Institute of Human Relations, Williamson County, Tennessee, 182,424 j „ j Laboratories of Primate Biology, Willits, Joseph H., viii, ix, 81, 256 43, 250-253,391,414 Willmar State Hospital, Minne- Research in international rela- sota, 124 tions> 420 Wilson, A. T. M., 172 ^30,303 Wilson Company, H. W., 314 Yale University School of Medi- Wilson County, Tennessee, 134 cine Wilson, D. Bruce, 87 Adolescence Study Unit. Re- Wisconsin search in endocrinology, 39, Income Committee, 279 182-183, 390, 403 Tax Commission, 278 Development of psychiatry, 402 Wisconsin, University of Experimental studies in neuro- Research in immunogenetics, physiology, 402 4n Yeager, Clark H., 87 Study of amount and distribu- Yellow Fever tion of income in Wiscon- Control and investigations, 25- sin, 56, 259, 277-279, 392, 32, 91-92, 105-111, 443-444 416 Jungle type, 27, 29, 92 Wittfogel, Karl A,, 334, 335 Virus, vaccination, and immu- Woman'a Medical College, Phila- nity studies, 28-29, 94-96, delphia, Pennsylvania, 165 105-111 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation INDEX 507 Yellow Fever Research Institute, Yorktown Heights, New York, 99, Entebbe, Uganda, 109, no 100,101, iai Yen, Y. C. James, 71 Youmans, John B., 134 Yenching University, Peiping, Young, Owen D., viii, 81 China Yugoslavia, 290 College of Public Affairs, 71, Yunnan, National University of, 365-366, 395,433 China, 373 Fellowships, 371 Training in rural administra- ZECHMEISTER, L., 224 tion, 71, 364 Zurich, Switzerland, 407 Also, 374 Zwemer, R. L., 98 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation